Waste Biorefinery

Waste Biorefinery This page intentionally left blank Waste Biorefinery Integrating Biorefineries for Waste Valorisation Edited by Thallada Bhaskar Biomass Conversion Area, Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, India Ashok Pandey Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India Eldon R. Rene IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands Daniel C.W. Tsang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-818228-4 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Susan Dennis Acquisitions Editor: Kostas KI Marinakis Editorial Project Manager: Emerald Li Production Project Manager: Selvaraj Raviraj Cover Designer: Miles Hitchen Typeset by TNQ Technologies Contents Contributors................................................................................................... xvii Preface ..........................................................................................................xxiii Section A: MSW based biorefineries Chapter 1: Production of electricity and chemicals using gasification of municipal solid wastes...................................................................................... 3 Greg Perkins 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Fundamentals of MSW gasification ..................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Characterization of MSW................................................................................ 6 1.2.2 Feedstock pretreatment.................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Gasification reactions....................................................................................... 8 1.3 Waste gasification technologies.......................................................................... 11 1.3.1 Types of gasification reactors........................................................................ 11 1.3.2 Selection of gasification agent ...................................................................... 18 1.3.3 Synthesis gas processing ............................................................................... 18 1.3.4 Electricity production .................................................................................... 22 1.3.5 Chemicals synthesis....................................................................................... 23 1.4 Commercial MSW gasification systems ............................................................ 24 1.4.1 Nippon Steel direct melting system.............................................................. 24 1.4.2 Thermoselect melting gasification................................................................. 26 1.4.3 Alter NRG plasma gasification ..................................................................... 28 1.4.4 Ebara TwinRec fluidized-bed gasification..................................................... 30 1.4.5 Enerkem bubbling fluidized-bed gasification................................................ 31 1.5 Process performance, economics and opportunities .......................................... 31 1.5.1 Process performance ...................................................................................... 32 1.5.2 Air emissions ................................................................................................. 33 1.5.3 Economics of waste gasification ................................................................... 33 1.5.4 Opportunities.................................................................................................. 34 1.6 Conclusions and perspectives ............................................................................. 35 References................................................................................................................... 36 v Contents Chapter 2: Integrated innovative biorefinery for the transformation of municipal solid waste into biobased products .................................................... 41 Vıćtor Pe´rez, Andre´s Pascual, Alfredo Rodrigo, Marıá Garcıá Torreiro, Marcos Latorre-Sańchez, Caterina Coll Lozano, Antonio David-Moreno, Jose Miguel Oliva-Dominguez, Alba Serna-Maza, Natalia Herrero Garcıá, Inmaculada Gonza´lez Granados, Rocio Roldan-Aguayo, David Ovejero-Roncero, Jose L. Molto Marin, Mark Smith, Hana Musinovic, Ame´lie Raingue´, Laurent Belard, Celia Pascual, Raquel Lebrero and Raul Munõz 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Bioethanol from MSW as chemical building block ........................................ 44 2.3 Ethylene from OFMSW derived bioethanol .................................................... 48 2.4 VFA production from OFMSW........................................................................ 51 2.5 PHA production from VFA .............................................................................. 54 2.6 Biomethane production..................................................................................... 57 2.7 PHA production from biogas ........................................................................... 60 2.8 Biobased fertilizer production .......................................................................... 64 2.9 Integrated URBIOFIN biorefinery: modeling, optimization, and environmental/economic assessments............................................................... 67 2.10 Bioproducts downstream and applications....................................................... 73 2.10.1 PHA............................................................................................................ 73 2.10.2 Biobased fertilizers .................................................................................... 74 2.10.3 Bioethylene................................................................................................. 75 2.11 Conclusions and perspectives ........................................................................... 75 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................... 76 References................................................................................................................... 76 Section B: Lignocellulosic biomass based biorefinery Chapter 3: Nozzle reactor for continuous fast hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin residue .................................................................................. 83 Khanh-Quang Tran 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 83 3.2 Fast hydrothermal liquefaction........................................................................... 84 3.3 Nozzle reactor for upscaling fast HTL .............................................................. 85 3.3.1 The concept of nozzle reactor....................................................................... 85 3.3.2 CFD study of nozzle reactor for fast HTL assuming Newtonian fluid ....... 86 3.3.3 Experimental validation of the Newtonian model........................................ 92 3.3.4 CFD study of nozzle reactor for fast HTL assuming non-Newtonian fluid................................................................................................................

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