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Multibeneficial Use of Produced Water Through High-Pressure Membrane Treatment and Capacitive Deionization Technology

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Multibeneficial Use of Produced Water Through High-Pressure Membrane Treatment and Capacitive Deionization Technology Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 133 Multibeneficial Use of Produced Water Through High-Pressure Membrane Treatment and Capacitive Deionization Technology U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation September 2009 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 30-12-2005 Final Report October 2004 to September 2005 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Agreement No. 04-FC-81-1053 Multibeneficial use of produced water through high-pressure 5b. GRANT NUMBER membrane treatment and capacitive deionization technology 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Jörg E. Drewes, Pei Xu, Dean Heil, and Gary Wang 5e. TASK NUMBER Task C 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado 80401-1887 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation Denver Federal Center 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT PO Box 25007 NUMBER(S) DWPR No. 133 Denver CO 80225-0007 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available from the National Technical Information Service Operations Division, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield VA 22161 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Report can be downloaded from Reclamation Web site: www.usbr.gov/pmts/water/publications/reports.html 14. ABSTRACT Large volumes of produced water are generated during natural gas production. Beneficial use of produced water has become an attractive solution to produced water management by providing additional and reliable water supplies and reducing the cost for disposal. This project investigated the viability of using low-pressure reverse osmosis/nanofiltration membranes and capacitive deionization as potential techniques to treat produced water that meets nonpotable and potable water quality standards and providing conditions which allow an economical recovery of iodide. The study included laboratory- and field-scale tests with makeup waters representing various produced water chemistries, which were directed to identify key operational parameters and performance. The two technologies proposed were assessed in terms of technical and economic criteria. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Produced water, desalination, water reuse, membrane treatment, capacitive deionization, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, membrane fouling and cleaning, iodide recovery. 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Frank Leitz a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT a. THIS PAGE SAR 142 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) U U U 303-445-2255 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 133 Multibeneficial Use of Produced Water Through High-Pressure Membrane Treatment and Capacitive Deionization Technology Prepared for Reclamation Under Agreement No. 04-FC-81-1053 by Jörg E. Drewes, Pei Xu, Dean Heil, and Gary Wang Advanced Water Technology Center (AQWATEC) Environmental Science and Engineering Division Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Water and Environmental Services Division Water Treatment Engineering Research Team Denver, Colorado February 2009 MISSION STATEMENTS The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and our commitments to island communities. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Disclaimer The views, analysis, recommendations, and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not represent official or unofficial policies or opinions of the United States Government, and the United States takes no position with regard to any findings, conclusions, or recommendations made. As such, mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the United States Government. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program, Bureau of Reclamation, for its financial, technical, and administrative assistance in funding and managing the project. The authors gratefully acknowledge CDT Systems, Inc., for providing capacitive deionization testing units and technical support. The authors thank Paul Mendell with Mendell Energy, Inc. for assisting in field testing and data analysis. iii Table of Contents Page 1. Executive Summary............................................................................ 1 2. Background and Introduction to the Project ....................................... 3 2.1 Background................................................................................. 3 2.1.1 Produced Water Treatment ............................................. 3 2.1.2 Capacitive Deionization Technology.............................. 6 2.2 Methodology Applied in the Project........................................... 8 3. Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................... 9 3.1 Conclusions................................................................................. 9 3.2 Recommendations....................................................................... 10 4. Work Performed.................................................................................. 13 4.1 Pre-Assessment Studies .............................................................. 13 4.1.1 Water Quality Analysis................................................... 13 4.1.2 Bench-Scale Membrane Selection Tests......................... 13 4.1.3 Bench-Scale CDT Tests.................................................. 13 4.2 Laboratory-Scale Membrane Tests............................................. 14 4.3 CDT System Field Tests ............................................................. 14 4.4 Technical-Economic Assessment of Membrane and CDT Technologies.................................................................... 15 5. System Description ............................................................................. 17 5.1 Methods of Water Quality Analysis ........................................... 17 5.2 Bench-Scale Membrane Testing................................................. 18 5.3 Membrane Characteriziation....................................................... 20 5.3.1 Pure Water Permeability Measurement .......................... 21 5.3.2 Contact Angle Measurement........................................... 21 5.3.3 Membrane Functionality................................................. 21 5.3.4 Membrane Surface Structure and Morphology............... 22 5.3.5 Elemental Composition................................................... 22 5.4 Carbon Aerogel Manufacture and Characterization ................... 23 5.5 Bench-Scale CDT Testing .......................................................... 24 5.6 Laboratory-Scale Membrane Testing ......................................... 25 5.7 Commercial CDT Field Testing and Data Collection................. 28 6. Analysis of Results and Commercial Viability of Projects ................ 31 6.1 Water Quality Analysis............................................................... 31 6.2 Bench-Scale Membrane Selection Tests..................................... 34 6.2.1 Potential of Membrane Fouling During Produced Water Treatment .............................................................. 34 6.2.2 Characterization of Membrane Fouling.......................... 38 6.2.3 Assessment of Cleaning Procedures ............................... 42 6.2.4 Rejection Performance.................................................... 45 6.2.5 Membrane Selection ....................................................... 45 6.3 Laboratory-Scale Membrane Tests............................................. 46 6.3.1 Membrane Operation ...................................................... 46 v 6.3.2 Rejection Performance.................................................... 48 6.3.3 Membrane Product Water Quality.................................. 50 6.4 Bench-Scale CDT Tests.............................................................. 53 6.4.1 The Effect of Flow Rate and Initial NaCl Concentration on NaCl Removal Rate in Continuous Flow Mode ......... 53 6.4.2
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