How to Build an Alternative to Sprawl and Auto- Centric Development
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mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 How to build an alternative to sprawl and auto- centric development model through a TOD scenario for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region? Lessons from an integrated transportation-land use modelling Fausto Lo Feudo [email protected] PhD candidate in transport and urban planning mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions introduction Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 questions and objectives of research land use and transport integration Transit Oriented Development Land Use and Transport Integrated modelling Tranus model for Nord Pas de Calais (France) mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions questions and objectives Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 issues Urban sprawl + 1800 ha/y of urbanised land Nord Pas de Calais 17% of total land in 2010 (France 9%) 66% 28% Car dependency 6% CAR TRANSIT NON MOTORIZED strategies political objectives Land use and transport + 500 ha/y of urbanised land by 2020 tool policies integration & double TER (regional railway service) coordination rate of frequentation LUTI Modelling (Tranus) research questions Transit Oriented does TOD make sense for the NPDC region? Development does a TOD regional plan limit urban sprawl and car dependency? mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions land use and transport interaction Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 accessibility mobility choice attractiveness f (factors of interaction, context) Transport Land Use localisation density choice activity system cumulative and synergic effect of interaction factors (Litman, 2012) various temporalities (Wegener, 1999) mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions Transit Oriented Development Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 • high density • functional mixing • priority to active mobility & PT • urban design quality mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions Transit Oriented Development Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 from a car oriented paradigm to... • physically transit oriented and not just adjacent (Cervero, 2012) • multi-modal and polycentric development (Litman, 2012) • tool to promote rail use (Nuzzolo 2010; Leysens, L’Hostis, 2011) • TOD to reinforce node and place function (Bertolini, 1999) sharing and acceptance of TOD principles (concept interpretation ) different solutions for different contexts (transferability & adaptation) obstacles: institutional and operational barriers (coordination) time factor and gentrification (equity) Source: ITDP Mexico mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions LUTI modelling Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 implementation evaluate applicability and effects of a TOD regional plan in NPDC of a LUTI model a land use and transport integrated model is a theorized and formalized representation to analyze a territory in its spatial, economic and social aspects. (Laurent, 2012) implementation (hypothesis) base scenario futur and calibration (observed data) simulations execution observed data ≠ calculated data mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions LUTI modelling Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 classic models: exogenous land use data time t 1 time t 2 time t 3 activities activities activities location and location and location and land use land use land use transport transport transport system system system LUTI models: land use data generated by the model time t 1 time t 2 time t 3 activities activities activities location and location and location and land use land use land use transport transport transport system system system mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions tranus Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 integration of various theoretical approaches: spatial macro economics (Von Thunen); gravity and entropy models (Lowry); input-output model (Leontief); random utility model (McFadden); path choice algorithm (Dijkstra) aggregated model - based on equilibrium between supply and demand land use and activities interface transport interactions conversion of demand distribution, between activities economic flux in modal share and and economic transport flux congestion sectors (input-output) equilibrium factor equilibrium factor PRICE TIME mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions Nord Pas de Calais tranus model Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 model hypothesis inspired by regional planning strategies promote urban densification near transit and rail network; improve territorial attractiveness; make the regional a railway European hub; promote transit use base scenario: 2009 (national census data) time horizons: 2013 – 2017 – 2021 - 2025 scenario A «Trend Scenario» scenario B « Regional TOD Plan »: progressive densification in selected rail corridors and nodes (TOD zones) improvement of PT frequencies: + 10% at 2017 and 2021; + 20% at 2025) scenario C « Regional TOD Plan + transit use incentives »: progressive densification near selected rail corridors and nodes (TOD zones) improvement of PT frequencies: + 20% at 2017 and 2021; + 30% at 2025) Integrated tariff (bus and rail) Introduction of a tool for highways (0.08 €/km) mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions Nord Pas de Calais Tranus model Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 Zoning nr. of type zones Main cities 16 Municipalities of Lille 24 agglomerationZoning (LMCU) TOD zones 21 Rest of regional territories 15 (employement zones ) mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions TOD potential rail corridors Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 rail station district Armentieres insertion in urban fabric integrated two-headed fragmented Fretin (Van der Poorten & Nedellec, 2013) Haubourdin rail station Lesquin not urbanised Seclin urbanised Comines Quesnoy-sur-Doule Orchies Saint Armand Les Eaux Brébiere-Vitry-Corbehem Lillers-Choques Ostricourt Dunkerque Hénin Beaumont Bauvin-Sanghin Loos-Lievin-Bully Santes-Wavrin Phalempin-Libercourt Hautmont Aulnoye Denain-Somain-Bouchain mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions structure of the model Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 Households categories High Income Medium Income Low Income Exogenous O/D matrix Transport categories Home to work Home to service External trips trucks Activity sectors Industry/constructions Tertiary service Tertiary public Transport system physical supply operative supply transport demand behaviours (infrastructures) (PT services) (preferences, value of travel & waiting time, ect.) Land Use types available land monthly rental price (par type and zone) Rural/detached mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions structure of the model Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 Households categories Activity sectors High income consumes consumes Industry/construction Medium income Activity sectors Tertiary Service Low income Industry/construction Tertiary Public Tertiary Service Tertiary Public Land use Land use Activity zone Activity zone Mixed residential Mixed residential Residential ResidentialTerrain Collective residential Collective residential Rural residential Rural residential Time t 1 Time t 2 Time t 3 mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions hypothesis TOD scenario Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 Progressive densification 5% in 15% in 20% in 2017 2021 2025 Urban mixed 5% in 10% in 15% in 2017 2021 2025 Urban TOD mixed land 15% in 25% in 35% in 2017 2021 2025 density TOD land = + 10/15% rail station (Saint Armand les Eaux) higher than urban mixed land mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions land use results - households Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 Scenario A - 2025 Scenario B - 2025 Scenario C - 2025 Scale 1:750000 mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions land use results - jobs Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 Scenario A - 2025 Scenario B - 2025 Scenario C - 2025 Scale 1:750000 mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions land use results – land prices Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 Scenario A - 2025 Scenario B - 2025 Scenario C - 2025 Scale 1:750000 mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions land use results – land consumption Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 CONSUMED LAND 2009 2025A 2025B 2025C urban mixed (ha) 4000 2000 0 Industry Tertiary Service Tertiary Public HIH MIH LIH detached land (ha) 10000 5000 0 HIH MIH LIH residential land (ha) 40000 20000 0 Ind-Costr Ter Serv Ter Pub HIH MIH LIH mobil.TUM 2014 transport results – modal share Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 modal share 92% 89% 86% 84% 16% 8% 11% 14% 2009 2025 A 2025 B 2025 C Rush hour Simulation 7h – 9h Car Transit Home – Work Home – Service 30000 train and bus trips 19910 20000 10666 10000 0 2009 2025 A 2025 B 2025 C TRAIN BUS mobil.TUM 2014 transport results – modal share Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions Munich, Germany - May 19-20, 2014 evolution of car and PT number of trips CAR 2025 A CAR 2025 B CAR 2025 C PT 2025 A PT 2025 B PT 2025 C 223% 151% 136% 113% 95% 72% 64% 75% 46% 49% 22% 34% 33% 25% 25% 7% 7% -17% -18% -10% -18% -20% -9% -18% LMCU TOD RURAL CITIES evolution number of trips by trains Evolution number of trips by bus 2025 A 2025 B 2025 C 2025 A 2025 B 2025 C 245% 236% 161% 143% 131% 120% 115% 99% 97% 100% 81% 75% 81% 57% 47% 58% 47% 45% 45% 47% 44% 37% 31% 34% LMCU TOD RURAL CITIES LMCU TOD RURAL CITIES mobil.TUM 2014 Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Regions transport results – TOD zones Munich, Germany