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Custodians of Purity RAMSAY FINAL PRINT Custodians of Purity An Ethnography of the Brahma Kumaris by Tamasin Ramsay BHSc (Paramedic), Grad Dip Soc Health (Medical Anthropology) Submitted on 11 September 2009 A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Social Science and Health Research Unit School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Page ii Dedication My beginning my end my signal. All things faced all souls loved the self fully known. Home. ­ Anthea Church This thesis is dedicated to Dadi Prakashmani (1922‐2007) Page iii Page iv Statement of Authorship General Declaration Monash University Monash Research Graduate School Declaration for thesis based or partially based on conjointly published or unpublished work In accordance with Monash University Doctorate Regulation 17/ Doctor of Philosophy and Master of Philosophy (MPhil) regulations the following declarations are made: I hereby declare that this thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any university or equivalent institution and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis. This thesis includes one original paper published in a peer reviewed journal and no unpublished publications. The core theme of the thesis is the spiritual response to disaster. The ideas, development and writing up of all the papers in the thesis were the principal responsibility of myself, the candidate, working within the School of Psychology and Psychiatry under the supervision of Professor Lenore Manderson and Dr Wendy Smith. The inclusion of co‐authors reflects the fact that the work came from active collaboration between researchers and acknowledges input into team‐based research. In the case of Chapter Five my contribution to the work involved the following: Thesis Publication title Publication Nature and extent of chapter status candidate’s contribution Five Changing a Mountain to a In Press 80% Mustard Seed I have renumbered sections of submitted or published papers in order to generate a consistent presentation within the thesis. Signed: Date: Page v Page vi Acknowledgements Many people share in the creation of this work. I received exemplary scholarly guidance and unfailing support from my supervisors Professor Lenore Manderson and Dr Wendy Smith. Lenore extended my scholarly capacities in every way. She imbued in me a confidence as an anthropologist through her genuine interest in me, and my work, and by consistently treating me as her equal. Wendy offered particularly salient guidance in the first year, and contributed her expertise based on years of field experience with new religious movements. They both significantly shaped this work. I am grateful to Monash University and the Australian Government for the Australian Postgraduate Award and Endeavour Research Fellowship that facilitated my fieldwork and gave me the freedom to write. Thank you. I would particularly like to recogniZe the support of my father Robin Ramsay. While his eyes would often glass over while I spoke about ethnography, hermeneutics and phenomenological existentialism, Pa made it clear how proud he was of me. What else could a daughter ask for? Dadi Janki, Sisters Jayanti, Mohini and Nirmala, and Brother Nirwair all played particular and important roles in making this research possible. To the BKs of New York and to dearest Sister Kamlesh, and all the sisters and brothers of Orissa, in particular from Jhanjiri Mangla centre, from the bottom of my heart, I thank you. A special appreciation to my mother Barbara Bossert‐Ramsay, who loved, cared for and sustained me in every conceivable and inconceivable way. Her absolute support created the perfect environment in which I could muse over my data, write happily, and feel a steady sense of comfort and peace. And thank you for doing the first reading of everything I wrote. Without you, I would not have completed this thesis. Dear Dadi Prakashmani, my friend and spiritual grandmother, gave me an example to which I aspire. Dadi supported new, creative and different forms of enquiry that explored the field of spiritual knowledge and mystical experience. In memory of her extraordinary life, and her imperishable influence upon mine, I dedicate this work to her. Page vii Page viii Table of Contents Dedication iii Statement of Authorship v Acknowledgements vii Table of Contents ix List of Tables xiii List of Figures xv Glossary xvii Abstract xix Chapter 1. Origins: The Indestructible Sacrificial Fire of Knowledge 1 Thesis structure 2 Theoretical perspectives 5 New Religious Movements 12 The Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University 17 The organiZation 36 The expansion 44 Chapter 2. The Me Nobody Knows: Methodological Reflections 47 Reflexive positioning 48 Participants 49 Social ordering 52 Strange and stranger 54 Arriving in Orissa 57 New York 62 Orissa 66 Collective culture 72 Ethnography 74 Data management 88 Ethics 92 Data analysis 98 Limitations 100 Chapter 3. Understanding Soul, God and Time 103 Philosophy 103 The soul 105 The Supreme Soul 107 Meditation 108 The Three Worlds 110 The Drama 112 Page ix Karma 125 Purity, spiritual caste and sacrificial fire 126 Worldly caste 128 BK identity 134 The flute of knowledge 136 Disciplines and lifestyle 139 Food 139 Chapter 4. States of Sentiment and Rituals of silence 147 India 149 New York 152 Journey to death 159 Leaving the body 162 The sacrifice of fire 166 The anthropology of bhawna 172 Chapter 5. From a Mountain to a Mustard Seed: 11 September 2001 183 Shaping (gyān) 191 Remembering (yoga) 192 Doing (dharnā) 193 Serving (seva) 201 Chapter 6. Spiritual Deprivation ‐ Environmental Demise 207 Data collection in New York 208 Faith‐based response to climate change 209 Brahma Kumaris at the United Nations 212 The conference 218 Spiritual deprivation, environmental demise 224 Spiritual purity 229 Chapter 7. Re‐authoring Disaster in Orissa 233 Global vulnerability 235 Suffering, sense‐making and disaster 235 The Super Cyclone 236 Baleshwar floods 240 The anthropology of disaster 242 Defining spirituality 244 Re‐authoring as an explanatory tool 250 Spiritual practitioners 251 Chapter 8. Spirit Possession and Purity in Orissa 257 Background of the possessive relationship 261 The location 262 Tantra 267 Page x Mohan’s story 271 After the accident 273 Purity at play 274 Theories of spirit possession 276 BK theology: Ghosts and spirit possession 281 Chapter 9. Yagyarakshak: Protecting the Sacrificial Fire 301 Fire 301 Yagya 303 Protecting the Yagya 309 Yagyarakshak: Guardians of purity 312 Bibliography 317 Appendix 1: Publications during Candidature 347 Appendix 2: Presentations during Candidature 349 Appendix 3: Ethics Acceptance Letter 351 Appendix 4: Interview Guide 353 Appendix 5: Focus Group Guide 355 Appendix 6: Explanatory Statement (English) 357 Appendix 7: Explanatory Statement (Oriya) 359 Appendix 8: Consent Form (English) 361 Appendix 9: Consent Form (Oriya) 363 Appendix 10: Maryādas – Principles for Brahmins 365 Page xi Page xii List of Tables Table 1. Birthplace and residence of all research participants ...................................................50 Table 2. Human Development Indices highlighting USA and India.............................................51 Table 3. Patterns of employment among the general population in Orissa .............................69 Table 4. Indicating gender, physical and spiritual ages (in years) of all research participants ...81 Table 5. BK ritual and non‐ritual forms of purity. .....................................................................131 Page xiii Page xiv List of Figures Figure 1. A letterhead from the early community ........................................................................3 Figure 2. Dada Lekhraj (c. 1920) .................................................................................................21 Figure 3. Locations within India and Pakistan of Dada Lekhraj, also indicating Orissa ...............24 Figure 4. Brahma Baba with sisters in the early yagya (c. 1940s) ...............................................26 Figure 5. Proclamatory letter......................................................................................................29 Figure 6. Dadi Janki, Dadi Prakashmani and Dadi Gulzar in Shantivan (c. 2005) ........................33 Figure 7. Organizational hierarchy of the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University..............39 Figure 8. Sisters and mothers standing outside Jhanjiri Mangla centre, Orissa .........................59 Figure 9. Classroom in Jhanjiri Mangla centre with sisters having an afternoon rest ................61 Figure 10. Map of Manhattan neighbourhoods..........................................................................63 Figure 11. Map of NYC burroughs, indicating centre locations, and my apartment...................65 Figure 12. Orissa between West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh....................................................66 Figure 13. Administrative districts of Orissa, as at 2008.............................................................67 Figure 14. Mounds of rich earth mined from mountains in Orissa.............................................70 Figure 15. Cyclone and flood affected areas of Orissa where I collected data ...........................74 Figure 16. A local woman performing
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