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Distribution of Wild Taro (Colocasia Esculenta) in Subtropical Texas, Growth of Young Colonies, and Tolerance to Simulated Herbivory

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Distribution of Wild Taro (Colocasia Esculenta) in Subtropical Texas, Growth of Young Colonies, and Tolerance to Simulated Herbivory Subtropical Plant Science 64:18-28.2012 Distribution of wild taro (Colocasia esculenta) in subtropical Texas, growth of young colonies, and tolerance to simulated herbivory Patrick J. Moran1* and Chenghai Yang2 1U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710 USA. 2USDA-ARS, Areawide Pest Management Research Unit, 2771 F & B Rd, College Station, TX 77845 USA *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] Abstract Non-native wild taro (Colocasia esculenta) is an ornamental plant that is an emerging invasive weed in moist riparian areas in subtropical and warm temperate river systems in Texas, with potential impacts on native plant species, habitat quality and water use in the Lower Rio Grande Basin. Observations taken from an online database and survey data indicate that wild taro has invaded or has the potential to invade at least 600 km of riparian habitat along 9 rivers in at least 14 Texas counties. In a five-month growth study in tanks, wild taro founder plants collected from the Rio Grande and San Marcos River watersheds increased their total weight by 2.6- to 5.6-fold, with most of this increase invested in corms, and developed colonies containing over 20 asexual progeny arising from stolons. In a five-week study, plants damaged artificially with hole punches recovered lost foliage and attained similar sizes as did undamaged plants. Wild taro has the potential to increase its distribution in subtropical riparian habitats such as those along the Rio Grande due to its potential for rapid colony expansion and its ability to tolerate and recover from damage. Integrated chemical, mechanical and biological control approaches may be needed to manage this invasive plant species. Additional Index Words: Texas rivers, Texas lakes, elephant ear, invasive weed __________________________________________ Riparian habitats along rivers and lakes in arid such as giant reed (Arundo donax L.) (Seawright et al., regions, such as the mostly subtropical Lower Rio 2009). Grande Basin (LRGB) and neighboring drainage Control of non-native, invasive aquatic weeds systems in Texas and Mexico, represent a scarce (submersed, floating and emergent) costs many resource. Riparian habitats convey and protect water millions of $US per year in the North American resources (Nilsson and Berggren 2000; USDA, 2002; subtropics (Netherland et al., 2005), with additional Bernhardt et al., 2005), and host native species costs for terrestrial riparian weeds such as saltcedar communities with high biodiversity and endemism (Tamaricaceae: Tamarix spp.) (Zavaleta, 2000) and (Soykan et al., 2012). Riparian ecosystems in North Brazilian peppertree (Anacardiaceae: Schinus America are particularly vulnerable to invasion terebinthifolius Raddi) (Cuda and Ferriter, 2004). (Hastwell et al., 2008; Ricklefs et al., 2008; Seavy et Chemical, mechanical, biological, and integrated al., 2009) due in part to high propagule pressure control strategies are available for major aquatic and (Eschtruth and Battles, 2011). The presence of riparian nonnative weeds of the LRGB and widespread extant invasions does not preclude future neighboring watersheds, such as water hyacinth invasions (Ricciardi and Kipp, 2008), which may be (Pontederiaceae: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) exacerbated by climate change and concomitant Solms.), hydrilla (Hydrocharitaceae: Hydrilla increased human and natural disturbance (Pyšek and verticillata (L. F.) Royle), giant salvinia (Salvinia Prach 1994; Seavy et al., 2009). In the LRGB, molesta D.S. Mitchell), saltcedar and giant reed (Van riparian ecosystems face 5-15% reduced water Driesche et al., 2002; APCRP, 2009; Gettys et al., availability over the next 50 years due to climate 2009). However, information is lacking on the change (Christensen et al., 2007), increases in water distribution, invasive biological attributes and control demand due to population growth (US Census, 2010) options for many other non-native aquatic and riparian and water consumption by nonnative riparian weeds plants in the LRGB and other subtropical regions. 18 Subtropical Plant Science 64:18-28.2012 Wild taro (Araceae: Colocasia esculenta (L.) al., 2008), also known as arrowleaf elephant ear, Schott) also known as taro, elephant ears, cocoyam or yautia, new cocoyam, malanga, or mafafa (in Mexico). dasheen, is a perennial plant with invasive potential in This plant, native to South and Central America, has riparian habitats along rivers and lakes in the Lower larger leaves and grows to greater heights than wild Rio Grande Basin (Fig. 1). Two taxonomic varieties taro, and produces multiple corm-like storage organs. occur in Texas as naturalized populations (sensu Leaf morphology differs from wild taro, in which the Richardson et al,. 2000), including C. esculenta var. leaf petiole is attached to the lamina above the base of esculenta and C. esculenta var antiquorum Hubbard the ‘V’-shaped notch at the base of the lamina, while and Rehder (USDA-NRCS, 2012), distinguished by in arrowhead elephant ear the petiole is attached to the the larger size of the central corm (tuber-like modified base of this notch (Lemke and Schneider, 1988). stem tissue) in var. esculenta than in var. antiquorum, Wild taro was introduced in the 1800s in the U.S., and the presence of ‘cormels’ arising from roots in and was promoted as a substitute crop for potatoes in antiquorum (Onwueme, 1999). The validity of these the early 20th century (Greenwell, 1947). Wild taro and subspecies/variety names has been questioned members of related genera are common ornamental (eFloras, 2012). Both types also occur in Louisiana, plants today. A search by P. Moran yielded at least 10 Georgia, and Florida, and var. esculenta has been U.S. online sources, and corms are sold at home reported from Mississippi, North and South Carolina, garden centers in Texas. Both C. esculenta and X. and Pennsylvania (USDA-NRCS, 2012). Two other sagittifolium are staple human starch food crops varieties, C. esculenta var. aquitilis Hassk. and C. throughout the global tropics (Quero-García et al., esculenta var. nymphiifolia (Vent.) A.F. Hill, are 2006; FAOSTAT 2010), including Central and South found only in Florida and Louisiana, respectively. The America and the Caribbean. Taro introduced by common name elephant ears is also associated with Polynesian settlers is important in traditional Hawaiian Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott, (Langeland et food and culture (Vieth and Chang, 1983; NASS, Fig. 1. Wild taro (Colocasia esculenta ) in the headwaters of the San Marcos River, at Spring Lake, Aquarena Center, Texas State University, San Marcos Texas (photo by P. Moran). 19 Subtropical Plant Science 64:18-28.2012 2010). Corms are used as an industrial starch source eastern Texas (Gonzalez and DallaRossa, 2006) and in southern Mexico (Agama-Acevedo et al., 2011). along the Rio Grande (Owens et al., 2005; Everitt et Taro leaves are used in animal feeds in Asia (Giang al., 2007), but more complete information on the and Preston, 2011; Olajide, 2012). Small scale- actual riparian distribution of wild taro in the LRGB commercial (under 1500 acres) and non-commercial and neighboring watersheds is needed. Because the production of both C. esculentum and X. sagittifolium plant occurs across a wide range of climates, occurs in Florida (Stephens, 2009) and subsistence adaptations to local growth environments through cultivation may occur in Texas. phenotypic plasticity (Richards et al., 2006) may aid Wild taro can be an invasive species in the U.S., invasion. To test this possibility, plants collected from as it is found in shoreline riparian habitats in over 200 two locations were planted in a common environment; water bodies in Florida (Langeland et al., 2008) and is differences in growth would suggest plasticity. naturalized in the Mississippi Delta (White, 1993). In Knowledge of the growth/survival responses of wild Texas, wild taro has formed monotypic stands in the taro to leaf damage may help guide prioritization of headwaters of the San Marcos River (Owens et al., plant parts as targets for biological control, and so the 2001; Fig. 1) that displace native plants (Langeland et effects of artificial damage on leaf and biomass al., 2008) and are sometimes intermixed with much production were determined. larger X. sagittifolium. Nesom (2009) placed wild taro among the 51 most highly invasive and damaging MATERIALS AND METHODS woody, herbaceous, and aquatic plants among 800 non -natives known to occur in Texas, based on its Distribution of wild taro in Texas. The USDA potential to colonize both disturbed and natural PLANTS database (http://plants.usda.gov) (USDA- habitats and displace native species. The spring-fed NRCS, 2013) and the Invaders of Texas Program San Marcos River provides habitat for several (2012) at the Texas Invasive Species Council (TISC) Federally-endangered fish, amphibians, and Texas website (http://www.texasinvasives.org) were used to wild rice (Poaceae: Zizania texana Hitchc.). Wild taro obtain data on observations of wild taro growing on may aid the invasion of an invasive species in Texas, major Texas river systems. The Texas Invasives such as the island apple snail Pomacea insularum database has been compiled by TISC based on data (d’Orbigny), which feeds and deposits eggs on this entries made by both professional weed and water plant (Burlakova et al., 2009; Burks et al., 2011; Kyle managers and amateur outdoor enthusiasts and et al., 2011). Wild taro is not listed on regulatory validated by TISC. Photos and GPS points in the invasive/prohibited plant lists published by Texas database were used to verify naturalized populations Parks and Wildlife, Texas Department of Agriculture, along creeks, rivers or reservoirs using Google® Earth or similar departments in other U.S. states, but is (Google Inc., San Jose, CA) or EDDMapS (2013). included in non-regulatory state and regional exotic GPS data for sites along the Rio Grande containing pest plant council (EPPC) lists, such as Florida-EPPC, wild taro were obtained from Everitt et al.
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