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The Effects of 3-D Geophysical Exploration on the Relative Abundance of Phytoplankton and Fish Species in Surface Water Resources of North Western Imo State, Nigeria

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The Effects of 3-D Geophysical Exploration on the Relative Abundance of Phytoplankton and Fish Species in Surface Water Resources of North Western Imo State, Nigeria International Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Vol.5, No.5; May-2019; ISSN (1573-1405); p –ISSN 0920-5691 Impact factor: 3.57 THE EFFECTS OF 3-D GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION ON THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND FISH SPECIES IN SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF NORTH WESTERN IMO STATE, NIGERIA Chukwu Kevin E. Ph.D. Dept. Of Geography and Meteorology Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu. Abstract: This work examines the effects of three-dimensional seismic exploration on the relative abundance of phyto-plankton community and fish species in Oguta Lake and Njaba River in Imo State. The 3D seismic activity utilizes the Brickwall technique comprising surveying, drilling and recording of seismic waves from dynamite detonation to evaluate the hydro-carbon potential of the sub-surface. A 4cm mesh plankton and a taxonomic guide are used for classification and identification. Fish species are observed from the catch by local fishermen. Three algae classes (Chlorophy Ceae, Cyanophy Ceae and bacillariophy Ceae) are discovered in Oguta Lake. The 3D seismic activity has little effect on phytoplankton diversity in Oguta Lake. Twenty-six species of plankton belonging to four classes (bacillariophy Ceae, Dinophy Ceae Cyanophy Ceae and Chlorophy Ceae) are found in the Njaba River with a low diversity ranging from 5.390 to 8380 cells per little due to the 3D seismic activity. Forty-eight species of fish belonging to 17 families are identified in Oguta lake. 19 species of fish belonging to 8 families are observed in Njaba River. Active fishing is absent due to dynamite effects. The authors therefore recommend environmental awareness campaigns for Geophysical company staff coupled with mitigative measures for adverse impacts on aquatic life species to ensure the sustainability of such wetland land resources. Keywords: Geophyiscal, Seismic, exploration, brickwall Imo State. 1.0 INTRODUCTION: 158 environmental studies have been conducted in the upstream Severe damage to wetland has been occurring worldwide in sector in the following categories: Australia, Canada, USA, and Nigeria. In Nigeria the E1A (Environmental Impact Assessment) 76. 20,000sq.krn Niger Delta threatened wetland covering many EER (Environmental Evaluation Report) 63. ecological zones houses her most important oil mineral Ewurum (2001) and Ekop (2004) have pointed out that some producing states (Ajadike, 2004; Ukpong and Akpabio, 2003). companies still do not carry out any form of study inspite of the Concern for the environmental effects of oil mineral activities in fact that the Environmental Guidelines and Standards have the oil producing areas of Niger Delta wetland started gaining prescribed this since 1991. Majority of such companies are considerable attention in the 1980s (Ekop, 2004; Ukpong and found within the geophysical seismic industries where the Akpabio, 2003; Ewurum, 2001). Some oil companies started number of E.I.A. reports has been very few, about six since 1991 also evolving and implementing policies aimed at protecting the (Ifeadi and Orubima, 1996). In fact Essaghah (1999) has environment of their operational areas. observed that the situation in the down stream sector has been Ifeadi and Orubirna (1996) and Ewurum (2001) conducted a very poor and that only the NNPC oil refining company at Port detailed investigation on EIA studies in the Nigerian petroleum Harcourt has conducted three studies, one in 1994, another in industry between 1991 and 1995. They discovered that a total of 1995 and the third in 1996. International Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Official Publication of Center for International Research Development Double Blind Peer and Editorial Review International Referred Journal; Globally index Available www.cird.online/IRJASET: E-mail: [email protected] pg. 33 International Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Vol.5, No.5; May-2019; ISSN (1573-1405); p –ISSN 0920-5691 Impact factor: 3.57 2.0 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM: researchers have decided to carry out this investigation on the Aggressive geophysical seismic exploration has led to the effects of three dimensional geoseismic exploration on the discovery of new oil fields in rivers, Akwa Ibom, Cross Rivers, relative abundance of phytoplankton and fish species in surface Edo, Delta and Imo States since the past 50 years with their water resources of north western part of Imo State in order to associated environmental effects. Between 1996 and 1997, close the research gap. It is against this background that the aims Nigeria recorded 5334 oil spill incidents with severe ecological and objectives of our investigation are defined. damages. 3.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Oniawa (1995) and Ewurum (2001), Ukpong and Akpabio The main aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of three (2003) have noted that the environmental guidelines and dimensional geophysical seismic exploration on the relative standards for the petroleum industry in Nigeria stipulate E.l.A abundance of phytoplankton and fish species in surface water for the following five activities. resources of north western Imo state. i. Drilling operations (exploration, appraisal, and To achieve this goal, the specific objectives of our investigation development of oil wells) for onshore and near shore areas. are designed: ii. Construction of crude oil production tank farm and (i) To find out the activities involved in the 3D terminal activities. geophysical seismic exploration of oil in the northwestern part of iii. Laying of crude oil and gas delivery line, flow-ine and Irno State. pipeline in excess of 50km in length. (ii) To examine the effect of 3D seismic activity on the iv. Hydrocarbon processing facilities. diversity and relative abundance of the phytoplankton v. Construction of product depot with combined capacity community of Oguta lake and Njaba river in the study area of 80,000bbls and located within 3km of any commercial or (iii) To investigate the impact of 3D seismic exploration on residential area. the composition of fish species in the surface water resources of Environmental impact Assessment (E.l.A) was first adopted in the study area. The achievement of these objectives will enable the U.S.A. in 1969 due to the problems from two incidents us evolve suitable mitigative measures for adverse impact on which caused large spillages resulting in unprecedented damage aquatic life species to ensure the sustainability of such wetland to aquatic and marine life species (Urneh and Uchegbu, 1997). resources. The National Environmental policy Act of U.S.A became 4.0 THE STUDY AREA effective in January 1, 1970. Consequently, many countries 4.1 LOCATION: started to formulate their E.l.A. policies to suit their legislative, The study area lies within the northwestern part of Imo State. It political and institutional frame works. in Nigeria, the E.I.A. is located approximately between latitudes 05° 36’ 44” and 05° decree of No. 86 of 1992 was promulgated solely to provide 45’ 10” north of the equator and longitudes 06° 44’ 03” and 06° legal muscle for the enforcement of the policies relating to the 37’ 37” east of the Greenwich meridian. need for studies on the environmental impacts of both public and The study area comprises four local government area Oguta, Oru private sector projects during the planning stages of such East, Oru West and Mbaitolu — in Imo State (See fig 1). The projects. Ewurum ( 2001) noted that the overall aim is to seismic geophysical block of the study area covers about improve the suitability of the project within its proposed 200km2. environment and lead to a more efficient use of resources than if 4.2 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION: remedial measures were to be introduced in an already impacted The climate of the study area is the sub-equatorial type which environment. may be classified in the Koppen’s Af tropical wet climate. The Unfortunately, not much investigation has been conducted on the annual rainfall is over 2000mm most of which is convective environmental impact of geophysical seismic exploration type. There is no month without rainfall. The driest month does activities in Nigeria. This research gap explains why the not register rainfall amount below 25.0mm. There are two International Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Official Publication of Center for International Research Development Double Blind Peer and Editorial Review International Referred Journal; Globally index Available www.cird.online/IRJASET: E-mail: [email protected] pg. 34 International Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Vol.5, No.5; May-2019; ISSN (1573-1405); p –ISSN 0920-5691 Impact factor: 3.57 periods of maximum rainfall in June/July and September/ The stratigraphic succession of the drainage basin is presented in October. A little dry season (usually known as August break) is Table 1. experienced during the wet season between the last week of July TABLE 1: STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION OF THE and third week of August. Wet season commences from early BASIN: March to early part of November. The onset and ceasation of the S/N FORMATION AGE wet season in the study area is related to the shifting position of 1 Deltaic formation Late Pleistocene— the Inter — tropical Discontinuity (l.T.D.) determined by the Holocene two prevailing air masses blowing over Nigeria as a whole. 2 Benin formation (or coastal Oligocene — These air masses are the tropical continental air mass, Tc plains sands) Pleistocene (blowing from northeast during the dry season) and the tropical 3 Ogwashi—Asaba formation Oligocene — Miocene maritime air mass, Tm (blowing from the southwest and 4 Ameke formation Eocene originating from the Atlantic ocean) during wet season. 5 Imo shale Paleocene The Harmattan, a dusty dry wind, is prevalent in the area in (Source: C.G.G. (Nig.) Ltd. Owerri, 2000) December and January and it is ushered in by the north easterly The Benin formation (coastal plain sands) outcrops on the Tc air mass.
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