Swaminathan Report.Pdf
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REPORT OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE ON COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICTION, 1991 CONTENTS Preface 1 Introduction 3 Order constituting the Expert Committee and its 5 Terms of Reference 1.0 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – NATIONAL 7-29 AND INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES 1.1 Indian Initiatives 7 1.1.1 Indian Coast 7 1.1.2 Indian laws and regulations 10 1.1.3 Institutional infrastructure 10 1.2 Committees and Reports 11 1.2.1 B.B. Vohra Committee 11 1.2.2 Prof. Balakrishnan Nair Committee 12 1.2.3 Father Sa ldanha Committee (I) 12 1.2.4 Father Saldanha Committee (II) 13 1.2.5 D.M. Sukhthankar Committee (I) 13 1.2.6 D.M. Sukhthankar Committee (II) 13 1.2.7 Arcot Ramachandran Committee 14 1.2.8 Prof. M.S. Swaminathan Committee 15 1.2.9 Summary of the recommendations of the Committees 15 1.3 Coastal Zone Management - International Best 19 Practices 1.3.1 Developed countries 19 1.3.2 Developing countries 21 1.3.3 International agencies 22 1.4 Scientific Principles in Coastal Zone Management 25 1.4.1 Specific Management Methodology to implement 25 Coastal Zone Management 1.4.1.1 Zoning 25 1.4.1.2 Vulnerability Mapping 25 1.4.1.3 Setback zones 26 1.4.1.4 Special Area Management Plans 27 1.4.1.5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management 28 2.0 COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES – 30-72 THREATS AND SAFEGUARDS 2.1.0 Non-living Resources in Coastal and Marine Areas 30 2.1.1 Hydrocarbons 30 2.1.2 Placers and other Minerals 30 2.1.3 Salt and Chemicals 31 2.1.4 Freshwater 31 2.1.5 Renewable energy resources 33 2.2.0 Areas of incomparable value 33 2.2.1 Areas of Scenic/Aesthetic Value and Heritage 34 2 2.3.0 Living Resources in Coastal and Marine Areas 25 2.3.1 Marine Biodiversity 35 2.3.2 Fisheries 36 2.4.0 Coastal Ecosystems 38 2.4.1 Mangroves 39 2.4.2 Cor als 40 2.4.3 Seagrass beds 42 2.4.4 Seaweeds 43 2.4.5 Horseshoe Crab Habitats 44 2.4.6 Turtle Nesting Grounds 44 2.4.7 Coastal Forests and Wildlife Areas 45 2.4.8 Protected areas - Marine Parks and Sanctuaries 45 2.5.0 Coastal Geomorphic Systems 46 2.5.1 Coastal dynamics 46 2.5.1.1 Mudbanks 47 2.5.1.2 Beaches 47 2.5.1.3 Sand dunes 48 2.5.1.4 Earth cliffs 50 2.5.1.5 Rocky cliffs 50 2.5.1.6 Rocky foreshore areas 51 2.5.1.7 Sand bars 51 2.5.1.8 Estuaries 51 2.5.1.9 Lagoons 53 2.5.1.10 Mudflats 54 2.5.1.11 Deltaic areas 55 2.5.1.12 Tidal inlets 56 2.5.1.13 Barrier islands 56 2.5.1.14 Lakes 57 2.5.1.15 Salt marshes 57 2.5.1.16 Islands 58 2.6.0 Coastal Communities 58 2.6.1 Livelihood and Social Dimension 59 2.7.0 Infrastructure 60 2.7.1 Zonation and planning for locating infrastructure 60 facilities 2.7.2 Coastal Agriculture and Mariculture 60 2.7.3 Ports and harbours 63 2.7.4 Coastal protection structures 64 2.7.5 Settlements (including cities) 65 2.7.6 Tourism 65 2.7.7 Infrastructure for National Security 66 2.8.0 Natural Hazards 66 2.8.1 Coastal erosion 66 2.8.2 Cyclones and storm surges 68 2.8.3 Flooding 68 2.8.4 Sea level rise due to Greenhouse effect 69 2.8.5 Saltwater intrusion 69 2.8.6 Tsunami 69 2.9 Coastal and Marine Pollution 71 3.0 CRZ NOTIFICATION, 1991 – REVISITED 73-89 3 3.1.0 Background 73 3.1.1 Prohibited and Permissible Activities 74 3.1.2 Amendments to Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 74 1991 3.2.0 Working of the Notification 75 3.2.1 Efforts by Ministry of Environment & Forests/Courts 75 3.2.2 Enforcement and Monitoring of CRZ Notification, 76 1991 3.2.3 Positive Aspects of CRZ Notification, 1991 76 3.2.4 Violations 76 3.2.5 Constraints/Problems 76 3.3.0 Issues raised by Governments with regard to 77 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 3.3.1 General Issues 77 3.3.2 Mechanism and Funding 77 3.4.0 Issues Pertaining to Economic Development 77 3.4.1 General 77 3.4.2 Dwelling Units of Local Communities 80 3.4.3 Ports and Harbours and other Foreshore Activities 81 3.4.4 Setting up and Expansion of Industrial Activities 81 3.4.5 Mining Activities 81 3.4.6 Non-conventional Energy 81 3.4.7 Fishery, Aquaculture and allied Activities 82 3.4.8 Structures to prevent Erosion and Salinity Ingression 82 3.4.9 Extraction of Oil and Natural Gas 82 3.4.10 Extraction of Ground Water 82 3.4.11 Land Reclamation 83 3.4.12 Storage of Chemicals and Petroleum Products 83 3.4.13 Discharge of Effluents 83 3.4.14 Transportation Systems 83 3.4.15 Agr icultural Activities 83 3.4.16 Defence Projects 84 3.4.17 Transmission Projects for Power, Communication, etc 84 3.4.18 Public Amenities 84 3.4.19 Salt Pans 84 3.4.20 Recreation and Tourism 84 3.4.21 Housing and Settlements 84 3.4.22 Atomic Power Projects 85 3.4.23 Categorization of Coastal Regulation Zone Areas 85 3.4.24 Demarcation of CRZ Area and High Tide Line 85 3.4.25 Preparation of Coastal Zone Management Plans 86 3.4.26 Clearance Procedure for developmental projects under 86 Coastal Regulation Zone 3.5.0 Enforcement and monitoring of Coastal Regulation 87 Zone Notification, 1991 3.6.0 NGO’s Perceptions 87 3.6.1 Suggestions by NGOs 87 3.6.2 R&D sector 88 3.7.0 Summary of current CZM 88 3.7.1 Weak implementation by the State Governments 88 4 3.7.2 Initiatives by Central Government 88 3.7.3 Awareness Programme 89 3.7.4 Conflict Resolution 89 4.0 SUGGESTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE FOR 90 -104 INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT 4.1 Recommendations with regard to Terms of Reference 93-104 4.1.1 Recommendation with regard to ToR -(I) 93 4.1.2 Recommendation with regard to ToR -(II) 96 4.1.3 Recommendation with regard to ToR -(III) 99 4.2 Implementation of National Coastal Zone Management 104 Plan 5.0 CONCLUSION OF THE COMMITTEE 106 6.0 A N ATIONAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT 107 -109 ACTION PLAN 6.1.1 Objective 107 6.1.2 Definition 107 6.1.3 Classification 107 6.1.4 Management Methodology 107 6.2.0 Funding 108 6.3.0 Legislative mechanism 108 6.4.0 Policy and Implementation Oversight 108 6.5.0 Organagogram indicating Institutional Structure 109 LIST OF ANNEXURE Annexure-I Vulnerability Mapping Annexure-II CMZ-I: Ecological Sensitive Areas (ESAs) Annexure-III CMZ-II: Areas of Particular Concern Annexure-IV Guidelines for prepar ation of IMP for CMZ-II areas Annexure-V CMZ-III Permissible Developmental Activities Annexure-VI Abbreviations used in the report 5 PREFACE 1. Experts on the origin of life, with the DNA molecule as the chemical substance of heredity, all accept that life began in the ocean. Oceans and coastal regions have since long attracted the awe, admiration, respect and reverence of human communities all over the world. Before the arrival of the aviation industry, oceans provided the channel of communication among different continents. Unfortunately, in the post-industrial era, oceans started becoming dumping grounds for unwanted material including toxic wastes and began losing their devotional aura. Their scenic beauty however became the bedrock of thriving to urism industries. 2. The renewable living aquatic resources of the sea represent a unique gift of nature to humankind. Coral reefs are the aquatic counterparts of tropical rainforests in terms of richness of biological diversity. Because of the multiple benefits provided by the coastal environment for human health, wealth and well-being, demographic pressures on coastal resources started increasing during the last century. Extreme cases of intensive pressure of human population on coastal ecosystems are seen in Kerala, as well as in mega-cities like Mumbai. Over 25% of India’s population will live in coastal areas during this century. Many large cities and urban habitations are also near the seacoast. Therefore, an integrated and ecologically and socially sustainable coastal zone management system should be put in place jointly by government agencies and coastal communities. 3. The recent Tsunami tragedy underlines the urgent need for revisiting our disaster management and coastal infrastructure development strategies. We should establish soon a Network of Rural Knowledge Centres based on the integrated use of the internet, ham radio, cable TV, vernacular press and loud speakers. With the enhancement of our capacity for issuing early warning on impending coastal storms and tidal waves as well as our existing capacity to predict wave heights and location of fish shoals through the Indian National Coastal Information System (INCOIS), we need a mechanism to reach the un-reached with the right information at the right time. This is where our strength in Information Communication Technology (ICT) will be extremely valuable. We should develop a Digital Gateway for Sustainable Coastal Zone Management as part of our Disaster Management and coastal area conservation programmes. 4. Characteristic of her foresight and vision, the then Prime Minister of India, Smt.