4. Etnická Detektivka

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4. Etnická Detektivka Univerzita Pardubice Fakulta filosofická Ústav historických věd Americká současná etnická detektivka Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Šárka Bubíková, Ph.D. Pardubice 2018 Jakub Škuta Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci napsal samostatně, s pomocí literatury a pramenů uvedených v bibliografii. V Pardubicích dne: Jakub Škuta Poděkování: Tímto bych chtěl poděkovat své vedoucí diplomové práce paní doc. Mgr. Šárce Bubíkové, Ph.D. za ohromnou pomoc a podporu. Také chci poděkovat univerzitní knihovně, za to, že mi pomohla sehnat primární literaturu. Anotace Diplomová práce se věnuje problematice současné americké detektivní prózy, v jejímž rámci se zaměřuje na tzv. etnickou detektivku. S využitím relevantní sekundární literatury je stručně nastíněn vývoj detektivky a specifika žánru. Dále se zaměřuje na charakterizaci současného fenoménu tzv. etnické detektivky, které je na základně vybraných autorů definována a zanalyzována. Annotation Title: Contemporary American Ethnic Crime Fiction This thesis is focused on a specific subgenre of contemporary American crime fiction called ethnic crime friction. With relevant secondary literature, the history and development of detective genre are briefly outlined. The main part of this thesis provides looks on the specific characteristics of this genre, which are then analyzed based on selected authors. Klíčová slova Etnicita, kultura, minority, detektivka, protagonista, motiv, rasismus. Keywords Ethnicity, culture, minorities, detective fiction, protagonist, motive, racism. “Everything is connected. The wing of the corn beetle affects the direction of the wind, the way the sand drifts, the way the light reflects into the eye of man beholding his reality. All is part of totality, and in this totality man finds his hozro, his way of walking in harmony, with beauty all around him.” ― Tony Hillerman, The Ghostway 1. ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. CO JE DETEKTIVKA? ...................................................................................................... 3 2. 1. PRAVIDLA DETEKTIVKY ............................................................................................................... 6 3. HISTORIE DETEKTIVNÍ FIKCE .................................................................................... 8 3. 1. CO BYLO PŘED MODERNÍ DETEKTIVKOU? .................................................................................... 8 3. 2. MODERNÍ DETEKTIVKA .............................................................................................................. 10 3. 3. DETEKTIVKA OD 20. STOLETÍ DO SOUČASNOSTI ........................................................................ 14 4. ETNICKÁ DETEKTIVKA ............................................................................................... 18 4. 1. ETNICITA A RASA ....................................................................................................................... 21 4. 2. POSTAVA VYŠETŘOVATELE V KONTEXTU ETNICKÉ DETEKTIVKY ............................................. 23 4. 2. 1. Dana Stabenow – Kate Shugak ........................................................................................................ 23 4. 2. 2. Walter Mosley – Ezekiel Rawlins .................................................................................................... 34 4. 2. 3. Aimée a David Thurlo – Ella Clah ................................................................................................... 42 4. 2. 4. Tony a Anne Hillermanovi – Joe Leaphorn, Jim Chee a Bernadette Manuelito .............................. 51 5. AMERICKÁ ETNICKÁ DETEKTIVKA ....................................................................... 74 5. 1. TRADICE A KULTURA ................................................................................................................. 86 5. 2. ROLE KRAJINY A PŘÍRODY ......................................................................................................... 96 5. 3. RASISMUS ................................................................................................................................ 103 5. 4. GENDER.................................................................................................................................... 120 5. 5. ALUZE ...................................................................................................................................... 125 6. ZÁVĚR .............................................................................................................................. 127 7. BIBLIOGRAFIE .............................................................................................................. 132 8. RESUMÉ ........................................................................................................................... 136 1. Úvod Populární literatura, ke které bezpochyby náleží také detektivní romány, patří dnes k té literatuře, která se těší velké čtenářské oblibě. V knihkupectvích na zákazníky vždy pokukují nové a nové tituly ze všech různých koutů světa. Jeden z podžánrů detektivky je však u našich čtenářů téměř neznámý. Tím je etnická detektivka pocházející ze Spojených států. Účelem této diplomové práce je převážně definovat tento žánr jakožto plnohodnotný podžánr detektivní fikce, a to na základě primární literatury, kde budu hledat jejich společné rysy. Je pravděpodobné, pokud bych se mohl někoho zeptat, jakou zná výraznou detektivní postavu, že by odpovědí bylo jedno ze jmen minulosti, jako je například notoricky známý Sherlock Holmes z pera Edgara Alana Poea. Vybaví si však někdo hrdiny nějaké americké etnické detektivky? Nejspíše ne, a kdyby ano, stálo by jej to určitě značné úsilí. Jedním z cílů této práce je tak také seznámit čtenáře s tímto unikátním podžánrem, který u nás ještě čeká na své objevení. Je nutné zmínit, že cílem není detailní analýza americké etnické detektivky, neb je to téma tak rozsáhlé, které by jinak přesáhlo svůj rámec, proto se zaměřím na možnosti americké etnické detektivky a vypíchnu ty nejvýraznější body. K těmto prioritním bodům patří například postava samotného detektiva. Jelikož jde o nejpodstatnější postavu celého knižního díla, představuje tak určité hodnoty, které jsou například definovány jeho minoritní etnicitou. Prostřednictvím těchto protagonistů nahlédneme do jiného světa, do světa indiánů, černochů, a i jiných etnických skupin. Etnický detektiv reprezentuje své etnikum chováním, jednáním a celkovým výstupem. Náhledem do dějových linek odhalíme častá témata, která se v nich vyskytují, a tím také zjistíme, zda se nějaká z nich prolínají napříč autory. Detektivka by ale nebyla detektivkou, kdyby hlavním centrem nebyl zločin, který je potřeba vyšetřit, a je to také detektiv, který nám ukáže, jak zvládá plnit tyto náročné úkoly. Detektiv sám o sobě je postava nesmírně bohatá, ale sám americkou etnickou detektivku netvoří. Každý autor těchto detektivek má svůj osobitý styl, který prezentuje prostřednictvím svého díla, každý je jinak jedinečný, jinak dobrý. Mezi představitele americké etnické detektivky, které jsem pro tuto práci zvolil, patří Tony Hillerman, jakožto jeden ze „zakladatelů“ tohoto žánru, Walter Mosley jako můj jediný představitel černošské minority, manželé David a Aimée Thurlo, kteří se společně inspirovali právě Hillermanem, dále 1 Hillermanova dcera Anne, která po svém otci převzala víc než jen talent, a také Dana Stabenow, která svá díla usadila do své domoviny, na Aljašku mezi Aleuty. Bude zajímavé sledovat, jak se každý jeden z autorů popasoval se svou rolí autora etnické detektivky, jelikož sami jsou často členy různých etnických minorit. Pro tuto práci je tak podstatné, zanalyzovat jednotlivá knižní díla, a provést jejich komparaci na základě několika nejvýraznějších témat a bodů. Na začátku diplomové práce je stěžejní čtenářům přiblížit samotný, v podstatě stále mladý, literární žánr detektivní fikce. V tomto krátkém historickém sledu představím nejvýraznější detektivní autory minulosti a jejich známé postavy. Zaměřím se také na to, jaká pravidla detektiva měla a má a co od ní můžeme čekat. Jelikož pracuji ale s etnickou detektivní fikcí, je nezbytné také definovat dva pojmy. Tedy samotnou etnicitu a s ní také pojem rasa, které nemají stejnou definici. Následně se pokusím definovat tento jedinečný detektivní subžánr a odlišit jej od jiných. Tato zjištění pak mohu aplikovat na samotná detektivní díla, hlavní protagonisty a nejvýraznější témata, která se v nich objevují. Mezi tato témata, kterými se budu zabývat, patří zaprvé zaměření na dané etnikum. Převážně jak je reprezentováno samotným detektivem, a také jak je autorem vyobrazeno prostřednictvím historie, tradic a kultury v příbězích. S kulturou se pro některá etnika pojí i důležitá role krajiny, ve které žijí, a příroda, která je obklopuje, proto i tomuto budu věnovat pozornost. Téma, které se prolíná skrze všemi autory, je rasismus, což je jeden z motivů, který jsou pro etnickou detektivku příznačný. Mimo tato témata se okrajově zaměřím také na genderovou analýzu literárních děl prostřednictvím převážně hlavních protagonistů, ale taktéž z celkového pohledu na individuální autory. V samém závěru také zaměřím svou pozornost na nejrůznější aluze, které se v americké etnické detektivce vyskytují, jelikož v malém měřítku pomáhají dodat onen americký nádech. Výsledkem této diplomové práce tak bude představit detektivní subžánr americké
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