La Narrativa Zombi Como Fenómeno Literario Contemporáneo: Un Análisis Del Post- Apocalipsis En El Mundo Hispano

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La Narrativa Zombi Como Fenómeno Literario Contemporáneo: Un Análisis Del Post- Apocalipsis En El Mundo Hispano La narrativa zombi como fenómeno literario contemporáneo: un análisis del post- apocalipsis en el mundo hispano by Yuriko Ikeda , B.A., B.S., M.A A Dissertation In Spanish Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved George Cole Chair of Committee Julián Pérez Jorge Zamora Carolyn Tate Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School August, 2015 Copyright 2015, Yuriko Ikeda Texas Tech University, Yuriko Ikeda, August 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Quiero agradecer a las personas sin las que no hubiese sido posible llegar a la meta final. En el ámbito académico, le adeudo a mi comité, el Dr. George Cole, el Dr. Julián Pérez y el Dr. Jorge Zamora, todo el apoyo recibido a lo largo de este camino. Muchas gracias por sus sugerencias, por su paciencia y sobre todo por la orientación dada. Un agradecimiento singular a mi director, el Dr. George Cole por su interés y entrega en la realización de este proyecto. Gracias por impulsarme a terminar. Dedico de manera especial esta investigación a mi familia, sobre todo a mi madre, pues ha sido mi apoyo moral y económico a lo largo de todos mis estudios. A los profesores de esta universidad que me transmitieron sus conocimientos y su pasión por la enseñanza. A los amigos que me han ofrecido su amistad, apoyo incondicional y que han compartido mis alegrías y tristezas. ‘ ii Texas Tech University, Yuriko Ikeda, August 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... v INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................ 1 I. EL ZOMBI COMO FENÓMENO CONTEMPORÁNEO ............................ 6 1.1 ¿Qué es un zombi? ...................................................................................... 6 1.2 Orígenes y antecedentes del zombi ........................................................... 10 1.3 Tipos de zombis ........................................................................................ 16 1.4 El zombi haitiano ...................................................................................... 18 1.5 El proceso de zombificación ..................................................................... 21 1.6 La introducción del zombi al mundo occidental ....................................... 24 1.7 El zombi gótico en la radio y la literatura ................................................. 29 1.8 El zombi romeriano ................................................................................... 32 1.9 Los orígenes literarios del zombi .............................................................. 34 1.10 La España zombi: el surgimiento y la lucha de los muertos por conquistar la peninsula ibérica .......................................................................................... 35 II. LA POSMODERNIDAD Y SU EFECTO SOCIAL ................................... 48 2.1 Lyotard y la posmodernidad ..................................................................... 49 2.2 El campo: el saber en las sociedades informatizadas ................................ 50 2.3 El problema de la legitimación ................................................................ 53 2.4 Metodología: los juegos del lenguaje ....................................................... 53 2.5 La naturleza del lazo social: la alternativa moderna ................................. 55 2.6 La naturaleza del lazo social: la perspectiva posmoderna ........................ 56 2.7 La pragmática del conocimiento narrativo ................................................ 58 2.8 La pragmática del conocimiento científico ............................................... 60 2.9 La función narrativa y la legitimación del saber ....................................... 62 2.10 Los relatos de la legitimación del saber .................................................. 63 2.11 Deslegitimación ...................................................................................... 64 2.12 La investigación y su legitimación por la performatividad ..................... 65 2.13 La educación y su legitimación a través de la performatividad ............. 68 iii Texas Tech University, Yuriko Ikeda, August 2015 2.14 La ciencia posmoderna como una búsqueda de inestabilidades ............. 69 2.15 La ficción posmoderna ............................................................................ 71 III. EL APOCALIPSIS ZOMBI A TRAVÉS DE LA CULTURA MEDIÁTICA ............................................................................................................................... 75 3.1 Los medios masivos de comunicación en la sociedad posmoderna ......... 75 3.2 Principio de la pandemia zombi ................................................................ 88 3.3 Desarrollo de la pandemia ........................................................................ 92 3.4 Fin de la pandemia .................................................................................. 100 IV.EL ZOMBI COMO NUEVO AGENTE DENTRO DE LA NOVELA POLICIA E HISTÓRICA ................................................................................ 108 4.1 La novela negra y el sub-género neopolicial en México ......................... 110 4.2 México post-apocalíptico: un país habitado por muertos vivos y vivos muertos .......................................................................................................... 115 4.3 Las consecuencias del capitalismo en Misteca ....................................... 120 4.4 Los medios de comunicación en la Ciudad de los Zombis ..................... 122 4.5 La reescritura del pasado a través de los muertos vivientes .................... 129 4.6 El vudú en España ................................................................................... 130 4.7 La masacre de Badajoz ........................................................................... 133 4.8 Los Carabancheles .................................................................................. 134 4.9 El Alcázar de Toledo .............................................................................. 135 4.10 La tercera España .................................................................................. 136 V.LA ZOMBICACIÓN A TRAVÉS DEL TRAUMA Y LA CULTURA MEDIÁTICA ..................................................................................................... 138 5.1 El mundo antes de la destrucción ............................................................ 142 5.2 La nueva sociedad ................................................................................... 147 5.3 El trauma de sobrevivir el fin del mundo ................................................ 149 5.4 El zombi como símbolo de descomposición social ................................ 158 5.5 El texto como obra posmoderna:Intertextualidad como creación de la realidad .......................................................................................................... 163 CONCLUSIÓN .................................................................................................. 169 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 179 iv Texas Tech University, Yuriko Ikeda, August 2015 ABSTRACT The last two decades have seen an increase in post-apocalyptic cultural products worldwide in the different transmitters of popular culture such as TV shows, movies, video games and books. One of the variants of this type of representation are zombie narratives which focus on infestations that generally depict a small group of humans attempting to survive in a world destroyed by a hoard of the living dead. This rise in production coincides with the crises that have been affecting the US and the rest of the world such as 9-11 and the economic recession. In Spain, during the last ten years, there has been a boom of zombie literature that surpasses that of any other Spanish speaking country. However, other countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Puerto Rico are slowly catching up. This investigation seeks to analyze the origins of this trend from its inception to the way it has become a hybrid product. It will also focus on how the premises discussed by Jean-Francois Lyotard in his book The Postmodern Condition: A report on knowledge (1979) are reflected in zombie novels from different countries. My aim is to show how writers from different Spanish speaking countries have used the zombie as a metaphor that reflects the struggles faced by the citizens from the war against drug cartels in Mexico to the economic crisis in Spain. v ! ! Texas!Tech!University,!Yuriko!Ikeda,!August!2015! ! Introducción La crítica denomina como ficción post apocalíptica a toda aquella que toma lugar después de un apocalipsis. El término apocalipsis viene del griego appocçalupsis y significa revelación o quitar el velo. En la actualidad esta palabra tiene dos interpretaciones importantes. La primera y más antigua tiene una connotación religiosa ya que ha sido utilizada en la religión cristiana para referirse a la batalla entre las fuerzas del bien y del mal que culmina con la salvación de los justos. La segunda se relaciona fuertemente con la cultura popular y significa devastación o aniquilación. Es decir alude a una catástrofe que por lo general destruye las estructuras sociales y económicas conocidas
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