Univerzita Palackého V Olomouci Filozofická Fakulta Magisterská Práce

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Univerzita Palackého V Olomouci Filozofická Fakulta Magisterská Práce Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Filozofická fakulta Magisterská práce POETIKA NARATIVNÍCH FILMŮ PAOLA SORRENTINA Poetics of Narrative Films by Paolo Sorrentino Bc. Josef Kraus Katedra divadelních a filmových studií Vedoucí magisterské práce: doc. Zdeněk Hudec, Ph.D. Studijní program: Teorie a dějiny dramatických umění Olomouc 2017 „Bude to mistrovské dílo. A má závěť.“ Mick Boyle (Mládí, 2015) Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto magisterskou práci na téma Poetika narativních filmů Paola Sorrentina vypracoval samostatně pod odborným dohledem vedoucího práce a uvedl jsem všechny použité podklady a literaturu. V Olomouci dne: Podpis: ……………… Chtěl bych poděkovat doc. Zdeňku Hudcovi, Ph.D. za trpělivost, ochotné vedení této práce a také za cenné a odborné poznámky k textu. Rovněž děkuji mým rodičům za podporu během celého studia. A největší dík patří mé milované Leni, která mi taktéž byla velkou oporou, zejména v době intenzivního psaní práce během podzimních měsíců roku 2017. Název práce: Poetika narativních filmů Paola Sorrentina Jméno: Bc. Josef Kraus Katedra: Katedra divadelních a filmových studií Vedoucí magisterské diplomové práce: doc. Zdeněk Hudec, Ph.D. Počet znaků: 236 309 Počet titulů použité literatury: 28 Abstrakt: Student se bude ve své magisterské diplomové práci zabývat poetikou celovečerních filmů italského režiséra Paola Sorrentina. Analýzu Sorrentinovy filmové poetiky si student klade za hlavní cíl. Dále bude cílem zařadit tvorbu tohoto režiséra do kontextu současné italské kinematografie. Za stěžejní pro svou práci student považuje především studie Davida Bordwella: Poetics of Cinema a Ozu and the Poetics of Cinema. Tyto texty poslouží jako metodologické východisko, přičemž kromě toho bude student vycházet z textů předních neoformalistů, mezi něž patří knihy Making Meaning: Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema a Narration in the Fiction Film od Davida Bordwella. Ten dále společně s Kristin Thompsonovou napsal Umění filmu: Úvod do studia formy a stylu, což je titul rovněž relevantní pro tuto práci. Klíčová slova: Paolo Sorrentino – poetika – narativní film – Přebytečný člověk – Následky lásky – Rodinný přítel – Božský – Tady to musí být – Velká nádhera – Mládí – filmová studia – David Bordwell – italský film Title: Poetics of Narrative Films by Paolo Sorrentino Author: Bc. Josef Kraus Department: Department of Theatre and Film Studies Supervisor: doc. Zdeněk Hudec, Ph.D. Count of sings: 236 309 Count of titles of used literature: 28 Abstract: The student is going to deal with poetics of narrative films by Paolo Sorrentino. The main goal of this thesis is to analyse the poetics of this Italian director. Furthermore, the student aims to put Sorrentino’s poetics into context of contemporary Italian cinema. David Bordwell’s studies Poetics of Cinema and Ozu and the Poetics of Cinema are the most important texts for the student as they form the methodological basement for this thesis. Moreover, the student uses other studies written by famous neoformalists: Making Meaning: Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema and Narration in the Fiction Film. The author of both books is, again, David Bordwell, who wrote another study alongside with his wife Kristin Thompson called Film Art: An Introduction. This study is relevant for the student as well. Key words: Paolo Sorrentino – poetics – narrative film – L’Uomo in più – Le conseguenze dell'amore – L'amico di famiglia – Il divo – This Must Be the Place – La grande bellezza – Youth – film studies – David Bordwell – Italian cinema OBSAH ÚVOD .......................................................................................................................... 9 1. METODOLOGIE ................................................................................................ 15 2. KONTEXTUÁLNÍ ZASAZENÍ FILMOVÉ POETIKY PAOLA SORRENTINA .... 20 2.1. Společensko-politický kontext ........................................................................ 20 2.2. Reflexe společensko-politických událostí v kinematografii ........................... 24 2.3. Regrese italské kinematografie........................................................................ 26 2.4. Úvod do filmové poetiky Paola Sorrentina ..................................................... 30 3. FILMOVÁ POETIKA PAOLA SORRENTINA .............................................. 35 3.1. Odcházení, stárnutí, stereotypy, osamění ........................................................ 35 3.2. Vyprávění v Sorrentinových filmech .............................................................. 42 3.2.1 Konstrukce narativní struktury .................................................................. 43 3.2.2. Rozvolněná kauzalita ................................................................................ 48 3.2.3. Vztah syžetu a fabule ................................................................................ 56 3.2.4. Rozsah a hloubka informací ..................................................................... 62 3.2.5. Formální systém ve filmové poetice Paola Sorrentina ............................. 64 3.3. Filmový styl a jeho účely ................................................................................ 66 3.3.1. Mizanscéna ............................................................................................... 69 3.3.1.1. Kostým a maska ................................................................................. 69 3.3.1.2. Osvětlení ............................................................................................ 71 3.3.1.3. Prostředí ............................................................................................. 73 3.3.1.3.1. Dekorativnost prostředí ............................................................... 73 3.3.1.3.2. Prostředí jako symbol .................................................................. 75 3.3.1.4. Expresivita v chování postav ............................................................. 77 3.3.1.5. Mizanscéna ve filmové poetice Paola Sorrentina .............................. 79 3.3.2. Kamera ...................................................................................................... 81 3.3.2.1. Rámování ........................................................................................... 81 7 3.3.2.1.1. Pohyblivý rám ............................................................................. 83 3.3.2.2 Kamera ve filmové poetice Paola Sorrentina ...................................... 85 3.3.3. Střih ........................................................................................................... 86 3.3.3.1. Ozvláštňující prvky střihu .................................................................. 88 3.3.3.2. Střih ve filmové poetice Paola Sorrentina .......................................... 90 3.3.4. Vidět i slyšet ............................................................................................. 92 3.3.4.1. Zvuk ve filmové poetice Paola Sorrentina ......................................... 96 ZÁVĚR ...................................................................................................................... 97 BIBLIOGRAFIE .................................................................................................... 105 PRAMENY .......................................................................................................... 105 LITERATURA ..................................................................................................... 105 8 ÚVOD Předmětem této magisterské diplomové práce je poetika narativních filmů italského režiséra, scenáristy a spisovatele1 Paola Sorrentina. Jeho rozmanitá tvorba2 zahrnuje groteskní krátkometrážní počiny, příspěvek do povídkového a dokumentárního filmu, režii televizních titulů a seriálu a v neposlední řadě sedm narativních filmů, z nichž mnohé uspěly na světových festivalech3 a film Velká nádhera (2013) dokonce obdržel Cenu akademie za nejlepší cizojazyčný film. Cílem této práce je analýza poetiky narativních filmů tohoto režiséra na základě poetologického konceptu Davida Bordwella. Zajímá mě, v jakém socio-kulturním kontextu vznikají jeho filmy, jakými tématy se v nich zabývá a jakými formálními a stylistickými prostředky ona témata vyjadřuje. Paolo Sorrentino debutoval v roce 2001 filmem L’Uomo in più (slovenský distributor uváděl film pod názvem Prebytočny človek4) a již v tomto debutu lze najít několik formálních a stylistických aspektů, které se později stanou charakteristickými znaky Sorrentinovy filmové poetiky: 1) zájem o mužského protagonistu, jenž v určité fázi svého života musí čelit existenciální krizi, 2) umělecký modus narace, 3) dekorativnost stylu a 4) zasazování hudby do diegetického světa filmu. Tyto aspekty se v menší či větší míře objevují ve všech následujících Sorrentinových filmech, které byly natočeny před dokončením této diplomové práce: Následky lásky (Le conseguenze dell'amore, 2004), Rodinný přítel (L'amico di famiglia, 2006), Božský (Il divo, 2008), Tady to musí být (This Must Be the Place, 2011), Velká nádhera (La grande bellezza, 2013) a Mládí (Youth, 2015). Každým dalším filmovým dílem získával Paolo Sorrentino více pozornosti, a proto již několik let patří mezi etablované 1 Roku 2010 debutoval Paolo Sorrentino knihou Hanno tutti ragione, jež v anglickém překladu nese název Everybody’s Right. Dále dodejme, že Sorrentino je zároveň autorem všech scénářů ke svým filmům. 2 Kromě sedmi narativních filmů Sorrentino režíroval krátkometrážní počiny Un paradiso (1994), L'amore non
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