NEW KNOWLEDGE

DIVING TOURISM IN THE GULF important tourism potential like lots of natural areas in . The region, starting from the OF SAROS Gulf of Saros coast to the inland, also draws attention with its different cultural features besides its rich fauna and flora. The findings that have been obtained have shown Sudi APAK, Prof.,Dr. that the most important reason of the visitors to prefer the area is the natural beauty of the region Beykent University, Faculty of Economics, besides its sea that is suitable for diving and its Istanbul/Turkey quiet environment. The development of this increasing tourism activity so as to meet [email protected] ecotourism and agrotourism standards is only possible with a tourism strategy that is determined by the public, local managements and nongovernmental organizations together.. Burçin ŞAPÇI, MSc Keywords: Diving tourism, The Gulf of Saros, Ecotourism, Rural development Trakya University Ipsala Vocational College Program of Tourism, Edirne/Turkey 1. Tourism Sector in Turkey [email protected] For developed and developing countries, tourism is of considerable significance with respect to both foreign exchange gain and employment. Ahmet KUBAŞ56, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tourism, defined as the relations and events consisting of people’s travels to and Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Economics accommodations in places where they do not and Administrative Sciences, continuously live and/or work, is today’s biggest economic social activity on the international Department of Business Administration, platform. Tourism sector is instrumental in a multifaceted Namik Kemal Mahallesi Kampüs Caddesi No:1, way in the economic and social development 59030 Tekirdağ/Turkey processes of the especially developing countries. Being an impulsive force in developing economy, Phone number. +90.282.250-2803 tourism is an effective means of protecting and developing natural, cultural and social Fax number: +90.282.250-9927 environment. It creates and sustains employment. Tourism, furthermore, is a sector that affects the E-mail: [email protected] balance of payments as it provides foreign exchange input (www.turizm.gov.tr, 2003). Tourism is very important for developing DIVING TOURISM IN THE GULF OF countries such as Turkey. Tourism, also defined SAROS as the open air factory, provides economy with a Ecotourism and agrotourism concepts that have significant added value as it is in close started to draw attention all over the world in relationship with many other sectors. It is an recent years are important tourism alternatives. eminent source of income and is an important For Turkey, mostly known by its sea tourism, to factor in terms of the promotion of countries and become one of the most important ecotourism a employment. Thus, it has a special significance destination in a short time is possible by putting for countries like Turkey that struggles with forward its difference with its undestroyed natural unemployment. landscape and cultural heritage. Turkey, with its historical and natural resources, North-Central Saros Region which is part of has the potential for different kinds of tourism. Keşan, a district of Edirne, with its geographical Tourism activities are not restricted to sea and structure in which forest and sea meet also has an extend to seasons and regions with different kinds. With its 8000 kilometers of coast, its attractive Mediterranean climate and its beautiful 56 Corresponding Author beaches, Turkey also possesses the necessary ISSN: 1314-5703

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resources for sun-sea-sand (3s) tourism, while provide protection to aqua flora and fauna of the many sporting activities such as yachting or water whole Gulf. Underwater viability as well as sea sports can as well be supported. The wide range water clarity, the lenght of the water visibility and of mountains, lakes and caves, and the rich flora geographically proximity to Istanbul makes Gulf and fauna provide opportunities for trekking, of Saros attractive for diving tourism. Today, the hunting, bird watching, rafting, diving, and Gulf of Saros is one of the favorite education an spelunking activities (Alvarez, 2010). Thus, the application area for diving schools in both development of the rural regions and the socio- Istanbul and Ankara as well as popular among economic contribution of the tourism sector underwater divers. (Yaşar,2011) continue not only in summer but also in spring, In North Saros region, there has been an fall and winter. environmental destruction in secondary housing residential areas such as Erikli, Yayla and In recent years, together with especially foreign due to deficiencies in infrastructure and tourists’ continuing interest in spending their unplanned settlement. In order to prevent the summer vacation in search for sea, sun and sand, same destruction from happening in Çamlıca, the demand for natural, cultural and historic sites Mecidiye, Sazlıdere and Gökçetepe villages, and cultural activities has increased. If Turkey which coasts in the Gulf of Saros and are selected creates different tourism alternatives and plans as areas of research, a tourism that is compatible and completes the related infrastructure, the with the nature should be developed. number of tourists and the tourism income will The research will examine the socio-economic increase. structure of the region, existing tourism activities These assessments that concern Turkey in general and alternative tourism opportunities in order to are also valid regionally. For instance, in Keşan develop tourism in the region. The basic aim is to district of which has a significant determine the measures to be taken in order to potential for nature and water sports, the tourism provide sustainable development in Keşan district activities in summer are not restricted to sea of Edirne province; the potential to benefit from tourism. Upon the starting of the accession tourism; and the way to achieve this (Şapçı, negations with the EU, the economic mobility has 2005). increased in Keşan which is close to Greece, and this must be utilized for touristic aims. In Keşan, 2. Diving Tourism which is nearby İstanbul, Greece and other Balkan countries, tourism can become a very important Dive tourism is defined as ‘individuals travelling economic activity. from their usual place of residence, spending at Gulf of Saros, its coasts and surroundings have a least one night away, and actively participating in high potential for tourism with its natural, cultural one or more diving activities’ (Garrod & and historical assets. Being aware of this, to Gossling, 2008). Dive tourism is a way of provide sustainable growth in tourism while combining sports, vacation, sea tourism, culture protecting this uniqe environment, Gulf of Saros, tourism, nature tourism and eco-tourism. While its coasts and surroundings have been announced divers have the chance to see the wide aqua fauna as “Cultural and Tourism Protection and and flora, also they can discover the cultural Development Zone” with the regulation published traces/ruins/relics as like historical shipwrecks, at Resmi Gazete No. 26370 on 8 December, 2006 they can escape from everyday life and able to ( Resmi Gazete, 2006). Also Gulf of Saros which experience natural and clean places like forests

2012 habitats 144 types of fishes, 78 type of sea plants and protected marines or reefs. and 34 types of sponges have been announced as Diving tourism is a rapidly developing sector at “Custom Environmental Protection Area” with the global level. Every year a great amount of the regulation published at Resmi Gazete No. currency is being transferred to mainly offshore

ДЕКЕМВРИ 27793 on 22 December, 2010 ( Resmi Gazete, countries and specifically to those demonstrating - 2010). a significant underwater environment, rich in Sparse distribution of population and settlement in marine life (natural landscapes, variety of aquatic the shores of the Gulf of Saros besides the lack of plants and animals, underwater caves or industry at the region is keeping environmental volcanoes, etc.) (Scalkos, Stridas, Moudakis and ОКТОМВРИ effects away from the Gulf. Furthermore, Stergioluas, 2009). Tabata (1992) and Dignam . 4, protected areas which lies in the northern and the (1990) identified scuba diving as one of the БР southern shores of the Gulf are one the factors world’s fastest growing sports, with dive travel 1, effective in protection of the Gulf. Also being one being the fastest growing aspect of the sport of the rare self-cleaning marines allowed to (Davis and Tissdel, 1996). ГОДИНА

110 ИЗДАНИЕ НА ВИСШЕ УЧИЛИЩЕ ПО АГРОБИЗНЕС И РАЗВИТИЕ НА РЕГИОНИТЕ NEW KNOWLEDGE

Turkey has a huge potential with its undiscovered this, the reason of the taking of the factors with and unpolluted marines, which has a rich aqua eigen values greater than one is that a factor is fauna and flora of the . The considered as important when at least a variable is Turkish coastline covers 8000 km along the the same as the variance description (Johnson and Aegean, Black, Mediterranean and Marmara Seas. Wichern, 2002). With its wide coastline, its cultural and historical heritage that reached from the variety of the past 4. Existing Population and Educational civilizations alongside with the diversity of the Background of the Visitors climate allows Turkey to host a wide range of biodiversity. All these characteristics offer a great According to the results of 2002 Census, the total potential for the development of dive tourism in population of the district is 77.637. 42.755 of the Turkey. population lives in district center and 34.882 of 3. The Material and the Method Used in the the population lives in villages and towns. These Research numbers illustrate that 55 % of the population lives in cities and 45% of the population lives in In the research, the basic data is obtained from the rural areas. Keşan District consists of Center surveys conducted among the visitors who visited Subdistrict, Mecidiye Subdistrict, Yerlisu the North Saros region. The surveys were Subdistrict and 49 villages of these subdistricts, conducted directly by the researcher by means of including Paşayiğit, Beğendik, Mecidiye and face-to-face interviews with the visitors. Some of Çamlıca. the visitors visited the region with the aim of scuba diving and the remaining ones visited the Table 1: Keşan District Existing Population and region for swimming and sunbathing. In addition Probable Population Projection for 2020 to the data collected from these visitors, previous Years 1990 1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 studies conducted on Keşan were also used. By Populat 71.1 74.6 77.6 80.8 84.5 88.2 92.2 applying random sampling method, there were ion 33 98 37 91 09 88 35 157 divers selected and interviewed face to face. Factor analysis is a method of analysis that Estimation made in line with the midyear examines the relationship between the variables. population projections for 2020, it is expected that The relationships between the variables are the population of the district will increase to interpreted by being reduced to a lesser number of 84.509 by 2010 and to 92.235 by 2020. However, factor groups that have certain characteristics. the positive economic developments that would Mathematically, factor analysis is somewhat occur can make the district to become a center of similar to the multiple regression analysis in that attraction and the number of the population can each variable is expressed as a linear combination exceed the estimated values. Data concerning the of underlying factors. The common factors projections are given in Table 1 (DİE, 2002). themselves can be expressed as linear When the educational backgrounds of the visitors combinations of the observed variables (Malhotra, were examined, it was seen that the major part of 1996). them was literate. As can be seen in Table 2, the Fi=Wi1X1+Wi2X2+Wi3X3+...... +WikXk educational level of the visitors was quite high: Fi:estimate of ith Factor 62.3 % of the visitors were university graduates, Wi:weight or factor score coefficient 13% held MA and 2.6% held PhD. 7.8% of the k:number of variables remaining were graduates of vocational college, Xi: ith standardized variable (Malhotra, 1996). 11.7% were graduates of high school and 2.6% In this research, the judgment-based opinions of were graduates of primary school. the visitors were measured by interval scale and the obtained findings were interpreted by means Table 2: Educational Background of the Visitors Educational of analysis. Percentage (%) Determining the appropriate number(m) of factors Background is an important point in factor analysis. A Primary 2.6 criterion used in determining the number of High School 11.7 factors is the following: there are factors with the College 7.8 number of eigen values greater than one; University 62.3 accordingly, factors smaller than one eigen values MA 13.0 are neglected. Eigen values of one factor are both PhD 2.6 the average of the correlation matrix of eigen Total 100.0 values and the variance of original variables. For ISSN: 1314-5703

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The visitors of Saros, where scuba diving is an contribution of operating a pension and do not important motivation for visiting, are mostly operate pensions. However, two enterprises near people with high educational levels. A major part the Ibrice harbor can be called pensions. 7.1% of of the visitors come from İstanbul, and from the visitors, who come for diving, accommodate Edirne, Tekirdag and Kırklareli, located in Trakya in the summer houses of their families and/or, Region. while 1.8% of them put up their own tents in It is also an important factor that educated people various bays and meet their requirements by are always open to develop themselves. With themselves (Şapçı, 2005). scuba diving, besides doing sports, an individual discovers a new world and gains knowledge about 6. Degree of Visitor Satisfaction it. Furthermore, scuba diving requires a certain level of education and can be risky in terms of In order to measure the degree of visitors’ health if done uncontrolled. Thus, it also requires satisfaction, the evaluations including five discipline. categories, being very low, low, quite a bit, high, very high, were made. A major part of the visitors 5. Type of the Stopover Place participating in the survey, i.e. 59,4% of them, mentioned that the degree of their satisfaction was The visitors participating in the survey mentioned high. That the rich underwater environment of the that they used the existing types of stopover in the North Aegean renders diving sport visually region to varying degrees. Among the different enjoyable has affected the results in a types of stopover, camping is used by the 42.9% considerable way. The degree of satisfaction also participants, ranking first. This percentage is arises with the attempts to meet the requirements followed by 41.1% of the participants who stay at of the divers, which also leads to an increase of a nearby hotel. These two types of stopover is the popularity of the places around İbrice harbor closely related to the preferences of the diving as compared to the other diving points in the clubs. Some clubs camp at places determined by North Aegean. In addition to diving, the visitors the Mecidiye Municipality and offer eating, also have the chance to hike, bicycle, angle, swim drinking and staying in the tent for their and etc. Thus, the visitors can have a vacation in customers on paid basis. By staying at these nature where they can do nature sports. 25,8 % of camps, the divers who do the diving sport within a the remaining visitors mentioned that their degree diving club both have the chance to have a fine of satisfaction was “quite a bit”, while 12,9% of time in nature and also to make new friends with them was “very high”. The percentage of the whom they can talk about diving. Moreover, participants who mentioned their degree of Gökçetepe A type facility for recreation which satisfaction to be “low” or “very low” was 1.9 % belongs to the General Directorate of National in total. Parks and is nearby the diving points is equipped to meet the requirements of those who want to Table 4: Degree of Visitor Satisfaction stopover. Some clubs, on the other hand, stay at Degree of Number of Percentage the hotels located in the Keşan centre. Satisfaction Respondents (%) Very Low 1 0.6 Table 3: Type of the Stopover Place Low 2 1.3 Type of the Percentage (%) Quite a Bit 40 25.8 Stopover Place High 92 59.4

2012 Hotel 41.1 Very High 20 12.9 Pension 7.1 Total 155 100.0 House of a 7.1 Relative/Friend 7. The Diving Club of the Visitors ДЕКЕМВРИ Camping 42.9

- Tent 1.8 41.3 % of the visitors participating in the survey Total 100.0 mentioned that they were from Caddebostan Skin Divers Club. This Club was established by a

ОКТОМВРИ Generally, the clubs offer their customers a tour group of university students in 1954. It is one of price including transportation, accommodation, . 4, the first underwater sports clubs not only in

БР breakfast and dinner and 4 divings. Besides the Turkey but also in the world. On account of its

1, visitors who stay at hotels and camps, 7.1% of beneficial activities, the Club earned the non- them stay at pensions. The villagers of the profit association status in 1967 (www.bsk.org.tr). research area is ignorant about the economic ГОДИНА

112 ИЗДАНИЕ НА ВИСШЕ УЧИЛИЩЕ ПО АГРОБИЗНЕС И РАЗВИТИЕ НА РЕГИОНИТЕ NEW KNOWLEDGE

A leader in the field of diving, Caddebostan Skin Table 6: KMO and Bartlett Tests on the Visitors Divers Club brings its members to the region at Motive to Prefer the weekends and coaches them for diving. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Sample 0,881 Club does not have a vessel at the Ibrice harbor Equivalence Test and the members dive from the shore. Level of the Bartlett Sphericitiy Test rocks, in the harbor decreases to almost 40 meters χ2 522,170 is suitable for divers at every level. The Club sd 66 brings their members to the region triweekly. The Significance Level 0,000 Club trainers who coached their members for diving in the İstanbul Islands mentioned that the Extraction Method: Principal Component Islands were too poor with respect to underwater Analysis. richness to be compared with the region. Caddebostan Skin Divers Club is followed by As can be seen in the Table above, the group of Argos Diving Club with the percentage of 31.4%. three basic factors explains the %64,887 of the Argos is an Edirne centered diving club (The total variance. Thus, the obtained results of factor Center of the Argos is in Edirne) and it was analysis are significant. Rotation factor matrix established in 1995. The base of the Club which was applied to the data and the obtained results performs diving activities in various diving points are explained in the Table below. Here, the basic is the Gulf of Saros. The Clup camps at the beach factors that affected the preference of the visitors called Uzunkum and meet all the requirements of were gathered in three groups. Of these three the visitors (www.diveargos.com). Other than groups, Group I consist of the factors concerning these, many diving clubs such as KSM, Deniz the quality of the environment. This factor group Feneri and Ay Işığı prefers the region for diving. includes features such as calm setting, clean air, forests, absence of exhaust gas and traffic density, Table 5: The Diving Club of the Visitors and clean sea and safety. II. Factor Group Clubs Percentage (%) includes features such as being economical and Cadde Bostan the natural resources potential. These emphasize Balıkadamlar Sports 41.3 the budget prices, facility of transportation, rich Club flora and fauna and long and high-quality beach Argos Diving Club 31.4 of the region. III. Factor Group mostly concerns Ayışığı Diving Club 5.8 the diving activity. For, this region is preferred by Deniz Feneri Diving the diving clubs especially for its appropriate 5.0 Club level of depth and the environmental Özüm Diving Club 2.5 characteristics. Tadok Diving Club 1.7 To summarize, of these three factor groups, KSM Diving Club 9.9 Factor Group I includes the factors concerning the Atlantis Diving Club 1.7 environment and safety factors that affect visit CBSK+KSM Diving quality. 0.8 Clubs Factor Group II emphasizes economic reasons. In Total 100.0 this group, facilities of transportation to the region and budget prices in the nearby regions stand in 8. Factor Analysis of the Judgments of the the forefront. Fauna and flora features are also Visitors on their Motives to Prefer the Gulf of included in this factor group (Şapçı, 2005). Saros Factor Group III consists of diving advantages. Factor analysis was conducted in order to analyze That the Gulf of Saros has an appropriate depth the motives of the visitors to prefer the Gulf of for diving and hence it is preferred by the diving Saros. As a result of the analysis, a considerably clubs formed the Factor Group III. higher figure than the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test 0.50 was found. Thus, it can be said Table 7: Rotated Component Matrix that the data obtained from the visitors was Component appropriate for implementing factor analysis. Moreover, according to the results of the analysis, 1 2 3 the significance level was found out to be 100%. Calm Setting ,813 ,175 4,192E-02 Clean Air ,760 ,245 ,264 Forests ,754 ,188 ,175 Absence of exhaust gas and ,647 ,426 -,116 traffic density ISSN: 1314-5703

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8,215E- Clean Sea ,638 ,537 which is only two hours away from Istanbul, there 02 are many diving regions where the visitors can Safety ,557 ,554 ,102 experience the rich underwater environment. Budget prices ,147 ,759 ,207 Facility of transportation ,124 ,747 ,225 Harmankaya, Toplar, Ibrice Harbor and Askertası, Rich flora and fauna ,246 ,720 6,708E-02 which are located within the boundaries of Long and high-quality district’s shoreline and regarded among Turkey’s ,519 ,635 -6,103E-03 beach important diving points, are some of these many Preference of the diving 8,889E- -2,839E-03 ,816 points. clubs 02 Appropriateness for diving ,215 ,235 ,717 The most popular region for diving in Saros is the around of the İbrice Harbor mole or the 9. Results and Discussions surrounding rock cliffs. The diving clubs coach for most of the diving activities in this region, including the diving trainings. Furthermore, the The ecotouristic potential of the Gulf of Saros has Gulf with 144 fish types, starfishes as the been well recognized in recent years. As one of indicator of clean sea, 170 types of underwater the activities within the scope of ecotourism, the creatures such as octopus, shrimp and loster, scuba diving sports has become an important attracts underwater photographers to the region sports activity. While the divers visited the region due its famous corals (Maximum Bilgi Web in small groups before, they have started to visit Site). Distinguished underwater potential and the region with the guidance of diving clubs. closeness to Istanbul have made the Gulf of Saros These clubs, most of which are centered in a center of attraction for divers. Istanbul, bring their members to the Gulf for Preferred also by the diving clubs, the number of diving. Komur harbor and the diving points the divers visiting the region increases every year. belonging to the sunken ships of the Canakkale If managed in an appropriate way, this tourism War in the South of the Gulf of Saros have been movement can both become a significant known for years. The British warship "majestic" economic activity and can serve to protect the lies hare at a depth of 22 metres at the mouth of ecologic characteristics and biological diversity of the Gulf of Saros (Myturkiye Web Site). the region. Otherwise, tourism would be a short- However, in recent years, Harmankaya, Toplar term economic activity for the region situated in Head, İbrice Harbor, Cehennem Rock Cliffs in the wildlife development area and the increasing North Saros have become important diving points number of visitors may destroy the environment of Turkey. The development of diving tourism in in irreversible ways. For this reason, the tourism the region was also positively affected by the fact activities in the region should be performed that it is possible to reach to the diving points within the framework of a plan. In order to from the villages in our research area in a short achieve this, a commission for tourism time and that there are areas for camping. development should be founded by Keşan When the socio-economic status of the individuals Governorship, municipal governments in the visiting the North-Middle Saros Region was district and North-Middle Saros region and non- examined according to the data obtained through governmental organizations and a tourism surveys, it was found out that the visitors strategy should be determined for the region. The belonged mostly to the young age group, who local population should be made conscious about were bachelors or childless married couples; that the significance of tourism as the motor of the educational level of the visitors, who mostly economic development. That the people of the held BA or MA degrees, was high; that the

2012 district are now conscious enough about tourism income level of the visitors belonging mostly to affects the development of tourism in the region the professional groups such as banking, dentistry, in an adverse way. This is also the source of other engineering and coaching, regarded as the reasons. People regard the tourism in the region as worker-officer professional group, was also high.

ДЕКЕМВРИ a marginal activity and think that this interests

- . only the hotelkeepers. This creates an obstacle to The north coast of the Gulf of Saros is also very the development of activities such as operating suitable for sea tourism with its clean sea and houses as pensions that would contribute to the beaches consisting of mostly thin sand and less tourism in the region. Moreover, that tourism is

ОКТОМВРИ thick sand and pebbles. (Anonim, 1990) Besides not given due importance adversely affects the

. 4, being suitable for sea tourism, the Gulf of Saros is quality of the service.

БР also suitable for scuba diving sport which has Trekking, as another activity performed within 1, been developing to a great extent in recent years ecotourism, is one of the lightest type of nature in Turkey. Concerning scuba diving, Saros can be sports. Trekking (hiking in rugged areas without regarded as the backyard of İstanbul. In this Gulf ГОДИНА

114 ИЗДАНИЕ НА ВИСШЕ УЧИЛИЩЕ ПО АГРОБИЗНЕС И РАЗВИТИЕ НА РЕГИОНИТЕ NEW KNOWLEDGE using vehicle) has developed in Turkey especially sustainability, and management, Oxford: Elsevier, in the last five years. The increase in business 2008 tempo has also led to an increase in the number of Anonymous, DİE, Population Statistics, 2002 people doing trekking. 25 new trekking Scalkos G., Stridas A., Moudakis C., Stergioluas companies were founded only in Istanbul (Tatil A., Mapping of the Current State of Diving Dunyası Internet Sitesi, 2003). For these Tourism in Greece, Journal of Applied Sciences 9 companies, Korudağ can be a new trekking point (21) : 3829 – 3835, 2009 as it is close to Istanbul and has ridges where sea Davis D., Tisdell C., Economic Management of and forest meet. It is a region where trekking Recreational Scuba Diving and the Environment, organizations are made by environmentalist Journal of Environmental Management 48, 229– association in the district. Information tours 248, 1996 should be offered to the tourism agencies in Malhotra, K.N., Marketing Research an Applied Istanbul, the agencies should be invited to the Orientation, Prentice Hall International Inc., region and the trekking potential of the region USA, 1996, p. 646. besides scuba diving should also be prompted. Johnson, R. A.; D.W., Wichern, “Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis”, Prentice-Hall References Inc., Fifth Edition, New Jersey, 2002, p.484-487. Alvarez, M.D., Marketing of Turkey as a Tourism Anonymous, Keşan District The Gulf of Saros Destination, Anatolia: An International Journal of and Shoreline Environment Research Council Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21:1, 123-138, “The Gulf of Saros and Shoreline Report”, Keşan 2010 Governorship, Keşan, 1990. Yaşar, O., Underwater Diving Tourism On The Coasts Of The Gulf Of Saros, Zeitschrift für die Web References Welt der Türken, Vol.3, No.1, 2011 www.turizm.gov.tr,2005 Şapçı, B., “Ecotourism and Agora-tourism in the www.resmigazete.gov.tr, 2006; 2010 Middle North Saros Region in Keşan District of www.bsk.org.tr Edirne Province“, Institute of Natural Sciences, www.diveargos.com Trakya University, 2005 www.myturkiye.com, 2012 Garrod, B., & Go¨ssling, S., New frontiers in www.maximumbilgi.com, 2005 marine tourism: Diving experiences, www.tatildunyası.com, 2005

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