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Like what you see? Buy the book at the Focal Bookstore Practical Recording Techniques, 5th Edition Bartlett ISBN 978-0-240-81144-4 CCHAPTERHAPTER 4 Equipping Your Studio You want to set up a recording system that’s affordable, easy to use, and sonically excellent. With today’s wide array of user-friendly sound tools, you can do just that. This chapter is a guide to equipment for a recording studio: what it does, what it costs, and how to set it up. In this chapter we’ll examine: ■ Equipment ■ Cables and connectors 37 ■ Preventing hum and radio frequency interference What is the bare-bones equipment you need to crank out a decent demo CD? How much does it cost? Thanks to the new breed of affordable equipment, you can put together a complete home record- ing studio for as little as $1200. That includes powered speakers, two mics and mic stands, recording software, a sound card, headphones, and cables. EQUIPMENT Let’s examine each piece of equipment in a recording studio. You’ll need some sort of recording device, headphones, cables, mics, direct box, monitor speakers, audio interface, and effects. Recording Device Five types of recording devices to choose from are a 2-track recorder, a recorder–mixer, a separate multitrack recorder and mixer, a com- puter, and a keyboard workstation. We’ll look at each one. 009_K81144_Ch04.indd9_K81144_Ch04.indd 3377 99/24/2008/24/2008 111:31:581:31:58 AAMM 38 CHAPTER 4 Equipping Your Studio PORTABLE 2-TRACK RECORDER This device is great for on-location stereo recording of classical music: an orchestra, symphonic band, string quartet, pipe organ, or soloist. Sometimes it can be used to record folk music or jazz, or to capture a practice session or an audience perspective of a rock group. Two types of 2-track recorder are a Flash memory recorder ( Figure 4.1 ), or laptop computer with recording software. Prices range from $200 to $1800. Details on these units are in Chapter 9. Some Flash recorders are the Sony PCM-D1 and D50 (sony.com/proaudio), Marantz PMD620 (d-mpro.com), Edirol R-1, R-09 and R-09HR (edirol.com), M-Audio MicroTrack II (m-audio.com), Zoom H4 and H2 (samsontech .com), Olympus LS-10 (olympus.com), Korg MR-1 and MR-1000 (korg.com), Yamaha PockeTrak 2G (yamaha.com), and TASCAM DR-1 and HD-P2 (tascam.com). FIGURE 4.1 Edirol R-09W, an example of a portable 2-track recorder. 009_K81144_Ch04.indd9_K81144_Ch04.indd 3388 99/24/2008/24/2008 111:31:591:31:59 AAMM Equipping Your Studio CHAPTER 4 39 MINI STUDIO Also called a portable studio, personal studio, or pocket studio, this piece of gear combines a 4- or 8-track recorder with a mixer—all in one portable chassis ( Figure 4.2 ). A mini studio records in MP3 for- mat to a Flash memory card. It lets you record several instruments and vocals, then mix them to stereo; that is, you “ bounce ” the tracks to a stereo fi le in the memory card. You can copy the stereo mix fi le to your computer via USB. (USB is a type of cable and ports for high-speed data transfer). The sound quality of Pocket Studios is good enough to make demos, or to use as a musical scratchpad for ideas, but it is not quite good enough to release commercial albums. Costing about $230 to $599, a mini studio can be a good choice for beginning recordists. Some features include: ■ An internal MIDI sound module (synthesizer) that plays back MIDI sequences. Includes MIDI fi les or rhythm patterns to jam with. ■ Built-in effects. FIGURE 4.2 Boss BR-600, an example of a mini studio. 009_K81144_Ch04.indd9_K81144_Ch04.indd 3399 99/24/2008/24/2008 111:32:041:32:04 AAMM 40 CHAPTER 4 Equipping Your Studio ■ Built-in mic (in some models). ■ Autopunch. Automatically “ punch ” into and out of record mode to correct mistakes. ■ Battery or AC-adapter powered. ■ Virtual tracks let you record multiple takes of a single perfor- mance, then select your favorite take during mixdown. ■ Guitar-amp modeling simulates various guitar amps; mic mod- eling simulates mic models. ■ 2 mic inputs; records up to 2 tracks at a time. Plays back 4 or 8 tracks at once. DIGITAL MULTITRACKER (RECORDER–MIXER) Other names for this device are stand-alone Digital Audio Workstation (DAW), portable digital studio, or personal digital studio. Like the mini studio, the digital multitracker combines a multitrack recorder with a mixer in a single chassis ( Figure 4.3 ). It’s convenient and portable. Offering better sound than a mini studio, the digital multitracker provides CD sound quality because it can record WAVE fi les. It records 8 to 32 tracks onto a built-in hard drive or Flash memory card. The mixer includes faders (volume controls) for mix- ing, EQ or tone controls, and aux sends for effects (such as reverb). An LCD screen displays recording levels, waveforms for editing, and other functions. Price ranges from $700 to $3600. Some manufacturers of mini stu- dios or digital multitrackers are TASCAM, Boss, Fostex, Korg, Roland, Yamaha, and Zoom (Samson). Chapter 9, under the heading Recorder–Mixer (Personal Digital Studio), lists some features to look for in a recorder–mixer. SEPARATE MULTITRACK RECORDER AND MIXER Ideal for on-location recording, a multitrack hard-disk recorder (HD Recorder) records up to 24 tracks reliably on a built-in hard drive ( Figure 4.4 ), just like the hard drive in your computer. The recorder doesn’t have mic preamps, so it must be used with a mixer or mic preamps. Multiple recorders can be linked to get more tracks. Some examples are the Alesis ADAT HD24XR, TASCAM MX-2424 and X-48, Otari DR-100, iZ Technology RADAR, Fostex D-2424LV, and Mackie HDR 24/96. Prices range from $1500 to $20,000. 009_K81144_Ch04.indd9_K81144_Ch04.indd 4400 99/24/2008/24/2008 111:32:051:32:05 AAMM Equipping Your Studio CHAPTER 4 41 FIGURE 4.3 Korg D3200, an example of a digital multitracker (recorder–mixer). FIGURE 4.4 Alesis HD24XR, an example of a multitrack HD recorder. Current units record with 24-bit resolution and up to 96 kHz sam- pling rate. Some record 24 tracks of 24-bit programs at sample rates of 44.1 and 48 kHz. They record 12 tracks of 24-bit recording at 88.2 and 96 kHz. (These terms are explained in Chapter 9). Some HD recorders allow track editing, either on a built-in LCD screen or on 009_K81144_Ch04.indd9_K81144_Ch04.indd 4411 99/24/2008/24/2008 111:32:051:32:05 AAMM 42 CHAPTER 4 Equipping Your Studio a plug-in computer monitor. A few models have built-in removable hard drives for backing up projects. A mixer ( Figure 4.5 ) is an electronic device with several mic preampli- fi ers, volume and tone controls for each mic, monitor volume controls, and outputs for effects devices. To use it, plug mics and electric instru- ments into the mixer, which amplifi es their signals. Connect the output signal of each mic preamp to a multitrack recorder. While recording, use the mixer to send those signals to the desired recorder tracks, and to set recording levels. During mixdown, the mixer combines (mixes) the tracks to stereo. It also lets you adjust each track’s volume, tone quality, effects, and stereo position. A large, complex mixer is called a FIGURE 4.5 Mackie 1604-VLZ3, an example of a mixer. 009_K81144_Ch04.indd9_K81144_Ch04.indd 4422 99/24/2008/24/2008 111:32:061:32:06 AAMM Equipping Your Studio CHAPTER 4 43 mixing console (board or desk) and costs upwards of $3000. Chapter 11 explains mixing consoles in detail. Price is about $180 to $1500. Mixers are made by such companies as TASCAM, Alesis, Yamaha, Mackie, Allen & Heath, Soundcraft, M-Audio, Tapco, Peavey, Samson, and many others. COMPUTER DIGITAL AUDIO WORKSTATION (DAW) This low-cost recording setup has three parts: a personal computer, an audio interface, and recording software ( Figure 4.6 ). Some software records MIDI data (explained later) as well as audio. The audio inter- face converts audio from your mics, mic preamps, or mixer into a sig- nal that is recorded on the computer’s hard drive as a magnetic pattern. Dozens of tracks can be recorded with professional quality. You mix the tracks with a mouse by adjusting the “ virtual ” controls that appear on your computer screen. Then you record the mix on your computer’s hard drive. Details are in Chapter 13, Computer Recording. MONITOR HARD DRIVE PCI SLOT, USB PORT, OR FIREWIRE PORT COMPUTER KEYBOARD MOUSE ALESIS AUDIO INTERFACE CONTROLLER OR MIXER FIREPORT SOUND CARD WITH I/O AUDIO INTERFACES (CHOOSE ONE) FIGURE 4.6 Computer with recording software and a choice of audio interface. 009_K81144_Ch04.indd9_K81144_Ch04.indd 4433 99/24/2008/24/2008 111:32:071:32:07 AAMM 44 CHAPTER 4 Equipping Your Studio A computer studio costs about the same as a mini studio and is more powerful. It’s a bargain. But since software requires computer skills, it’s a little harder to learn and use than a hardware multitracker. Software recordings are at least CD quality—better than the MP3 recordings you get with a mini studio. Recording software costs anywhere from $0 (freeware) to $1800, with $150 to $500 being typical prices. Software examples include Cakewalk Home Studio, Sonar Studio and Sonar Producer; Digidesign Pro Tools LE, M-Powered and HD; Apple Logic Studio and Logic Pro, Steinberg Cubase and Nuendo, Sony Vegas and Sound Forge, BIAS Deck, Pro Tracks Plus, Magix Samplitude and Sequoia, Mackie Tracktion, Reaper; N Track Studio, RML Labs SAW Studio, Adobe Audition, and MOTU Digital Performer (Mac only).
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