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Damages and Dreams from a 20-Year-Old Conflict. the Case of Rosia Montana and the Struggle for Sustainability

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Damages and Dreams from a 20-Year-Old Conflict. the Case of Rosia Montana and the Struggle for Sustainability Örebro University Master’s Course in Sociology with a Sustainable Development Focus Supervisor: Benedict Singleton Examiner: Ylva Uggla Date: 28 May 2018 Damages and dreams from a 20-year-old conflict. The case of Rosia Montana and the struggle for sustainability Student: Denisa Elena Leonte 1 I thank my family and friends for supporting me throughout the process of writing this thesis. To Octavian, Oana, Irina, Frita, and Raluca 2 Abstract How do transitions to sustainability emerge? Save Rosia Montana Campaign is a representative socio-environmental movement, that cancelled an open-cast gold mining project in the urban- village of Rosia Montana, Romania. After almost 20 years of conflict with the mining project initiators, the people that oppose mining are now struggling for implementing tourism as an alternative development of the place, that could allow the possibility of sustainable development. The research aims to assess the extent that Rosia Montana represents an example of an environmental conflict that generates change towards sustainable development. The paper reconstructs the history of conflict around Rosia Montana by using the theoretical framework of ecological distribution conflict, while it's investigating the outcomes that this struggle produced. By revealing the visions of sustainable development and the challenges experienced by the opposition to mining, we can understand the notion of alternatives in conflict. The alternatives to development from Rosia Montana are questioning conventional perceptions of development and democracy, while requesting social transformation for meeting their needs and enhancing their quality of life. Keywords: ecological distribution conflict, alternative development, environmental justice movements, sustainability transitions. 3 List of abbreviations. Table no. 1 RMGC Rosia Montana Gold Corporation SRMC Save Rosia Montana Campaign UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites LVC La Via Campesina This table includes the abbreviations that will be used throughout the paper. List of tables and figures: 1. Table no. 1- List of abbreviation 2. Table no. 2 - Anonymisation of respondents 3. Figure no. 1 - The circular motion presented in the conceptual framework by Scheidel et al. (2017) Source: (Scheidel, Temper, Demaria, & Martínez-Alier, 2017) 4. Table no. 3 - Concerns about the mining project 4 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 List of abbreviations. Table no. 1 ................................................................................................................................... 4 List of tables and figures: .................................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Background ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 3. Research aim and research questions ............................................................................................................... 11 4. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 4.1 A study case ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Methods .................................................................................................................................................................. 14 4.3 Choosing fieldwork .............................................................................................................................................. 16 4.4 Ethics ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17 5. Theory ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18 5.1 Political Ecology .................................................................................................................................................... 18 5.1.1 Environmental Justice Organisations ....................................................................................................... 20 5.2 The conceptual framework of Ecological distribution conflicts as forces for sustainability ............... 21 5.3 Theories of development and alternative economies ................................................................................. 27 6. Rosia Montana as an environmental distribution conflict ............................................................................. 29 7. Visions of sustainable development. Beginnings, initiatives and the narrative ......................................... 35 7.1 Beginnings ............................................................................................................................................................... 35 7.2 Initiatives for sustainable development ........................................................................................................... 37 7.2.1 Adopt a house ............................................................................................................................................... 37 7.2.2 Rosia Montana Cultural Foundation ........................................................................................................ 38 7.2.3 Living with purpose (Trai Cu Rost) ......................................................................................................... 39 7.3 A narrative of sustainability................................................................................................................................ 39 8. Legacies of conflict ................................................................................................................................................. 41 9. Alternatives and transitions towards sustainability ........................................................................................ 46 9.1 Alternatives as part of the struggle .................................................................................................................. 47 9.2 Signs of transition? ............................................................................................................................................... 49 9.3 Re-entering the conflict spiral? .......................................................................................................................... 50 10. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................... 52 11. References ........................................................................................................................................................... 54 Appendices ........................................................................................................................................................................ 57 5 1. Introduction Sustainable development represents a dominant development paradigm of our times, which intends to provide just advancement by assuring the quality of life of present and future generations (Brundtland, 1987). The concept of sustainability is referring to a development that includes the protection of the environment while assuring equity among individuals. In time, many definitions of sustainable development were produced to encompass the challenging aims of this concept. One of the most common approaches is the triangular conceptualisation of sustainable development that encompasses three pillars: economy, environment and society (Kemp & Martens, 2017). Thus, sustainable development represents an advancement that takes into consideration all those pillars in its process. Along the time, sustainable development became a highly contested concept as people tend to interpret it in many ways. Even though it started from the idea of integrating environmental protection in the development of our industrialised society, its definition obtained different perspectives. Sustainability scholars attempted to understand the multiple dimensions of this complex concept for the ambition of reorganising society in a just way. One perception regarding sustainable development is explained by Seghezzo (2009) where he is contesting the classic definition of sustainable development. Seghezzo explained how the idea of the three pillars is limiting the perception of sustainability. In return, he offers other dimensions through which the “person dimension” (Seghezzo, 2009, p. 547) as a reflection of individuality and interior of people, that should represent an important factor. Seghezzo pointed out that “personal happiness and subjective wellbeing seem to be relatively disconnected from economic wealth, environmental quality, and even
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