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The Search for Franklin [Microform] : a Narrative of the American

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^^ 4^e^ '6r z IMAGE EVALUATION ^^ TEST TARGET (MT-3) l^|28 m ^^" |25 Ui lii "12.2 2? itt ^ 1^ 12.0 1.25 .? '/ Photographic 23 WIST MAIN STRICT wnsTiR.N.Y. usao Sciences (716)S73-4S03 Corporation .5?5^ CIHM/ICMH CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Collection de Series. microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiquas A Tachnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquas Th to Th« Inttitut* hat attamptad to obtain tha baat L'Institut a microfilm* la mailleur exemplaire original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of thia qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha point de vue bibiiographique, qui pauvent modifier raproduction, or which may significantly changa una image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une Th pot tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. modification dans la mithode normale de filmaga sont indiquAs ci-dessous. of filnl Colourad covara/ Coloured p^ges/ Couvartura da coulaur I I Pagec de couleur Ori bt r~n Covars damagad/ I Pages damaged/ I tha Couvartura andommagte — Pages endommagies sio oth Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ I Pages restored and/orand/oi laminated/ fira I D Couvartura rastauria at/ou pailiculAa Pages restaurias et/ou pelliculAes aloi or Covar titia missing/ 1 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/foxei I (.a titra da couvartura manqua Pages dicolortes. tacheties ou piqudes nn Colouradlourad maps/ Pages detached/ I I Cartas gtegraphiquas an coulaur Pages ditach^as Tha aha Colourad init (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ r~71 Showthrough/ TIN Enera da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) Transparence whi Colourad platas and/or illustrations/ Quality of printprir varies/ Mai Planchaa at/ou illustrations 9n coulaur I I Qualiti in6gale de i'impression diff( anti bagi Bound with othar matarial/ includes supplementary material/matarii I I righ Ralii avac d'autras documents Comprend du mat6riel suppi^mentaire raqi mat Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion r~n Only edition available/ D along intarior margin/ Seule Mition disponible La r^ liura sarria paut causar da I'ombra ou da la distortion la long da la marga intAriaura Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata D slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to Blank laavas addad during rastoration may ensure the best possible Image/ D appaar within tha taxt. Whenevar possibla. thase Les pages totaiement ou partieliement hava baan omittad from filming/ obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, II sa paut qua cartainas pagas blanches ajoutAas etc., ont M filmies A nouveau de fa^on i lors d'una rastauration apparaissant dans la taxta. obtenir la meilleure image possible. mais. lorsqua cala itait possibla. cas pagas n'ont pas «t« fiimAas. Additional comments:/ D Commantaires supplimentaires: This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rMuction indiqu* ci*dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 28X 30X V lax 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X Th* copy film«d h«r« hm b««n r«produe«d thanks L'axamplaira fllmA fut raproduit grica A la to tho gonoroaity of: g4nAroait4 da: Douglas Library Douglaa Library Q'.^aan'a Univaraity Quaan'a Univaraity Tha imagaa appaaring hara ar# tha baat quality Laa imagaa aulvantaa ont 4tA raprodultaa avac la poaaibia conaidaring tha condition and laglblllty plua grand aoln. compta tanu da la condition at of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha da hi nattat* da l'axamplaira filmi, at an filming contract apaeificationa. conformM avac las condltiona du contrat da filmaga. Original copiaa In printad iMpar covara ara fllmad Laa axamplalraa originaux dont la couvartura an baglnning with tha front covar and anding on papiar aat ImprlmAa aont fllmto an commanfant tha last paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- par la pramiar plat at an tarmlnant salt par la sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All darnlAra paga qui comporta una ampralnta othar original copiaa ara fllmad baglnning on tha d'impraaalon ou d'llluatratlon, aoit par la aacond firat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa* plat, aalon la caa. Toua laa autraa axamplalraa aion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad originaux sont fllmto an commandant par la or illuatratad imprasslon. pramMra paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'impraaalon ou d'llluatration at an tarmlnant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla ampralnta. Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha Un daa aymbolaa suh^anta apparaftra sur la shall contain tha aymbol --»> (moaning "CON- darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, aalon la TINUED"), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"), caa: la aymbola -^ signifia "A SUIVRE ", la whichavar appllaa. symbols signifia "FIN". Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba fllmad at Laa cartas, planchas, tableaux, ate, pauvant Atra diffarant raduction ratioa. Thosa too larga to ba filmAa A daa taux da rAduction diffArants. antiraly included in ona axpoaura ara fllmad Loraqua la document aat trap grand pour Atre baglnning in tha uppar laft hand corner, laft to reproduit en un aeul cllchA, il eat fllmA A partir right and top to bottom, aa many framas aa da i'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, raquirad. Tha following diagrams illuatrata tha et de haut en bas, en prenant la nombre mathod: d'Imagaa nAcaaaaira. ilea diagrammas auivants illustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 32X /> lieutenant schwatka showing the eskimos the "illustrated lonoon news.' Past 23. THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. A NARRATIVE OF THE AMERICAN EXPEDITION ' UNDER LIEUTENANT SCHWATKA, 1878 to 1880. "JViTH Illustrations, FROM ENQRAVINOS DESIGNED BY THE AKXI8T OF THE EXPEDITION. T. NELSON AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW. EDINBURGH; AND NEW YORK. 1882. ^p G-C^s Id IB • ^^2 III VI Til ©*0tttetttj5. *• . »- INTRODUCTION, I. BARLT EXPERIBKOES OV THS EXPLORING PARTY, 19 II. THE BTORIES OF THE NATIVES, 40 III. RBTRAOINO THEIR BTEPa, ... 66 IV. SEAL AND WALRUS HUNTING, 76 V. BAKE HOME, M VI. LIEUTENANT SOHWATKA'S PERSONAL NARRATIVE, 97 Til. THE VOYAGE OF THE "JBANNETTB," 118 4i963'8 . ^ifit of ^llttstratious. UICTENAMT SOHWATKA SHOWING THE EiMUJIOS THB " ILLVSTBATED LONDON N1W8," BKAKCHK.S, MAF OF SLEDQE JOURNEYS AND .. • • * 8 DOWN HILL, .. 1:7 DISCOVERY OF LIEUTENANT lRVINu'8 iiRAVE, .. d VIEW IN SUMMER, KINO WILLIAM'S LAND, . 03 ON THE SALMON CBBER, .. .. 77 REINDEER-HUNTINO IN KAYAKS, .. 91 CROSSING SIMPSON STRAIT IN KAYAKS, .. 103 BASAKING UP OF THE ICE, .. 107 ittiBpiece 8 £7 61 08 77 91 108 107 of tbe Sl«dg« Journey* and SMrctiet UCUT. mED'K tCHWATKA, H7t-Tt-eO . IMIn ft—iy w Kli^ 1WIII«» htmt uAnfm *•• THE SEAECH FOE FEAN KLIN. -- INTRODUCTION. |IR JOHN FRANKLIN had already earned a high reputation as an Arctic explorer when, in the spring of 1845, he was placed by the British Admiralty at the head of an expedition designed to prosecute the search after a North-West Pas- sage,—that is, a channel of communication between Baffin Bay on the west coast and Behring Strait on the east coast of North America. No better choice could have been made ; for he was a man of high scientific acquirements, of large experience, of undaunted courage, and of blameless character. Tlie two ships placed under his command were the Erebus and the TerrWy both of which had already en- countered the j)erils of the Arctic seas : in the former Frank- lin hoisted his own flag, the latter was in charge of Captain Crozier. Carefully equipped, provisioned for three years, and carrying one hundred and thirty-seven picked men as their crews, the two ships sailed from the Thames towards the end of May. On the 8th of June they left the Orkney Islands, and directed their course towards the extreme point of Greenland, known as Cape Farewell. A month later they dropped anchor for a while among an archipelago of rocky 10 INTRODUCTION. isleta on the east Hide of Baffin Bay. After a brief rest, Franklin pushed forward acrofis the bay to Lancaster Sound, his course being much impeded, however, by the pack-ice, which had not yet broken up. His ships were "spoken" about this time by a Hull whaler, the Prince of Waffs, to •whose master Franklin and Crozier reported that all wero well, and all confident of successfully accomplishing their high enterprise. That same evening, the 26th of July, the ice gave way ; and the Erebtis and the Terror^ steering to the north-west, plunged into Lancaster Sound. And then a cloud, as it were, descended upon them ; a darkness and a mystery : they passed into the frozen wastes of the Arctic WoHd, and disappeared as completely as if the sea had sud- denly engulfed them. Of late years, some memorials of them, as we shall see, have been discovered ; but even now the record is imperfect, and the wholo story of the fate of Franklin's expedition will never be revealed to the curious gaze of mankind. It was not expected that any news of the progress of tho voyagers would reach England until the summer of 1846, or even the spring of 1847 ; and no apprehensions, therefore, arose as to their safety until the latter date had passed. When the summer of 1848 came, without intelligence, a natural anxiety seized upon the public mind; and when the winter went by, and still nothing was heard of Franklin and his men, the anxiety deepened into alarm. At length the Government resolved to send expeditions in search of the missing heroea One was despatched under Sir James Ross, and another under Sir John Richardson ; but both failed to discover the slightest traces of their course.
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  • The Following Section on Early History Was Written by Professor William (Bill) Barr, Arctic Historian, the Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary

    The Following Section on Early History Was Written by Professor William (Bill) Barr, Arctic Historian, the Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary

    The following section on early history was written by Professor William (Bill) Barr, Arctic Historian, The Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary. Prof. Barr has published numerous books and articles on the history of exploration of the Arctic. In 2006, William Barr received a Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the recorded history of the Canadian North from the Canadian Historical Association. As well, Prof. Barr, a known admirer of Russian Arctic explorers, has been credited with making known to the wider public the exploits of Polar explorations by Russia and the Soviet Union. HISTORY OF ARCTIC SHIPPING UP UNTIL 1945 Northwest Passage The history of the search for a navigable Northwest Passage by ships of European nations is an extremely long one, starting as early as 1497. Initially the aim of the British and Dutch was to find a route to the Orient to grab their share of the lucrative trade with India, Southeast Asia and China, till then monopolized by Spain and Portugal which controlled the route via the Cape of Good Hope. In 1497 John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), sponsored by King Henry VII of England, sailed from Bristol in Mathew; he made a landfall variously identified as on the coast of Newfoundland or of Cape Breton, but came no closer to finding the Passage (Williamson 1962). Over the following decade or so, he was followed (unsuccessfully) by the Portuguese seafarers Gaspar Corte Real and his brother Miguel, and also by John Cabot’s brother Sebastian, who some theorize, penetrated Hudson Strait (Hoffman 1961). The first expeditions in search of the Northwest Passage that are definitely known to have reached the Arctic were those of the English captain, Martin Frobisher in 1576, 1577 and 1578 (Collinson 1867; Stefansson 1938).
  • Ornithological Results of the Canadian 'Neptune' Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward

    Ornithological Results of the Canadian 'Neptune' Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward

    THE AUK: A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. VoI,. xxII. jut, Y, x9o5. No. 3. ORNITHOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE CANADIAN 'NEPTUNE' EXPEDITION TO HUDSON BAY AND NORTHWARD. x9o3-x9o4. BY REV. C. W. G. EIFRIG. I3; the summerof x9o3 an expeditionwas sent out by the Can- adian Government to Hudson Bay and northward for the purpose of taking formal possessionof certain lands and islands, which for many years had been understoodby everyone to belong to Great Britain or Canada, but which in some cases had never been formallyclaimed as such. The purpose of the expeditionwas also to establish custom and police relations with some of the whaling stations in the far north, make surveys,etc. The good sealingsteamer 'Neptune,' charteredby the government,carried, beside its complement of men and officers, Mr. A. P. Low, in charge of the expedition,several members of the Geological Sur- vey of Canada,Mr. A. Halkett, the naturalist,and an officer and five men of the NorthwesternMounted Police. They left Halifax harbor August 23, x9o3, and entered it again October x x, x9o4, being thus absent one year and fifty-one days. As such expe- ditionsare not made very frequentlyand not many ornithologists reach the placesvisited by this one, it may not be amissto make the ornithologicalresults obtained more widely known than can be done by the usual governmentreport. The writer, therefore, with the kind permission and aid of Messrs. A. P. Low and A. Halkett, carefully went over the material brought back and took copious notesof it and from the journals of these gentlemen. z34 EI•'RlC,,Canadt'an Expedt'lt'o.