Characterization of Mammalian Orthoreovirus (MRV) Induced Stress

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Characterization of Mammalian Orthoreovirus (MRV) Induced Stress Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2010 Characterization of mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) induced stress granules (SGs) and implications of eIF2α phosphorylation on viral translation Qingsong Qin Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons Recommended Citation Qin, Qingsong, "Characterization of mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) induced stress granules (SGs) and implications of eIF2α phosphorylation on viral translation" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11731. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11731 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Characterization of mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) induced stress granules (SGs) and implications of eIF2 phosphorylation on viral translation by Qingsong Qin A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Veterinary Microbiology Program of Study Committee: Cathy L Miller, Major Professor Qijing Zhang W. Allen Miller Michael J. Wannemuehler Mark Ackermann Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2010 Copyright © Qingsong Qin, 2010. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Dissertation organization....................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2. A REVIEW OF MAMMALIAN ORTHOREOVIRUS PROPERTIES, VIRAL INFECTION, CELLULAR STRESS RESPONSE, AND VIRAL ONCOLYSIS ................... 5 Introduction and significance ................................................................................................ 5 Mammalian orthoreovirus properties .................................................................................... 6 Components of viral particles ............................................................................................... 7 MRV infection, the cellular stress response, and shutoff of host protein synthesis ............ 15 Reovirus-induced apoptosis ................................................................................................ 20 Reovirus oncolysis .............................................................................................................. 22 References ........................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3. MAMMALIAN ORTHOREOVIRUS PARTICLES INDUCE AND ARE RECRUITED INTO STRESS GRANULES AT EARLY TIMES POST INFECTION ....... 43 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 43 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 44 Materials and methods ........................................................................................................ 47 Results ................................................................................................................................. 51 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 59 Acknowledements ............................................................................................................... 65 References ........................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4. MAMMALIAN ORTHOREOVIRUS ESCAPE FROM HOST TRANSLATIONAL SHUTOFF CORRELATES WITH STRESS GRANULE DISRUPTION AND IS INDEPENDENT OF eIF2 PHOSPHORYLATION AND PKR ... 85 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 85 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 86 Materials and methods ........................................................................................................ 90 Results ................................................................................................................................. 93 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 104 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 109 iii References ......................................................................................................................... 109 CHAPTER 5. ESTABLISHMENT OF A 10 PLASMID-BASED REVERSE GENETICS SYSTEM AND INDUCIBLE CELL LINES FOR FUTURE STUDY OF MRV TRANSLATION................................................................................................................... 132 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 132 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 133 Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 136 Results ............................................................................................................................... 140 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 143 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 149 References ......................................................................................................................... 150 CHAPTER 6. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................ 166 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. 168 iv ABSTRACT Mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRV) are non-fusogenic, nonenveloped, icosahedral, RNA viruses, containing a 10-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, belonging to the family Reoviridae. Infection with many mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) strains results in shutoff of host, but not viral, protein synthesis via protein kinase R (PKR) activation and phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2 . When cells are under stressful environments, such as heat shock, oxidative stress, nutritional starvation, and viral infection, several kinases (PKR, PERK, HRI, or GCN) are activated, which phosphorylate eIF2 ser), resulting in the formation of stress granules (SGs), discrete areas in the cytoplasm where cellular mRNAs are held in a translationally inactive state. We examined MRV-infected cells to characterize SG formation in response to MRV infection. We found SGs formed at early times following infection (2-6 h p.i.) in a manner dependent on phosphorylation of eIF2 . MRV induced SG formation in all four eIF2 kinase knockout cell lines, suggesting at least two kinases are involved in induction of SGs. Inhibitors of MRV disassembly prevented MRV-induced SG formation, indicating that viral uncoating is a required step for SG formation. Inactivation of MRV virions by ultraviolet (UV) light, or treatment of MRV-infected cells with the translational inhibitor, puromycin, did not prevent SG formation, suggesting that viral transcription and translation are not required for SG formation. Viral cores were found to colocalize with SGs, however, cores from UV- inactivated virions did not associate with SGs, suggesting viral core particles are recruited into SGs in a process that requires the synthesis of viral mRNA. These results demonstrate that MRV particles induce SGs in a step following viral disassembly but preceding viral mRNA transcription, and that core particles are themselves recruited to SGs, suggesting the v cellular stress response may play an inhibitory role in viral translation. As infection proceeds, MRV disrupts SGs despite sustained levels of phosphorylated eIF2 , and further, interferes with the induction of SGs by other stress inducers. MRV interference with SG formation occurs downstream of eIF2α phosphorylation suggesting the virus uncouples the cellular stress signaling machinery from SG formation. We additionally examined mRNA translation in the presence of SGs induced by eIF2α phosphorylation dependent and independent mechanisms. We found that irrespective of eIF2α phosphorylation status, the presence of SGs in cells correlated with inhibition of viral and cellular translation. In contrast, MRV disruption of SGs correlated with release of viral mRNAs from translational inhibition, even in the presence of phosphorylated
Recommended publications
  • Characterization of a Replicating Mammalian Orthoreovirus with Tetracysteine Tagged Μns for Live Cell Visualization of Viral Fa
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/174235; this version posted August 9, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Characterization of a replicating mammalian 2 orthoreovirus with tetracysteine tagged μNS for live cell 3 visualization of viral factories 4 5 Luke D. Bussiere1,2, Promisree Choudhury1, Bryan Bellaire1,2, Cathy L. Miller1,2,* 6 7 From the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of 8 Veterinary Medicine1 and Interdepartmental Microbiology Program2, Iowa State 9 University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA 10 11 Running title: Live cell imaging of mammalian orthoreovirus factories 12 13 Keywords: Mammalian orthoreovirus, virus factories, tetracysteine tag, live cell imaging, 14 nonstructural μNS protein 15 16 17 18 *Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and 19 Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1907 ISU 20 C Drive, VMRI Building 3, Ames, IA 50011. Phone: (515) 294-4797. Email: 21 [email protected] 22 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/174235; this version posted August 9, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 23 Abstract 24 Within infected host cells, mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) forms viral factories 25 (VFs) which are sites of viral transcription, translation, assembly, and replication. MRV 26 non-structural protein, μNS, comprises the structural matrix of VFs and is involved in 27 recruiting other viral proteins to VF structures.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Study of Viral Metagenomics of French Bat Species in Contact with Humans: Identification of New Mammalian Viruses
    A preliminary study of viral metagenomics of French bat species in contact with humans: identification of new mammalian viruses. Laurent Dacheux, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Ghislaine Guigon, Jean-Michel Thiberge, Mathias Vandenbogaert, Corinne Maufrais, Valérie Caro, Hervé Bourhy To cite this version: Laurent Dacheux, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Ghislaine Guigon, Jean-Michel Thiberge, Mathias Vandenbogaert, et al.. A preliminary study of viral metagenomics of French bat species in contact with humans: identification of new mammalian viruses.. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2014, 9 (1), pp.e87194. 10.1371/journal.pone.0087194.s006. pasteur-01430485 HAL Id: pasteur-01430485 https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01430485 Submitted on 9 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License A Preliminary Study of Viral Metagenomics of French Bat Species in Contact with Humans: Identification of New Mammalian Viruses Laurent Dacheux1*, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez1,
    [Show full text]
  • Changes to Virus Taxonomy 2004
    Arch Virol (2005) 150: 189–198 DOI 10.1007/s00705-004-0429-1 Changes to virus taxonomy 2004 M. A. Mayo (ICTV Secretary) Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, U.K. Received July 30, 2004; accepted September 25, 2004 Published online November 10, 2004 c Springer-Verlag 2004 This note presents a compilation of recent changes to virus taxonomy decided by voting by the ICTV membership following recommendations from the ICTV Executive Committee. The changes are presented in the Table as decisions promoted by the Subcommittees of the EC and are grouped according to the major hosts of the viruses involved. These new taxa will be presented in more detail in the 8th ICTV Report scheduled to be published near the end of 2004 (Fauquet et al., 2004). Fauquet, C.M., Mayo, M.A., Maniloff, J., Desselberger, U., and Ball, L.A. (eds) (2004). Virus Taxonomy, VIIIth Report of the ICTV. Elsevier/Academic Press, London, pp. 1258. Recent changes to virus taxonomy Viruses of vertebrates Family Arenaviridae • Designate Cupixi virus as a species in the genus Arenavirus • Designate Bear Canyon virus as a species in the genus Arenavirus • Designate Allpahuayo virus as a species in the genus Arenavirus Family Birnaviridae • Assign Blotched snakehead virus as an unassigned species in family Birnaviridae Family Circoviridae • Create a new genus (Anellovirus) with Torque teno virus as type species Family Coronaviridae • Recognize a new species Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the genus Coro- navirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana
    Sampling and Testing Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana Please click on the species of interest: Cattle Deer and Small Ruminants The Louisiana Animal Swine Disease Diagnostic Horses Laboratory Dogs A service unit of the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine Adapted from Murphy, F.A., et al, Veterinary Virology, 3rd ed. Cats Academic Press, 1999. Compiled by Rob Poston Multi-species: Rabiesvirus DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 1 Cattle Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 2 Deer and Small Ruminants Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral disease Respiratory viral disease Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 3 Swine Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 4 Horses Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Neurological viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Abortifacient/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 5 Dogs Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v.
    [Show full text]
  • Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV)-3, but Not PRV-2, Cross-Protects Against PRV-1 and Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon
    Article Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV)-3, but Not PRV-2, Cross-Protects against PRV-1 and Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon Muhammad Salman Malik 1,†, Lena H. Teige 1,† , Stine Braaen 1, Anne Berit Olsen 2, Monica Nordberg 3, Marit M. Amundsen 2, Kannimuthu Dhamotharan 1 , Steingrim Svenning 3, Eva Stina Edholm 3, Tomokazu Takano 4, Jorunn B. Jørgensen 3 , Øystein Wessel 1 , Espen Rimstad 1 and Maria K. Dahle 2,3,* 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] (M.S.M.); [email protected] (L.H.T.); [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (Ø.W.); [email protected] (E.R.) 2 Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] (A.B.O.); [email protected] (M.M.A.) 3 Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (E.S.E.); [email protected] (J.B.J.) 4 National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nansei 516-0193, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-92612718 † Both authors contributed equally. Citation: Malik, M.S.; Teige, L.H.; Abstract: Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), caused by infection with Piscine orthoreovirus-1 Braaen, S.; Olsen, A.B.; Nordberg, M.; (PRV-1), is a common disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Domain and Its Cleavage Site
    JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, July 1996, p. 4707–4713 Vol. 70, No. 7 0022-538X/96/$04.0010 Copyright q 1996, American Society for Microbiology Characterization of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Domain and Its Cleavage Site 1 2 2 1 JUN-PING CHEN, JAMES H. STRAUSS, ELLEN G. STRAUSS, AND TERYL K. FREY * Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,1 and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 911252 Received 27 October 1995/Accepted 3 April 1996 The region of the rubella virus nonstructural open reading frame that contains the papain-like cysteine protease domain and its cleavage site was expressed with a Sindbis virus vector. Cys-1151 has previously been shown to be required for the activity of the protease (L. D. Marr, C.-Y. Wang, and T. K. Frey, Virology 198:586–592, 1994). Here we show that His-1272 is also necessary for protease activity, consistent with the active site of the enzyme being composed of a catalytic dyad consisting of Cys-1151 and His-1272. By means of radiochemical amino acid sequencing, the site in the polyprotein cleaved by the nonstructural protease was found to follow Gly-1300 in the sequence Gly-1299–Gly-1300–Gly-1301. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that change of Gly-1300 to alanine or valine abrogated cleavage. In contrast, Gly-1299 and Gly-1301 could be changed to alanine with retention of cleavage, but a change to valine abrogated cleavage. Coexpression of a construct that contains a cleavage site mutation (to serve as a protease) together with a construct that contains a protease mutation (to serve as a substrate) failed to reveal trans cleavage.
    [Show full text]
  • Validation of the Easyscreen Flavivirus Dengue Alphavirus Detection Kit
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Validation of the easyscreen flavivirus dengue alphavirus detection kit based on 3base amplification technology and its application to the 2016/17 Vanuatu dengue outbreak 1 1 1 2 2 Crystal Garae , Kalkoa Kalo , George Junior Pakoa , Rohan Baker , Phill IsaacsID , 2 Douglas Spencer MillarID * a1111111111 1 Vila Central Hospital, Port Vila, Vanuatu, 2 Genetic Signatures, Sydney, Australia a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract Background OPEN ACCESS The family flaviviridae and alphaviridae contain a diverse group of pathogens that cause sig- Citation: Garae C, Kalo K, Pakoa GJ, Baker R, nificant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diagnosis of the virus responsible for disease is Isaacs P, Millar DS (2020) Validation of the easyscreen flavivirus dengue alphavirus detection essential to ensure patients receive appropriate clinical management. Very few real-time kit based on 3base amplification technology and its RT-PCR based assays are able to detect the presence of all members of these families application to the 2016/17 Vanuatu dengue using a single primer and probe set. We have developed a novel chemistry, 3base, which outbreak. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227550. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227550 simplifies the viral nucleic acids allowing the design of RT-PCR assays capable of pan-fam- ily identification. Editor: Abdallah M. Samy, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University (ASU), EGYPT Methodology/Principal finding Received: April 11, 2019 Synthetic constructs, viral nucleic acids, intact viral particles and characterised reference Accepted: December 16, 2019 materials were used to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the assays. Synthetic con- Published: January 17, 2020 structs demonstrated the sensitivities of the pan-flavivirus detection component were in the Copyright: © 2020 Garae et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Bornavirus Immunopathogenesis in Rodents: Models for Human Neurological Diseases
    Journal of NeuroVirology (1999) 5, 604 ± 612 ã 1999 Journal of NeuroVirology, Inc. http://www.jneurovirology.com Bornavirus immunopathogenesis in rodents: models for human neurological diseases Thomas Briese1, Mady Hornig1 and W Ian Lipkin*,1 1Laboratory for the Study of Emerging Diseases, Department of Neurology, 3101 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, University of California, Irvine, California, CA 92697-4292, USA Although the question of human BDV infection remains to be resolved, burgeoning interest in this unique pathogen has provided tools for exploring the pharmacology and neurochemistry of neuropsychiatric disorders poten- tially linked to BDV infection. Two animal models have been established based on BDV infection of adult or neonatal Lewis rats. Analyis of these models is already yielding insights into mechanisms by which neurotropic agents and/or immune factors may impact developing or mature CNS circuitry to effect complex disturbances in movement and behavior. Keywords: Borna disease virus; neurotropism; humoral and cellular immune response; Th1 ±Th2 shift; apoptosis; dopamine; cytokines Introduction Borna disease virus (BDV), the prototype of a new disorders and schizophrenia (Amsterdam et al, family, Bornaviridae, within the nonsegmented 1985; Bode et al, 1988, 1992, 1993; Fu et al, 1993; negative-strand RNA viruses, infects the central Kishi et al, 1995; Waltrip II et al, 1995), others have nervous system (CNS) of warmblooded animals to not succeeded in replicating these ®ndings (Iwata et cause behavioral disturbances reminiscent of au- al, 1998; Kubo et al, 1997; Lieb et al, 1997; Richt et tism, schizophrenia, and mood disorders (Lipkin et al, 1997). Here we review two rodent models of al, 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Alphavirus Vectors for Therapy of Neurological Disorders Kenneth Lundstrom* Pantherapeutics, Rue Des Remparts 4, CH1095 Lutry, Switzerland
    ell Res C ea m rc te h S & f o T h l Journal of Lundstrom, J Stem Cell Res Ther 2012, S4 e a r n a r p u DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.S4-002 y o J ISSN: 2157-7633 Stem Cell Research & Therapy Review Article Open Access Alphavirus Vectors for Therapy of Neurological Disorders Kenneth Lundstrom* PanTherapeutics, Rue des Remparts 4, CH1095 Lutry, Switzerland Abstract Alphavirus vectors engineered for gene delivery and expression of heterologous proteins have been considered as valuable tools for research on neurological disorders. They possess a highly efficient susceptibility for neuronal cells and can provide extreme levels of heterologous gene expression. However, they generally generate short-term transient expression, which might limit their therapeutic use in many neurological disorders often requiring long-term even life-long presence of therapeutic agents. Recent development in gene silencing applying both RNA interference and microRNA approaches will certainly expand the application range. Moreover, alphaviruses provide interesting models for neurological diseases such as demyelinating and spinal motor diseases. Keywords: Alphaviruses; Gene delivery; Neuronal expression; Gene injections into the caudate nucleus showed strong neuronal expression silencing. throughout the 6 month study. No expression was observed in astrocytes and oligodendroglial cells. SV40-based delivery caused no Introduction evidence of inflammation or tissue damage. Both viral and non-viral vectors have provided interesting novel Despite these encouraging results obtained with both non-viral approaches in research on neurological disorders with a great potential and viral vectors described above alternative gene delivery methods for future therapeutic applications too [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • Producing Vaccines Against Enveloped Viruses in Plants: Making the Impossible, Difficult
    Review Producing Vaccines against Enveloped Viruses in Plants: Making the Impossible, Difficult Hadrien Peyret , John F. C. Steele † , Jae-Wan Jung, Eva C. Thuenemann , Yulia Meshcheriakova and George P. Lomonossoff * Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; [email protected] (H.P.); [email protected] (J.F.C.S.); [email protected] (J.-W.J.); [email protected] (E.C.T.); [email protected] (Y.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † Current address: Piramal Healthcare UK Ltd., Piramal Pharma Solutions, Northumberland NE61 3YA, UK. Abstract: The past 30 years have seen the growth of plant molecular farming as an approach to the production of recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical and biotechnological uses. Much of this effort has focused on producing vaccine candidates against viral diseases, including those caused by enveloped viruses. These represent a particular challenge given the difficulties associated with expressing and purifying membrane-bound proteins and achieving correct assembly. Despite this, there have been notable successes both from a biochemical and a clinical perspective, with a number of clinical trials showing great promise. This review will explore the history and current status of plant-produced vaccine candidates against enveloped viruses to date, with a particular focus on virus-like particles (VLPs), which mimic authentic virus structures but do not contain infectious genetic material. Citation: Peyret, H.; Steele, J.F.C.; Jung, J.-W.; Thuenemann, E.C.; Keywords: alphavirus; Bunyavirales; coronavirus; Flaviviridae; hepatitis B virus; human immunode- Meshcheriakova, Y.; Lomonossoff, ficiency virus; Influenza virus; newcastle disease virus; plant molecular farming; plant-produced G.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris Spelaea)
    viruses Article Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) Ian H Mendenhall 1,* , Dolyce Low Hong Wen 1,2, Jayanthi Jayakumar 1, Vithiagaran Gunalan 3, Linfa Wang 1 , Sebastian Mauer-Stroh 3,4 , Yvonne C.F. Su 1 and Gavin J.D. Smith 1,5,6 1 Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; [email protected] (D.L.H.W.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (Y.C.F.S.) [email protected] (G.J.D.S.) 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore 3 Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore; [email protected] (V.G.); [email protected] (S.M.-S.) 4 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore 5 SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 168753, Singapore 6 Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 January 2019; Accepted: 7 March 2019; Published: 12 March 2019 Abstract: Bats are unique mammals, exhibit distinctive life history traits and have unique immunological approaches to suppression of viral diseases upon infection. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has been used in characterizing the virome of different bat species. The cave nectar bat, Eonycteris spelaea, has a broad geographical range across Southeast Asia, India and southern China, however, little is known about their involvement in virus transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Studies of Piscine Orthoreovirus Proteins
    Piscine orthoreovirus Series of dissertations at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences Thesis number 79 Viruses, not lions, tigers or bears, sit masterfully above us on the food chain of life, occupying a role as alpha predators who prey on everything and are preyed upon by nothing Claus Wilke and Sara Sawyer, 2016 1.1. Background............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Piscine orthoreovirus................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Replication of orthoreoviruses................................................................................................................ 10 1.4. Orthoreoviruses and effects on host cells ............................................................................................... 18 1.5. PRV distribution and disease associations ............................................................................................. 24 1.6. Vaccine against HSMI ............................................................................................................................ 29 4.1. The non ......................................................37 4.2. PRV causes an acute infection in blood cells ..........................................................................................40 4.3. DNA
    [Show full text]