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Wilderness and Backcountry Site Restoration Guide

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Wilderness and Backcountry Site Restoration Guide Wilderness and Backcountry AcknowledgmentsSite Restoration Guide Lisa Therrell USDA Forest Service Okanagan-Wenatchee National Forest David Cole Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Victor Claassen University of California, Davis Chris Ryan USDA Forest Service, Northern Region The Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has developed this information for the guidance of its employees, its contractors, and its cooperating Federal and State agencies, and is not responsible for the interpretation or use of this information by anyone Mary Ann Davies except its own employees. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this document is for the information and convenience of the reader, and does not constitute an endorsement by the USDA Forest Service Department of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Missoula Technology and Development Center The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, USDA Forest Service political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities Technology and Development Program who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). Missoula, MT To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. September 2006 i Acknowledgments Acknowledgments ii Acknowledgments lanning a well-crafted restoration project in wilder- For allowing the use of text or illustrations from their ness is like putting together a complicated jigsaw own publications or writings: puzzle—after all the pieces from several puzzles have Carol Aubry, Ph.D., USDA Forest Service, Olympic National beenPP jumbled together and several of the pieces have been Forest lost in the couch or sucked up in the vacuum cleaner. Writing Jill S. Cremer, formerly USDA Forest Service, Angeles this guide has been an exercise in furnishing all the puzzle National Forest pieces for a successful restoration project—or at least enough Ellen Eubanks and Dexter Meadows, USDA Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center of them that any holes left in the puzzle won’t create a big Rich Haydon, M.S., USDA Forest Service, Okanogan and problem. Wenatchee National Forests With a deep sense of gratitude, the authors wish to thank Marin County Resource Conservation District others who assisted in the preparation or review of this guide. Laura Potash, USDA Forest Service, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie For answering questions and providing invaluable National Forest support and encouragement: University of Washington Press Matthew Albright, U.S. Department of the Interior National For help with the project and review of the draft Park Service, Olympic National Park publication: Tom Carlson, Arthur Carhart National Wilderness Training Carol Aubry, Ph.D., USDA Forest Service, Olympic National Center Forest Rich Haydon, M.S., USDA Forest Service, Okanogan and Jayne Belnap, Ph.D., U.S. Geological Survey Wenatchee National Forests Terry Carlson, M.S., USDA Forest Service, Bitterroot Joyce Lapp, U.S. Department of the Interior National Park National Forest Service, Glacier National Park Efrén Cázares, Ph.D., Oregon State University Liza Prunuske, Prunuske Chatham, Inc. Joy Juelson, M.S., USDA Forest Service, Okanogan and Regina Rochefort, Ph.D., U.S. Department of the Interior Wenatchee National Forests National Park Service, North Cascades National Park Lisa Lewis, USDA Forest Service, Olympic National Forest Ruth Scott, U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Karl Lillquist, Ph.D., Central Washington University Service, Olympic National Park Robin Shoal, USDA Forest Service, Olympic National Forest Brian Vachowski, USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technol- For compiling much of appendix B: ogy and Development Center Amy Carlson, Bear Run Antics, Leavenworth, WA Victor Vankus, USDA Forest Service, National Tree Seed For contributing case studies: Laboratory Fredric Ybright, USDA Forest Service, Dixie National Forest Sarah Walker, USDA Forest Service, Clearwater National Jennifer Ebert, USDA Forest Service, Eldorado National Forest Forest (retired) Liese Dean, USDA Forest Service, Sawtooth National Forest Technical support staff from the various USDA Natural Re- Rich Haydon, M.S., USDA Forest Service, Okanogan and sources Conservation Service Plant Materials Centers Wenatchee National Forests A special thanks to the many researchers and restoration practitioners who have taken the time to share what they have learned so that we all might benefit. iii Contents Acknowledgments iv Contents Acknowledgments_______________________________________________________ii Contents______________________________________________________________ iv Introduction__________________________________________________________ xii Purpose_of_This_Guide_ ___________________________________________________________1 Special_Wilderness_Considerations__________________________________________________2 Goals_of_This_Guide_ _____________________________________________________________3 Target_Audiences_________________________________________________________________3 Nomenclature____________________________________________________________________3 Chapter_1:_The_Context_for_Wilderness_Restoration___________________________4 1.1_Wilderness_Restoration_in_the_Past,_Present,_and_Future_____________________________5 1.1.1 The Past _______________________________________________________________________________ 6 1.1.2 The Present ____________________________________________________________________________ 7 1.1.2a Practical Methods of Restoration ________________________________________________________________ 7 1.1.2b How Restoration Fits With Wilderness Management _________________________________________________ 8 1.1.3 The Future _____________________________________________________________________________ 9 1.1.3a Skills Development ___________________________________________________________________________ 9 1.1.3b Holistic Planning ____________________________________________________________________________ 10 1.2_Impacts_of_Recreation_and_Similar_Small-Scale_Disturbances________________________10 1.2.1 What Are the Impacts of Recreational Use? __________________________________________________ 11 1.2.1a Trampling __________________________________________________________________________________ 11 1.2.1b Trampling Damage to Ecosystem Components ____________________________________________________ 12 1.2.1c Campfire-Related Impacts _____________________________________________________________________ 13 1.2.1d Damage to Standing Trees _____________________________________________________________________ 13 1.2.1e Trail Impacts _______________________________________________________________________________ 13 1.2.2 Which Impacts Should Be Considered Problems? _____________________________________________ 14 1.2.3 Alternative Management Techniques _______________________________________________________ 16 1.2.4 Incorporating Restoration Into Management _________________________________________________ 17 1.3_Overview_of_Plant_and_Soil_Ecology_ ____________________________________________18 1.3.1 Environmental Components ______________________________________________________________ 19 1.3.1a Soil _______________________________________________________________________________________ 19 1.3.1b Plants _____________________________________________________________________________________ 22 1.3.1c The Life Stages of a Plant _____________________________________________________________________ 22 1.3.1d Plant Characteristics That Influence Restoration ___________________________________________________ 23 1.3.1e Genetic Considerations _______________________________________________________________________ 24 1.3.1f Microclimate ________________________________________________________________________________ 25 Contents 1.3.1g Animals ___________________________________________________________________________________ 26 1.3.2 Ecosystem Processes ____________________________________________________________________ 26 1.3.2a Hydrologic Processes _________________________________________________________________________ 26 1.3.2b Succession _________________________________________________________________________________ 27 1.3.2c Biotic Interactions ___________________________________________________________________________ 28 1.3.2d Plant-Plant Interactions _______________________________________________________________________ 28 1.3.2e Plant-Soil Interactions ________________________________________________________________________ 28 1.4_Concluding_Thoughts_________________________________________________________29 Chapter_2:_Planning_for_Restoration_of_Small_Sites_in_Wilderness_ _____________30 2.1_Gathering_the_Information_To_Formulate_a_Plan___________________________________34 2.1.1 Using Your Land Management Plan and NEPA _______________________________________________
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