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Metricizing' Non-Metric Craniofacial Traits: Application of Three Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis to Ancestral Identification

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Metricizing' Non-Metric Craniofacial Traits: Application of Three Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis to Ancestral Identification UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2004 Metricizing' non-metric craniofacial traits: Application of three dimensional geometric morphometric analysis to ancestral identification Summer Joy Decker University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Decker, Summer Joy, "Metricizing' non-metric craniofacial traits: Application of three dimensional geometric morphometric analysis to ancestral identification" (2004). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/mcfw-t3f5 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 'METRICIZING' NON-METRIC CRANIOFACIAL TRAITS: APPLICATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS TO ANCESTRAL IDENTIFICATION by Summer Joy Decker Bachelor of Anthropology University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2001 Bachelor of Spanish University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2001 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Anthropology Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1422519 Copyright 2004 by Decker, Summer Joy All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 1422519 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Summer Joy Decker 2004 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thesis Approval The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas J u ly 19 ,20 04 The Thesis prepared by Summer J . Decker Entitled "Metriclzlng Non-Metric Craniofacial Traits: Application of Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis to Ancestral Identification" is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology Examination CommitMe Chair Dean of the Graduate College Examination Committee MevûrerChii > Examination Comfnittee MernBer Graduate College Faculty Representative 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT 'Metricizing' Non-metric Craniofacial Traits: Application of Three Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Ancestral Identification by Summer Joy Decker Dr. Jennifer L. Thompson and Dr. Bernardo T. Arriaza, Committee Chairs Professors of Anthropology & Ethnic Studies University of Nevada, Las Vegas Non-metric traits are commonly used by anthropologists to distinguish between groups for such things as age, sex, and even ancestry. However, many non-metric traits cannot be measured with traditional osteological tools. While these traditional methods are useful, they do not take individual variation into account. This thesis uses geometric morphometric coordinate data to 'metricize' such traits and to evaluate their accuracy of correctly assigning unknown individuals to statistically defined groups. A 3-D digitizer was used to collect data from 39 craniofacial landmarks to capture the form of several phenotypic facial characteristics. The sample consisted of individuals from four different geographic locations (Precontact Peru, Historical China, Ancient Nubia, and Modern India). Principal 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Components Analysis confirmed that geographic groupings could be identified, while Procrustes Analysis and Thin-Plate Splines were used to assess the nature of form variation within and between groups. Discriminant functions calculated the probability of accurately assigning new individuals to their correct geographic group. The results indicate that phenotypic patterns, while variable, can be distinguished in certain populations and used successfully to predict group membership. IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................ix ACKNOWLEDMENTS...................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................. 1 Research Problem................................................................................................. 1 Hypothesis................................................................................................3 The Chapters......................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................... 9 Background ...........................................................................................................9 Brief History of Human Classification in Anthropology ................ 10 The Old Era: Phenotypic and Social Characterization ..................................11 Physical Anthropology ......................................................................... 18 Forensic Anthropology ........................................................................ 20 The Scientific Transition .................................................................................... 25 Ancestral Identification Methods ....................................................... 25 The Variation Era: Non-Metric Traits ............................................................. 26 The Statistical Era: Metric Multivariate Analyses ......................................... 30 The Computer Age: Geometric Morphometries ............................................ 32 The Future?: Genetics........................................................................................ 35 Sum m ary ............................................................................................................. 38 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS........................................................ 40 Osteological Specimens Used ........................................................................... 40 The Hrdlicka Paleopathology Collection, San Diego Museum of Man 40 Boring Indian Anatomical Skull Collection ................................................... 46 Carlin Chinese Collection, University of Nevada, Las Vegas ..................... 49 Semna South Nubian Collection, ASU Department of Anthropology 52 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Methodology: Data Collection ......................................................................... 57 Digitizer ............................................................................................................... 57 Reference Plane .................................................................................................. 57 Morphological Characteristics (Non-Metric Traits) ...................................... 59 Cranial Landmarks ............................................................................................ 60 Statistical Treatment of the Data Set............................................................... 67 Data Scaling and Significance Level .................................................... 68 Statistical or Methodological Errors .................................................... 68 Type L II/ and 111 Landmarks ............................................................... 69 Intra and Inter Observer Error ............................................................. 70 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS OF STATISTICAL
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