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Ovid, Fasti 1.63-294 (Translated By, and Adapted Notes From, A
Ovid, Fasti 1.63-294 (translated by, and adapted notes from, A. S. Kline) [Latin text; 8 CE] Book I: January 1: Kalends See how Janus1 appears first in my song To announce a happy year for you, Germanicus.2 Two-headed Janus, source of the silently gliding year, The only god who is able to see behind him, Be favourable to the leaders, whose labours win Peace for the fertile earth, peace for the seas: Be favourable to the senate and Roman people, And with a nod unbar the shining temples. A prosperous day dawns: favour our thoughts and speech! Let auspicious words be said on this auspicious day. Let our ears be free of lawsuits then, and banish Mad disputes now: you, malicious tongues, cease wagging! See how the air shines with fragrant fire, And Cilician3 grains crackle on lit hearths! The flame beats brightly on the temple’s gold, And spreads a flickering light on the shrine’s roof. Spotless garments make their way to Tarpeian Heights,4 And the crowd wear the colours of the festival: Now the new rods and axes lead, new purple glows, And the distinctive ivory chair feels fresh weight. Heifers that grazed the grass on Faliscan plains,5 Unbroken to the yoke, bow their necks to the axe. When Jupiter watches the whole world from his hill, Everything that he sees belongs to Rome. Hail, day of joy, and return forever, happier still, Worthy to be cherished by a race that rules the world. But two-formed Janus what god shall I say you are, Since Greece has no divinity to compare with you? Tell me the reason, too, why you alone of all the gods Look both at what’s behind you and what’s in front. -
On the Months (De Mensibus) (Lewiston, 2013)
John Lydus On the Months (De mensibus) Translated with introduction and annotations by Mischa Hooker 2nd edition (2017) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations .......................................................................................... iv Introduction .............................................................................................. v On the Months: Book 1 ............................................................................... 1 On the Months: Book 2 ............................................................................ 17 On the Months: Book 3 ............................................................................ 33 On the Months: Book 4 January ......................................................................................... 55 February ....................................................................................... 76 March ............................................................................................. 85 April ............................................................................................ 109 May ............................................................................................. 123 June ............................................................................................ 134 July ............................................................................................. 140 August ........................................................................................ 147 September ................................................................................ -
First King of Rome Romulus Calendar 753 BC Martius (31 Days)
First King of Rome Second King of Rome Julius Caesar Pope Gregory XIII God and Jesus Christ Romulus Calendar Numa Calendar Julian Calendar Gregorian Calendar New Jerusalem Calendar 753 BC 715 BC 45 BC 1582 AD (The Present) Martius (31 days) Martius (31 days) Ianuarius (31 days) January (31 days) New Year Day 0/0 Leap Day 0/1 Aprilus (30 days) Aprilus (29 days) Februarius (28/29 days) February (28/29 days) March (30 days) Maius (31 days) Martius (31 days) March (31 days) Maius (31 days) April (31 days) Iunius (29 days) Aprilus (30 days) April (30 days) Iunius (30 days) May (31 days) May (30 days) Quintilus (31 days) Maius(31 days) June (30 days) Quintilus (31 days) June (30 days) Sextilus (29 days) Iunius (30 days) July (31 days) Sextilus (30 days) July (31 days) September (29 days) Iulius (31 days) August (30 days) August (31 days) September (30 days) October (31 days) Augustus (31 days) September (30 days) September (30 days) October (31 days) November (29 days) September (30 days) October (31 days) October (31 days) November (30 days) November (30 days) December (29 days) October (31days) November (30 days) December (30 days) December (30 days) Ianuarius (29 days) November (30 days) December (31 days) January (31 days) Winter day period Februarius (28 days) December (31 days) February (30 days) Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: At some point between Year of Confusion in Martius (March) the Although the Gregorian On the New Jerusalem first month. New Year 715 BC and 45 BC the 46 BC had 445 days. -
0 Contents.Qxd
Chronology Chart 1-6 Roman Calendar Explanation At the time of Christ, the Roman calendar and dating system were used throughout the Roman Empire. The calendar derived from the old lunar calendar of the Etruscans, which was designed to keep record of times for religious observances and festivals, and which retained as principal days of the month the kalends (first), nones (fifth or seventh), and ides (thirteenth or fifteenth), based originally on the phases of the moon. The months had been restructured by the Romans into a solar calendar of twelve months with several intercalary days at the end of February. March was the first Roman month, making September the seventh, October the eighth, etc. These names derive from the Latin words for seven (septem), eight (octo), and so on. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 B.C., which version operated in New Testament times and still forms the basis of our own modern calendar today. Roman years were numbered ab urbe condita, “from the founding of the city.” The year we call 753 B.C. was the Roman year 1, the year that Rome is believed to have been established. References John F. Hall, “March Gods and the Etruscan New Year,” in By Study and Also By Faith (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1990), 1:643–58. A. K. Michels, The Calendar of the Roman Republic (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967). Charting the New Testament, © 2002 Welch, Hall, FARMS Roman Calendar Kalendae First day of the month Named for Mars, Martius the god of the New Year Named for Aprilia, Aprilis Idus The fifteenth of March, a goddess of spring May, July, and October, but the thirteenth of all Named for Maia, other months. -
History of the Calendar
History of the Calendar The premise of the earliest Roman calendar is the meshing of a thirty-day lunar cycle with an eight-day market week (the interval required for the processing of goat’s cheese). Four months of thirty days each was the soonest these two units can be integrated. 120 days also roughly corresponds with the gestation period of a pig. The first month of the Roman year was March, followed by April, May, and June. March is named after the god of war, Mars. April is derived from the word aper, a boar. May is probably related to an old word for a sow, and June is named after the queen of the gods, Juno. There is evidence to suggest that March and June were originally named Caprotinus and Fabarius, words also related to the raising of pigs. According to tradition, around 738 B.C. Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome, added six months to the calendar. He unimaginatively named them the fifth through tenth months. An additional day was added to March, May, July, and October to maintain the eight-day market week –304 days. Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, added January (29 days) and February (28 days), and he took away one day each from the thirty-day months – 355 days. This calendar does not maintain the eight-day market week, but it does roughly coincide with twelve cycles of the moon, a lunar year. Initially intercalary days were added at the end of February to keep the calendar in line with the eight-day market week; later an intercalary month (Mercedonius) was added in alternate years to bring the lunar year into accord with the solar year and the changes in the seasons. -
The Religion of Ancient Rome
The Religion Of Ancient Rome By Cyril Bailey THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT ROME CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION—SOURCES AND SCOPE The conditions of our knowledge of the native religion of early Rome may perhaps be best illustrated by a parallel from Roman archæology. The visitor to the Roman Forum at the present day, if he wishes to reconstruct in imagination the Forum of the early Republic, must not merely 'think away' many strata of later buildings, but, we are told, must picture to himself a totally different orientation of the whole: the upper layer of remains, which he sees before him, is for his purpose in most cases not merely useless, but positively misleading. In the same way, if we wish to form a picture of the genuine Roman religion, we cannot find it immediately in classical literature; we must banish from our minds all that is due to the contact with the East and Egypt, and even with the other races of Italy, and we must imagine, so to speak, a totally different mental orientation before the great influx of Greek literature and Greek thought, which gave an entirely new turn to Roman ideas in general, and in particular revolutionised religion by the introduction of anthropomorphic notions and sensuous representations. But in this difficult search we are not left without indications to guide us. In the writings of the savants of the late Republic and of the Empire, and in the Augustan poets, biassed though they are in their interpretations by Greek tendencies, there is embodied a great wealth of ancient custom and ritual, which becomes significant when we have once got the clue to its meaning. -
January 2015
Bowerston Public Library Newsletter January 2015 Best Sellers B o w e r s t o n P u b lic L ib r a r y FICTION BEST SELLERS NON-FICTION BEST THE ESCAPE SELLERS Library Board of Trustees: Davis Baldacci REVIVAL KILLING PATTON President: William W. Titley Stephen King Bill O’Reilley and Martin Dugard THE MISTLETOE PROMISE Vice-President: Susan Cook Richard Paul Evans 13 HOURS THE JOB Mitchell Zuckoff Secretary: Kathy Bower Janet Evanovich & Lee Goldburg LILA WHAT IF Les Berg Marilynne Robinson Randall Munroe BLUE LABRYNTH Kevin Willoughby Douglas Preston & Lincoln Child DIARY OF A MAD DIVA SHOPAHOLIC TO THE STARS Joan Rivers Dianne Cole Sophie Kinsella Logan Putnam THE HURRICANE SISTERS Dorothea Benton Frank We Will Be Closed THE MATCHMAKER Elin Hilderbrand THE INVENTION OF WINGS CHRISTMAS EVE Sue Monk Kidd & CHRISTMAS DAY Library Hours Monday 10 - 8 We will be open Tuesday 10 - 5 10-12 Wednesday 10 - 5 New Years Eve Thursday 10 - 8 & Friday 10 - 2 Closed New Years Day Saturday 9 - 1 Sunday Closed DVD’S BOOKS Place these Place on Hold NOW!! New Books on Hold Library or from your home computer at www.bowerstonlibrary.org STORY HOUR FIRST WEDNESDAY Available for Reserve Now of the Month The Burning Room by Michael Connelly Blue Labyrinth by Douglas Preston 10:30 - 11:15 Flesh and Blood by Patricia Cornwell Private India: City on Fire by James Patterson A String of Beads by Thomas Perry Hope to Die by James Patterson Toddlers and preschoolers: Join us for a The Escape by David Baldacci fun-filled morning of stories, activities, The Cinderella Murder by Mary Higgins Clark crafts. -
Renaissance Scholarship and the Athenian Calendar Paul Botley
Renaissance Scholarship and the Athenian Calendar Paul Botley HERE WERE MANY calendars in use in the ancient Greek world. That the Athenian calendar survived them all T was principally due to the enduring attractions of her literature. Subsequently, this calendar was used by writers who did not fully understand its complexities, and the surviving references to it in ancient texts are often difficult to reconcile. The fifteenth century saw the first attempts since antiquity to reconstruct this ancient system of reckoning. The first part of this paper draws attention to a lost work of Manuel Chrysoloras on the months. It examines what the Greek and Latin reference works available to contemporaries had to say on the subject of the Athenian calendar, and it as- sesses their value in establishing the correct sequence of the months. It looks at a number of versions of this calendar which were used by fifteenth-century translators. Finally, it details the production and diffusion of Theodore Gaza’s influential treat- ise on the Athenian calendar, De mensibus. This first part touches on the erratic and inconsistent ap- pearances of the Athenian months in a number of fifteenth- century lexica. The second part provides a detailed account of the Athenian calendar as it appeared in all the Greek-Latin lex- ica printed between 1478 and 1530. This calendar, very widely diffused, was quite different from that promulgated in Gaza’s De mensibus. These surveys were conducted in the belief that the history of scholarship is a subject worth studying for its own sake.1 In this 1 Three works are valuable for the periods before and after this study: P. -
About Calendars, Calendar Changes and a Tiny Bit of Astronomy
About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. Joana Soldado Magraner February 5, 2015 Joana Soldado Magraner About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. Introduction. The tiny bit of Astronomy. Tropical (solar) year: time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth. Typically from vernal equinox to vernal equinox. About 20 minutes shorter than the time it takes Earth to complete one full orbit around the Sun as measured with respect to the fixed stars (the sidereal year). The approximation of 365.25 days for the tropical year: known for a long time but not used directly, since ancient calendars were not solar (except Egyptian and Iranian) Joana Soldado Magraner About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. The Julian calendar. A little bit of history Introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. It was a reform of the Roman calendar. The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March, resulting in an intercalary year of 377-378 days. With some refinements, this system averages the length of the year to 365.25 days. However... The last years of the pre-Julian calendar were later known as "years of confusion". Joana Soldado Magraner About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. The Julian calendar. A little bit of history Caesar's reform was intended to solve this problem permanently, by creating a calendar that remained aligned to the sun without any human intervention. -
Fecunditas, Sterilitas, and the Politics of Reproduction at Rome Angela Grace
FECUNDITAS, STERILITAS, AND THE POLITICS OF REPRODUCTION AT ROME ANGELA GRACE HUG A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO DECEMBER 2014 © ANGELA GRACE HUG, 2014 Abstract This dissertation is a cultural history of the role of human fertility – fecunditas – in Ancient Roman society c. 200 B.C. – A.D. 250. I ask how the Romans chose to understand human fertility, how they sought to preserve and encourage it, and how the absence of fertility affected their marriages, their families and their political careers. It is an investigation of the place of fertility in the Roman cultural consciousness. Using a wide range of sources – literary, epigraphic, papyrological, juridical, and numismatic – I argue that the Romans conceptualized fecunditas (fertility) not just as a generic female quality, but as one of the cardinal virtues that all married women were expected to embody. A woman’s fecunditas could be evaluated and judged according to how many children she bore, how often she became pregnant, and how many of her children survived into adulthood. Although fecunditas was constructed as a female responsibility, élite Roman men were able to take advantage of having a fertile wife. Official benefits, such as those accrued by law under the ius trium liberorum, the rights of three children, brought one level of honour. An élite man could also exploit the fecunditas of his wife to increase his own social capital. In return, women of proven fertility were thought to deserve conjugal loyalty from their husbands and ought not to be divorced. -
Essay: Measuring Time in Ancient Rome (P
SOCIETAS VIA ROMANA NEWSLETTER BIMONTHLY MAGAZINE: YEAR 1 - ISSUE 1 (july / august 2755 AUC) In this issue: Editorial 1 Trivia 2 Message from the consules 3 Essay: Measuring time in ancient Rome (P. Dionysius Mus) 6 Cartoon 8 News from the collegia 9 Essay: Chronus (Romulus Aurelius Orcus) 10 Interview: Gnaeus Dionysius Draco Invictus 13 Message from the editor 16 Caesar: History by Television (M. Moravius Horatianus Piscinus) 17 Games 18 T H E F I R S T W O R D S … Roar the drums, sound the trumpets! I proudly present the first issue of our new Societas Via Romana newsletter! Available to all our members, and everyone outside the Societas, downloadable through our website. This will be a bimonthly magazine during the first year, a try-out year. For now, the newsletter has no name. There is however a contest to find a suitable name. Everyone can participate, just look on page …! The magazine will be electronically available in pdf format. To read and print the downloaded pdf newsletter, you Acrobat Reader on your computer (available for free at http://www.adobe.com). This first issue is filled with lots of interesting stuff, so start reading and discover for yourself!! The next issue will be available on September 1st. 2 TRIVIA In this section you will find all pieces of news, gathered by the editor, or sent by members. Make sure this section gets filled for our next issue: If you want to post something here, send your message to [email protected] 3 MESSAGE FROM THE CONSULES The consul speaks! In each issue, one of our consules will address the members in this section. -
Measures of Time
PTOLEMAIC l Earth UNITS TO EARTH FRENCH DAY ENGLISH DAY l PtolemaeusMoon 33–64 lundi monday l Mercury 64–166 mercredi wednesday l Venus 166–1,079 vendredi friday l Sun 1,160–1,260 dimanche sunday l Mars 1,260–8,820 mardi tuesday l Jupiter 8,820–14,187 jeudi thursday l Saturn 14,187–19,865 samedi saturday M ’ ’ The gods rotate through the days hours, each days first hour sacred to that god. ° ° ° ° ° ° 1Romans Saturn* Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus 2 Jupiter Venus Saturn Sun Moon Mars 3 Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Sun 4 Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus WEDNESDAY 5 Venus Saturn Sun Moon Mars Woden 6 Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Sun Wotan, Odin 7 Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus highest 8 Saturn Sun Moon Mars Teutonic god, 9 Jupiter Venus Saturn Sun linked with the 10 Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Roman god, 11 Sun Moon Mars Mercury 12 Venus Saturn Sun 13 Mercury Jupiter Venus 14 Moon Mars FRIDAY 15 Saturn Sun Frija 16 Jupiter Venus Frigg, Freyja 17 Mars love and 18 Sun Mars fertility in men 19 Venus Sun Mars and women, 20 Mercury Venus Sun Mars linked with 21 Moon Mars Mercury Venus Sun the Roman 22 Saturn Sun Moon Mars Mercury Venus goddess, Venus 23 Jupiter Venus Saturn Sun Moon Mars Mercury ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 24 Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Sun Moon TUESDAY * Saturn, the bringer of bad luck, evaded by doing nothing on his“ day. In 321” AD the 1st Tiw Christian Roman emperor Constantine the Great shifted the day of rest to Sunday.