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Title Human interfaces to structured documents The usability of software for authoring and editing Author(s) Flynn, Peter Publication date 2014 Original citation Flynn, P. 2014. Human interfaces to structured documents. PhD Thesis, University College Cork. Type of publication Doctoral thesis Rights © 2014, Peter Flynn. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Embargo information No embargo required Item downloaded http://hdl.handle.net/10468/1690 from Downloaded on 2017-02-12T09:16:09Z Human Interfaces to Structured Documents The usability of software for authoring and editing Peter Flynn MA, FICS 102229277 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ¡ NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, CORK SCHOOLOF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY August 2014 Head of School: Dr John McCarthy Supervisors: Dr Jurek Kirakowski Dr John McCarthy This document is available from the Cork Open Research Archive (CORA) at http://cora.ucc.ie. Contents Contents List of Figures . .v List of Tables . ix Abstract . xiii Acknowledgements . xv Extended abstract . xvii Terminology . xxiii 1 Background, scope, and methodology 1 1.1 Background . .3 1.1.1 Evidence for structure in writing . .4 1.1.2 The use of structure . .8 1.1.3 The document model . 16 1.1.4 Markup theory and practice . 24 1.1.5 Representation . 35 1.1.6 Tag abuse . 37 1.1.7 Definitions . 39 1.2 Scope of the research . 42 1.2.1 The nature of the problem . 42 1.2.2 Constraints . 43 1.3 Methodologies and tools . 44 1.3.1 Methodological development . 45 1.3.2 Hybrid methodology . 45 1.3.3 Persona analysis . 47 1.3.4 Methodology and selection . 51 1.3.5 Testing . 53 2 Research into the writing and editing of structured documents 55 2.1 Usability . 57 2.1.1 Development . 57 2.1.2 User-Centred Design . 59 2.1.3 User experience and Users’ Experiences . 65 2.1.4 Affordances . 66 2.1.5 Testing and measuring . 70 2.2 Editing software . 73 2.2.1 Historical perspective . 73 2.2.2 Usability and structured editing software . 85 2.2.3 Design processes . 89 2.3 Structured documents . 91 2.3.1 Technical writing . 92 2.3.2 Document type design . 93 2.3.3 Typographic design . 95 2.3.4 Interface guidelines . 98 2.3.5 Synchronous typographic editing . 99 2.4 Summary . 102 i Peter Flynn 3 Data collection and analysis 103 3.1 Expert survey . 107 3.1.1 Objectives and design . 107 3.1.2 Sample selection and administration . 109 3.1.3 Analysis . 111 3.1.4 Conclusions . 131 3.2 Software analysis . 133 3.2.1 Background . 134 3.2.2 Software selection . 135 3.2.3 Objectives . 137 3.2.4 Methodology . 137 3.2.5 2005 results . 139 3.2.6 2009 results . 148 3.3 Requests analysis . 161 3.3.1 Objective and methodology . 162 3.3.2 Procedure . 163 3.3.3 Refining the sample . 166 3.3.4 Categorisation . 167 3.3.5 Analysis . 168 3.4 User survey . 176 3.4.1 Questionnaire construction . 176 3.4.2 Survey administration and processing . 185 3.4.3 Analysis and results . 189 3.5 Conclusions . 206 4 Modelling and testing 209 4.1 What have we measured? . 210 4.1.1 Principal features and functions . 212 4.2 Methodology for building and testing . 217 4.2.1 Personas revisited . 220 4.3 Semantics of the selected functions . 222 4.3.1 Non-menu controls (keyboard shortcuts) . 226 4.3.2 Creating and opening documents . 244 4.3.3 Insertion of new material . 246 4.3.4 Formatting controls . 253 4.3.5 Block moves . 260 4.3.6 Referencing . 269 4.3.7 External insertion . 278 4.3.8 Editorial assistance . 279 4.4 Building the model . 281 4.5 Testing . 283 4.5.1 Test harness . 284 4.5.2 Test schedule . 285 4.5.3 Rubric . 285 4.5.4 Expected responses . 287 4.5.5 Administration . 290 Human Interfaces to Structured Documents ii Contents 5 Results 297 5.1 Data processing . 298 5.1.1 Computation . 300 5.1.2 Analysis . 303 5.2 Individual test results . 307 5.2.1 Test 1: Create a new Article Journal document . 307 5.2.2 Test 2: Add a new paragraph after the current one . 309 5.2.3 Test 3: Split a paragraph into two . 310 5.2.4 Test 4: Join a paragraph to the preceding one . 312 5.2.5 Test 5: Join a paragraph to the following one . 313 5.2.6 Test 6: Add a new section to the article . 315 5.2.7 Test 7: Adding a new list . 317 5.2.8 Test 8: Move a block of text from one place to another . 319 5.2.9 Test 9: Highlighting a trade name (product name) . 321 5.2.10 Test 10: Add a cross-reference to another section . 323 5.2.11 Test 11: Give a citation to an article you need to refer to . 325 5.2.12 Test 12: Insert a fragment of another document . 326 5.3 Divergences from patterns in tested behaviour . 329 5.4 Comments and discussions . 332 5.4.1 Informal responses . 332 5.4.2 Criticisms . 334 6 Summary and conclusions 337 6.1 Summary of findings . 338 6.2 Overall conclusions . 341 6.3 Implementation and wider applicability . 341 6.3.1 Target Markup Adoption (TMA) . 342 6.3.2 Smart Insertion (SI) . 344 6.3.3 Moving blocks of text . 344 6.3.4 Backspacing and deleting . 347 6.3.5 Feedback when inserting new material . 349 6.3.6 Adding space . 350 6.3.7 The toolbar . 351 6.3.8 Editing . 352 6.3.9 Unstructured editing . ..