DOCSLIB.ORG

Overcoming Economic, Social, and Health

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Overcoming Economic, Social, and Health Participant Institution: Franklin & Marshall College Project Name: Overcoming Economic, Social, and Health Challenges Through Purifying Water and Hydroponics Project Leader: Yara Ibrahim Project Dates: May 28 – July 15, 2018 Project Location: Upper Egypt- Asyut Governorate Partnership with NGO Life From Water Foundation (LFW) Introduction: Building and sustaining peace is impossible to be achieved without meeting the primary needs of human beings such as the need to drink fresh, clean water. Peace in Egypt cannot be attained when some citizens are consuming polluted water and as a result, are facing serious health issues. Polluted water in Egypt has led to serious economic and social unrest. The primary goal of this project is to provide clean water to underserved communities in Upper Egypt to decrease serious health issues- that children and elderly face- by implementing a water purification station. The secondary goal of this project is to economically empower low-income families in underserved communities in Upper Egypt by implementing hydroponic units and enable them to grow and sell crops. By the end of this project, locals in Upper Egypt will not only have access to clean water but also a source of income through the hydroponic units. Children and elderly will no longer face serious water-borne diseases or water poisoning, and their economic stance will improve gradually. Background: As mentioned by Ezz and Nada Arafat for Mada Masr, “Egypt once celebrated as the ‘gift of the Nile’, is in the grips of a serious water crisis.” Egypt is suffering from severe water scarcity and it is already below the United Nations’ water poverty threshold. Furthermore, by 2025 the UN warns Egypt will be approaching a state of “absolute water crisis” and will, in fact, run out of water. As a result of the water scarcity dilemma, only 20 cubic meters per person of internal renewable freshwater resources remain accessible. The country’s annual water supply dropped to an average of 660 cubic meters a person in 2013, down from over 2500 cubic meters in 1947, according to the Guardian (2015). The severe water scarcity dilemma is a result of the rapid population growth that has increased by 41 percent since the1990s (Dakkak). The population is also expected to grow from 91 million to 110 million by 2025 (Dakkak). In addition to the water scarcity dilemma, some Egyptian citizens consume polluted water daily, especially those who live in underserved communities in Upper Egypt. The Nile water quality is characterized by high nutrients concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, phosphates, sulfates, and silicates at some locations in Egypt. (Ali, Dessouki, Soliman, and El Shenawy, 2014). Contaminated water can lead to serious illnesses such as water-borne diseases, water poisoning, kidney failure, Typhoid, Guinea worm diseases, and Dysentery. The polluted water in some areas in Egypt is caused by the dumping of hazardous waste in the Nile River- which is considered to be the source of water in Egypt- such as releases of industrial solid wastes, the dumping of phosphates by various companies, and the dumping of dead animals (Dakkak). However, the polluted water in places such as Asyut is caused mainly by the lack of appropriate sewage treatment plants and infrastructures. The deterioration of water quality along with weak sanitation services or lack thereof, undoubtedly cause many health issues to the population especially the elderly and youths. Goals: I-Tackling Violence Through Water Purification Station:- In addition to the tremendous amount of political violence that Egypt has faced following the 2011 revolution, in 2015, residents in Ismailia have threatened to cut off the commercial highways from the Suez Canal after living without water for a week (Arafat and Ezz, 2015). Similar crisis/threats have struck governorates like Sohag, Qena, Kafr-El-Sheikh, and Fayoum. In addition to the violence that occasionally erupt from the lack of water; frustrations and violence are expected to occur when people’s health is affected by the polluted drinking water. People become very frustrated with the government when they suffer from kidney failures or other diseases that evolve from drinking contaminated water. Protests and disruption of public order become the only tool available for civilians to express their frustrations; which inevitably leads to violence. With that being said, implementing a water purification station to eliminate water diseases and to enable citizen to drink clean water will undoubtedly reduce- if not eliminate completely- expected frustrations and violence. II- Health Improvement Through Water Purification Station:- The severity of the situation increases as one travels to governorates- especially small villages- in Upper Egypt such as villages in Asyut. Without enough money, most governmental water projects have been put on hold; which pushes people- in areas like Ezbiet al taweel- to accept the reality and consume contaminated water or resort to illegal solutions to get fresh water when the water gets cut off. “When water gets cut off in Ezbiet al Taweel; alternative water brought from trucks is often heavily contaminated. Farmers looking to make a quick profit often transport liquid in tanks normally used to carry gas. These trucks are filled from the most convenient source, which can often by a nearby wastewater canal.” (Guardian, 2015) Although residents in Ezbet al taweel, or Kafr el sheikh are well aware of the fact that some of their drinking water is coming from polluted sources, they have no other alternative but to drink it. Broadly speaking- whether in Asyut or Ezbet al taweel- 95.5% of the population in Egypt drinks improperly treated water, according to the Egyptian Center for Economics and Social Rights. “The water people drink is highly toxic, containing heavy metals which could lead to cause a wide variety of diseases from diarrhea to Hepatitis A and E.” -Mazin Abdel Aziz, a civilian who works at Kafr-El-Sheikh Hospital (Arafat and Ezz, 2015). To be more specific, according to the LFW foundation, in small villages in Asyut, locals consume polluted water due to the lack of sewage treatment plants, lack of infrastructures as well as the manual implementations of trenches that mix drinking water with sewage water. Trenches usually lead to the development of pus overtime, which then gets mixed with drinking water. Furthermore, in small villages in Asyut, since there is no actual source of water, the implementation of boreholes takes place. However, although boreholes allow access to water, they rely heavily on groundwater- water present beneath the earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations- which oftentimes gets mixed with sewage water [ground water gets mixed with sewage water]. Groundwater also contains harmful salts and pus that inevitably gets mixed with drinking water. With this project, the health of the locals in Asyut will be highly improved through the implementation of the water purification station. III- Economic empowerment Through Hydroponic Units:- Contaminated water has a direct impact on crops and food cleanliness. Part of this project aims to economically empower low- income families in Asyut by implementing hydroponic units on their building’s roofs. This part of the project enables citizens to start their own entrepreneurial project and provides them with a source of food and income. Hydroponic units will allow farmers to grow and sell crops such as lettuce, basil, and parsley without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent, and with little use of water for irrigation. The nutrients in hydroponics can be taken from fish waste, duck manure or multiple other sources. Agricultural production quality and quantity has been affected by the polluted water that contains bacteria and metals; therefore, hydroponic units -along with clean water provided from the water purification station in the area- will provide farmers with a tool to resume their agricultural routine in a different way. Project outline: Student has been in contact with Life From Water foundation (LFW) for the past 7 months outlining her summer project that will introduce a water purification station and hydroponic units in Asyut governorate- Upper Egypt. Life From Water foundation was established in 2011, and its mission is to provide poor underserved communities with clean water, as well as empowering them to develop projects- such as Hydroponic units- to improve their daily lives. The project is divided into four main phases:- Phase 1: Introduction and outlining- Student will arrive at Cairo and meet LFW team. Student will then work with the team on outlining the entire process of implementing a Water Purification Station and Hydroponic units. The detailed outlining includes but is not limited to primary scouting in the target area for suggested places, analyzing the need and technical scouting to determine the village’s level of need, water analysis, looking for the most affordable deals with water station companies/ hydroponics, and finally water implementations (May 28th- June 5th). Phase 2: Work On-Site- Student will travel with LFW team to Asyut to investigate target areas, determine village’s level of need, do water analysis of target area, talk to the locals, train the locals on how to use hydroponic units and help them understand what is expected from them to maximize their profits and meet their needs as well as investigate the area, and the needs of the people. (June 6th-June 20th). Phase 3: Implementing the Water Purification Station and hydroponic units - Student will analyze and monitor the implementation of the stations and the hydroponic units to ensure everything is going as planned and to face any difficulties posed while implementing the projects. (June 20th- July 11th). Phase 4: Student will reflect on the project with LFW team and ensures the team continues to supervise the station when student returns back to the U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Whole-Genome Sequencing for Tracing the Genetic Diversity of Brucella Abortus and Brucella Melitensis Isolated from Livestock in Egypt
    pathogens Article Whole-Genome Sequencing for Tracing the Genetic Diversity of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis Isolated from Livestock in Egypt Aman Ullah Khan 1,2,3 , Falk Melzer 1, Ashraf E. Sayour 4, Waleed S. Shell 5, Jörg Linde 1, Mostafa Abdel-Glil 1,6 , Sherif A. G. E. El-Soally 7, Mandy C. Elschner 1, Hossam E. M. Sayour 8 , Eman Shawkat Ramadan 9, Shereen Aziz Mohamed 10, Ashraf Hendam 11 , Rania I. Ismail 4, Lubna F. Farahat 10, Uwe Roesler 2, Heinrich Neubauer 1 and Hosny El-Adawy 1,12,* 1 Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; AmanUllah.Khan@fli.de (A.U.K.); falk.melzer@fli.de (F.M.); Joerg.Linde@fli.de (J.L.); Mostafa.AbdelGlil@fli.de (M.A.-G.); mandy.elschner@fli.de (M.C.E.); Heinrich.neubauer@fli.de (H.N.) 2 Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 3 Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Jhang Campus), Lahore 54000, Pakistan 4 Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; [email protected] (A.E.S.); [email protected] (R.I.I.) 5 Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center, Abbassia, Citation: Khan, A.U.; Melzer, F.; Cairo 11517, Egypt; [email protected] 6 Sayour, A.E.; Shell, W.S.; Linde, J.; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Elzera’a Square, Abdel-Glil, M.; El-Soally, S.A.G.E.; Zagazig 44519, Egypt 7 Veterinary Service Department, Armed Forces Logistics Authority, Egyptian Armed Forces, Nasr City, Elschner, M.C.; Sayour, H.E.M.; Cairo 11765, Egypt; [email protected] Ramadan, E.S.; et al.
    [Show full text]
  • News Coverage Prepared For: the European Union Delegation to Egypt
    News Coverage Prepared for: The European Union delegation to Egypt Disclaimer: “This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of authors of articles and under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of IPSOS or the European Union.” 1 Newspapers (29/11/2011) Election Coverage 2 Al Ahram Newspaper Page: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 Author: Mohamed Enz, Amany Maged, Sameh Lashen, Mohamed Hamada, Ibrahim Omran, Abdel-Gawad Ali, Wageh el-Saqqar, Badawi el-Sayed Negela, Amr Ali el- Far, Mohamed Zakaria, Nehad Samir, Ahmed el-Hawari, Essam Ali Refaat, Fekri Abdel-Salam, Nasser Geweda, Tareq Ismail, Rami Yassin, Mohamed Shear, Mohamed Abdel-Khaleq, Sherif Gaballah, Gamal Abul-Dahab, Ashraf Sadeq, Khaled Ahmed el-Motani, Ali Sham, Abdel-Gawad Tawfiq, Hala el-Sayed and Amal Awadallah Since the early morning of Monday, people have been lining up to cast their ballots in the first phase of the parliamentary elections, probably the first time in their lives. According to preliminary indications in the nine governorates, where the first stage of the elections are taking place, the Muslim Brotherhood’s Freedom and Justice (FJP) and Salafist Al-Nour Party led the race in Cairo. Al-Nour Party seemed to be strongly competing in Alexandria, Fayoum and Kafr El- Sheikh. In the Southern Cairo constituency, voters stood in lines that lasted for over one kilometer. In Alexandria, vehicles belonging to candidates, wondered the streets to wake up voters since the small hours of Monday to cast their votes.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants of Coastal Mediterranean Cities with More Than 2,000 Inhabitants (2010)
    UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.357/Inf.7 29 March 2011 ENGLISH MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN Meeting of MED POL Focal Points Rhodes (Greece), 25-27 May 2011 INVENTORY OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS OF COASTAL MEDITERRANEAN CITIES WITH MORE THAN 2,000 INHABITANTS (2010) In cooperation with WHO UNEP/MAP Athens, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .........................................................................................................................1 PART I .........................................................................................................................3 1. ABOUT THE STUDY ..............................................................................................3 1.1 Historical Background of the Study..................................................................3 1.2 Report on the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Mediterranean Coastal Cities: Methodology and Procedures .........................4 2. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IN THE MEDITERRANEAN ....................................6 2.1 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater in the Mediterranean.......................6 2.2 Impact of Wastewater Discharges to the Marine Environment........................6 2.3 Municipal Wasteater Treatment.......................................................................9 3. RESULTS ACHIEVED ............................................................................................12 3.1 Brief Summary of Data Collection – Constraints and Assumptions.................12 3.2 General Considerations on the Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Discharge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Into Rivers Flowing Into the Mediterranean Sea
    UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG. 334/Inf.4/Rev.1 15 May 2009 ENGLISH MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN MED POL Meeting of MED POL Focal Points Kalamata (Greece), 2- 4 June 2009 DISCHARGE FROM MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS INTO RIVERS FLOWING INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA UNEP/MAP Athens, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................1 PART I.......................................................................................................................................3 1. ΑΒOUT THE STUDY............................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Historical Background of the Study .....................................................................................3 1.2 Report on the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Mediterranean Coastal Cities .........................................................................................................................................4 1.3 Methodology and Procedures of the present Study ............................................................5 2. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IN THE MEDITERRANEAN..................................................... 8 2.1 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater in the Mediterranean ..........................................8 2.2 Impacts of Nutrients ............................................................................................................9 2.3 Impacts of Pathogens..........................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Food Safety Inspection in Egypt Institutional, Operational, and Strategy Report
    FOOD SAFETY INSPECTION IN EGYPT INSTITUTIONAL, OPERATIONAL, AND STRATEGY REPORT April 28, 2008 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Cameron Smoak and Rachid Benjelloun in collaboration with the Inspection Working Group. FOOD SAFETY INSPECTION IN EGYPT INSTITUTIONAL, OPERATIONAL, AND STRATEGY REPORT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR POLICY REFORM II CONTRACT NUMBER: 263-C-00-05-00063-00 BEARINGPOINT, INC. USAID/EGYPT POLICY AND PRIVATE SECTOR OFFICE APRIL 28, 2008 AUTHORS: CAMERON SMOAK RACHID BENJELLOUN INSPECTION WORKING GROUP ABDEL AZIM ABDEL-RAZEK IBRAHIM ROUSHDY RAGHEB HOZAIN HASSAN SHAFIK KAMEL DARWISH AFKAR HUSSAIN DISCLAIMER: The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................... 1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................... 3 Vision 3 Mission ................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 3 Legal framework..................................................................................................... 3 Functions...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    PROCUREMENT PLAN (Textual Part) Project information: Egypt Transforming Egypt's Healthcare System Project P167000 Project Implementation agency: Ministry of Health and Population Public Disclosure Authorized Date of the Procurement Plan: October 23, 2018 Period covered by this Procurement Plan: 18 months Preamble In accordance with paragraph 5.9 of the “World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers” (July 2016) (“Procurement Regulations”) the Bank’s Systematic Tracking and Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system will be used to prepare, clear and update Procurement Plans and conduct all procurement transactions for the Project. Public Disclosure Authorized This textual part along with the Procurement Plan tables in STEP constitute the Procurement Plan for the Project. The following conditions apply to all procurement activities in the Procurement Plan. The other elements of the Procurement Plan as required under paragraph 4.4 of the Procurement Regulations are set forth in STEP. The Bank’s Standard Procurement Documents: shall be used for all contracts subject to international competitive procurement and those contracts as specified in the Procurement Plan tables in STEP. Public Disclosure Authorized National Procurement Arrangements: In accordance with paragraph 5.3 of the Procurement Regulations, when approaching the national market (as specified in the Procurement Plan tables in STEP), the country’s own procurement procedures may be used. Leased Assets: “Not Applicable” Procurement of Second Hand Goods: “Not Applicable” Domestic
    [Show full text]
  • The Violence and Bombing Incidents Report in the Period from 27Th March to 2Ed April Sinai Beck to the Top of the Terrorist Scene …
    The violence and bombing incidents report in the period from 27th March to 2ed April Sinai beck to the top of the terrorist scene …. And a relative success in securing the citizens' gathering places Address: 148 MisrHelwan El-Zyrae Road , El Matbaa Sq, Hadayek El Maadi, 4th Floor, No 41 , Cairo, Egypt 841 طريق مصر حلوان الزراعي - المطبعة – ح المعادي - الدور الرابع - شقة 48 - القاهرة | ص.ب : 494 المعادي PO Box : 490 El Maadi Website: www.maatpeace.org E-mail : [email protected] Tel. 00(20) (2) 25344706 Telefax. 00 (20) (2) 25344707 Mob. +201226521170 Introduction the bombing and violence incidents committed by terrorist groups were continued in conjunction with holding the twenty-sixth session of the Arab summit , and continuation of the work by the assigned committee to reform the parliamentary election laws, where the context of events still confirm the transitional period's entitlements, especially- the electoral entitlement- which is the main target for the terrorist activities committed by opponent powers for the post 30June at 2013 path. In the framework of the Parliamentary Elections' Observatory affiliated to the International-Local joint mission to observe the parliamentary elections – Egypt 2015, continuing to monitor all this incidents and analysis their indications and their potential effects on the electoral process, and the democratic transition process in Egypt, the Observatory has been issued its 13th report, in this series. The most important violence incidents: Friday, March 27th The armed forces in North Sinai governorate succeeded in thwarting an attempt of targeting military vehicles , during their passage on the international road in Al Arish – Rafah , where the forces exploded an explosive device on the road, it was planted by takfiri elements, there were no any losses.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 1 THE LUXOR MASSACRE: THE CULMINATION OF A FIVE-YEAR WAR AGAINST TOURISTS AND THE TOURISM INDUSTRY ................................................................. 3 COPTIC CHRISTIAN VICTIMS ....................................................................................................... 6 INTELLECTUALS TARGETED ..................................................................................................... 10 CIVILIANS KILLED DURING SHOOT-OUT OPERATIONS .................................................... 12 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................................................... 12 EGYPT Human rights abuses by armed groups BACKGROUND Political violence has been one of the main characteristics of Egyptian life in recent years. The cycle of violence pitting the security forces against armed Islamist groups, especially in Upper Egypt, since the beginning of 1992 has left at least 1300 people dead. The victims have included civilians, as well as armed Islamists and members of the security forces. Armed groups have been responsible for three assassination attempts on the lives of senior government officials during this time: the Minister of Information, Safwat al-Sharif, in March 1993, the former Minister of the Interior, Hassan al-Alfi, in August 1993, and the Prime Minister, Dr ‘Atef Sidqi, in November 1993, as well
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Spatial patterns of population dynamics in Egypt, 1947-1970 El-Aal, Wassim A.E. -H. M. Abd How to cite: El-Aal, Wassim A.E. -H. M. Abd (1977) Spatial patterns of population dynamics in Egypt, 1947-1970, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7971/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk SPATIAL PATTERNS OF POPULATION DYNAMICS , IN EGYPT, 1947-1970 VOLUME I by Wassim A.E.-H. M. Abd El-Aal, B.A., M.A. (Graduate Society) A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Social Sciences for the degree of Doctor of PhDlosophy Uru-vorsity of Dm n?n' A.TDI 1077 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged Professor J.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Environmental and Social Impacts ______27 5.1 Introduction ______Error! Bookmark Not Defined
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Submitted to : Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company EGAS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK Prepared by: Executive Summary Public Disclosure Authorized NATURAL GAS CONNECTION PROJECT IN 20 GOVERNORATES IN EGYPT (January 2017) Executive summary 1 List of acronyms and abbreviations AFD Agence Française de Développement (French Agency for Development) BUTAGASCO The Egyptian Company for LPG distribution CAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics EHDR Egyptian Human Development Report 2010 EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EGAS Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company EGP Egyptian pound ESDV Emergency Shut Down Valve ESIAF Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Framework ESMMF Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FGD Focus Group Discussion GoE Government of Egypt HP High Pressure HSE Health Safety and Environment LDC Local Distribution Companies LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LP Low Pressure mBar milliBar NG Natural Gas NGO Non-Governmental Organizations PAP Project Affected Persons PRS Pressure Reduction Station QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SDO Social Development Officer SFD Social Fund for Development SSIAF Supplementary Social Impact Assessment Framework TOR Terms of Reference Town Gas The Egyptian Company for Natural Gas Distribution for Cities WB The World Bank US $ United
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Neglect the Egyptian State in Cairo, 1974-98
    THE POLITICS OF NEGLECT THE EGYPTIAN STATE IN CAIRO, 1974-98 W. Judson Dorman A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PHD) SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (SOAS) UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2007 DECLARATION The work presented in this thesis is my own. All sources used are indicated in the footnotes and the References section, and all assistance received has been gratefully noted in the Acknowledgements. Any errors of fact, interpretation and presentation remain my own. W. Judson Dorman Date 2 ABSTRACT This thesis examines state-society relations in Egypt, and the logic of durable authoritarianism since 1952. It does so, through an examination of the Egyptian state’s neglectful rule, from the 1970s through the 1990s, of its capital Cairo. In particular, the thesis focuses on state inaction vis-à-vis Cairo’s informal housing sector: those neighbourhoods established on land not officially sanctioned for urbanization. Since the early 1990s—when Islamist militants used them to launch attacks on the Mubarak government—such communities have been stigmatized in Egyptian public discourse as threats to the nation’s social, moral and political health. Western scholars, by contrast, have valorized them as exemplifying popular agency. The central research question of the thesis is to explain why the Egyptian state has been unable to intervene effectively in these informal neighbourhoods—despite the apparent challenges they pose, the authoritarian state’s considerable unilateral power and the availability of western assistance. The short answer to the question, is that the very factors which sustain the authoritarian political order constrain the Egyptian state’s ability to intervene in its capital.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 925.76 K
    Iranian Journal of Medical Physics ijmp.mums.ac.ir Evaluation of Natural Radionuclide content in Nile River Sediments and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Gamma Radiation Atef El-Taher 1, Laith Ahmed Najam 2*, Imad Hussian2, Mohammed Ahmed Ali Omer 3, 4 1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt 2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq 3. Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia 4. Faculty of Medical Radiology, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article type: Introduction: This Study has was carried out to measure and detect the natural occurred radionuclide Original Article content including 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the Nile River sediments at various locations in Upper Egypt, from Aswan to El-Minya. Additionally, we determine the absorbed dose rate, the annual effective dose equivalent, Article history: and excess lifetime cancer risk also has been calculated. Received: Apr 19, 2018 Material and Methods: The gamma ray measurements were performed with a high resolution High-Purity Accepted: May 27, 2018 Germanium detector, low background, and Personal Computer multichannel analyzer. 226 232 40 Results: In Aswan Governorate, the mean specific activities of radionuclide's ( Ra, Th and K) 14.86, Keywords: 13.78 and 175.4 in Bq/kg respectively. In Qena Governorate, the mean specific activities of mentioned Dose Rate radionuclides were 14.44 Bq/kg, 15.02 Bq/kg and 197.57 Bq/kg, respectively.
    [Show full text]