An ex post impact study of MAX-lab Hallonsten, Olof; Christensson, Oskar 2017 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hallonsten, O., & Christensson, O. (2017). An ex post impact study of MAX-lab. Lund University School of Economics and Management. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 OLOF HALLONSTEN | OSKAR CHRISTENSSON | HALLONSTEN OLOF An ex post impact study of MAX-lab OLOF HALLONSTEN | OSKAR CHRISTENSSON LUND UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT | LUND UNIVERSITY An ex post impact study of MAX-lab An ex post MAX-lab was a Swedish national research facility for synchrotron radiation, nuclear physics, and accelerator physics, in operation between 1986 and 2015 impact study MAX-lab of 2017 and located on the northern campus of Lund University. This report is the result of a comprehensive analysis of the impact of MAX-lab on science, economy, and society, and on local, national and international level. The report is based on official documentation, statistics, interviews, and previous studies of the history of MAX-lab. Its analysis and conclusions contribute to a broader and deeper understanding of the role of research infrastructures in science and society. Lund University 534549 School of Economics and Management ISBN 978-91-7753-454-9 789177 9 An ex post impact study of MAX-lab 1 2 An ex post impact study of MAX-lab Olof Hallonsten Oskar Christensson Lund University School of Economics and Management 2017 3 Coverphoto by Annika Nyberg Copyright Olof Hallonsten and Oskar Christensson Lund University School of Economics and Management ISBN 978-91-7753-454-9 Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2017 4 “Is there a reasonable alternative to MAX-lab for Swedish science and technology? Not really: without it, the Swedish users could still access ESRF and other national facilities – but the experience of other countries shows that without a strong national facility the quality and quantity of synchrotron activities would degrade, confining Sweden to a second-rank role.” (“Report from the review of the MAX laboratory, Lund, May 2009,” Swedish Research Council report 5:2010, p 24.) “You had a certain freedom at MAX-lab, that also came with responsibilities, that you didn’t have at other labs. You learned how to inject into the ring, for example, that only happened at MAX-lab. It gives self-conficence, and decisionmaking power, but also teaches you to communicate with people. […] I have given some though to what would have happened if I wouldn’t have come to MAX-lab. I would probably have ended up at a big place and it wouldn’t have been the same. Different disciplines gathered under the same roof at MAX-lab, with the machine in common and the goal in common: to do good science for the benefit of society. This made MAX-lab special.” (Marco Kirm, interviewed by Oskar Christensson, over Skype 6 January 2017.) 5 Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................. 8 List of tables .................................................................................................... 9 List of figures ................................................................................................. 10 List of abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................ 11 1. Introduction and framework ......................................................................... 13 1.1 Introduction to the study ......................................................................... 13 1.2 Conceptual framework, notes on method, and structure of the report ..... 21 2. Background and context ................................................................................ 33 2.1 Science, technology and research infrastructures ...................................... 33 2.2 Synchrotron radiation laboratories: History, organization, science, technology ............................................................................................... 37 2.3 Sweden and ‘Big Science’ ......................................................................... 52 2.4 A brief history of MAX-lab ...................................................................... 59 2.5 Short summaries of previous evaluations of MAX-lab and similar documentation ......................................................................................... 80 3. Scientific and technological impact ............................................................... 91 3.1 Science at MAX-lab ................................................................................. 91 3.2 General assessment of the impact of the scientific program of MAX-lab .. 97 3.3 Machine and instrumentation ............................................................... 105 3.4 Materials science .................................................................................... 113 3.4.1 Uppsala University’s Department of Physics .............................. 118 3.4.2 Physics in Linköping .................................................................. 122 3.4.3 Physics in Tartu, Estonia ........................................................... 124 3.5 Life science ............................................................................................ 126 3.5.1 “Low throughput” ..................................................................... 129 3.6 Nuclear physics ..................................................................................... 131 6 3.7 A motor for progress, renewal and internationalization of Swedish science ..................................................................................... 137 3.7.1 The user association(s) ............................................................... 144 3.7.2 Workshops and conferences ....................................................... 147 4. Economic impact ......................................................................................... 151 4.1 How facilities like MAX-lab can and cannot have economic impact ...... 151 4.2 Procurement and technology transfer .................................................... 157 4.2.1 The Scienta SES-200 ................................................................. 162 4.2.2 Scanditronix .............................................................................. 164 4.2.3 Erik Olssons Mekaniska ............................................................. 166 4.3 Industrial use of MAX-lab ..................................................................... 167 4.3.1 AstraZeneca and NovoNordisk at Cassiopeia ............................. 172 5. Educational and public impact .................................................................... 175 5.1 When science and society meet at MAX-lab .......................................... 175 5.2 Education .............................................................................................. 178 5.2.1 The Summer School in Synchrotron Radiation Research ........... 180 6. Lund University and MAX-lab .................................................................... 183 6.1 A well integrated lab .............................................................................. 183 6.2 Research activities at Lund University directly related to MAX-lab ........ 184 7. The broader picture: Lessons from the history of MAX-lab ......................... 191 7.1 Growing Big Science in a small country ................................................. 191 7.1.2 MAX IV .................................................................................... 194 7.2 Impact revisited ..................................................................................... 195 Appendices ...................................................................................................... 199 Appendix 1: Investments in MAX-lab, 1997-2012 ...................................... 199 Appendix 2: List of all published doctoral theses that build on work done at MAX-lab, alphabetical order of authors, 1988-2015 ................................ 202 Appendix 3: List of MAX-lab staff and faculty, 1987-2010 .......................... 221 Appendix 4: List of MAX-lab Committee members, board members, etc, 1986-2010 ............................................................................................ 228 Appendix 5: Postdoctors and visiting scientists listed in the MAX-lab Activity Reports, 1998-2010 ......................................................................