Landscape Series Alexander V. Khoroshev Kirill N. Dyakonov Editors Landscape Patterns in a Range of Spatio-Temporal Scales [email protected] Landscape Series Volume 26 Series editors Jiquan Chen, Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA Janet Silbernagel, Department of Planning and Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA [email protected] Aims and Scope Springer’s innovative Landscape Series is committed to publishing high-quality manuscripts that approach the concept of landscape from a broad range of perspectives. Encouraging contributions on theory development, as well as more applied studies, the series attracts outstanding research from the natural and social sciences, and from the humanities and the arts. It also provides a leading forum for publications from interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary teams. Drawing on, and synthesising, this integrative approach the Springer Landscape Series aims to add new and innovative insights into the multidimensional nature of landscapes. Landscapes provide homes and livelihoods to diverse peoples; they house historic—and prehistoric—artefacts; and they comprise complex physical, chemical and biological systems. They are also shaped and governed by human societies who base their existence on the use of the natural resources; people enjoy the aesthetic qualities and recreational facilities of landscapes, and people design new landscapes. As interested in identifying best practice as it is in progressing landscape theory, the Landscape Series particularly welcomes problem-solving approaches and contributions to landscape management and planning. The ultimate goal is to facilitate both the application of landscape research to practice, and the feedback from practice into research. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6211 [email protected] Alexander V. Khoroshev • Kirill N. Dyakonov Editors Landscape Patterns in a Range of Spatio-Temporal Scales [email protected] Editors Alexander V. Khoroshev Kirill N. Dyakonov Department of Physical Geography & Department of Physical Geography & Landscape Science Landscape Science Lomonosov Moscow State University Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, Russia Moscow, Russia ISSN 1572-7742 ISSN 1875-1210 (electronic) Landscape Series ISBN 978-3-030-31184-1 ISBN 978-3-030-31185-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31185-8 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland [email protected] Foreword: Landscape Science – A Multidisciplinary and Border-Crossing Scientific Approach Landscapes are considered as the unifying entity incorporating a bunch of ecological processes and functions, human interventions, and interactions between multiple scales. The theoretical concept and particularly its multidisciplinary roots are considered since decades as fundamental advances in making research relevant for society and in sup- porting the sustainable development of social-ecological systems. This book provides an overview and synthesis on long-term research approaches and their results conducted in Russia with the aim of understanding and taking benefit from knowledge on land- scape heterogeneity, functioning, and dynamics. Its particular value consists in comple- menting the often only two-dimensional view on landscape pattern through approaches for an integrative three-dimensional analysis of landscapes and related implications for eco-hydrological processes. This book presents a bundle of analytical approaches and their application areas to analyze landscapes and contributes particularly to advance landscape sciences in combining small- and large-scale patterns, processes, and func- tions. Its particular value consists in the huge range of landscapes and eco-zones covered in Russia and the tremendous monitoring which contributed to the analytical approaches. Human impacts and pressures are included as well as aspects on how landscape pattern can help to indicate and control even dramatic situations provoked from extreme events and from historical and current land use. As such, the book provides a brilliant overview on the state of the art of research on land systems in Russia and on the multifaceted aspects that are covered through this research. It is particularly useful for researchers and students who wish to obtain knowledge on the landscape understanding, analytical approaches, and interpreta- tions on how to further develop landscapes in Russia. Past President, International Association for Prof. Dr. habil. Christine Fürst Landscape Ecology Halle, Germany Institute for Geosciences and Geography Dept. Sustainable Landscape Development Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle, Germany v [email protected] Preface Long-term experience of landscape research in Russia provided rationales for the diverse theoretical approaches to descriptions of landscape heterogeneity, function- ing, and dynamics. Polycentric concept of landscape developed within Russian physical geography since the early twentieth century relies on the idea of strong relationships between abiotic and biotic components paying equal attention to both vertical fluxes and lateral transfer. The central objective of this book is to demon- strate multiplicity of models and multi-scale approach to description and explana- tion of landscape pattern and functioning. Unlike most biota-centered publications in landscape ecology, the authors use the geosystem concept which is believed to be more general than the matrix concept, because vegetation or land use patterns, which are commonly used for delineation of patches and corridors, are in most cases controlled by abiotic template. This concept treats landscape as a three- dimensional hierarchically organized heterogeneous entity where the pattern is shaped by topography and substrate which determine the distribution of matter and energy flows. In contrast to dominant two-dimensional matrix biocentric concept, we advocate three-dimensional view of landscape with strong emphasis on abiotic drivers of pattern development, including relief, geological structures, and runoff. Delineation of landscape units can be based not only on visually detected patches but also on several mutually additional approaches based on relief and substrate genesis, unilateral flows of dissolved matter, solid matter, or surface water. Moreover, the modern trend in landscape science involves the elaboration of tool to describe and depict landscape continuality. In accordance with the general ideas of the geo- system concept, we pay much attention to self-development of landscape and sequence of its temporal states and to the external drivers (e.g., climatic) of land- scape evolution. We demonstrate a variety of geosystem-oriented landscape pattern models rely- ing on genesis-based, basin, or catena approaches with a particular focus on oppor- tunities and advantages for actual land use decisions and understanding of human-nature relationships in the past and their remedy for the present-day land- scape structure. vii [email protected] viii Preface This book presents a multi-scale view of landscape. The contributions deal with various hierarchical levels of landscape organization ranging from within-unit inte- rior variability to between-units interaction at the landscape level, to the regional and supra-regional zonal patterns. Specific methodologies adapted for studying pattern-process relationship at each level are demonstrated with particular focus on interactions between abiotic environment, soils and plant cover in both radial and lateral aspects. Contributions in chapters describe the tools of pattern analysis at either local, landscape or regional scale of research. Each contribution provides a particular viewpoint on pattern-process relationships with a focus on certain pattern type and research scale. Each part of the book treats spatial pattern in one of the following aspects: (1) indicator of actual matter and energy flows; (2) control over actual processes, including disturbance expansion and determinant of future development; (3) indica- tor of genesis and prerequisite for future