Tacito: Storie

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Tacito: Storie Tacito: Storie LIBRO PRIMO 1. [69 d.C.]. La mia opera prenderà avvio dal secondo consolato di Servio Galba, con Tito Vinio suo collega. Molti storici, nel ricordare le vicende di Roma lungo gli ottocentoventi anni dopo la sua fondazione ne hanno parlato con eloquenza pari al loro spirito di libertà; ma dal tempo della battaglia di Azio, quando, nell'interesse della pace, convenne consegnare tutto il potere a un'unica persona, talenti come quelli sono scomparsi. Da allora mille sono stati i modi di calpestare la verità: prima il disinteresse per la realtà politica, come cosa estranea; poi la corsa all'adulazione e, per converso, l'odio verso i dominatori. Nei due casi, tra avversione e servilismo, l'indifferenza verso i posteri. Ma è facile rifiutare la cortigianeria di uno storico, mentre la calunnia prodotta dall'astio trova orecchie ben disposte: perché l'adulazione implica la pesante taccia di servilismo, nella maldicenza, invece, si profila un falso aspetto di libertà. Quanto a me, non ho conosciuto Galba, Otone e Vitellio: quindi né benefici né offese. La carriera politica, iniziata con Vespasiano e continuata con Tito, l'ho proseguita sotto Domiziano, non lo nego. Ma chi professa una fedeltà incorrotta al vero, deve parlare di tutti senza amore di parte né odio. Riservo per la vecchiaia, se la vita vorrà bastare, il principato del divo Nerva e l'impero di Traiano, tema più stimolante e più sicuro: fortuna singolare del presente, in cui siamo liberi di pensare come vogliamo e di dire quel che si pensa. 2. Metto mano a un lavoro denso di eventi, tremendo per gli scontri in armi, lacerato da rivolte, tragico perfino nella pace. Quattro prìncipi eliminati col ferro, tre guerre civili, parecchie esterne e per lo più fra loro connesse; successi in Oriente, situazione compromessa in Occidente: l'Illirico in piena confusione, le Gallie inclini al tradimento, la Britannia conquistata ma subito abbandonata, gli attacchi subìti da Sarmati e Svevi, il prestigio dei Daci cresciuto per i rovesci inflittici e da loro patiti, anche i Parti sull'orlo della guerra per l'impostura di un falso Nerone. E poi l'Italia afflitta da disastri mai accaduti o ricomparsi dopo lungo giro di generazioni: città della fertile costa campana inghiottite o sepolte, Roma devastata da incendi e quindi crolli di antichissimi templi e anche il Campidoglio bruciato da mani di cittadini; profanazione di riti, scandali ad alto livello; confinati politici in ogni mare, coperti di sangue gli scogli. Proprio a Roma la crudeltà più violenta: delitto l'essere nobili, ricchi e potenti per cariche ricoperte o semplicemente rifiutate; e alla virtù, come premio garantito, la morte. Più offensive dei delitti le ricompense ai delatori: alcuni arraffavano quale bottino cariche sacerdotali e consolati, altri governi di province e potere politico nella capitale, tutto scardinando per odio e paura. Corrotti gli schiavi contro i padroni, contro i patroni i liberti, e per chi non avesse nemici, c'era un amico a colpirlo. 3. Sterile di virtù quest'età, eppure non fino al segno da non portare alla luce anche scelte di nobile ardimento: madri al seguito di figli profughi, spose vicine ai mariti nel confino, congiunti capaci di coraggio, generi non disposti a piegarsi, schiavi arroccati nella loro fedeltà anche di fronte alla tortura, uomini di primo piano costretti a subire l'estremo supplizio, e questo affrontato con grande dignità, all'altezza delle più celebrate morti del passato. E oltre a questa eterogenea somma di umane vicende, i prodigi del cielo e della terra, l'avvertimento dei fulmini e i presagi del futuro, lieti e tristi, misteriosi ed evidenti; e mai al popolo romano con più atroci calamità e con segni più pertinenti venne confermato che gli dèi non attendevano alla nostra salvezza, bensì al nostro castigo. 4. Ma prima di affrontare l'argomento propostomi, non sarà male tornare d'un passo alla situazione di Roma, agli umori degli eserciti, all'atteggiamento delle province, alle realtà malate e sane esistenti nel mondo, per riuscire non solo a conoscere il seguito dei fatti, tanto spesso fortuiti, ma a capirne anche l'interno nesso e la genesi. Se la fine di Nerone s'era risolta, sul momento, in una esplosione di gioia, aveva provocato reazioni diverse, non solo a Roma fra i senatori, il popolo e i soldati della guarnigione, ma in tutte le legioni e nei loro comandanti: era adesso consapevolezza diffusa un principio del potere finora segreto, che si poteva diventare imperatori anche fuori di Roma. Felici i senatori per la libertà ritrovata di colpo, e tanto più esplicita la gioia perché rapportata a un principe nuovo e lontano; quasi analoga l'esultanza dei cavalieri più in vista; la parte sana del popolo, legata alle maggiori famiglie, i clienti e i liberti dei condannati politici e degli esuli tornavano a sperare; sconsolata invece e avida di ogni chiacchiera la plebaglia, quella di casa al circo o nei teatri, e con lei la feccia degli schiavi, insieme a quanti, dilapidati i propri averi, si cibavano delle sozzure di Nerone. 5. I reparti di stanza a Roma, tradizionalmente devoti al giuramento di fedeltà ai Cesari, e che a destituire Nerone s'eran lasciati indurre da intrighi e sollecitazioni esterne più che da ragioni proprie, come si videro negato il donativo promesso in nome di Galba e capirono che la pace non garantiva loro, quanto la guerra, occasione di decisive benemerenze e conseguenti premi e che nel favore del principe erano stati scavalcati dalle legioni che l'avevano portato, si mettono di nuovo in fermento, provocati anche dal delittuoso progetto del prefetto Ninfidio Sabino, che mirava al potere. Nel corso del suo tentativo Ninfidio cadde, ma se anche la rivolta venne decapitata, restava in molti soldati, nei più, la consapevolezza del gesto e non mancavano sfavorevoli commenti sulla vecchiaia e l'avarizia di Galba. La sua severità, altre volte lodata e vantata dagli stessi soldati nei loro discorsi, adesso opprimeva chi rifiutava l'antica disciplina, anche per l'abitudine, contratta nei quattordici anni di Nerone, ad amare i vizi del principe quanto in passato a rispettarne le virtù. Finì per contare anche una frase di Galba: «I soldati li arruolo, non li compero», dettata da un lodevole senso dello stato, ma pericolosa per lui: ormai la realtà politica ad altri criteri si ispirava. 6. A Galba vecchio e malandato toglievano credibilità e prestigio Tito Vinio e Cornelio Lacone, canaglia senza eguali il primo, incapace come nessuno il secondo: l'uno gli rovesciava addosso l'odiosità delle proprie infamie, l'altro il disprezzo per la sua personale inettitudine. Lento era stato il viaggio di Galba e macchiato di sangue per l'uccisione del console designato Cingonio Varrone e dell'ex console Petronio Turpiliano: il primo perché complice di Ninfidio, il secondo quale generale di Nerone erano morti senza che venissero né ascoltati né difesi, quindi come vittime innocenti. L'ingresso in Roma, tra il massacro di migliaia di soldati inermi, appariva presagio infausto, spaventoso agli stessi uccisori. Con l'arrivo di una legione dalla Spagna e il permanere di quella racimolata da Nerone tra gli equipaggi della flotta, Roma rigurgitava di soldati insoliti, con l'aggiunta di numerosi distaccamenti provenienti dalla Germania, dalla Britannia e dall'Illirico, che sempre Nerone aveva arruolato e inviato verso i valichi del Caucaso per la guerra in cantiere contro gli Albani, e poi richiamato per stroncare la sollevazione di Vindice: vasto potenziale di avventure militari non ancora orientato a favore di nessuno, ma disponibile per chi intendesse osare. 7. Per fatale coincidenza si seppe allora della morte di Clodio Macro e Fonteio Capitone. Macro era stato ucciso in Africa, dietro ordine di Galba, dal procuratore Trebonio Garuziano, perché implicato in uno scoperto tentativo di ribellione; Capitone per un analogo tentativo l'avevano eliminato in Germania, prima ancora di riceverne l'ordine, i legati Cornelio Aquino e Fabio Valente. Diversa l'interpretazione di altri: Capitone, per quanto vera la turpe macchia di avidità e lussuria, non avrebbe mai nutrito piani sovversivi, bensì sarebbe caduto vittima di una perfida accusa rivoltagli proprio da quei legati, alle cui sollecitazioni di scendere in campo aveva opposto un rifiuto; Galba, o per mancanza di decisione o per evitare di andare in fondo al problema, aveva approvato l'accaduto - comunque fosse andata - perché i fatti non erano modificabili. In ogni caso la reazione alle due esecuzioni fu dura e al principe, una volta resosi inviso, ogni gesto, buono o cattivo, provocava sempre avversioni. Di tutto si faceva mercato, lo strapotere dei liberti dilagava; le mani rapaci degli schiavi pronte ad arraffare ogni occasione, rese anche impazienti dalla vecchiaia del principe; vecchi guasti si riproponevano nella nuova corte, gravi come prima, ma non come prima scusati. La stessa età di Galba costituiva oggetto di scherno e ragione di insofferenza per chi, abituato alla giovinezza di Nerone, valutava, come fa il volgo, gli imperatori dalla loro prestanza fisica. 8. Questi erano gli umori circolanti a Roma, cosa naturale tra tanta massa di gente. Quanto alle province, stava al governo della Spagna Cluvio Rufo, eloquente e dotato di talento politico, ma povero di esperienza militare. Devote a Galba le Gallie, oltre che per il ricordo di Vindice, per la concessione recente della cittadinanza romana e per la decisione di sgravi fiscali nel futuro. Diverso tuttavia il trattamento riservato alle popolazioni vicine agli eserciti di stanza in Germania; alcune anzi, spogliate del loro territorio, misuravano con eguale risentimento i privilegi altrui e i torti subiti. Gli eserciti della Germania - già in sé motivo di serio pericolo per il peso militare - irrequieti e carichi di risentimento, oscillavano tra l'orgoglio per la recente vittoria e l'apprensione, quasi avessero appoggiato la parte avversa: tardo il loro distacco da Nerone, né a schierarsi a favore di Galba era stato pronto Virginio.
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