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Volume 9 • Number 1 VOLUME 9 • NUMBER 1 I \T Preface I Feature: Gender Equity 1 How Household Economic Opportunities Affect Child Labor and Schooling in Nicaragua: Differential Effects by Gender Diana I Kruger and Matias E. Berthelon 17 Interview with Elizabeth M. King, Lead Economist, and Andrew D. Mason, Senior Economist, World Bank 25 Interview with Carol Bellamy, Executive Director, United Nations Children's Fund 29 Interview with Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro (D-CT) 35 Interview with Christine Rosen, Resident Fellow, Ethics & Public Policy Center Interview with Heidi Hartmann, Founder and President, Institute for Women's Policy Research OtherArticles 9 Fewer Loans for the Lonely: Can Social Capital Increase Access to Credit for the Poor? Alexander Goldmark The Dynamics of Poverty and Race in Sou th Mrica, 1994-1999 David Durman ook ReViews :7 Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Edited by Brian D. Smedley, Adrenne Y. Stith, and Alan R. Nelson Barbara Schone Market- Based Governance: Supply Side, Demand Side, Upside, and Do~side. Edited by John D. Donahue and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. -- ,Patrzck 1. Wolf GEORGETOWN UNIVERSllY The Georgetown Public P Ilcy¥{tRr~eWJ4 I PERIODICAL ROOM Ana Cristina Torres Editor-in-Ch ief Jorge I. Ugaz Robin Lewis ExecutiveEditor Managing Editor Editorial Office Daniel Allott Georgetown University Jose N. Uribe Katie Fitzpatrick 3600 N Street, NW Academic Editors Academic Outreach Editor Suite 200 Washington, DC 20007' Marjori Bergman Tom Libert Scott Gates Allison Pond Interview Editors Production Editors E-mail [email protected] Nicholas Wyatt Liz H. Donegan Book Review Editor Marketing Director Stqlf World Wide Web Nebeyou Abebe, Rajan Buck, Jeni Cobb, Brittany http://www.georgetown.edu/ Dawson, Alexa Fernandez, Jennifer Hersh, Tim Herzog, publicationslGPPRI Christine Kim, Lisa Knott, Lisa Mincieli, Wendy Ollinger, Allyson Ryan, Nicholas Smedick, Jeff Stout, Jessica Taverna, Ryan Tuggle, and Catherine Wilfong. Cover Design by Janice Mauroschadt Editorial Review Board' Caridad Araujo, William Gormley, Harry Holzer, Mark Rom, Maxine Weinstein, and Patrick Wolf Interior Design by Eileen McGowan Special thanks to the Dean of the Georgetown Public Policy Institute, Judy Feder. We would also like to thank Jennifer Blanck, David Boyer, Darlene Brown, Printed by Nadia Khawaja, Donna Morrison, Kerry Pace, Ulises Pin, Felicia Price, Pat Ruggles, Barbara Schone, Kirby Lithographic, Inc. Patrick Wolf, the Graduate Public Policy Student Association, students, faculty, and staff of the Georgetown Public Policy Institute. The Georgetown Public Policy Review (I SN 1083-7523) Fall 2003 Vol. 9, o. I. All copyright privilege retained by Georgeto\lln University and The Georgetown Public Policy Review unlcs othcrwi e stated. opyright 2003, SOVP. All right re erved. Printed in the United States. THE GEORGETOWN PUBLIC POLICY REVIEW publishes articles that contribute to the thoughtful discourse of public policy. This journal is published semi- annually, in the fall and spring. The Editorial Board is composed of graduate students from the Georgetown Public Policy Institute and is advised by faculty of the GPPI. The Board fully reserves the right to edit or reject all submissions. Articles published in The Georgetown Public Policy Review do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board. Inquiries related to the matters detailed below, as well as proposals to review books on behalf of The Review and any general questions or comments, should be directed to the following address: The Georgetown Public Policy Review 3600 N Street, NW phone: (202) 687-8477 Suite 200 fax: (202) 687-5544 Washington, DC 20007 e-mail:[email protected] INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS The Review welcomes manuscripts pertaining to current public policy issues, with preference given to those manuscripts which utilize the accepted tools of policy analysis. Manuscripts are reviewed for publication on a rolling basis; however, they must be received by December 1 for publication in the spring and May 1 for publication in the fall. Authors should submit four hard copies of the entire work and one copy on computer diskette. Manuscripts should be no longer than 8,000 words and be formatted in accordance with The Chicago Manual of Style. Text citations and reference lists should conform to the author-date system, as described in The Chicago Manual of Style. A one paragraph abstract should be included in the submission. The author's name, affiliation, address, telephone number, e-mail address and a brief biographical statement should appear on a separate cover page, and only on that page, to ensure anonymity in the reviewing process. Manuscripts that do not conform to these specifications will be returned for proper style change. Send submissions to the attention of the Academic Outreach Editor, at the address listed above. SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION A one-year SUbscription to The Review costs $15.00 for an individual and $20.00 for an institution. For individuals and institutions outside the United States, rates are $27.00 and $32.00, respectively. To order or renew a subscription, fill out the form in the back of this journal and mail it, along with a check or money order made payable to The Georgetown Public Policy Review, to the address indicated. Address changes and other questions should be directed to the Marketing Director at the phone number/ e-mail address listed above. ADVERTISING The Review accepts full and half page advertisements. For information on rates and schedules, contact the Marketing Director at the phone number/e-mail address listed above. Table of Contents v Preface Feature: Gender Equity How Household Economic Opportunities Affect Child labor and Schooling in Nicaragua: Differential Effects by Gender Diana I. Kruger and Matias E. Berthe/on 17 Interview with Elizabeth M. King, lead Economist, and Andrew D. Mason, Senior Economist, World Bank 25 Interview with Carol Bellamy, Executive Director, United Nations Children's Fund 29 Interview with Congresswoman Rosa Del.auro (D-CT) 35 Interview with Christine Rosen, Resident Fellow, Ethics & Public Policy Center 41 Interview with Heidi Hartmann, Founder and President, Institute for Women's Pol icy Research Other Articles 49 Fewer loans for the lonely: Can Social Capital Increase Access to Credit for the Poor? Alexander Goldmark 69 The Dynamics of Poverty and Race in South Africa, 1994-1999 David Durman Book Reviews 87 Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Edited by Brian D. Smedley, Adrenne Y. Stith, and Alan R. Nelson Barbara Schone 88 Market-Based Governance: Supply Side, Demand Side, Upside, and Downside. Edited by John D. Donahue and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Patrick J Wolf Centerfor Democracy and the Third Sector The Center for Democracy and the Third Sector (CDATS) and the Georgetown Public Policy Institute (GPPI) are pleased to announce the following research assistantship and scholarship opportunity available to full-time 1st_yearGPPI students during the 2004-2005 academic year. NOTE: Two CDATS Emerging scholar Awards are available. Each award is for two years, with the second year (2005-2006 academic year) contingent upon adequate academic standing at end of the 2004-2005 academic year (3.0 GPA). CDATS Emerging Civil Society Scholar Awards: Assistantship and Scholarship • Work Requirement of 15-20 hours per week, September 6, 2004- May 1,2005 • Monthly Stipend of$I,200 • Full tuition at GPPI ELIGIBILITY: • Acceptance as a full-time graduate student at GPPI • Strong academic record • Demonstrated interest in and commitment to work on issues pertaining to democracy and civil SOCiety APPLICATION PROCESS AND REQUIRED MATERIAL: If you would like more information about CDA TS and the Centers research please email [email protected] or visit our website at www.georgetown.edulcenterslcdats. If you are an admitted fIrst-year student, your admissions file will serve as your application. Assistantship and scholarship decisions will be made in conjunction with the GPPI admissions process and deadlines. Congressional Budget Office Does working in a casual environment with a talented team of h:Lhly educated professionals appeal to you? Do you enjoy doing independent research and applying your quantitative skills in budget policy analysis? Then consider the opportunities at the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). CBO, a nonpartisan agency that prepares objective economic and budgetary analyses for the U.S. Congress, is especially interested in MPP/MPA and Master's in Economics candidates. CBO has a simplified application process. No need to complete KSAs. Visit the employment area at www.cbo.gov for details. Information on the 2004 Excellent benefits and a friendly office dose to the Metro! www.cbo.gov CBO is an Equal Opportunity Employer Preface Gender inequality remains a phenomenon influencing many dimensions of life. A great proportion of women and girls -especially in less developed regions of the world _ still face disparities in basic rights, less economic opportunities, insufficient political voice and schooling, and inadequate access to credit and well-remunerated jobs. Undoubtedly, the design of effective strategies to promote equality between women and men is a difficult task, particularly in areas where cultural traditions and religious principles shape gender relations. However, as gender disparities hinder economic development and exacerbate poverty, a stronger commitment to promote gender equali ty remains a critical
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