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From Networking to Tensegrity Organization

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From Networking to Tensegrity Organization 207. VII. BEYOND NETWORKING TO TENSEORITY ALTERNATION - Transcending duality through tensional integrity Part 1: A lesson in organization from building design 209 Part 2: From systems-versus-networks to tensegrity organization 220 - Groupware configurations of challenge and harmony; an alternative approach to "alternative organization" 229 - Implementing principles by balancing configurations of functions; a tensegrity organization approach 239 -A new global organizational order 245 - Networking alternation (Part 1) 247 208. f/e//Clli,lfic 01' ROII/UIl ('op\' of f!Ie \rd/llic Oill/)!Id/m (i/liI'cI-,l/onc). It i,l COl'act! /)y the iigrcnon. 11 kind orthid IIcf, olld \t'l{\ ,\ll,.,IIOllllfct! h\' {he t\\'o ~()ldell cog/e,\ o(/.ell,\' thllf.flcw.fi·011l the fll'O ellds (~I' fhe world to !IIeet of it\ (,(,lItrc. lit f)('//Ihi, VII. BEYOND NETWORKING TO TENSEGRITY ALTERNATION - Transcending duality through tensional integrity Part 1: A lesson in organization from building design 209 Part 2: From systems-versus-networks to tensegrity organization 220 - Groupware configurations of challenge and harmony; an alternative approach to "alternative organization" 229 - Implementing principles by balancing configurations of functions; a tensegrity organization approach 239 -A new global organizational order 245 - Networking alternation (Part 1) 247 IU tl • lIelleJli,\/ic 01' f<O/lI"1I COII\ 011/1/' :II'I'!loic 1II1I11!tlllo,\ (//II\'e!-s/o//e),lt i,\ ('ol'cred /Jy t!le 1/:~r(,11011, (/ kind Ilflhi('k //I't, 01/11 \\'1/\ \/11'1I/0/111I1 'd />\'Ihe 1\1'0 goldI'll cl/gII'\ 0(/.1'11.1' Ihl/t.fle\l'.I;'ol1lthe 1\1'0 ellds (~(r!le \I'orld 10 /lied 111 if\ Cl'lIlrc, ul f)1'!/lhi. 209. Alesson in organization from building design - Transcending dua'lity through tensional integrity: part 1 A geodesic dome, Photo: Courtesy ot Kaiser Aluminium (Temcor) Introduction « bureaucratic» view which emphasi­ The fundamental problem in bUilding zes the importance of «rational, ef­ is to support a load, whether in the It is characteristic of society today that fective» structures, and (d) relation­ case of a bridge or simply to establish any area of thought, belief or action ships between an organizational system a covered space. As in diagram 1 thiS is viewed in a dualistic manner, either . and any corresponding (or complemen­ can be done with beams on columns. positively or negatively. Much of the tary) network. The question is whether But in order to increase the floor space dynamics of society is determined by this approach offers us clues to a new and reduce the materials reqUired for interaction, competition or conflict kind of «psycho-social architecture». a given load, arches of increasing so­ between those holding such polarized This is explored in Part 2 of the article phistication have been constructed perspectives on any issue. The struc­ (see pages 258-265). from Roman times. tures currently available reflect this situation by either (a) focusing attention « The arch is essentially a device for on one pole of the duality, ignoring the The Lesson from dispensing with a center post, by split­ other, or treating it with varying degrees Building Design ting the thrusts a center post would of hostility, or (b) integrating the dual­ It would be desirable to precede this support and by deflecting them to the ity into the structure and permtting a section by a development of the fami­ sides. The downward pull of gravity change over time in response to a ma­ liar argument that there is an interplay on the keystone is converted into paired jority (such as at elections) between between the principles governing the outward thrusts, which the face angles 'acting in terms of one pole or of the physical architecture and designed of successive stages transform into other, or (c) integrating the duality into structures current in a society and those doWnward thrusts once more, but the structure such that one division fa­ governing the psycho-social organiza­ downward thrusts now borne by the vours the approach 'indicated by one tions of that society. Unfortunately side columns. Thus the columns pole of the duality and another favours space limitations preclude doing so in actually support the weight of the key­ that of the second pole. Since the dual­ any adequate manner and it is only stone and its neighbours, without having istic approach is extremely divisive, the possible to develop the following argu­ to be located directly under the stones question is whether more adequate ap­ ment in such a way as to stress that whose weight they bear. So a central proaches are not available as a basis correspondence. space is cleared beneath the arch. for new kinds of structures which could A bUilding, like any other structure It is clear that everything is held in by-pass the conflict situation built into (including psycho-social structures) has place by weight, so that the continuities the dualistic approach without denying forces acting on it, or stresses acting of stress are chiefly compressive. Two its reality. within it, which are trying to deform or more intersecting arches will define The purpose of Part 1 of this article it or cause it to move. These forces a dome-shaped space, again clear of is to draw attention to the manner in pass through the structure, pushing on supporters because the work of support which this problem has been examined some elements (hence « compressive » has been transferred to peripheral co­ in architecture and how dualities are force) and pulling on others (hence lumns ... balanced and transcended within what « tensile» force). Until the last century, Though the visible continuities are com­ are known as« tensegrity »structures(1). most of the bUilding materials availa­ pressive, there is in fact an invisible Such an approach suggests a number of ble were effective in resisting compres­ tension network which analysis cannot interesting possibilities by which to sive forces (e.g. brick, stone), but few ignore. Each component of a stone dome handle: (a) sets of dualities, such as durable materials were capable of with­ is held in place by the earth's gravita­ opposing values or viewpoints, (b) standing even moderate tensile stress tional field, pulling tensionally « down­ groups pursuing 'opposing objectives, (with the limited exception of wood). ward» through the structure. If the (c) relationships between structures ba­ Consequently buildings and bridges dome were inverted, the force that sed on the «organic, wholistic» view were designed so that large tensile stres­ pulls it together would pull it apart. If that «all men are brothers» and the ses did not occur in them. it could be placed in orbit, it would (1) There are few sources of intormation on tensegrity, originally inves­ milian, 1975 (Tensegrity, pp. 372-432). tigated by R. Buckminster Fuller. This article reviews the insights in Anthony Pugh. An Introduction to Tensegrity. Los Angeles. University the three principle sources currently available, although their authors of Calitornia Press, f976 (See also: Polyhedra; a visual approach. are not responsible for any interpretations here of the possible psycho­ Same author and publisher). social implications of these principles: R. Buckminster Fuller. Syn­ Hugh Kenner. Geodesic Malh and How 10 Use 11. Los Angeles, Uni­ ergetics~ explorations in the geometry of thinking. New York, Mac- versity ot California Press. 1976 (ParI 1 : Tensegrity. pp. 3-44). 210. « L'affaire de tous » de la degradation de ce Comite. Mais la bande, de I'interieur, en reduisant la beaucoup plus que pour les ONG ecar­ I'intention des Etats importe ici pius consultation a des taches politiquement tees qUi y trouveraient un avantage pu­ que le sort du Comite. inoffensives ou de complaissance ou blicitaire et un accroissement d'atten­ encore au simple r61e de diffuseur de tion? Car le fait associatif non-gou­ Un observateur attentif de la consulta­ recommandations des Etats. vernemental existe en soi et non par la grace du statut consultatlf. On doit tion nous disait dernierement que si la On en lira les textes ci-apres. Charte des Nations-Unies etait Et re­ savoir que les ONG, associations inde­ faire, i! !J'est pas sOr que I'art. 71 y Les reponses de la France et de I'Au­ pendantes, qui se sont vouees Et la pro­ trouverait encore place. Faute d'une re­ triche concernant I'application par les tection des droits humains n'attendent vision de la Charte qUi prevoit, en son ONG des principes regissant leur statut, pas I'autorisatlon des Etats pour se article 109, que toute modification exi­ objectent Et cette tendance contraire manifester Et travers les frontiElreS et gera la ratification de tous les membres aux buts et aux principes de la Charte. que le sixieme continent non territorial permanents du Conseil de securite, le cher a Johan Galtung n'a besoin ni Conseil economique et social sera Faut-il dire que le dommage serait pour d'agrements ni de passeports. tente, dans sa majorite, de proceder par I'avenir de I'organisation internationale Robert FENAUX Le statut consultatif et les droits de I'homme Les reponses de la France et de I'Autriche a I'enquete de I'Ecosoc sur I'application par les ONG des principes regissant leur statuto AUTRICHE FRANCE L' Autriche fait grand cas du r61e des organisations non gou­ Le Gouvernement francais attache .Ia plus grande importance vernementales dans le domaine des droits de I'homme. Le sta­ au r61e que le statut consultatif confare aux organisations non tut consultatif qui peut leur etre accorde en vertu de la resolu­ gouvernementales internationales accreditees aupres du Con­ tion 1296 (XLIV) du Conseil economique et social est donc en­ seil economique et social.
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