Vegetable-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
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Femtosecond Visible Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Chlorophyll-F-Containing Photosystem II
Femtosecond visible transient absorption spectroscopy of chlorophyll-f-containing photosystem II Noura Zamzama, Rafal Rakowskia, Marius Kaucikasa, Gabriel Dorlhiaca,1, Sefania Violaa, Dennis J. Nürnberga,b, Andrea Fantuzzia, A. William Rutherforda, and Jasper J. van Thora,2 aDepartment of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and bInstitute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany Edited by Donald R. Ort, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, and approved July 27, 2020 (received for review March 31, 2020) +• −• The recently discovered, chlorophyll-f-containing, far-red photo- some centers and PD1 ChlD1 in others (13, 14). However, the view +• −• system II (FR-PSII) supports far-red light photosynthesis. Participa- that RP1 in PSII is PD1 ChlD1 in all of the centers is still advo- tion and kinetics of spectrally shifted far-red pigments are directly cated (15). This model was originally based on the photochemistry in observable and separated from that of bulk chlorophyll-a.Wepre- the well-characterized purple bacterial reaction center, where RP1 is − sent an ultrafast transient absorption study of FR-PSII, investigating P+B , P is a special pair of (bacterio)chlorophylls over which the energy transfer and charge separation processes. Results show a cation is shared and B is a monomeric (bacterio)chlorophyll (16). rapid subpicosecond energy transfer from chlorophyll-a to the Irrespective of the identity of RP1, the secondary radical pair (RP2) f/d +• −• long-wavelength chlorophylls- . The data demonstrate the decay in PSII is thought to be PD1 PheoD1 . The electron transfer from of an ∼720-nm negative feature on the picosecond-to-nanosecond −• +• −• PheoD1 to QA, leads to formation of PD1 QA , RP3 (2–4, 9, 15). -
Fabrication of Eco-Friendly Betanin Hybrid Materials Based on Palygorskite and Halloysite
materials Article Fabrication of Eco-Friendly Betanin Hybrid Materials Based on Palygorskite and Halloysite Shue Li 1,2,3, Bin Mu 1,3,*, Xiaowen Wang 1,3, Yuru Kang 1,3 and Aiqin Wang 1,3,* 1 Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-Materials and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (Y.K.) 2 Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 Center of Xuyi Palygorskite Applied Technology, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuyi 211700, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.M.); [email protected] (A.W.); Tel.: +86-931-486-8118 (B.M.); Fax: +86-931-496-8019 (B.M.) Received: 3 September 2020; Accepted: 15 October 2020; Published: 18 October 2020 Abstract: Eco-friendly betanin/clay minerals hybrid materials with good stability were synthesized by combining with adsorption, grinding, and heating treatment using natural betanin extracted from beetroot and natural 2:1 type palygorskite or 1:1 type halloysite. After incorporation of clay minerals, the thermal stability and solvent resistance of natural betanin were obviously enhanced. Due to the difference in the structure of palygorskite and halloysite, betanin was mainly adsorbed on the outer surface of palygorskite or halloysite through hydrogen-bond interaction, but also part of them also entered into the lumen of Hal via electrostatic interaction. Compared with palygorskite, hybrid materials prepared with halloysite exhibited the better color performance, heating stability and solvent resistance due to the high loading content of betanin and shielding effect of lumen of halloysite. -
What Pigments Are in Plants?
BUILD YOUR FUTURE! ANYANG BEST COMPLETE MACHINERY ENGINEERING CO.,LTD WHAT PIGMENTS ARE IN PLANTS? Pigments Pigments are chemical compounds responsible for color in a range of living substances and in the inorganic world. Pigments absorb some of the light they receive, and so reflect only certain wavelengths of visible light. This makes them appear "colorful.” Cave paintings by early man show the early use of pigments, in a limited range from straw color to reddish brown and black. These colors occurred naturally in charcoals, and in mineral oxides such as chalk and ochre. The WebExhibit on Pigments has more information on these early painting palettes. Many early artists used natural pigments, but nowadays they have been replaced by cheaper and less toxic synthetic pigments. Biological Pigments Pigments are responsible for many of the beautiful colors we see in the plant world. Dyes have often been made from both animal sources and plant extracts . Some of the pigments found in animals have also recently been found in plants. Website: www.bestextractionmachine.com Email: [email protected] Tel: +86 372 5965148 Fax: +86 372 5951936 Mobile: ++86 8937276399 BUILD YOUR FUTURE! ANYANG BEST COMPLETE MACHINERY ENGINEERING CO.,LTD Major Plant Pigments White Bird Of Paradise Tree Bilirubin is responsible for the yellow color seen in jaundice sufferers and bruises, and is created when hemoglobin (the pigment that makes blood red) is broken down. Recently this pigment has also been found in plants, specifically in the orange fuzz on seeds of the white Bird of Paradise tree. The bilirubin in plants doesn’t come from breaking down hemoglobin. -
Changes in Physical Properties and Chemical Composition
Health Benefits and Bioactive Components of the Fruits from Opuntia ficus-indica [L.] Mill.♦ Maria A. Livrea* and Luisa Tesoriere Dipartimento Farmacochimico Tossicologico e Biologico, Università di Palermo Via Michele Cipolla 74, 90128 Palermo. Italy *corresponding author [email protected] ABSTRACT The health-promoting properties of edible fruits from Opuntia ficus-indica have been the object of recent interest. Scientific evidence has been provided about benefits from the consumption of the fruits in humans, with special attention to the non-nutritive components as potentially active antioxidant phytochemicals. Information about bioavailability and bioactivity of betalains, mode of action as antioxidants in cells, and other biological models are now available. The use of cactus pear components as nutraceuticals and functional food is discussed. Keywords: Opuntia ficus-indica, edible cactus, betanin, indicaxanthin, betalains, health benefits, in vivo, in vitro, natural oxidants, free-radical scavengers 1. INTRODUCTION An equilibrated life-style, a balanced diet, no smoking, and moderate physical activity are fundamental for maintaining a healthy status. Importantly, epidemiological evidence has been provided that various age-related pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders have a minor incidence among people usually consuming a traditional Mediterranean-style diet, rich in fruit and vegetables (Ames et al., 1993; Lampe, 1999; Lee et al., 2004; Rice-Evans and Miller, 1985). Since these diseases -
Non-Destructive in Situ Measurement of Aquaponic Lettuce Leaf Photosynthetic Pigments and Nutrient Concentration Using Hybrid Genetic Programming Ronnie S
589 AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 2021. 43(3): 589-610 AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science www.agrivita.ub.ac.id Non-destructive in Situ Measurement of Aquaponic Lettuce Leaf Photosynthetic Pigments and Nutrient Concentration Using Hybrid Genetic Programming Ronnie S. Concepcion II1*), Elmer P. Dadios1) and Joel Cuello2) 1) De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines 2) University of Arizona, Tucson, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Phytopigment and nutrient concentration determination normally rely Computer vision on laboratory chemical analysis. However, non-destructive and onsite Leaf nutrient level prediction measurements are necessary for intelligent closed environment Leaf pigment prediction agricultural systems. In this study, the impact of photosynthetic light Lettuce treatments on aquaponic lettuce leaf canopy (Lactuca sativa var. Machine learning Altima) was evaluated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (300-800 nm), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (4000-500 per cm), and Article History: the integrated computer vision and computational intelligence. Hybrid Received: March 6, 2021 decision tree and multigene symbolic regression genetic programming Accepted: August 16, 2021 (DT-MSRGP) exhibited the highest predictive accuracies of 80.9%, 89.9%, 83.5%, 85.5%, 81.3%, and 83.4% for chlorophylls a and b, *) Corresponding author: β-carotene, anthocyanin, lutein, and vitamin C concentrations present E-mail: [email protected]. in lettuce leaf canopy based on spectro-textural-morphological ph signatures. An increase in β-carotene and anthocyanin concentrations verified that these molecular pigments act as a natural sunscreen to protect lettuce from light stress and an increase in chlorophylls a and b ratio in the white light treatment corresponds to reduced emphasis on photon energy absorbance in chloroplast photosystem II. -
Natural Colour Book
THE COLOUR BOOK Sensient Food Colors Europe INDEX NATURAL COLOURS AND COLOURING FOODS INDEX 46 Lycopene 4 We Brighten Your World 47 Antho Blends – Pink Shade 6 Naturally Different 48 Red Cabbage 8 The Colour of Innovation 49 Beetroot – with reduced bluish tone 10 Natural Colours, Colouring Foods 50 Beetroot 11 Cardea™, Pure-S™ 51 Black Carrot 12 YELLOW 52 Grape 14 Colourful Impulses 53 Enocianin 15 Carthamus 54 Red Blends 16 Curcumin 56 VIOLET & BLUE 17 Riboflavin 59 Violet Blends 18 Lutein 61 Spirulina 19 Carrot 62 GREEN 20 Natural Carotene 65 Green Blends 22 Beta-Carotene 66 Copper-Chlorophyllin 24 Annatto 67 Copper-Chlorophyll 25 Yellow/ Orange Blends 68 Chlorophyll/-in 26 ORANGE 69 Spinach 29 Natural Carotene 70 BROWN 30 Paprika Extract 73 Burnt Sugar 32 Carrot 74 Apple 33 Apocarotenal 75 Caramel 34 Carminic Acid 76 BLACK & WHITE 35 Beta-Carotene 79 Vegetable Carbon 36 RED 80 Titanium Dioxide 39 Antho Blends – Strawberry Shade 81 Natural White 40 Aronia 41 Elderberry 83 Regulatory Information 42 Black Carrot 84 Disclaimer 43 Hibiscus 85 Contact Address 44 Carmine 3 INDEX NATURAL COLOURS AND COLOURING FOODS WE BRIGHTEN YOUR WORLD Sensient is as colourful as the world around us. Whatever you are looking for, across the whole spectrum of colour use, we can deliver colouring solutions to best meet your needs in your market. Operating in the global market place for over 100 years Sensient both promises and delivers proven international experience, expertise and capabilities in product development, supply chain management, manufacture, quality management and application excellence of innovative colours for food and beverages. -
Studies on Betalain Phytochemistry by Means of Ion-Pair Countercurrent Chromatography
STUDIES ON BETALAIN PHYTOCHEMISTRY BY MEANS OF ION-PAIR COUNTERCURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY Von der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte D i s s e r t a t i o n von Thu Tran Thi Minh aus Vietnam 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Peter Winterhalter 2. Referent: apl. Prof. Dr. Ulrich Engelhardt eingereicht am: 28.02.2018 mündliche Prüfung (Disputation) am: 28.05.2018 Druckjahr 2018 Vorveröffentlichungen der Dissertation Teilergebnisse aus dieser Arbeit wurden mit Genehmigung der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften, vertreten durch den Mentor der Arbeit, in folgenden Beiträgen vorab veröffentlicht: Tagungsbeiträge T. Tran, G. Jerz, T.E. Moussa-Ayoub, S.K.EI-Samahy, S. Rohn und P. Winterhalter: Metabolite screening and fractionation of betalains and flavonoids from Opuntia stricta var. dillenii by means of High Performance Countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) and sequential off-line injection to ESI-MS/MS. (Poster) 44. Deutscher Lebensmittelchemikertag, Karlsruhe (2015). Thu Minh Thi Tran, Tamer E. Moussa-Ayoub, Salah K. El-Samahy, Sascha Rohn, Peter Winterhalter und Gerold Jerz: Metabolite profile of betalains and flavonoids from Opuntia stricta var. dilleni by HPCCC and offline ESI-MS/MS. (Poster) 9. Countercurrent Chromatography Conference, Chicago (2016). Thu Tran Thi Minh, Binh Nguyen, Peter Winterhalter und Gerold Jerz: Recovery of the betacyanin celosianin II and flavonoid glycosides from Atriplex hortensis var. rubra by HPCCC and off-line ESI-MS/MS monitoring. (Poster) 9. Countercurrent Chromatography Conference, Chicago (2016). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This PhD would not be done without the supports of my mentor, my supervisor and my family. -
The Impact of Light Irradiance, Chlorophyll Concentration And
THE IMPACT OF LIGHT IRRADIANCE, CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION AND SOLVENT ON CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBANCE SPECTRUM Vidya Sagar Kuncham Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science April 2021 © Vidya Sagar Kuncham, 2021 1 ABSTRACT The plant pigment chlorophyll (Chl) is considered as obligatory pigment in photosynthesis as it is used in the light harvesting process. Chl absorbs light energy predominately in the blue and red region of the visible spectrum with defined peaks at 433 nm and 665 nm for Chl a and at 458 nm and 646 nm for Chl b. Our first study was used to determine the impact that light irradiance had on Chl. Chl a and Chl b absorbance was measured under dark and after treating with different light intensities. It was identified that both Chl a and Chl b were sensitive to the light and the absorbance capacity (absorbance spectrum) of the chlorophyll changed based on the light intensity by which the chlorophyll pigments were treated. Chl a and Chl b absorbance level was inversely proportional to the light intensity supplied to the pigments. The Chl a absorbed significantly more light in the green region (between 500 nm and 530 nm) after treatment with higher light irradiance. Chl b absorbed more light in green region with distinct peaks at 518 nm and 570 nm after light treatments. The ability of Chl to return to a baseline absorbance based on a no light (dark) treatment was tested by storing Chl a and Chl b under dark conditions, however no significant recovery in absorbance was measured. -
Survey of Plant Pigments: Molecular and Environmental Determinants of Plant Colors
ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 51/1: 7–16, 2009 SURVEY OF PLANT PIGMENTS: MOLECULAR AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF PLANT COLORS EWA MŁODZIŃSKA* Department of Plant Physiology, Wroclaw University, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland Received January 7, 2009; revision accepted February 20, 2009 It is difficult to estimate the importance of plant pigments in plant biology. Chlorophylls are the most important pigments, as they are required for photosynthesis. Carotenoids are also necessary for their functions in photosyn- thesis. Other plant pigments such as flavonoids play a crucial role in the interaction between plants and animals as visual signals for pollination and seed scattering. Studies related to plant pigmentation are one of the oldest areas of work in plant science. The first publication about carotenoids appeared in the early nineteenth century, and the term "chlorophyll" was first used in 1818 (Davies, 2004). Since then, the biochemical structure of plant pigments has been revealed, as have the biosynthetic pathways for the major pigments that provide a useful variety of colors to blossoms and other plant organs. There is widespread interest in the application of molecular methods to improve our knowledge of gene regulation mechanisms and changes in plant pigment content. Genetic modification has been used to alter pigment production in transgenic plants. This review focuses on flower pigmentation, its bio- chemistry and biology. It presents a general overview of the major plant pigment groups as well as rarer plant dyes and their diversity and function in generating the range of colors observed in plants. Key words: Flower and fruit colors, co-pigmentation, plant dyes, pigment groups. -
Functional Role of Betalains in Disphyma Australe Under Salinity Stress
FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF BETALAINS IN DISPHYMA AUSTRALE UNDER SALINITY STRESS BY GAGANDEEP JAIN A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington In fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington (2016) i “ An understanding of the natural world and what’s in it is a source of not only a great curiosity but great fulfillment” -- David Attenborough ii iii Abstract Foliar betalainic plants are commonly found in dry and exposed environments such as deserts and sandbanks. This marginal habitat has led many researchers to hypothesise that foliar betalains provide tolerance to abiotic stressors such as strong light, drought, salinity and low temperatures. Among these abiotic stressors, soil salinity is a major problem for agriculture affecting approximately 20% of the irrigated lands worldwide. Betacyanins may provide functional significance to plants under salt stress although this has not been unequivocally demonstrated. The purpose of this thesis is to add knowledge of the various roles of foliar betacyanins in plants under salt stress. For that, a series of experiments were performed on Disphyma australe, which is a betacyanic halophyte with two distinct colour morphs in vegetative shoots. In chapter two, I aimed to find the effect of salinity stress on betacyanin pigmentation in D. australe and it was hypothesised that betacyanic morphs are physiologically more tolerant to salinity stress than acyanic morphs. Within a coastal population of red and green morphs of D. australe, betacyanin pigmentation in red morphs was a direct result of high salt and high light exposure. Betacyanic morphs were physiologically more tolerant to salt stress as they showed greater maximum CO2 assimilation rates, water use efficiencies, photochemical quantum yields and photochemical quenching than acyanic morphs. -
Betalains and Phenolics in Red Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris)
Betalains and Phenolics in Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) Peel Extracts: Extraction and Characterisation Tytti Kujala*, Jyrki Loponen and Kalevi Pihlaja Department of Chemistry, Vatselankatu 2, FIN-20014 University of Turku, Finland. Fax: +3582-333 67 00. E-mail: [email protected] * Author for correspondence and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 56 c, 343-348 (2001); received January 9/February 12, 2001 Beta vulgaris , Betalains, Phenolics The extraction of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris ) peel betalains and phenolics was compared with two extraction methods and solvents. The content of total phenolics in the extracts was determined according to a modification of the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The profiles of extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The compounds of beetroot peel extracted with 80% aqueous methanol were characterised from separated fractions using HPLC- diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and HPLC- electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) tech niques. The extraction methods and the choice of solvent affected noticeably the content of individual compounds in the extract. The betalains found in beetroot peel extract were vulgaxanthin I, vulgaxanthin II, indicaxanthin, betanin, prebetanin, isobetanin and neobe- tanin. Also cyclodopa glucoside, /V-formylcyclodopa glucoside, glucoside of dihydroxyindol- carboxylic acid, betalamic acid, L-tryptophan, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and traces of un identified flavonoids were detected. Introduction acid in their cell walls (Jackman and Smith, 1996). Phenolic compounds are ubiquitous in the plant Except ferulic acid, also other phenolic acids and kingdom and they have been reported to possess phenolic acid conjugates have been reported in many biological effects. -
The Inhibitory Effect of Betanin on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2019, Vol. 7, No. 6, 447-451 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfnr/7/6/6 Published by Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jfnr-7-6-6 The Inhibitory Effect of Betanin on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Jen-Yin Chen1,2,#, Chin-Chen Chu2,#, Shih-Ying Chen3, Heuy-Ling Chu4, Pin-Der Duh4,* 1Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Taiwan, ROC 2Department of Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Taiwan, ROC 3Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC 4Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te District, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC #These authors contributed equally to this work. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received April 05, 2019; Revised May 31, 2019; Accepted June 10, 2019 Abstract Betanin, a natural pigment that presents ubiquitously in plants, has been reported to show biological effects. However, not much is known on the effectiveness of betanin in regulating fat accumulation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the inhibitory effect of betanin on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and its mechanism action. The results show betanin significantly inhibited oil red O-stained material (OROSM) and triglyceride levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, indicating betanin inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression was significantly inhibited in the betanin-treated adipocytes, implying that betanin suppressed the cellular PPARγexpression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.