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Convergent Knowing: Explorations of a Sustained-And'sustainable Convergent Knowing Explorations of a Sustained – and “Sustainable” – Theological Reflection on Science, Environment, and Liberation Simon Appolloni A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department for the Study of Religion University of Toronto © Copyright by Simon Appolloni 2014 i Abstract “Convergent Knowing: Explorations of a Sustained – and ‘Sustainable’ – Theological Reflection on Science, Environment and Liberation.” Simon Appolloni, Doctor of Philosophy, Department for the Study of Religion University of Toronto, 2014 Since the last half of the twentieth century, Christian theorists, theologians, biblical scholars, philosophers and ethicists have been struggling, in varying degrees, with the increasingly pressing issues that have arisen from a planetary environmental crisis and a growing inequality and persistent poverty afflicting the majority of human beings. They have tried to reconcile these emergences with discoveries from science about how our world functions, and traditional affirmations of their faith. The struggle has been daunting, marked by a litany of concerned voices that argue that one or more of the issues or facets of the debate require greater attention. In this dissertation, I investigate the writings of four Christian thinkers: Rosemary Radford Ruether, Leonardo Boff, Diarmuid O’Murchu and Thomas Berry. These authors attempt to integrate, to varying extents, environmental concerns, liberation thought, scientific discovery and traditional precepts of their faith. These thinkers, I argue, are greatly facilitated in their integration of all these aspects by the particular epistemic framework they employ when engaging their faith and science in a communal conversation. I label this framework “convergent knowing,” characterized by a close and seemingly continuous relationship between these two significant ways of knowing. I suggest that “convergent knowing” could serve as a model for other Christian thinkers who are currently struggling to integrate ecology, justice, science and their faith. Evidence for this is found within the collective work of the four authors I examine, which reveals an emerging ethical vision that seeks liberation for the human and the other-than-human. I further argue that “convergent knowing” adds a new and important dimension to the religion-science debate, one that does not seem to be adequately represented by current leading typologies representing the religion-science nexus. The dissertation concludes by suggesting that there might be a larger civilizational paradigm shift occurring that underlies a growing convergence of Christianity and science. Characterized by relationality, this new paradigm is shaping how scholars currently approach science, ecology, ethics and religion. ii Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 The Scope of the Project ............................................................................................................ 4 Tracing the Context .................................................................................................................... 8 The Role of the Natural Sciences ...................................................................................... 13 Discussing the Central Claims of this Dissertation .................................................................. 17 Bounding a Four-fold Nexus .................................................................................................... 22 Discerning Criteria for “Taking Seriously” ............................................................................. 28 Confirming Interlocutors .......................................................................................................... 32 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 34 Structure of Dissertation .......................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 1 Rosemary Radford Ruether .......................................................................................... 41 Introduction to Ruether ............................................................................................................ 41 1.1 The Target of Ruether’s Critique ...................................................................................... 44 1.2 The Science Authoring Ruether’s Ethical Vision ............................................................. 46 1.3 An Analysis of Ruether’s Ethical Vision .......................................................................... 53 1.4 The Epistemology and Methodology Backing Ruether’s Ethical Vision ......................... 65 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 70 Chapter 2 Leonardo Boff .............................................................................................................. 72 Introduction to Boff .................................................................................................................. 72 2.1 The Target of Boff’s Critique ........................................................................................... 75 2.2 The Science Authoring Boff’s Ethical Vision .................................................................. 78 2.3 An Analysis of Boff’s Ethical Vision ............................................................................... 91 2.4 The Epistemology and Methodology Backing Boff’s Ethical Vision .............................. 97 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 104 iii Chapter 3 Diarmuid O’Murchu ................................................................................................... 106 Introduction to O’Murchu ...................................................................................................... 106 3.1 The Target of O’Murchu’s Critique ................................................................................ 108 3.2 The Science Authoring O’Murchu’s Ethical Vision ....................................................... 110 3.3 An Analysis of O’Murchu’s Ethical Vision .................................................................... 120 3.4 The Epistemology and Methodology Backing O’Murchu’s Ethical Vision ................... 129 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 137 Chapter 4 Thomas Berry ............................................................................................................. 139 Introduction to Berry .............................................................................................................. 139 4.1 The Target of Berry’s Critique ....................................................................................... 142 4.2 The Science Authoring Berry’s Ethical Vision .............................................................. 146 4.3 An Analysis of Berry’s Ethical Vision ........................................................................... 155 4.4 The Epistemology and Methodology Backing Berry’s Ethical Vision .......................... 160 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 168 Chapter 5 Toward a Serious and Sustained Reflection on the Liberation of All Creation ......... 171 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 171 5.1 Inadequacies of Conventional Modes of Ethical Thought .............................................. 174 5.2 Starting with a Loving Relationship with All Creation .................................................. 181 5.2.1 Can We Revere That with Which We Are Not Engaged? .................................. 184 5.3 Embracing Our Anthropological Vulnerability .............................................................. 188 5.3.1 Why Is Such a Corporeal Framework for Ethics Necessary? ............................. 191 5.4 Safeguarding a Communal Conversation ....................................................................... 193 5.4.1 How Do We Bridge Understandings and Facilitate an Inclusive Conversation? 196 5.5 Having Science Author an Ethical Vision ...................................................................... 199 5.5.1 Can We Isolate Whole Systems of Thought? ..................................................... 203 iv 5.6 Maximizing the Welfare of the Whole ........................................................................... 206 5.7 Exploring an “Eco-tethered” Liberation ......................................................................... 209 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 215 Chapter 6 Toward a Serious and Sustained Reflection on Science ............................................ 219 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 219 6.1 Lisa Sideris’s Critique of the Christian Appropriation of Science ................................
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