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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001

Empowered lives.

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This Report is an independent publication commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme at the request of the Government of Republic of Namibia. The analysis and policy recommendations contained in this report however, do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of the Republic of Namibia or the United Nations Development Programme or its Executive Board.

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This report is the result of collaborative work between the Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN), the United Nations Development programme (UNDp) and the centre for the analysis of South african Social policy at the Oxford Institute of Social policy at the University of Oxford.

n November 2009, the Khomas Regional decade could be measured when the 2011 Census Council requested UNDP to assist in designing becomes available and is subsequently used for an objective criterion or set of criteria, devoid carrying out a similar analysis. of political and other considerations, which the Council could use in allocating development This report presents, using tables, charts and resources. Subsequent discussions led to an digital maps, a profile of multiple deprivation in agreement that other stakeholders, especially the Otjozondjupa region at data zone level, which is Central Bureau of Statistics needed to be involved a relatively new statistical geography developed and that the criterion or set of criteria needed to for purposes of measuring deprivation at a small Igo beyond income poverty considerations. It was area level. This technique of profiling deprivation also agreed that rather than focus on Khomas at datazone level, each with approximately region alone, the criterion or set of criteria needed 1000 people only, enables the identification to be applicable to, or cover the entire country. and targeting of pockets of deprivation within Specifically, it was agreed that a composite index Otjozondjupa region for possible use in panning for of multiple deprivation, the Namibia Index of and implementation of development interventions. Multiple Deprivation (NIMD), be constructed at The aim of the exercise was to produce a profile of both national and regional levels. Since the scope relative deprivation across Otjozondjupa region in and depth of analysis needed for the development order for the most deprived areas to be identified of the NIMD required very detailed and reliable and clearly delineated. In this way, it would be data and information, it was agreed that the possible for regional and constituency level 2001 census data, though ‘outdated’, be used policy and decision makers, as well development as the source of information for preparing the practitioners, to consider a particular domain of inter alia NIMD. Accordingly, the NIMD being presented in deprivation, or to refer to the overarching NIMD this report reflects the situation in Otjozondjupa for each constituency or datazone, in , region at the 2001 time-point only. UNDP and the allocating and applying development resources GRN recognize that the report does not speak to and interventions. The NIMD can also be used possible changes in relative deprivation that may as a platform for effecting a paradigm shift in have occurred in the Otjozondjupa region since development planning towards increased focus 2001. Nevertheless the 2001 NIMD could serve as on and targeting of deprived areas and sectors; a benchmark against which change over the last as well as interrogating the causes of inequality

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 1 in access to basic services within the region. The Policy at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy at NIMD at datazone level should be viewed as adding the University of Oxford, under the leadership and to the existing body of information and knowledge, guidance a national steering committee chaired including local knowledge systems, about poverty by Mr Sylvester Mbangu, Director of the Central and deprivation in Otjozondjupa region and the Bureau of Statistics, with the participation of large family of existing planning and resource representatives of the thirteen Regional Councils. allocation tools and methodologies already in use In addition to providing the funds for carrying at the regional and constituency levels. out the project, UNDP provided overall oversight and technical backstopping to the project through This project was undertaken by Professor Michael Ojijo Odhiambo, Senior Economist and Johannes Noble, Dr Gemma Wright, Ms Joanna Davies, Dr Ashipala, National Economist. David Avenell is Helen Barnes and Dr Phakama Ntshongwana of thanked for his assistance with producing the the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social datazones.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 2 Table Of cONTeNTS

Section 1: Introduction 5

1.1 Background 5 1.2 Defining poverty and deprivation 6 1.3 The concept of multiple deprivation 6 Section 2: Datazones 7

Section 3: Methodology 8

3.1 An introduction to the domains and indicators 8 Domains 8 Indicators 8 3.2 Material Deprivation Domain 9 Purpose of the domain 9 Background 9 Indicators 10 Combining the indicators 10 3.3 Employment Deprivation Domain 10 Purpose of the domain 10 Background 10 Indicator 11 Combining the indicators 11 3.4 Health Deprivation Domain 11 Purpose of the domain 11 Background 11 Indicator 12 3.5 Education Deprivation Domain 12 Purpose of the domain 12 Background 12 Indicators 12 Combining the indicators 13 3.6 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 13 Purpose of the domain 13 Background 13 Indicators 14 Combining the indicators 14

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 3 3.7 Constructing the domain indices 15 3.8 Standardising and transforming the domain indices 15 3.9 Weights for the domain indices when combining into an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation 16 Section 4: Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001: Kavango Region 17

4.1 Multiple Deprivation 17 4.2 Domains of deprivation 23 Section 5: conclusion and Some policy Recommendations 41

appendix 1: Indicators included in the NIMD 2001 43

Material Deprivation Domain 43 Employment Deprivation Domain 43 Health Deprivation Domain 43 Education Deprivation Domain 43 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 43 appendix 2: Domain and overall NIMD scores and ranks 44

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 4 SecTION 1: INTRODUcTION

This report presents the datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 (NIMD 2001) for the Otjozondjupa region. The NIMD is a composite index reflecting five dimensions of deprivation: income and material deprivation; employment deprivation; education deprivation; health deprivation; and living environment deprivation.

he NIMD and the component domains of members of UNDP. The objective of this phase of deprivation were produced at datazone the project was to construct measures of multiple level using data from the 2001 Population deprivation at constituency level in order to provide Census. Datazones are small areas containing a more detailed analysis of deprivation which approximately the same number of people (average would enable Khomas Regional Council, and other 1,000). The datazone level NIMD therefore regional councils across Namibia, to rank their provides a fine-grained picture of deprivation and areas in order of deprivation, and also to set them enables pockets of deprivation to be identified in in the context of all other areas in Namibia. The Otjozondjupa region. datazone level index presented in this report draws T from the previous constituency index, and covers, The report is structured as follows: The background in detail, the entire country including Otjozondjupa information and the conceptual framework which region. In constructing the NIMD at datazone level underpins the model of multiple deprivation is described in this introductory section. In Section 2 the rationale for and process of constructing The NIMD and the datazones are described. Section 3 introduces the domains and indicators that were included component domains of in the NIMD and summarises the methodological approach that was used in constructing the NIMD. deprivation were produced In Section 4 datazone level results for Otjozondjupa region are presented, while conclusions and some at datazone level using data general policy recommendations are presented in from the 2001 Population Section 5. 1.1 background Census. As will be elaborated in Section 2, datazones Initially a NIMD was created at constituency level for the Khomas Region, but applicable to other are small areas containing regions of the country as well, using data from the approximately the same 2001 Population Census at constituency level after a two-day consultative process on the domains and number of people indicators with members of the Central Bureau of Statistics, civil servants from the Council and staff (average 1,000)

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 5 however, it became necessary to make some small that there exists separate dimensions of deprivation changes to some of the domains and indicators which can be recognised and measured, and initially used in the constituency level study. These are experienced by individuals living in an area. changes are explained in detail in Section 3 of this Multiple deprivation is therefore conceptualised as report. As such, the constituency level index has a weighted combination of distinct dimensions or also been revised to give a comparable measure. domains of deprivation. An area level score for each The initial results of the work at the datazone level domain is produced and these are then combined were presented to, and validated by, representatives to form an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation. of all the 13 Regional Councils at a workshop held relative in Ondangwa in November 2011. Although the area itself is not deprived, it can 1.2 Defining poverty and nonetheless be characterised as deprived to deprivation other areas, in a particular dimension of deprivation, on the basis of the proportion of people in the area experiencing the type of deprivation in question. Townsend (1979) sets out the case for defining In other words, the experiences of the people in an ‘Individuals, families and groups can be said to be in poverty in terms of relative deprivation as follows: area give the area its deprivation characteristics. It poverty if they lack the resources to obtain the types is important to emphasize that the area itself is not of diet, participate in the activities and have the living deprived, though the presence of a concentration conditions and amenities which are customary or at of people experiencing deprivation in an area may least widely encouraged or approved in the societies give rise to a compounding deprivation effect, to which they belong’ but this is still measured by reference to those (Townsend, 1979, p31). individuals. Having attributed the aggregate of individual experience of deprivation to the area Though ‘poverty’ and ‘deprivation’ have often however, it is possible to say that an area is deprived been used interchangeably, many have argued in that particular dimension. And having measured that a clear distinction should be made between specific dimensions of deprivation, these can be them (see for example the discussion in Nolan and understood as domains of multiple deprivation. In Whelan, 1996). Based on this line of thought, it can his article ‘Deprivation’ Townsend also lays down be argued that the condition of poverty means not the foundation for articulating multiple deprivation having enough financial resources to meet a need, as an aggregation of several types of deprivation whereas deprivation refers to an unmet need, (Townsend, 1987). Townsend’s formulation of which is caused by a lack of resources of all kinds, multiple deprivation is the starting point for the not just financial. model of small area deprivation which is presented 1.3 The concept of multiple in this report. deprivation

The starting point for the NIMD is a conceptual model of multiple deprivation. The model of multiple deprivation is underpinned by the idea

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 6 SecTION 2: DaTazONeS

Datazones are a new statistical geography for Namibia created especially for this version of the NIMD 2001. This section provides a non-technical overview of the process of creating the datazones and summarises their characteristics.

Internal homogeneity

he methodology adopted is based on a : It is important that similar process undertaken in South Africa datazones comprise EAs of similar characteristics. (Avenell et al., 2009) which in turn was This helps to ensure that the datazone geography adapted from techniques developed in the United created is ‘meaningful’ in that, for example, in Kingdom (see, for example, Martin et al., 2001). urban areas housing of a similar type are grouped Datazones were built up from Census Enumeration together within one datazone and that those living Areas (EAs) to create a standard uniform geography in EAs within a single datazone share similar socio- across Otjozondjupa region based on the existing economic characteristics. In order to achieve this EA geography which nest within the seven all EAs were analysed using a technique known constituencyT boundaries. Though a datazone may as cluster analysis. This technique groups EAs be created from a single EA, it is usually created by across the country and the region into a small merging one or more contiguous EAs which share number of ‘families’ based on a variety of relevant common characteristics in accordance with a set of characteristics. The datazones were checked pre-defined rules. The actual creation of datazones and validated by obtaining aerial photography was undertaken using a variety of geographical underlays for the mapping software and visually programming techniques (see Avenell et al., 2009). inspecting boundary positions. A set of rules governing the merging process was drawn up to ensure that the datazones had, as close as was possible, the following characteristics: Population size Though a datazone : Datazones are designed to have may be created from a a similar resident population size - this allows comparability across the region. The target single EA, it is usually population size was 1,000 with a minimum of 500 and maximum of 1,500. A total 137 datazones were created by merging created for the Otjozondjupa region. Population density one or more contiguous : Datazones should comprise EAs which EAs of similar population density. This is important to ensure that urban areas become distinct from share common rural areas. The datazone algorithm incorporated thresholds to ensure that, wherever possible, urban characteristics in areas became tightly bounded. accordance with a set of pre-defined rules. Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 7 SecTION 3: MeThODOlOGy

3.1 an introduction to the domains

and indicators that the same person can be captured in more than one domain. So, for example, if someone Domains was unemployed, had no qualifications and had no access to basic material goods they would be The NIMD was produced using the 2001 Namibian captured in the Employment Deprivation, Education Population Census which was supplied by the Deprivation and Material Deprivation domains. Namibian Central Bureau of Statistics for the The indicators were chosen following an extensive purposes of this project. Whilst the intention consultation process with representatives of the Central Bureau of Statistics, Khomas Regional should always to be concept-led rather than ‘data- 2 driven’, the project team was restricted to selecting Council and UNDP . indicators from the range of questions included within the 2001 Census. The NIMD was produced at datazone level (and also at constituency level on a comparable basis). There are 137 datazones and The NIMD was seven constituencies in Otjozondjupa region. produced using the

The NIMD contains five domains of deprivation: 2001 Namibian • 1 Population Census • Material Deprivation • Employment Deprivation which was • Health Deprivation supplied by the • Education Deprivation Living Environment Deprivation Namibian Central Bureau of Statistics Each domain is presented as a separate domain for the purposes index reflecting a particular aspect of deprivation. Each domain seeks to measure only one dimension of this project of deprivation, avoiding overlaps between the Indicators domains and providing a direct measure of the deprivation in question. Individuals can however, Each domain index contains a number of indicators. experience more than one type of deprivation There are 11 indicators in total in the NIMD. The at any given time and it is therefore conceivable aim for each domain was to include a parsimonious

1 2 This refers to material goods, that is, assets or possessions. During the consultation process a number of other domains were discussed. These included: access to recreation facilities, level of participation in community activities, crime, food security, provision of emergency services, and availability of affordable transport. Unfortunately data relating to these issues were not available within the Census. These issues could be incorporated into further iterations of the NIMD if appropriate administrative or geographical data becomes available. Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 8 (i.e. economical in number) collection of indicators that comprehensively captured the deprivation for each domain, but within the constraints of the data In any event, the 2001 available from the 2001 Census. When identifying Census did not have an indicators for the domains, it was important to ensure that they are direct measures of the domain income question and so an of deprivation in question and specific to that income poverty indicator, if domain. included, would need to be In the construction of that index the indicators were discussed at length during the consultation process modelled from a different data and every effort was made to ensure that they source such as the Namibian were appropriate for the Namibian context. The domains need to allow different geographical areas Household Income and to be distinguished from one another; therefore it Expenditure Survey would be unhelpful to identify a deprivation which is experienced by most people in most areas as this would not enable the areas to be ranked relative to In the following sub-sections the domains and each other in terms of deprivation. indicators which make up the NIMD 2001 are described. 3.2 Material Deprivation Domain

With the exception purpose of the domain of changes to three indicators in the newly This domain measures the proportion of the population experiencing material deprivation constituted Living in an area by reference to the percentage of the population who are deprived of access to basic Environment material possessions. background Deprivation Domain,

the indicators are In other indices that have followed this model the same as those used (e.g. UK indices), an Income Deprivation Domain was created. However, there is an argument that in the previous such a domain is inappropriate within an Index of Multiple Deprivation, because - as explained above constituency level index. Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 9 •

- deprivation can be regarded as the outcome of Number of people living in a household with no lack of income rather than the lack of income itself. access to a telephone/cell phone. combining the indicators To follow Townsend, within a multiple deprivation measure, only the deprivations resulting from a low income would be included so low income itself A simple proportion of people living in households would not be a component, but lack of material experiencing either one or both of the deprivations possessions would be included. In any event, the was calculated (i.e. the number of people living in 2001 Census did not have an income question and a household with no access to a television/radio so an income poverty indicator, if included, would and/or with no access to a telephone/cell phone need to be modelled from a different data source divided by the total population). 3.3 employment Deprivation such as the Namibian Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Such modelling work is being Domain undertaken separately for the Central Bureau of purpose of the domain Statistics (now Namibia Statistics Agency) by Lux Development and will provide a complementary small area measure of income poverty. For these This domain measures employment deprivation reasons, a material deprivation domain was conceptualised as involuntary exclusion of the produced. A lack of access to basic material goods working age population from the world of work can be understood as a proxy for low income. The by reference to the percentage of the working age 2001 Census included questions about access to population who are unemployed. background material goods (e.g. television, radio, newspaper, telephone and computer) which are internationally accepted and widely used as measures of variations The 2001 Census recorded employment status in in living standards. line with the International Labour Organisation (ILO) ‘labour force framework’ and the ‘priority ‘regardless of the amount of time Of the possible material goods that could be rules’ which give precedence to employment over devoted to it, which in extreme cases may be only one included as indicators, access to a television/radio all other activities hour’ and telephone/cell phone were selected as they represent important modes of communication (Hussmanns, 2007, p6). Therefore a person and a means of accessing information crucial to was considered to be employed if during the seven one’s life and livelihood. The quality of the services days prior to the Census night they worked for provided however, were not be taken into account. at least one hour for pay, profit or family gain. It Indicators follows that unemployment was defined as a • situation of a total lack of work. The definition of th Number of people living in a household with no unemployment adopted by the 13 International access to a television or a radio; or Conference of Labour Statistics (ICLS) stipulates

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 10 combining the indicators three criteria which must be simultaneously met for a person to be considered unemployed. According The domain was calculated as those identified as to this official definition, the unemployed are those unemployed and aged 15 to 59 inclusive divided by persons within the economically active population the number of people who are economically active (aged 15-65 inclusive) who during the reference in that age group. period (for the 2001 Census this is the seven days 3.4 health Deprivation Domain prior to Census night) were: 1. Without work, i.e. in a situation of total lack of purpose of the domain work; and 2. Currently available for work, i.e. not a student This domain identifies areas with relatively high or homemaker or otherwise unavailable for rates of people who die prematurely. The domain work; and measures premature mortality but not aspects of forthcoming 3. Seeking work, i.e. taking steps to seek behaviour or environment that may be predictive employment or self-employment. of health deprivation. background

Using the 2001 Census however, it was not possible to measure whether unemployed people were Although the consultation process raised the available for work and seeking work. Though importance of measuring people’s health status; other indices have also included people of and access to health facilities and healthcare, working age who cannot work because of illness these issues could not be measured using the 2001 or disability, as they are involuntarily excluded Census data. It was therefore not possible to include from the world of work and internationally are any measures of morbidity or access to health regarded as the ‘hidden unemployed’ (Beatty et services. Instead a form of standardised mortality al., 2000), the consultation group wanted to limit ratio known as Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) this domain to the economically active population was used. An internationally recognised measure and therefore disabled or long-term sick people of poor health, the YPLL measure is the level of were not included. The age band was modified to unexpected mortality weighted by the age of the 15-59 inclusive to reflect a concept of working age individual who has died (for details about how this relevant to Namibia. indicator was constructed see Blane and Drever, Indicator 1998). An area with a relatively high death rate in a • ceteris paribus young age group (including areas with high levels

Number of people aged 15-59 inclusive who of infant mortality) will therefore , are unemployed. have a higher overall YPLL score than an area with a similarly relatively high death rate for an older age group.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 11 3.5 education Deprivation Domain

The YPLL measure is purpose of the domain

related to life expectancy This domain measures deprivation in educational attainment for people aged 15 to 59 inclusive. in an area. Areas with low background life expectancy will have high YPLL scores Elsewhere in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region it has been shown The YPLL indicator is a directly age and gender that the level of educational attainment in the standardised measure of premature death (i.e. working age adult population is closely linked 3 death under the age of 75) . The YPLL measure to an individual’s employment status and future is related to life expectancy in an area. Areas opportunities for those individuals and their with low life expectancy will have high YPLL dependants (Bhorat et al., 2004). scores. Equally high levels of infant mortality and perinatal mortality as well as high levels of serious The 2001 Census includes a record of the level illness such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis will all of education completed and a record of illiteracy. contribute to reduced life expectancy in an area These two questions provide the best available and therefore high YPLL scores. Thus, although measures of educational attainment and make up the YPLL is a mortality measure, it does, implicitly, the indicators for this domain. The consultation reflect the extent of serious ill-health in an area. process additionally raised the importance of And although it would have been possible to use affordable education and availability of tertiary infant mortality, under-five mortality, and life education opportunities, but again, these could not expectancy as indicators, YPLL in effect combines be adequately captured using the 2001 Census. Indicators all these issues into a single indicator and is • therefore a broader and more useful overview of health deprivation in an area. Number of 15-59 year olds inclusive with no Indicator schooling completed at secondary level or • • above; or Years of potential life lost Number of 15-59 year olds inclusive who are illiterate.

3. Because the direct method of standardisation makes use of individual age/gender death rates it is often associated with small numbers. An empirical Bayes or ‘shrinkage’ technique is therefore used to smooth the individual age/gender death rates in order to reduce the impact of small number problems on the YPLL.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 12 combining the indicators

and therefore provides a more valid measure of A simple proportion of the working age population deprivation in terms of access to energy for lighting (aged 15 to 59 years old inclusive) who had not (Bhorat et al., 2004). This was the measure used in completed schooling at secondary level or who the previous constituency level index. However, at are illiterate was calculated (i.e. the number of datazone level, all individuals in a high proportion people with no schooling completed at secondary of datazones were found to lack electricity for level or above or who are illiterate divided by the lighting. These datazones would all be given population aged 15 to 59 inclusive). the same overall score for this domain, and so it 3.6 living environment Deprivation would not be possible to discriminate between Domain datazones in terms of their level of deprivation. For this reason the indicator was altered slightly purpose of the domain to include paraffin alongside electricity (and solar power) as the measure of access to energy for This domain measures both inadequacy in housing lighting. The inclusion of paraffin however, does conditions and a lack of basic services to the not imply any judgement about its suitability for home. lighting purposes, but is rather a means of enabling background datazones to be properly ranked on this domain.

The 2001 Census questionnaire provides indicators Access to clean drinking water and sanitation on households’ access to basic amenities. These facilities is essential for the good health of the aspects of the immediate environment in which population and thus an important indicator to people live impact on the quality of their life and provide good measures of deprivation in terms of access to services. Access to clean

Measuring access to electricity as a basic amenity is drinking water and a useful indicator of living environment deprivation. sanitation facilities Three Census indicators were considered: main source of energy for cooking, lighting and heating. is essential for the Although cost, availability and effectiveness are factors in the consumption of all energy supplies, good health of the it has been argued that in certain instances, the population and thus choice of fuel for cooking may be influenced by cultural preference rather than availability alone, an important indicator whereas the use of electricity for lighting would to include in generally be the preferred choice, if available, this domain Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 13 include in this domain. An indicator of no access to kitchens, stoops and verandas. Different versions piped water within the home or within 200 metres of the crowding indicator were considered. It was of the home was included. The threshold of 200 felt that the most appropriate measure of crowding metres was regarded by the consultation group as was to classify three or more people per room as a preferable to a threshold of 400 metres (the MDG deprivation. Setting the capacity cut-off at two or measure). Though in the previous (constituency) more people per room was considered. However, it index people without flush toilets or ventilated pit was felt that this lower capacity would capture too latrines were regarded as deprived, investigation of many non-deprived people, for example relatively this indicator at datazone level revealed that again, well-off couples sharing a one room urban a high proportion of datazones scored 100 percent. apartment. Indicators Therefore, as with the access to energy indicator, an additional criterion was added: long drop pit • latrines were included alongside flush toilets and Number of people living in a household ventilated pit latrines. Again, the inclusion of long without the use of electricity, paraffin or solar drop pit latrines does not imply adequacy, but • power for lighting; or is included simply as a means of discriminating Number of people living in a household without between datazones. access to a flush toilet or pit latrine (ventilated • or long drop); or The quality of housing construction provides an Number of people living in a household without important indicator for the quality of day-to-day piped water/borehole/borehole with covered life and vulnerability to shocks such as adverse tank (but not open tank)/protected well inside weather conditions (Bhorat et al., 2004; Programme • their dwelling or yard or within 200 metres; or of Action Chapter 2 World Summit for Social Number of people living in a household that is Development Copenhagen 1995). There was much • a shack; or discussion during the consultation process about Number of people living in a household with traditional dwellings and their adequacy. Though three or more people per room. combining the indicators the 2001 Census contains fairly precise information about materials used in the construction process, there is no way of identifying whether the resultant A simple proportion of people living in households buildings were of a high quality or not. It was experiencing one or more of the deprivations was therefore agreed that only shacks could be reliably calculated (i.e. the number of people living in a identified as constituting inadequate housing. household without electricity, paraffin or solar power for lighting and/or without adequate toilet The crowding indicator is calculated by dividing facilities and/or without adequate water provision the number of people in the household by the and/or living in a shack and/or in overcrowded number of rooms excluding bathrooms, toilets, conditions divided by the total population).

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 14 3.7 constructing the domain indices

As Censuses can be In all domains apart from the Health Deprivation Domain, the overall score is a simple proportion regarded as a sample of the relevant population, and so can be easily interpreted. As Censuses can be regarded as a from a super-population, sample from a super-population, it is important it is important to to consider and deal with large standard errors. A technique that takes standard errors into account consider and deal with but still enables one to then combine the domains large standard errors. into an overall index of multiple deprivation is called Bayesian shrinkage estimation. Specifically, A technique that takes the scores for datazones can be unreliable when the standard errors into deprived population is small and so the shrinkage technique was applied to each of the domains. The account but still enables ‘shrunk’ estimate is the weighted average of the original datazone level estimate and an appropriate one to then combine larger spatial unit. The weight is based on the the domains into an standard error of the original datazone estimate and the amount of variation within the constituency. overall index of multiple For further details about this technique see Annex deprivation is called 2 of the 2001 NIMD National Report available at http://www.undp.org.na/publications.aspx and Bayesian shrinkage also Noble et al. (2006b). 3.8 Standardising and transforming estimation the domain indices

standardise the scores before any combination could take place. A form of standardisation and Having obtained a set of domain indices, these transformation is required that meets the following needed to be combined into an overall Namibia criteria. First it must ensure that each domain Index of Multiple Deprivation and in order to has a common distribution; second, it must not combine domain indices which are each based on be scale dependent (i.e. conflate size with level of different metrics there needed to be some way to deprivation); third, it must have an appropriate

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 15 degree of cancellation built into it; and fourth, it must facilitate the identification of the most deprived datazones. The exponential transformation of the A form of standardisation ranks best meets these criteria and was applied and transformation is in the NIMD 2001. For further details about this technique see Annex 3 of the 2001 NIMD National required that meets the Report available at http://www.undp.org.na/ publications.aspx and also Noble et al. (2006b). following criteria. First it 3.9 Weights for the domain indices when combining into an overall must ensure that each Index of Multiple Deprivation domain has a common distribution; second, it must Domains are conceived as independent dimensions not be scale dependent (i.e. of multiple deprivation, each with their own additive impact on multiple deprivation. The conflate size with level of strength of this impact, though, may vary between deprivation); third, it must domains depending on their relative importance. As a starting point, equal weights for the domains have an appropriate degree were recommended and this was supported by the of cancellation built into it; consultation group. Each domain was therefore assigned a weight of 1. The NIMD was therefore and fourth, it must facilitate constructed by adding the standardised and the identification of the most transformed domain indices with equal weights. deprived datazones. The exponential transformation of the ranks best meets these criteria and was applied in the NIMD 2001. For further details see Annex 3 and Noble et al. (2006b)

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 16 SecTION 4: DaTazONe level NaMIbIaN INDex Of MUlTIple DepRIvaTION 2001: OTjOzONDjUpa ReGION

4.1 Multiple Deprivation

(i.e. the five separate domains of deprivation combined together). The lightest shading relates In this section a profile of multiple deprivation to the least deprived datazones. Maps 2 and Map in Otjozondjupa region, at both constituency 3 are zoom-ins of Map 1, showing the datazones and datazone levels, is presented. Using the within the Okahandja and Otjiwarongo areas (as data from the NIMD it is possible to compare the these are small in physical size and therefore hard 137 datazones and seven constituencies within to distinguish on Map 1). These maps provide an Otjozondjupa region. Map 1 shows the datazones easy to interpret picture of the pattern of multiple in Otjozondjupa in relation to the overall NIMD deprivation in the Otjozondjupa Region.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 17

19 Map 1

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 18 Map 2

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple20 Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 19

Map 3

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 20 Table 1 shows some of the data underlying these a rank of 1 among the datazones in Otjozondjupa. maps. The NIMD 2001 score, national rank (where If ranked alongside all datazones in Namibia 1=most deprived and 1,871=least deprived) and however, it ranks at 155. Two of the datazones in Otjozondjupa rank (where 1=most deprived and Otjozondjupa are in the most deprived 10 percent 252=least deprived) for the 20 most deprived of datazones nationally in terms of multiple datazones in Otjozondjupa are shown. Appendix 2 deprivation (the cut-off for the 10 percent most provides this information for all of the datazones in deprived is a rank of 187). The least deprived Otjozondjupa. datazone in Otjozondjupa is located in Otjiwarongo The most deprived datazone in Otjozondjupa is and is ranked at 1,845 in Namibia as a whole. in Okahandja constituency, and is therefore given Table 1: The 20 most deprived datazones in the Otjozondjupa Region NIMD rank – NIMD rank – within Datazone constituency NIMD score national Otjozondjupa

1785 Okahandja 270.9 155 1 1879 Otjiwarongo 265.3 184 2 1813 Okakarara 258.5 216 3 1873 Otjiwarongo 253.2 247 4 1777 Okahandja 246.6 291 5 1890 Tsumkwe 240.5 333 6 1851 Otavi 237.9 349 7 1855 Otavi 236.4 361 8 1889 Tsumkwe 233.4 389 9 1794 Okakarara 232.4 396 10 1786 Okahandja 229.1 420 11 1798 Okakarara 225.6 446 12 1831 Omatako 224.9 451 13 1817 Okakarara 222.6 479 14 1796 Okakarara 219.5 496 15 1877 Otjiwarongo 218.5 504 16 1819 Okakarara 217.3 512 17 1820 Okakarara 215.9 523 18 1884 Tsumkwe 209.7 583 19 1888 Tsumkwe 208.3 595 20

national The ten constituencies in Otjozondjupa vary in interquartile range for the overall NIMD. This is terms of the range of deprivation of their datazones. based on the ranks (i.e. where the most Chart 1 shows the minimum, maximum and median deprived datazone in Namibia is ranked 1, and the rank of datazones in each constituency, and the least deprived datazone is ranked 1,871).

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 21 Interpreting the Charts: For details on how to interpret the chart please see the ‘How to interpret interquartile range charts’ description in section 4.1 of the national report available at http://www.undp.org.na/publications.aspx Interpreting the Charts: For details on how to interquartile range charts’ description in section interpret the chart please see the ‘How to interpret 4.1 of the national report available at http://www. undp.org.na/publications.aspx

The vertical green line for each constituency range). The horizontal line within the box for each showsThe thevertical range ofgreen the ranks line of for the each datazones constituency in constituency shows the represents range theof rankthe ranks of the of median the datazonesa constituency in a constituency (including the (including dots which for the some dots whidatazonech for withinsome thatconstituencies constituency. , The like median Okahandjaconstituencies, and Omatako, like Okahandja appear andat either Omatako, end of rankthe line). in Tsumkwe Datazones is lower in (more Okakarara deprived) and than Otjiwarongoappear athave either a wide end of range the line). of Datazonesdeprivation, in whilein the datazones other constituencies. in Tsumkwe If the box has is relativelya narrow range ofOkakarara deprivation. and Otjiwarongo have a wide range of short this indicates that datazones are ranked deprivation, while datazones in Tsumkwe has a in a narrow range, with similar NIMD ranks (and narrowThe greenrange of box deprivation. for each constituency showstherefore the range similar of levels the NIMD of multiple ranks deprivation). of the middle 50 percent of datazones in the constituencyThe (the middle interquartile 50 percent of range). datazones Th ine Okakarara horizontal line withinThe green the box forfor each each constituency constituency shows represents the constituency the rank have of the a wider median range datazone of ranks thanwithin range of the NIMD ranks of the middle 50 percent the other consitituencies. Conversely Tsumkwe that constituency. The median rank in Tsumkwe is lower (more deprived) than in the other of datazones in the constituency (the interquartile and Omatako constituencies have a comparatively constituencies. If the box is relatively short this indicates that datazones are ranked in a narrow range, with similar NIMD ranks (and therefore similar levels of multiple deprivation). The middle 50Datazone percent level of Namibian datazones Index in ofOkakarara Multiple Deprivation constituency 2001 - have Otjozondjupa a wider Region range of ranks 22 than the other consitituencies. Conversely Tsumkwe and Omatako constituencies have a comparatively narrow range for the middle 50 percent. If the box sits towards the bottom of the chart it tells us that datazones in the constituency are concentrated in the most deprived part of the national distribution of the NIMD. If the box sits towards the top of the chart it tells us that the datazones in the constituency are concentrated in the least deprived part of the national distribution. In most of the constituencies the datazones are concentrated in the

23 narrow range for the middle 50 percent. If the box rates. So for example, 53.2 percent of the population sits towards the bottom of the chart it tells us that in Grootfontein constituency experienced material datazones in the constituency are concentrated in deprivation in 2001. The within Otjozondjupa the most deprived part of the national distribution ranks are shown as well as the domain scores, for of the NIMD. If the box sits towards the top of the each constituency in Otjozondjupa (where 1=most chart it tells us that the datazones in the constituency deprived). are concentrated in the least deprived part of the national distribution. In most of the constituencies In terms of material deprivation, the most deprived the datazones are concentrated in the middle of the constituency in Otjozondjupa is Tsumkwe (with a distribution. However, datazones in Tsumkwe are very high 95 percent of the population experiencing situated more towards the more deprived part of material deprivation). In Okakarara over 70 percent the national distribution. of the population is materially deprived.

within Further analysis shows that the datazones in the In relation to employment deprivation, the most Otjozondjupa most deprived 10 percent of datazones deprived constituency is Okakarara where almost on the overall NIMD are located in all half of the relevant population is employment but one (Grootfontein) of the constituencies. The deprived. The other constituencies have much number of datazones that are in the most deprived lower rates of employment deprivation, the next 10 percent of datazones within Otjozondjupa are as highest being Okahandja at 37 percent. The most follows: Okahandja (3 of 17), Okakarara (3 of 29), deprived constituency in terms of education Omatako (1 of 17), Otavi (2 of 15), Otjiwarongo (2 deprivation is Tsumkwe (with 79 percent of the of 24) and Tsumkwe (2 of 10). relevant population being education deprived). 4.2 Domains of deprivation Over 70 percent of the relevant population in Grootfontein, Omatako and Otavi also experience education deprivation. Although it is not possible to calculate multiple deprivation rates as such, each of the individual Tsumkwe is again the most deprived constituency domains of deprivation can be presented at in terms of living environment deprivation (with constituency level, and for all domains except 97 percent of the total population experiencing health the domain scores can be compared. living environment deprivation), followed by Okakarara (92 percent). Although Tsumkwe is the Table 2 provides the domain scores for each most deprived constituency in terms of material, constituency in Otjozondjupa, excluding health as education and living environment deprivation, the health score is not calculated as a rate. The other it is the least deprived constituency in terms of four domains are in the form of simple deprivation employment deprivation.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 23 The domain scores and ranks for each of the high levels of infant mortality) will have a higher datazones in Otjozondjupa are presented in score than an area with a similarly relatively high Appendix 2. As in Table 2, four of the five domains death rate for an older age group, all else being are expressed as rates. Health deprivation is equal. The measure is related to life expectancy in expressed as the years of potential life lost in that an area, so datazones with low life expectancy will datazone. A datazone with a relatively high death have high scores on this domain. rate in a young age group (including areas with

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 24 1 7 4 3 2 5 6 rank iving l iving (within deprivation deprivation environment environment Otjozondjupa) 97.3 60.8 77.9 80.6 92.4 63.7 63.5 iving l iving rate (%) rate deprivation deprivation environment environment 1 6 2 3 7 5 4 rank (within ducation e deprivation Otjozondjupa) 79.1 64.0 75.9 72.2 62.9 64.3 70.8 ducation rate (%) rate e deprivation deprivation 7 3 5 6 1 2 4 rank (within deprivation mployment e mployment Otjozondjupa) 21.0 30.8 25.0 24.2 48.6 36.7 29.5 rate (%) rate deprivation deprivation mployment e mployment 1 7 4 6 2 5 3 rank (within Material Material deprivation Otjozondjupa) 95.4 46.4 49.2 48.7 71.5 48.7 53.2 rate (%) rate Material Material deprivation deprivation onstituency Tsumkwe Otjiwarongo Otavi Omatako Okakarara Okahandja Grootfontein c Table 2: Domain scores and ranks for each constituency in the Otjozondjupa Region for each constituency and ranks 2: Domain scores Table

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 25 Table 3 below shows the percentage of each from Okakara have some datazones in the most nationally constituency’s datazones that are in the most deprived 10 percent of datazones nationally in deprived 10 percent of datazones for each terms of education. 60 percent of the datazones in domain. All of the constituencies in Otjozondjupa Tsumkwe and over 40 percent of the datazones in feature amongst the most deprived 10 percent Grootfontein and Otavi are in the most deprived 10 of datazones in Namibia on at least one domain. percent in terms of education deprivation. Over one However, none of the constituencies feature in the quarter (27 percent) of the datazones in Okakarara most deprived 10 percent of datazones in terms are in the most deprived 10 percent nationally for of material deprivation. All constituencies except employment deprivation. Table 3: percentage of datazones in most deprived 10 percent of datazones in Namibia Number Material employment health education living env. constituency of deprivation deprivation deprivation deprivation deprivation datazones

Grootfontein 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.0 0.0 Okahandja 17 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 11.8 Okakarara 29 0.0 27.6 0.0 0.0 3.4 Omatako 17 0.0 5.9 0.0 11.8 0.0 Otavi 15 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 Otjiwarongo 24 0.0 0.0 4.2 16.7 0.0 Tsumkwe 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 0.0

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 26 Table 4 shows the percentage of each constituency’s 10 percent in terms of material deprivation. The within Otjozondjupa datazones that are in the most deprived 10 percent proportions for the other domains are much of datazones for each domain. lower. Over one third of Okakarara’s datazones Otavi is the only constituency that has at least (40 percent) are in the most deprived 10 percent one datazone in the most deprived 10 percent of of datazones in terms of employment deprivation. datazones for each domain. Nine of Tsumkwe’s ten One quarter of the datazones in Otjiwarongo are in datazones (90 percent) are in the most deprived the most deprived 10 percent in terms of health. Table 4: percentage of datazones in most deprived 10% of datazones in the Otjozondjupa Region constituency Number Material employment health education living env. of deprivation deprivation deprivation deprivation deprivation datazones

Grootfontein 25 0.0 4.0 0.0 28.0 4.0 Okahandja 17 5.9 0.0 11.8 0.0 17.6 Okakarara 29 6.9 34.5 10.3 0.0 13.8 Omatako 17 0.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 5.9 Otavi 15 6.7 6.7 13.3 6.7 6.7 Otjiwarongo 24 0.0 0.0 25.0 4.2 4.2 Tsumkwe 10 90.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 20.0

The following maps present each of the five domains 1, 2 and 3, the lightest shading relates to the least at datazone level for Otjozondjupa and for the deprived datazones. It is intended that these maps Otjiwarongo and Okahandja areas. As with Maps should provide accessible profiles of the domains of deprivation in the Otjozondjupa Region.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 27

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 28

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 29 Map 8

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple36 Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 30

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 31

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 32 Map 11

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 40 33

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 34

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 35 Map 14

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 44 36

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 37

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 38 Map 17

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 48 39

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 40 SecTION 5: cONclUSIONS aND SOMe pOlIcy RecOMMeNDaTIONS

The analysis presented in this report has identified particular areas – both datazones and constituencies – where deprivation is high relative to other areas in Otjozondjupa region. This analysis can support pro-poor policy formulation processes and programmatic interventions in many ways.

By providing reliable and objective information on, and profiling the distribution of, multiple deprivation and the distribution of the individual By providing reliable domains of deprivation across the region, the and objective information analysis presented in this report can provide planners; policy and decision makers at the regional on, and profiling the level with the evidence base on which to plan and distribution of multiple make decisions regarding resource allocation and the geographic areas (constituencies and deprivation and the individual datazones) and sectors in which to prioritise public investments, government support and service domains of deprivation delivery. Specifically, the analysis can be useful in across the country, the NIMD the following ways: Temporal analysis of nature, scope and effects of can provide policy and poverty reduction programmes decision makers with the : By describing the geographical distribution and extent of individual evidence base on which to dimensions of deprivation and overall multiple deprivation at constituency and datazone levels, make decisions regarding this report provides a baseline map of deprivation resource allocation and the against which progress in poverty reduction in these areas can be measured over time, that is geographic areas and sectors between successive censuses (2001 and 2011 in which to prioritise public censuses). The NIMD is based on data relating to 2001 time- line and significant changes may have investments, government taken place since then. It will thus be necessary to support and service conduct further analyses using the 2011 Census data and information in order to shed light on the delivery relating to the extent to which changes have occurred in the region and possible reasons for any noted changes. various domains of deprivation Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 41 Interrogating the causes of inequality

: The report constituencies and datazones characterised by could be used by the regional authorities to initiate severe multiple deprivation could be targeted for the process of interrogating the causal factors of integrated development projects and programmes. such wide inter- and intra-constituency (datazone The most deprived areas vary by domain, and not all level) variations with respect to specific domains areas show a uniform degree of deprivation across and the overall combined and weighted index of the domains. This should be taken into account deprivation. when selecting a measure of deprivation to use Better planning and targeting of development as it is important to choose the most appropriate resources: measure for the particular policy purpose. Regional Councils have two distinct sources of development revenue – transfers It should be noted however, that the NIMD, as relative from central government and locally generated presented in this report, provides a profile of resources. The NIMD allows for better planning deprivation in Otjozondjupa region and for and targeting of such resources on the basis of even the least deprived areas, such as Omatako relative deprivation to the datazone level. Priorities and Okahandja constituencies, contain pockets can then be identified at the constituency and of deprivation. They are simply less deprived datazone levels that could be addressed through than other areas with higher levels of deprivation integrated development approaches. Importantly, such as Tsumkwe constituency. As such, spatially funds could be targeted to and ring-fenced for those targeted policy initiatives should be regarded as sectors/domains in which specific constituencies a complement to, rather than a substitution for, and datazones are particularly deprived or to mainstream pro-poor policies and strategies that the most deprived constituencies and datazones the Regional Council and National Government are within a constituency. It is also conceivable that already implementing in Otjozondjupa region.

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 42 aNNex 1: INDIcaTORS INclUDeD IN The NIMD 2001

Material Deprivation Domain •

Number of 15-59 year olds (inclusive) who are Numerator illiterate • Denominator

Number of people living in a household with • no access to a television or a radio; or Population aged 15-59 (inclusive) living environment Deprivation Domain Number of people living in a household with no access to a telephone/cell phone Denominator Numerator •

Total population Number of people living in a household employment Deprivation Domain without the use of electricity, paraffin or solar • power for lighting; or Numerator Number of people living in a household • without access to a flush toilet or pit latrine Number of people aged 15-59 who are • (ventilated or long drop); or unemployed Number of people living in a household Denominator without piped water/borehole/borehole with covered tank (but not open tank)/protected Total economically active population aged 15-59 well inside their dwelling or yard or within 200 inclusive • metres; or health Deprivation Domain Number of people living in a household that is Numerator • a shack; or • Number of people living in a household with Years of potential life lost three or more people per room education Deprivation Domain Denominator

Numerator Total population •

Number of 15-59 year olds (inclusive) with no schooling completed at secondary level or above; or

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 43 aNNex 2: DOMaIN aND OveRall NIMD ScOReS aND RaNKS 82 63 85 49 35 40 59 36 56 29 41 52 32 88 97 74 79 22 62 54 135 107 134 118 115 rank NIMD 25.0 86.2 25.0 66.9 74.9 111.3 140.0 111.1 150.7 171.4 157.5 143.3 166.8 145.6 183.1 154.4 149.0 180.5 110.1 100.3 124.3 113.9 203.4 142.7 146.3 score NIMD 95 65 97 67 59 60 33 52 61 63 10 43 49 132 103 124 106 109 113 105 117 114 134 125 129 rank iving l iving environment environment 70.3 89.3 67.6 87.9 90.0 89.8 97.7 92.9 19.0 89.8 89.5 59.4 33.6 54.7 52.3 46.9 55.9 39.4 46.0 99.7 17.3 30.9 26.4 94.6 93.4 score iving l iving environment environment 4 1 6 2 5 48 27 45 25 13 18 67 51 49 78 68 86 11 15 134 105 112 133 124 117 rank ducation e 74.8 79.5 75.3 80.4 84.3 88.6 34.3 82.6 92.6 87.9 90.3 70.1 74.4 74.6 68.1 62.0 70.0 59.9 66.4 85.0 34.9 52.3 58.1 83.6 88.6 score ducation e 79 80 94 77 59 82 15 16 96 29 67 83 72 38 76 24 18 68 91 120 118 127 127 127 107 rank h ealth 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.4 49.4 82.7 159.9 156.9 118.9 160.7 232.1 145.1 586.0 567.9 110.6 403.9 199.1 142.4 177.2 350.6 164.3 458.3 507.1 197.3 124.2 score h ealth 89 93 99 87 29 28 10 25 24 18 22 27 39 97 84 64 110 135 132 134 130 126 136 125 133 rank e mployment 3.2 4.9 3.3 5.3 6.8 2.9 7.5 4.5 17.9 11.6 17.0 15.6 18.8 48.4 48.7 60.7 50.7 51.5 56.8 51.8 49.6 44.4 16.3 19.8 29.6 score mployment e mployment 60 43 28 22 52 42 56 16 44 57 35 47 70 74 98 93 76 96 78 124 129 112 132 127 107 rank Material 62.5 74.3 86.1 90.2 68.6 74.6 67.1 92.2 20.8 73.5 13.9 66.0 82.2 73.0 57.3 52.0 39.4 28.7 41.6 12.3 17.1 51.5 33.6 40.0 50.5 score Material Material onstituency c Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Grootfontein Datazone 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1760 1756 1759 1761 1757 1758 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 This table presents the scores and ranks for every datazone in Otjozondjupa for the five domains and the overall NIMD. For all domains except health the score is calculated as a rate. So for material deprivation example, in 2001. 62.5% Health of is expressed as the the population years of potential in life lost datazone (a 1751 1=most deprived). measure each datazone (where for shown are of The within Otjozondjupa ranks in health deprivation. premature greater indicates mortality) score higher in Grootfontein that constituency datazone, and experienced a

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 44 5 1 37 38 90 80 89 66 83 11 81 77 53 10 73 15 33 12 64 61 125 128 119 127 131 112 111 110 101 102 105 54.6 51.8 66.3 53.1 33.4 76.6 79.8 82.9 98.4 97.8 88.2 166.0 158.0 246.6 106.7 113.2 108.1 137.3 111.2 229.1 270.9 111.7 117.6 148.7 232.4 125.5 219.5 177.4 225.6 138.8 142.7 5 1 2 6 3 62 44 18 24 91 89 90 79 22 51 14 29 50 57 20 41 102 100 116 126 130 128 104 110 108 101 89.5 94.4 99.1 99.8 98.5 73.8 63.5 65.3 43.1 74.7 30.7 20.8 99.9 99.9 26.6 56.4 49.4 52.6 73.9 78.7 98.6 99.8 93.2 99.5 98.1 99.9 63.9 93.3 90.6 99.0 95.1 57 53 90 89 71 34 23 83 63 75 97 81 85 88 84 93 92 37 120 111 104 100 113 128 110 136 107 109 102 106 103 57.4 72.9 59.9 73.8 62.1 63.4 65.7 65.8 59.8 69.9 46.4 60.7 77.9 80.8 28.0 61.1 60.8 67.0 70.7 69.4 64.7 62.4 67.3 66.6 66.1 61.8 66.7 65.3 65.4 76.6 62.2 46 37 28 27 14 84 13 45 65 47 30 60 11 97 44 41 49 51 22 81 23 85 87 66 113 101 105 127 111 103 109 0.0 64.8 98.5 82.9 77.4 90.0 79.6 305.1 351.1 404.7 438.0 611.5 139.7 615.2 316.0 211.5 286.6 399.2 231.7 634.2 109.1 321.0 338.3 280.4 272.0 463.3 152.2 460.7 139.4 129.9 206.9 9 8 5 42 30 26 32 34 21 62 46 76 61 23 41 77 58 44 36 38 43 17 20 69 72 101 112 106 113 131 124 5.2 7.6 41.8 48.3 50.5 46.9 15.2 46.4 52.1 31.0 41.0 21.7 31.8 51.6 42.9 21.6 33.1 41.3 44.9 10.3 13.3 44.5 69.4 41.6 71.9 56.8 83.8 54.4 10.3 26.5 25.1 6 3 9 32 38 95 29 54 88 81 24 34 58 65 30 83 14 45 69 25 59 66 99 117 125 100 136 123 109 105 116 3.6 83.2 78.8 96.8 40.7 85.8 68.0 46.4 23.0 49.4 20.0 38.8 87.7 82.6 64.4 20.9 32.8 35.8 60.0 85.8 97.7 49.2 92.8 94.5 73.3 57.7 87.5 23.4 62.8 59.6 39.0 Okahandja Okakarara Okahandja Okahandja Okakarara Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okahandja Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara 1776 1805 1777 1778 1806 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 45 3 94 78 99 91 23 27 55 31 21 44 14 17 18 87 92 84 98 70 13 72 39 71 96 117 136 124 116 129 109 100 68.8 99.4 24.4 56.7 68.9 48.9 84.8 99.0 101.6 114.7 104.9 202.2 187.0 146.0 181.6 258.5 204.9 153.7 222.6 217.3 215.9 111.0 104.2 111.2 100.2 132.3 224.9 127.8 157.6 128.9 100.5 8 4 81 15 87 86 38 34 45 21 23 26 16 27 28 53 92 93 71 85 83 75 76 13 37 70 82 99 84 137 115 6.2 77.5 99.5 75.6 75.7 96.3 97.5 94.2 98.9 98.5 99.8 99.8 98.4 99.5 44.3 98.4 98.1 92.8 71.8 71.3 85.3 76.2 76.3 81.0 80.6 99.6 96.6 86.1 76.5 66.7 76.3 33 82 44 98 52 95 96 62 59 69 72 43 94 64 60 40 65 76 58 46 28 56 31 129 122 131 125 137 115 101 118 78.0 43.4 67.0 75.6 55.1 63.8 73.9 65.0 36.5 64.9 51.2 70.8 28.0 72.7 59.4 69.9 69.7 62.8 75.7 70.7 65.0 71.8 76.3 70.6 68.9 72.8 57.8 75.2 79.5 73.5 78.4 7 5 90 64 42 19 69 17 53 10 21 89 33 34 61 78 73 99 86 55 124 127 127 126 127 123 104 119 127 115 112 5.4 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 13.8 87.7 34.3 58.8 72.2 126.6 212.4 335.3 746.1 502.5 972.6 192.6 538.7 261.9 667.2 489.2 127.8 363.1 361.5 227.9 160.7 175.2 107.1 136.4 252.4 1 7 4 2 3 6 98 75 94 68 51 11 67 86 13 83 15 19 31 57 90 60 127 123 137 107 114 119 102 115 109 6.5 8.0 2.8 9.3 16.1 24.6 16.7 27.7 92.0 37.3 59.9 76.5 84.4 88.1 28.2 19.1 59.0 20.3 58.7 87.7 12.4 10.3 15.0 55.8 80.6 48.0 33.2 17.7 32.3 10.1 11.6 15 19 36 39 80 21 23 26 40 94 31 82 53 46 64 71 61 73 55 33 17 91 134 128 103 114 122 108 111 120 118 8.8 92.5 91.7 14.2 81.1 77.8 49.7 90.7 37.4 88.4 87.3 25.8 75.3 41.3 85.8 49.3 68.5 73.2 21.2 60.3 56.3 33.0 62.3 52.6 67.7 83.0 92.1 42.6 30.3 21.6 22.2 Okakarara Omatako Okakarara Omatako Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Okakarara Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako Omatako 1807 1838 1808 1839 1809 1810 1811 1812 1814 1813 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 46 4 7 8 95 48 76 43 65 60 93 69 58 68 25 47 75 86 51 50 106 121 130 108 114 126 122 120 103 113 123 133 88.2 62.0 38.6 85.4 75.0 53.2 60.3 64.5 95.8 75.2 57.2 25.3 100.6 150.7 118.5 153.9 253.2 137.6 143.0 103.6 133.4 143.7 237.9 134.0 194.5 236.4 151.8 119.6 111.1 149.3 150.1 77 35 58 96 11 66 98 55 78 64 68 12 94 48 39 69 72 73 88 123 120 127 133 118 112 107 119 122 121 111 131 80.6 97.3 90.1 69.1 99.7 88.3 67.3 35.1 92.1 79.0 89.4 87.9 38.8 99.6 70.6 93.5 96.2 86.6 82.3 82.3 74.9 27.2 18.6 38.8 47.1 53.2 38.8 37.2 37.8 49.0 19.5 9 80 21 30 74 12 16 41 77 54 32 73 39 36 29 17 14 66 50 70 91 99 55 114 126 127 123 116 108 121 130 67.7 81.3 78.7 69.5 84.9 83.5 68.5 75.9 85.4 73.7 78.4 69.7 59.8 76.4 77.2 79.4 82.8 84.1 70.4 74.4 69.9 50.4 48.6 65.5 52.4 59.0 63.5 61.1 56.7 73.6 39.9 3 2 8 4 1 9 70 54 95 93 98 50 75 56 88 39 26 32 12 62 92 127 110 127 125 114 100 127 121 106 117 0.0 0.0 5.2 0.0 79.1 62.5 27.1 82.7 50.8 179.5 256.1 113.7 120.4 695.5 107.5 105.3 273.1 165.2 246.0 129.3 349.9 438.4 382.0 631.2 222.6 668.0 122.9 1162.8 1172.2 1095.8 1734.7 53 82 50 95 73 70 71 12 85 49 16 92 88 54 65 40 96 55 59 48 63 52 45 117 100 121 128 118 104 108 103 9.7 8.5 6.2 9.7 34.8 20.6 15.4 37.7 16.4 24.9 25.7 25.4 59.3 19.4 38.5 56.8 17.5 18.3 13.7 11.8 34.8 29.0 43.2 16.4 33.5 33.1 39.0 29.7 37.1 14.1 41.2 8 63 89 77 97 84 48 86 67 62 18 85 51 87 79 68 92 90 75 72 135 137 131 104 110 119 113 101 126 115 102 4.1 3.1 61.0 45.8 51.4 12.5 36.6 39.4 32.4 48.9 70.0 95.1 21.9 48.6 59.3 62.0 91.9 48.6 69.5 47.6 28.0 37.9 50.1 58.0 41.8 45.2 18.1 51.9 53.9 25.7 37.4 Omatako Otjiwarongo Otavi Otavi Otjiwarongo Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otavi Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo 1841 1871 1843 1844 1873 1845 1846 1848 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1856 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870

Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 47 2 9 6 57 45 16 34 46 24 19 28 30 67 20 42 26 132 137 104 33.2 16.1 92.6 144.7 152.8 218.5 176.1 265.3 152.5 200.6 209.7 183.9 182.4 137.2 208.3 233.4 240.5 153.9 187.1 7 9 36 54 25 47 17 74 80 42 30 46 40 32 19 56 31 135 136 96.7 92.1 13.7 98.4 10.6 93.7 99.3 81.1 77.8 94.9 98.1 94.0 99.8 99.8 95.7 97.8 99.1 90.6 98.0 8 7 3 22 35 26 42 24 61 87 10 79 20 19 38 47 135 132 119 80.9 77.3 34.2 80.2 36.2 75.9 80.5 70.9 66.3 85.8 86.2 85.2 67.9 57.6 81.5 82.4 76.5 88.9 75.2 6 71 36 25 52 35 31 57 63 58 40 74 43 48 20 102 116 122 108 98.4 53.8 20.8 82.0 178.4 357.2 438.5 269.3 358.4 823.9 399.0 238.4 215.2 237.5 340.2 168.9 332.1 281.9 496.5 81 56 33 35 37 14 66 80 78 47 74 91 79 120 116 105 129 111 122 9.0 9.9 5.5 8.3 20.7 33.3 46.7 45.7 13.6 44.9 59.0 28.8 20.9 21.4 10.7 39.1 24.7 17.5 21.4 5 4 2 1 7 49 50 37 27 41 20 13 11 10 12 106 130 133 121 34.0 69.8 13.9 69.6 79.0 87.0 11.7 21.3 74.7 90.9 93.3 93.9 96.8 97.4 94.1 98.0 93.5 98.1 96.2 Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Otjiwarongo Tsumkwe Tsumkwe Tsumkwe Tsumkwe Tsumkwe Tsumkwe Tsumkwe Tsumkwe Tsumkwe Tsumkwe 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1890 1891 1889 1892

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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Otjozondjupa Region 50

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