DARIUS' FAMILY Darius' Extended Family Is Known Only from Herodotus. Several Mem- Bers Figure in Book 6 Or the Background To

APPENDIX 5

DARIUS’ FAMILY

Darius’ extended family is known only from Herodotus. Several mem- bers ﬁgure in book 6 or the background to it. Persian kings married within the family, and also took steps to give their relations impor- tant positions of command.1 There is a complete stemma in RE 1 sv Achaimenidae 196 and a useful one in Stein on 7.11, reproduced Abbott 131. I here detail only Darius’ generation and the next. Those who appear in book 6 or the background to it are italicised. For ease of reference, note the following abbreviations: B = brother; BL = brother-in-law; W = wife; D = daughter; Cdr 480 = commander in 480. For some collateral Achaemenids, their precise blood rela- tionship to either the Cyrus-Cambyses or Hystaspes-Darius side of the family is unknown. I give only the principal references.

Darius had three known brothers: B1: Artabanos had 4 or 5 sons, all Cdr 480 (7.66, 67, 75, 82, and perhaps 7.62 with 8.26) B2: Artanes had a daughter Phratagune married to Darius, W6, (7.224) B3: Artaphrenes the satrap (5.25–35 passim, 5.100, 123; 6 passim) had a son Artaphrenes, general with Datis (§§94, 119)

Darius had three known brothers-in-law: BL1: Gobryas the conspirator (his marriage: 7.5) had a son Mardonius, who married a daughter of Darius, D1 (§§43, 45, 94) and a daughter married to Darius, W5 BL2: Otanes, noted §43, as to whom see Note 1 (his marriage: 7.82) BL3: Theaspes, an Achaemenid (his marriage: 4.43) had two sons, one executed (4.43) and one Cdr 480 (7.79)

1 See Briant (1996) 105, 144–5, 606–7 for the importance of royal marriages in helping to ensure that royal power remained within the Achaemenid family; 365 for a resumé of the positions and oﬃces of male Achaemenids, and 148, 320–1 for his sons-in-law. 492 appendix 5

Darius had six known wives, W1 to W4: 3.88; W5: 7.2; W6: 7.224, by whom he had 13 known sons: W1: Atossa daughter of Cyrus (previously married to Cambyses); 4 sons, Xerxes and 3 others Cdr 480 (7.64, 82, 97) W2: Artystone daughter of Cyrus; 2 sons Cdr 480 (7.69, 72) W3: Parmys daughter of Smerdis; 1 son Cdr 480 (7.78) W4: Phaidyme daughter of Otanes the conspirator (note 1), previously married to Cambyses and the Magus; possibly Arsamenes Cdr 480 (7.68) was her son W5: his niece, daughter of Gobryas, BL1; 3 sons, two Cdr 480 (7.2, 68, 97) W6: his niece Phratagune daughter of Artanes, B2; 2 sons killed at Thermopylae (7.224) Darius had at least one other son, Achaemenes (3.12, 7.7, etc)

Darius had at least 6 daughters (mothers unknown): D1, Artozostra married to his nephew Mardonius, son of Gobryas, BL1 (§43); D2 to D4 (names unknown) married to Daurises Hymaees and Otanes (Note 1), the generals who started to suppress the Ionian revolt (p. 54); D5 (name unknown) married to Artochmes Cdr 480 (7.73); and D6, Sandoce, mentioned in Plut Them 13.2 and Arist 9.2, married to Artayktes, possibly the governor of Sestos (Hdt 9.116–122).

Note 1, Otanes: it is not possible to be certain about how many Otanes there were. (a) BL2, Otanes the conspirator (§43) son of Pharnaspes, was an Achaemenid (2.1, 3.2, 68). In 522 he was old enough for his daughter Phaidyme, W4, to have been married to Cambyses and then the Magus. He can thus have been born no later than c555 (e.g. daughter born 535, ﬁrst married 523). He was involved in restoring Syloson to Samos (3.141). (b) Otanes was one of three sons-in-law of Darius who were generals in Ionia in 498–7 (p. 54), married to one of D2–D4. (c) One or more Otanes appear in book 7 as (1) BL2, father of Smerdomenes, Cdr 480 by Darius’ sister (7.82); (2) Cdr 480, and father of Amestris, Xerxes’ wife (7.61); (3) father of Anaphes, Cdr 480 (7.62); and (4) father of Xerxes’ charioteer, the latter perhaps too young to be a general (7.40). These could all be the same man, BL2, the conspirator, rewarded with a niece as well as a sister as a wife; though by 480 he would