How Are Vocabularies Used?

¾ Goal is to enhance access to visual arts & material culture information ¾ People don’t always know what a person, place, or thing is called ¾ Different people use different terms for the same person, place, or Murtha Baca thing Head, Getty Vocabulary Program ¾ Vocabularies gather related terms together to improve access to Berliner Herbsttreffen zur Museumsdokumentation information for research and education October 2004

How are vocabularies used? ¾ The structure and content of the Getty vocabularies are based upon standards • Used as sources of ¾ International Organization for Standardization (ISO), standard terminology NISO (National Information Standards Organization) for use in description, ¾ Cataloguing Cultural Objects (CCO), CDWA cataloguing, and documentation apodyteria apodyterium • Used as “assistants” gymnasteria in online search gymnasterium engines, creating a semantic “road map” Note: Dressing that shows links and rooms in paths between ancient Greek We are active in concepts and terms and Roman baths and the standards- • Used as knowledge palaestrae. building bases or lookup tools communities

Standards for data values: ¾ The Getty Vocabularies ¾Controlled Vocabulary: An organized arrangement of words and phrases that are ¾ Library of Congress Name Authority File used to index content and/or to retrieve (LCNAF) content through navigation or a search ¾ Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) ¾ ICONCLASS ¾Typically a vocabulary that includes preferred terms and has a limited scope or describes a specific domain

¾There are several types of controlled vocabularies: ¾Controlled list ¾Taxonomy ¾Subject headings ¾Thesaurus

Murtha Baca, 18 October 2004 Getty Vocabularies ©J.Paul Getty Trust 1 anteaters Types of vocabularies armadillos Types of vocabularies bats Controlled list: A simple list of terms used to control bears Taxonomy: An orderly classification for a defined domain terminology cats In a well-constructed controlled list: each term must be unique; cows Vocabularies that organize a body of knowledge into conceptual terms should all be members of same class; terms should not deer categories are classifications and taxonomies be overlapping in meaning; terms should be equal in dogs granularity/specificity; and terms should be arranged Animal Kingdom elephants alphabetically or in another logical order ...... Vertebrates (phylum) goldfish ...... Mammalia (class) May include terms from other controlled vocabulary resources horses ...... Carnivora (order) For some elements or fields in the database, a controlled list ostriches ...... Felidae (family) may be sufficient to control terminology, particularly where the pandas ...... Felis domesticus (genus-species) terminology for that field is limited and unlikely to have pigs synonyms or ancillary information zebras

Jean-Baptiste Perroneau, Portrait of Magdaleine Pinceloup, © J. Paul Getty Museum; Chat Noir, Theophile-Alexandre Steinlen, © Sta. Barbara Museum of Art. Egyptian Cat, © Metropolitan Museum. Cat and Kittens, © National Gallery of Art. Maneki Neko, Japanese, © private collection.

Types of vocabularies Types of vocabularies Subject headings: Words or phrases used to indicate the Thesaurus: A semantic network of unique concepts content of a text or other thing Thesauri may be monolingual or multilingual Pre-coordination of terminology is a characteristic of subject Thesauri may have the following three relationships: headings; subject headings typically combine several unique concepts together in a string Equivalence Animal Kingdom ...... Vertebrates Hierarchical hierarchical ...... Carnivora (order) Cat family (Mammals) -- Literary collections Associative ...... Mammalia (class) Cats -- Religious aspects ...... Felidae (family) Cats -- Egypt associative Felis domesticus (preferred, species name) Egypt -- Civilization -- to 332 B.C. Felis silvestris (preferred, species name) •wild cat (preferred, common name) •domestic cat (preferred, common name) •Felis catus equivalence •house cat

http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ Getty Vocabularies

Compiled and maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program ¾Union List of Artist Names® (ULAN) The Getty ¾ 117,600 ‘records’; 257,241 names ¾Art & Architecture Thesaurus® (AAT) Vocabularies ¾ 33,150 ‘records’; 128,075 terms ¾Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names® (TGN) ¾911,300 “records’” 1,102,200 names

Focus on Visual Arts and Architecture Are compiled resources (not comprehensive) Grow through contributions May be licensed (vendors of collection management systems, others)

Murtha Baca, 18 October 2004 Getty Vocabularies ©J.Paul Getty Trust 2 Elements of a ULAN record Elements of a ULAN record names names Gaudí, Antoni Gaudí, Antoni geographic location Gaudí y Cornet, Antonio Gaudí y Cornet, Antonio Reus (Spain) Note: The Focus of each Cornet, Antoni Gauí Cornet, Antoni Gauí Barcelona (Spain) vocabulary record is a Gaudí i Cornet, Antoni Gaudí i Cornet, Antoni concept - not a “term” nationalities notes Catalan, Spanish Gaudí was influenced by Catalonia's roles medieval history and architecture. His architect, artist works display a respect for artist 500014514 craftsmanship and structural logic. He500014514 landscape architect, was also inspired by forms in nature, furniture designer using it in structure and ornament, creating a highly personal, organic style. life dates His work is characterized by sculptural Birth Date: 1852 plasticity, the manipulation of light, and the use of mosaics and polychromy. His Death Date: 1926 later style is classifiedbibliography as Catalan related people Modernisme, a styleContemporary related to Art Architects (1987) Nouveau. studied with: Enciclopedia universal ilustrada (1978-1983)Juan Martorell Montells Encyclopedia of world art (1959-1987) Sagrada Familia, Barcelona Spain, 1882-1926. Image Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-) © http://www.op.net/~jmeltzer/Gaudi/eltemple.html. Portrait © Encyclopedia Britannica online. LC Name Authority Headings [online] (2002-)

Equivalence Relationships in ULAN Former names, “incorrect” names NAMES: • Names for Sienese painter, active by 1337, died Sept. 4, 1378 Le Corbusier • include spelling variations, former Corbusier, Le names Corbu Names: Charles Edouard Jeanneret Bulgarini, Bartolomeo Jeanneret, Charles Edouard Bartolomeo Bolgarini Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard Bartolomeo Bolghini Jeanneret-Gris, Charles-Edouard Bartolomeo Bulgarini Bartolommeo Bulgarini da Siena Maestro d'Ovile ¾ all names refer to same person Master of the Ovile Madonna ¾ used for retrieval Ovile Master portrait photo © from Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Le Corbusier, photograph by Yousuf Karsh, 1954 ; © Karsh--Woodfin Camp and AssociatesConvent of La Tourette, by Le Corbusier, Lorenzetti, Ugolino ¾ one is “preferred” at Eveux-sur-Arbresle, near Lyon, France, 1957 to 1960. ; Photo by Donald Corner and Jenny Young; CD.2260.1012.1841.051. © Donald Corner and Jenny Young Charles-Edouard JEANNERET) ; "La caída de Barcelona”; 1939 ; Oil on canvas ; 81 x 99,5 cm; © Museo Ugolino Lorenzetti Assumption of the Virgin, Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena image from: Carli, Enzo, Sienese Painting, Harper & Row, 1983; Nacional, Sofia; image from http://museoreinasofia.mcu.es/ The St. Catherine of Alexandria, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, 1943.4.20, image from nga.gov

Common misspelling; married name Various transliterations, diacritics

NAMES: ¾ variant transliterations provide additional access O'Keeffe, Georgia points Georgia O'Keeffe ¾ diacritics recorded in code- extended ASCII (e.g., $07) in O'Keefe, Georgia data, maps to Unicode Stieglitz, Alfred, Mrs.

published misspellings provide additional access points

Iwan Schischkin (1831 - 1898) Im Russischen Wald, 1896; Georgia O'Keefe; Ram's Skull With Brown Leaves; Roswell Museum and Art Center; Roswell, New Öl auf Leinwand, 139 x 95 cm; image from http://www.i- Mexico from: http://www.roswellmuseum.org/ s-o.com/projekte/kh_kiel/sammlung/19_Jhdt/ct.htm

Murtha Baca, 18 October 2004 Getty Vocabularies ©J.Paul Getty Trust 3 Associative Relationships in ULAN Translations ¾ common translations are also important variants for Albrecht Dürer RELATED PERSON: NAMES: son of Mato Wanartaka Albrecht Dürer the elder Kicking Bear RELATED PERSON: student of Michael Wolgemut, from 1486 through 1490 student/teacher relationships familial relationships if parent is also an artist

Battle of Little Big Horn, ca. 1898 Albrecht Dürer; German, 1471 - 1528; Knight, Death and Devil, 1513; engraving on laid paper, sheet: 24.8 x 19 cm dates of relationship Watercolor on muslin2 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. 10 in. (frame included) (9 3/4 x 7 1/2 in.); © National Gallery of Art, Washington, The Southwest Museum (Los Angeles, California) DC. Gift of W.G. Russell Allen, 1941.1.20

Associative Relationships in ULAN Hierarchical Relationship in ULAN - Gobelins, Manufacture Royale de Whole/Part Painting Studio ¾ hierarchical Sculpture Studio Tapestry Manufactory relationships Dye Works RELATED PERSONS: represented with Furniture Manufactory members are indention Marquetry Studio Pietra Dura Studio Richard Meier Metalwork Studio Michael Palladino Engraving Studio James R. Crawford Bernhard Karpf Reynolds Logan

¾ a corporate body may Le Cheval Rayé; artist: Gobelins tapestry be related to persons manufactory, based on sketches by Albert Eckhout; ca. 1690-1730; wool and silk; 326 x 580.2 cm ; J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, CA), 92.DD.21

Elements of a TGN record Equivalence Relationships in TGN

names notes Located on Isar river, near edge of Munich parent place Alps; established by Henry the ¾ “Preferred” English München Lion, duke of Bavaria, as mint & Germany Monaco di Baviera market for Benedictine monks from ¾ Preferred vernacular, Baveria Munichen Tegernsee 13th cen.; declined under transliterated Oberbayern occupation & plague of Thirty ¾ Other languages place Years' War; revived under Ludwig 7004333 I; damaged in WW II. ¾ Historical names geographic coordinates 48 08 N, 011 35 E

bibliography place types Baedekers: München (1955); Cambridge Italian Dictionary (1962); Canby, Historic Places inhabited place (1984); Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer (1961); dates state capital Enciclopedia Europea (1978); Times Atlas of the founded near an older World (1992); USBGN: Foreign Gazetteers; settlement in 1157 Webster's Geographical Dictionary (1988) images © Munich Tourist Board, http://www.muenchen-tourist.de/

Murtha Baca, 18 October 2004 Getty Vocabularies ©J.Paul Getty Trust 4 Equivalence Relationships in TGN Hierarchical Relationship in TGN - Whole/Part Spain (nation) Andalucía (region) Almería (province) Cádiz (province) Córdoba (province) Granada (province) Huelva (province) Málaga (province) ¾ Languages Sevilla (province) ¾ Contributors ¾ Sources ¾ provinces are part of the region, which is part of the nation map of Andalucia: © Andalucia, http://www.andalucia.com/

Polyhierarchy Associative Relationship in TGN

Modern world Historical world Italy Hazor Tel Hazor Tuscany Etruria Siena province ¾ There may be associative relationships between places ¾ deserted settlement may be related to modern town Multiple hierarchical relationships may ¾ date for relationship include historical for a deserted settlement in Israel parents Siena/Sena DESCRIPTIVE NOTE: The date of the Located over Huleh Valley, near the modern relationship may also town Hazor; for centuries it was one of most be included important cities of Canaan, in control of rich agricultural area and vital trade and military route; according to the Bible, site of victory of Joshua and other battles of Israelites.

Elements of an AAT record Equivalence Relationships in AAT

parent concept still lifes Materials Hierarchy still life ...... limestone ...... sinter names/terms still-lifes ...... travertine travertine still lives travertine marble scope note concept nature morte 11329 travertine stone A dense, crystalline or roachstone natura morta microcrystalline limestone that was lapis tiburtinus formed by the evaporation of river stilleven or spring waters. It is named after Stilleben Tivoli (Tibur in Latin), Italy, where related concepts large deposits occur, and it is tufa vie coye onyx marble characterized by a light color and sources ontbijtje multiple terms refer to the same the ability to take a good polish. It Sturgis, Russell, Dictionary of Architecture and concept is distinguished from tufa by being Building; Roberts, Michael J., Construction Industry banketje “preferred” term is flagged harder and stronger. Thesaurus; American Geological Institute, Dictionary of terms in various languages, historical Geological Terms; Encyclopaedia Britannica bodegones

Murtha Baca, 18 October 2004 Getty Vocabularies ©J.Paul Getty Trust 5 Hierarchical Relationship in AAT - Polyhierarchy In the polyhierarchy, one “preferred” relationship is Genus/Species flagged for technical efficiency

funerary sculpture The “Non-preferred” relationship ....brasses (memorials) Object Genres Costume displays with an “N” ....effigies