DOCSLIB.ORG

Somalia Mission Notes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Somalia Mission Notes 2011_CIC_3.qxd:Peacekeeping_FM_qxd.qxd 1/16/12 1:45 PM Page 109 3.7 Somalia Somalia underwent enormous political and security change in 2011. Al-Shabaab’s Background August announcement that it would retreat Somalia, the prototypical “failed state” and from Mogadishu brought hope that conditions one of the most dangerous countries in the in the capital city would improve. While se- world, has struggled with political instability curity gains have been made, Al-Shabaab has and insecurity for over two decades. In 1991, scaled up asymmetric attacks in the city since Somalia was confronted with clan-based vio- ceding control. The militia has also threat- lence after the collapse of Siad Barre’s regime. ened reprisal against Kenya, after that coun- A year later, drought in the region sparked a try’s military entered Somalia in October to famine in Somalia that resulted in the death drive Al-Shabaab from its northern border. of over 300,000 people and the displacement The efforts against Al-Shabaab were also bol- of thousands more. stered by the November announcement that In 1992 the UN imposed an arms em- Ethiopia would send troops to Somalia for a bargo, followed by the establishment of the short deployment. first UN Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM I) A massive drought and poor harvests in 2011 resulted in a declaration of famine in June, and this acute humanitarian situation has expanded to cover nearly all of south- central Somalia. While a rapid increase in hu- manitarian assistance has improved condi- tions, progress remains fragile and the crisis has resulted in the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Somalis, both inside the country and into refugee camps in Kenya and Ethiopia. At the same time, Somalia underwent im- portant political developments. Somali polit- ical stakeholders agreed to extend the transi- tional period, which was set to end in 2011, until August 2012. While the timeline to complete the transitional period is ambitious, the agreement may be an important milestone for developing the critical long-term political structures needed in Somalia. However, the political and security gains of 2011 remain fragile. The humanitarian crisis and the con- tinued threat from Al-Shabaab could reverse the year’s progress. 109 2011_CIC_3.qxd:Peacekeeping_FM_qxd.qxd 1/16/12 1:45 PM Page 110 110 • MISSION NOTES Political Context AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) After approximately a dozen peacemaking at- tempts in Somalia, discussions led by the •Authorization Date 21 February 2007 (UNSC Res. 1744) Inter-Governmental Authority on Develop- • Start Date March 2007 ment (IGAD) in 2004 resulted in the estab- • Force Commander Major-General Fred Mugisha lishment of the Transitional Federal Charter (Uganda) and the Transitional Federal Government • Budget $152 million (TFG). Many Somalis viewed the TFG as a (1 October 2010–30 September 2011) puppet of Ethiopia, and its legitimacy contin- •Strengthasof Troops:9,754 30 September 2011 Police: 50 ues to be deeply challenged both inside So- Civilian Staff: 13 malia and abroad. After the establishment of the TFG, the president quickly requested the support of a peacekeeping mission, but the planned AU- to monitor a cease-fire in the Somali capital sponsored IGAD mission was never deployed of Mogadishu and provide military support to and the TFG—unable to control the capital the UN humanitarian relief operation. How- on its own—was forced to meet in exile. ever, attacks on aid convoys and humanitarian In 2006 the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), staff continued, and aid efforts were slowed a coalition of moderate and extreme Islamist dramatically as 1.5 million people were de- groups and exiled Somali parliamentarians, clared to be at risk of starvation. came to power in Mogadishu, initiating the It was these circumstances that prompted first period of relative stability and security US president George H. W. Bush to deploy in over fifteen years. In December 2006 the the UN-authorized and US-led Unified Task- Ethiopian military, concerned about the emer- force (UNITAF). The mission, deployed under gence of an Islamist state on its border, inter- Chapter VII of the UN Charter, comprised vened with tacit support from the United 37,000 soldiers authorized to use “all neces- States, ousting the ICU and reinstalling the sary means” to open up space for the delivery TFG in the capital. In response, Al-Shabaab, of humanitarian aid. a hard-line faction of the ICU, launched an In 1993 the UN assumed control of the insurgency. Large-scale fighting in 2007 and operation, under the new name UNOSOM II, 2008 displaced over 1 million Somalis. with a wider statebuilding mandate. In Octo- In 2007 the UN Security Council author- ber of that year an attempt by US forces to ized the deployment of the AU Mission in capture warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid re- Somalia (AMISOM). The mission was man- sulted in the infamous “Blackhawk down” in- dated to support the TFG, provide assistance cident and the death of eighteen US soldiers. to ongoing political dialogue, create secure In the aftermath, US and other Western mili- space for the delivery of humanitarian assis- tary forces withdrew from Somalia; the effect tance, and support the reform and reestablish- of this incident on popular perceptions of ment of a professional Somali security sector. peacekeeping, and of Somalia, continues to Initial discussions cast AMISOM as a “bridg- impact Western policymaking in the region. ing” mission, intended to pave the way for a The UN operation struggled following UN deployment. Following serious disagree- the withdrawal of Western forces and assets, ments at senior levels of the UN and among and in 1995 the mission withdrew from the Security Council member states, it was de- country and established the UN Political Office termined that conditions on the ground were in Somalia (UNPOS) in Nairobi, to continue not appropriate for the deployment of blue its monitoring and negotiation efforts. helmets. 2011_CIC_3.qxd:Peacekeeping_FM_qxd.qxd 1/16/12 1:45 PM Page 111 SOMALIA • 111 In the context of continued fighting in 2007, ICU members, diaspora leaders, and ex- iled Somalis joined together to form the Al- liance for the Reliberation of Somalia (ARS). This group also included Al-Shabaab and other hard-line militant groups. Under what came to be known as the Djibouti process, ARS leaders and the TFG met in Djibouti in 2008 to hammer out an agreement that would precipitate the withdrawal of Ethiopian forces, the incorporation of ARS elements into the TFG, and the creation of an “international se- curity presence.” The hard-line members of the ARS, in- cluding Al-Shabaab, rejected the agreement and intensified their efforts to oust the TFG and AMISOM forces, while the Djibouti pro- UN Photo/Stuart Price cess moved forward without them. In early A Ugandan soldier serving with the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) 2009, after the withdrawal of Ethiopian stands guard in a doorway inside Mogadishu Stadium, north of the forces and the selection of Sharif Sheikh Somali capital, on 7 August 2011, two days after the insurgent group Al-Shabaab withdrew the majority of its forces overnight. Ahmed, the former head of the ICU, as pres- Transitional Federal Government (TFG) forces, backed by AMISOM troops, ident, there was a lull in the violence and fought sporadic gun battles in the area as pockets of resistance some businesspeople began to return to Mo- erupted and “mopping-up operations” took place, according to an AMISOM commander on the ground. gadishu to reclaim property and resume their affairs. However, Al-Shabaab resumed its in- surgency with renewed vigor, and by June Al-Shabaab has also returned to a more 2009 the TFG had declared a state of emer- asymmetric style of attacks, however. A num- gency. The militant group continues to con- ber of suicide bombings in the capital in Oc- trol large swathes of south-central Somalia tober 2011 have resulted in many civilian today. deaths, including a truck bomb that killed more than 100 people. On 17 October, the government of Kenya Key Developments launched military operations aimed at creat- ing a large buffer area inside Somalia, be- Security Developments tween Al-Shabaab and the Kenyan border In 2010 and 2011, AMISOM took a more for- area. The Kenyan government initially stated ward-leaning approach, mounting offensive that the operations were in response to a operations against Al-Shabaab throughout number of high-profile kidnappings, despite Mogadishu, an effort that was bolstered by Al-Shabaab’s denial of involvement in the the December 2010 UN Security Council au- abductions. However, the Kenyan government thorization to increase troop levels. In August subsequently acknowledged that the opera- 2011, weary of continuing direct confronta- tions had been planned further in advance and tions with the growing AMISOM force, Al- were in reaction to long-term security threats.1 Shabaab declared that it was withdrawing from The incursion is likely to draw Al- the capital to regroup. Since Al-Shabaab’s Shabaab forces into combat in the southwest withdrawal, the TFG and AU peacekeepers of the country. Militants have also promised to now control all of Mogadishu. mount attacks inside Kenya, adding a new—and 2011_CIC_3.qxd:Peacekeeping_FM_qxd.qxd 1/16/12 1:45 PM Page 112 112 • MISSION NOTES wider—dimension to the Al-Shabaab threat. Political Developments To date, the majority of violence has taken Continued infighting between President Sharif place in Somalia, with the notable exception Sheikh Ahmed and the Transitional Federal of the 2010 suicide bombing in Uganda, the Parliament, particularly the speaker of the par- first bombing outside the country for which liament as well as a series of prime ministers, Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Somalia Terror Threat
    THECHRISTOPHER TERROR February 12, THREAT FROM THE TERROR THREAT FROM SOMALIA THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF AL SHABAAB CHRISTOPHER HARNISCH APPENDICES AND MAPS BY KATHERINE ZIMMERMAN FEBRUARY 12, 2010 A REPORT BY THE CRITICAL THREATS PROJECT OF THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE THE TERROR THREAT FROM SOMALIA CHRISTOPHER HARNISCH February 12, 2010 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 IMPORTANT GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN SOMALIA 3 NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS 4 INTRODUCTION 8 ORIGINS OF AL SHABAAB 10 GAINING CONTROL, GOVERNING, AND MAINTAINING CONTROL 14 AL SHABAAB’S RELATIONSHIP WITH AL QAEDA, THE GLOBAL JIHAD MOVEMENT, AND ITS GLOBAL IDEOLOGY 19 INTERNATIONAL RECRUITING AND ITS IMPACT 29 AL SHABAAB’S INTERNATIONAL THREATS 33 THREAT ASSESSMENT AND CONCLUSION 35 APPENDIX A: TIMELINE OF MAJOR SECURITY EVENTS IN SOMALIA 37 APPENDIX B: MAJOR SUICIDE ATTACKS AND ASSASSINATIONS CLAIMED BY OR ATTRIBUTED TO AL SHABAAB 47 NOTES 51 Maps MAP OF THE HORN OF AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST 5 POLITICAL MAP OF SOMALIA 6 MAP OF ISLAMIST-CONTROLLED AND INFLUENCED AREAS IN SOMALIA 7 www.criticalthreats.org THE TERROR THREAT FROM SOMALIA CHRISTOPHER HARNISCH February 12, 2010 Executive Summary hree hundred people nearly died in the skies of and assassinations. Al Shabaab’s primary objectives at TMichigan on Christmas Day, 2009 when a Niger- the time of the Ethiopian invasion appeared to be ian terrorist attempted to blow up a plane destined geographically limited to Somalia, and perhaps the for Detroit. The terrorist was an operative of an al Horn of Africa. The group’s rhetoric and behavior, Qaeda franchise based in Yemen called al Qaeda in however, have shifted over the past two years reflect- the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).
    [Show full text]
  • 2/2014 Update on Security and Protection Issues in Mogadishu And
    2/2014 ENG Update on security and protection issues in Mogadishu and South-Central Somalia Including information on the judiciary, issuance of documents, money transfers, marriage procedures and medical treatment Joint report from the Danish Immigration Service’s and the Norwegian Landinfo’s fact finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya and Mogadishu, Somalia 1 to 15 November 2013 Copenhagen, March 2014 LANDINFO Danish Immigration Service Storgata 33a, PB 8108 Dep. Ryesgade 53 0032 Oslo 2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: +47 23 30 94 70 Phone: 00 45 35 36 66 00 Web: www.landinfo.no Web: www.newtodenmark.dk E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Overview of Danish fact finding reports published in 2012, 2013 and 2014 Update (2) On Entry Procedures At Kurdistan Regional Government Checkpoints (Krg); Residence Procedures In Kurdistan Region Of Iraq (Kri) And Arrival Procedures At Erbil And Suleimaniyah Airports (For Iraqis Travelling From Non-Kri Areas Of Iraq), Joint Report of the Danish Immigration Service/UK Border Agency Fact Finding Mission to Erbil and Dahuk, Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), conducted 11 to 22 November 2011 2012: 1 Security and human rights issues in South-Central Somalia, including Mogadishu, Report from Danish Immigration Service’s fact finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya and Mogadishu, Somalia, 30 January to 19 February 2012 2012: 2 Afghanistan, Country of Origin Information for Use in the Asylum Determination Process, Rapport from Danish Immigration Service’s fact finding mission to Kabul, Afghanistan, 25 February to 4 March
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 28 March 2019 English Original: French
    United Nations S/2019/255 Security Council Distr.: General 28 March 2019 English Original: French Letter dated 20 March 2019 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council In accordance with Security Council resolution 2431 (2018), in which the Council requested the African Union to report regularly on activities related to the implementation of the mandate of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), I have the honour to transmit to you a letter from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission (see annex) and his report on the situation in Somalia (see enclosure 2). For your information, please also find attached the strategic concept of operations of the Mission for 2018–2021 (see enclosure 1) and the communiqués adopted by the Peace and Security Council of the African Union at its 806th and 827th meetings (see enclosures 3 and 4). I should be grateful if you would bring these documents to the attention of the members of the Security Council. (Signed) António Guterres 19-04814 (E) 110419 250419 *1904814* S/2019/255 Annex [Original: English] I wish to inform you that the African Union Peace and Security Council, at its 827th meeting, held in Addis Ababa on 13 February 2019, considered and endorsed the strategic concept of operations of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) for the period 2018–2021 (see enclosure 1). The strategic concept of operations was developed pursuant to the communiqué adopted by the Peace and Security Council at its 782nd meeting, held in Nouakchott on 27 June 2018 (S/2018/725, annex), in which the Peace and Security Council called for the development of a new concept of operations for AMISOM, aligned to support the implementation of the Somali transition plan and concurrent activities, and pursuant to Security Council resolution 2431 (2018) on the drawdown of AMISOM troops.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Norway's Engagement in Somalia
    EVALUATION DEPARTMENT Report 7 / 2020 Evaluation of Norway’s Engagement in Somalia 2012–2018 Evaluation of Norway’s Engagement REPORT 7/2020 EVALUATION DEPARTMENT 2 in Somalia 2012–2018 Commissioned by The Evaluation Department Carried out by Tana Copenhagen in association with Chr. Michelsen Institute Written by Erik Bryld (team leader), Charlotte Bonnet, Christine Kamau, Mohamed S Mohamud, Abdikadir Osman, Joar Svanemyr, Elling Tjønneland, Simon White This report is the product of the authors, and responsibility for the accuracy of data included in this report rests with the authors alone. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions presented in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the Evaluation Department. October 2020 Evaluation of Norway’s Engagement REPORT 7/2020 EVALUATION DEPARTMENT 3 in Somalia 2012–2018 Content Foreword 4 3.2.2 Effectiveness in Other Areas 36 Acknowledgements 5 3.2.3 Humanitarian Effectiveness 41 Executive Summary 6 3.2.4 Unintended Consequences 46 3.2.5 Women, Men and Vulnerable Groups 47 1. Introduction 10 3.3 Coherence 50 2. Methodology and Approach 11 3.4 Conflict Sensitivity 63 2.1 Evaluation Focus 11 3.5 Learning and Adaptability 66 2.2 Methodology 11 2.2.1 Evaluation Criteria 12 4. Conclusions 70 2.2.2 Sample Interventions 14 2.2.3 Data Collected 17 5. Recommendations 73 2.2.4 Limitations 18 2.2.5 Ethics 19 References 75 Annex 1: Terms of Reference 92 3. Findings 20 Annex 2: List of People Interviewed 103 3.1 Norway’s Goals and Priorities in Somalia, 2012–2018 20 List of Annexes 111
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia
    United Nations S/2017/751 Security Council Distr.: General 5 September 2017 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 2358 (2017) and paragraph 44 of resolution 2297 (2016). It provides information on the implementation of those resolutions, including on the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) and challenges faced by the United Nations Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) in carrying out its mandate. It covers major developments in Somalia during the period from 1 May to 22 August 2017. II. Political and security overview A. Political developments 2. The Federal Government of Somalia continued to capitalize on the opportunity created by the February 2017 election of Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed “Farmajo” as President and the subsequent formation of a new cabinet under the Prime Minister, Hassan Ali Kheyre. Encouraging steps were taken to strengthen relations with the federal member states. On 6 June, President Farmajo visited Kismaayo, where he promised to pay regular salaries to the Somali national army and Darawish forces in Jubaland. The Federal Cabinet plans to hold meetings in the regional capitals, the first of which took place in Kismaayo on 12 July. 3. The new Government continues to confront several challenges, including drought response and security. The new Government intends to remain on good terms with all its partners and is concerned that a crisis in the wider region might have far-reaching consequences on the stability of Somalia. It therefore opted to remain neutral in the Gulf crisis of June 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Shell-Shocked: Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu
    Somalia HUMAN Shell-Shocked RIGHTS Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu WATCH August 2007 Volume 19, No. 12(a) Shell-Shocked Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu Map 1: Mogadishu: Insurgent attacks through mid-March 2007............................... 1 Map 2: Mogadishu: Ethiopian offensives in March and April 2007............................2 I. Summary...............................................................................................................3 II. Key Recommendations.........................................................................................7 To the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG).....................................7 To the groups comprising the insurgency ............................................................7 To the government of Ethiopia.............................................................................8 To the European Union and its member states, the European Commission, the United Nations Security Council, the African Union, the Arab League, and the government of the United States.......................9 III. Background.......................................................................................................10 The Fall of the Barre Regime and the Outbreak of Clan Fighting.......................... 12 Successive Failed Peace Processes: 1991–2004................................................ 14 The Ethiopian Factor ......................................................................................... 16 The Rise of the Islamic Courts in 2006..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Restore Hope, Somalia – Case Study Prepared by Mr. Bryan
    Operation Restore Hope, Somalia – Case Study Prepared by Mr. Bryan B. Sopko Acknowledgements I would like to take the opportunity to thank a number of individuals for their support during the development of this material. Their help was instrumental in supporting the research and development for this material. Lieutenant General Jack Klimp, USMC (Retired), Colonel James ‘Irish’ Egan, USMC (Retired), Colonel Dennis Mroczkowski, USMC (Retired), and Colonel Len Supko, USMC (Retired) for their first-hand accounts of operations during Restore Hope that provided a deeper clarity to the accounts written in the history books other research material. Dr. Bruce Gudmundsson for his guidance and mentorship throughout this process. Members of the Marine Corps Tactics and Operations Group (MCTOG) – Captain Michael Ulmer, Gunnery Sergeant Matthew Maxwell and Gunnery Sergeant Peter McKinney. Members of the TECOM Attack the Network Training Team – Danica Slater, Matthew Osman, David Nelson, Scott Walker, Scott Packard, Fernando Ramirez, Phillip Mason, Travis Nelson, Michael Hershey, and Chad Pervier. Preface The case study material developed using Operation Restore Hope as a historical example was done so to support the institutionalization efforts of Attack the Network (AtN) methods for the Marine Corps. In doing so, eight different decision points have been developed around learning objectives that support the Commandant’s 2025 Vision and Strategy, while simultaneously supporting existing training and education of courses within the Marine Corps. The learning objectives developed for this material are: • Develop a plan to establish relationships and coordinate existing capabilities, organizations (JIIM), and cultural awareness in order to support the commander’s CONOP. • Correlate cultural, societal, and political factors and their effects on friendly, neutral and threat networks.
    [Show full text]
  • 3/2013 Security and Protection in Mogadishu and South-Central Somalia
    3/2013 ENG Security and protection in Mogadishu and South-Central Somalia Joint report from the Danish Immigration Service’s and the Norwegian Landinfo’s fact finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya and Mogadishu, Somalia 16 April to 7 May 2013 Copenhagen, May 2013 LANDINFO Danish Immigration Service Storgata 33a, PB 8108 Dep. Ryesgade 53 0032 Oslo 2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: +47 23 30 94 70 Phone: 00 45 35 36 66 00 Web: www.landinfo.no Web: www.newtodenmark.dk E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Overview of Danish fact finding reports published in 2012 and 2013 Update (2) On Entry Procedures At Kurdistan Regional Government Checkpoints (Krg); Residence Procedures In Kurdistan Region Of Iraq (Kri) And Arrival Procedures At Erbil And Suleimaniyah Airports (For Iraqis Travelling From Non-Kri Areas Of Iraq), Joint Report of the Danish Immigration Service/UK Border Agency Fact Finding Mission to Erbil and Dahuk, Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), conducted 11 to 22 November 2011 2012: 1 Security and human rights issues in South-Central Somalia, including Mogadishu, Report from Danish Immigration Service’s fact finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya and Mogadishu, Somalia, 30 January to 19 February 2012 2012: 2 Afghanistan, Country of Origin Information for Use in the Asylum Determination Process, Rapport from Danish Immigration Service’s fact finding mission to Kabul, Afghanistan, 25 February to 4 March 2012 2012: 3 Chechens in the Russian Federation – residence registration, racially motivated violence and fabricated criminal cases, Joint report
    [Show full text]
  • Black Landscape Copy
    in the line of fire SOMALIA’S CHILDREN uNDER AttACk Amnesty international is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the universal Declaration of human rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. first published in 2011 by Amnesty international ltd Peter Benenson house 1 easton Street london WC1X 0DW united kingdom © Amnesty international 2011 index: Afr 52/001/2011 english original language: english Printed by Amnesty international, international Secretariat, united kingdom All rights reserved. this publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. the copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. for copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. to request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover phot o: Children play in ifo refugee camp as the sun goes down, Dadaab, kenya, December 2008. the camps at Dadaab are home to more than 200,000 Somali refugees. © unhCr/e. hockstein amnesty.org CONTENTS 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................3 2. Background..............................................................................................................6 Domestic parties to the conflict...................................................................................7 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Siad Barre and the Somali State: the Actor and the Action 65 4 the Dialectics of Dictatorship and Domination 93
    The Suicidal State in Somalia The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991 Mohamed Haji Ingiriis University Press of America,® Inc. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK Copyright © 2016 by University Press of America,® Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 UPA Acquisitions Department (301) 459-3366 Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB, United Kingdom All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Control Number: 2015959067 ISBN: 978-0-7618-6719-7 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN: 978-0-7618-6720-3 (electronic) TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. I dedicate this book to all Somali people who suffered (wittingly or unwittingly) one way or another under the military regime of Siad Barre ‘Hadal nin badiyeyna ma wada oran, nin yareeyeyna kama wada tegin’ A Somali saying Contents List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xiii Note on Somali Orthography and Transliteration xvii Introduction 1 I: The Colonial State and Schooling: Tribulation 15 1 The Genealogies of African Dictatorship(s) 17 2 A Critical Appraisal: The State and Society in Perspective 37 II: The Capture of the State: Totalitarianism 63 3 Siad Barre and the Somali State: The Actor and the Action 65 4 The Dialectics of Dictatorship and Domination
    [Show full text]
  • S/PV.8440 the Situation in Somalia 03/01/2019
    United Nations S/ PV.8440 Security Council Provisional Seventy-fourth year 8440th meeting Thursday, 3 January 2019, 10 a.m. New York President: Mr. Singer Weisinger ............................. (Dominican Republic) Members: Belgium ....................................... Mr. Pecsteen de Buytswerve China ......................................... Mr. Wu Haitao Côte d’Ivoire ................................... Mr. Ipo Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mr. Edjang Nnaga France ........................................ Mr. Michon Germany ...................................... Mr. Heusgen Indonesia. Mr. Djani Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Almunayekh Peru .......................................... Mr. Tenya Poland ........................................ Mr. Lewicki Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Polyanskiy South Africa ................................... Mr. Matjila United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Ms. Pierce, United States of America .......................... Mr. Cohen Agenda The situation in Somalia Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia (S/2018/1149) . This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned to the Chief
    [Show full text]
  • National Development Plan (2020–24)
    Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 146623-SO THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA Public Disclosure Authorized JOINT IDA-IMF STAFF ADVISORY NOTE ON THE NINTH NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2020–24) March 6, 2020 Public Disclosure Authorized Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice Poverty and Equity Global Practice Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without the authorization of the World Bank and the Interna- tional Monetary Fund. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION AND INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA Joint Staff Advisory Note on the Ninth National Development Plan 2020–24 Prepared by the staffs of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Approved by C. Felipe Jaramillo (World Bank) and Thanos Arvanitis and Maria Gonzalez (IMF) March 6, 2020 I. OVERVIEW 1. This Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) reviews Somalia’s Ninth National Development Plan (NDP9), covering 2020–24. The Cabinet of the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) approved NDP9 on September 26, 2019, and the Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development (MoPIED) sub- sequently published NDP9 on its website.1 Somalia submitted NDP9 to the IMF and World Bank on Octo- ber 15, 2019, to fulfill the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative’s poverty reduction strategy requirement.2 2. Somalia has made noteworthy progress since 2012 to recover from decades of conflict and state fragmentation. The 2012 Provisional Constitution established a federal political structure, including a par- liament, the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and the Federal Member States (FMSs).3 Meanwhile African Union forces liberated the capital Mogadishu and other key strategic cities from terrorist groups.
    [Show full text]