References

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Bryceson, D. 1999. ‘Sub-Saharan Africa betwixt and between: rural livelihoods practices and policies.’ Paper presented to the Between Town and Country: Livelihoods, Settlement and Identity Formation in Sub-Saharan Africa Conference. Rhodes University, Grahamstown.

Bryceson, D, & D van der Laan. 1994. De-agrarianization in Africa. Working Paper No 20, Africa Studies Centre. Leiden.

Bundy, C. 1979. THE RISE AND FALL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN PEASANTRY. Heinemann: London.

Cross, C. 1994. ‘Shack tenure in ’. In D Hindson & J McCarthy, eds. HERE TO STAY: INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN KWAZULU NATAL. Indicator Press: Durban.

Cross, C, & M Friedman. 1997. ‘Women in tenure: marginality and the left hand power.’ In S Meer, ed, WOMEN AND AUTHORITY: PERSPECTIVES FROM . David Phillip: Johannesburg.

Cross, C, T Mngadi, N Mlambo, T Mbhele, K Kleinbooi, L Saayman, H Pretorius & S Bekker. 1997. An unstable balance? Small farming, infrastructure, land and migration in South Africa’s coastal provinces. Part One: KwaZulu Natal. Research report to Development Bank of Southern Africa. Midrand.

Ebony Consultants International. 2001. Unpublished field data, National Agricultural Marketing Council study on rural food security. KwaZulu Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Province, Gauteng. ECI: Woodmead.

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68 Table 1

HOUSEHOLD DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES IN RELATION TO HIV/AIDS AND CHRONIC DISEASE INVOLVEMENT Shaded cases indicate positive diagnosis or signs of AIDS: unshaded cases indicate other forms of chronic disease or acute disability of sudden onset, inlcuding TB and cancer

Household # H/H C E C E C/E C/E Gender Ten/ Cult Cult Estm Estm Estm Income Per size before before after after before after of he ad auth before after wage wage amt streams cap rank before after income inc Sipho D 1 4>7 4.3 1.0 5.8 .8 4.3 7.6 M>F 6 Med - 1800 - 650 P,C 93± Vusumuzi M 2 11>5 9.0 1.2 4.6 .6 7.5 7.7 M 3 Low - 800 - 400 C 80 Busisiwe N 3 5>4 3.5 2.0 2.7 .8 1.8 3.4 F 5 Med Decl 900 500 800 W,P 200 James L 4 6 7.4 1.3 6.8 .6 5.6 11.3 M 3 Med Decl 1500 250 500 I,A 83 Sarah K 5 10>8 11.2 3.3 9.2 2.3 3.4 4.0 F 6 Low Low 2500 1800 1950 O,W 246 Dora B 6 8>7 7.2 1.3 6.4 1.3 5.5 4.9 F 5 Gdn - - - 1000 W,G 142 David T 7 3 2.8 1.8 2.8 .8 1.6 3.5 M 8 Gdn Gdn 3000 1000 1000 W 333

Rose Z 8 8>5 8.9 2.5 7.3 1.5 3.6 4.9 F 6 Gdn Gdn 3500 1500 2050 P,W 414 Sibongile C 9 22>19 18.7 2.5 16.1 1.5 7.5 10.7 F 6 Gdn Gdn 4000 2000 2550 P,W 135 Nkosinathi R 10 2>1 3.0 2.0 2.0 .6 1.5 3.3 M 8 - - 2000 800 800 C,G 266 Daniel N 11 8>6 7.2 1.0 5.6 .5 7.2 11.2 M 8 Gdn Decl 2000 500 500 C,G 89 Sandile E 12 6>5 4.5 1.0 4.5 1.3 4.5 3.5 F>F 10 Med - 500 600 1150 W,P 234 Bhekumuzi F 13 4>4 2.4 1.3 3.0 1.6 1.8 1.9 M>M 2 - - - - 1950 P,I 485 Buhle G 14 5>6 5.4 1.3 6.9 .8 4.4 8.6 M>F 5 High Decl 3800 1300 1400 W,C 233 Magdalene M 15 12>13 11.6 2.6 13.6 1.3 4.5 10.5 F 5 Med Decl 2850 850 1550 W,P,A,G 117 Mandlakayise 16 11>8 9.4 1.5 7.3 .8 6.3 9.1 M>F 5 High Decl 3250 750 1250 P,T 158 H Jimmy D 17 3>2 2.1 1.0 2.1 .5 2.1 4.2 M>F 11 Gdn - - - 1150 G 380 Jabulani J 18 6>2 4.4 .9 2.0 1.0 3.5 2.0 M 4 Gdn - - * * * *

Elias H 19 4>2 3.4 2.4 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.0 M>F 6 High High 800 800 1500 W,P,A,C 750 Thandiwe S 20 13>12 12.4 1.1 11.6 .7 10.3 17.0 M>F 11 Med Decl - - 800 O,B,G 67

Income streams: A = agriculture, B = begging, C = local casual work, G = grant, I = informal work or microenterprise, O = outside contributions, P = old age pension, T = temporary wage job, W = permanent formal wage job * Information not sufficient to calculate

Table 2

HOUSEHOLD TENURE/ AUTHORITY RANKING AND CHANGES IN RELATION TO CHRONIC DISEASE

Household # Household Male Male Male Male Woman Woman Woman Male Male Woman Single Woman head, mrr’d mrr’d mrr’d mrr’d wdw/sgl wdw wdw singl single wdw/sgl woman single legitimacy empl P unempl no empl w/ P, w/ casual empl unempl no inc, empl, no inc, /authority cldn cldn cldn cldn cldn children work, /casual w/ cldn no change w/ cldn cldn Sipho D 1 -5 before After Vusumuzi M 2 - stable Busisiwe N 3 - stable James L 4 -3 before after Sarah K 5 - stable Dora B 6 - stable David T 7 -1 before after Rose Z 8 - stable Sibongile C 9 - stable Nkosinathi R 10 -1 before after Daniel N 11 -7 before after Sandile E 12 -4 before after Bhekumuzi F 13 -1 after before Buhle G 14 -4 before after Magdalene M 15 - stable Mandlakayise 16 -4 before after H Jimmy D 17 -3 before after Jabulani J 18 +5 after before Elias H 19 -4 before after Thandiwe S 20 -5 before after

70

Table 3

C/E RATIO AND TENURE/ AUTHORITY RANK BY PER CAPITA INCOME DISTRIBUTION CATEGORIES: LAND SALES AND LAND SNATCHING

< R 100 / m DESTITUTE R 101-200 / m VERY POOR R 201-300 /m MIDDLE POOR R 301-400 /m LESS POOR R 401 + ADEQUATE

Household C/E T/A Perc Household C/E T/A Perc Household C/E T/A Perc Househd C/E T/A Perc Househd C/E T/A Perc Thandiwe S 10.3 11 R 67 Magdalene 10.5 5 117 Busisiwe N 3.4 5 204 Jabulani 2.0 8 ?310 Rose Z 4.9 6 414 M J

Vusumuzi 7.7 3 R 80 Sibongile C 10.7 6 135 Buhle G 8.6 5 233 David T 3.5 8 333 Bheku- 1.9 2 485 M muzi F

James L* 11.3 4 R 83 Dora B 4.9 5 142 Sandile E 3.5 10 234 Jimmy D 4.2 11 380 Elias H 1.4 6 750

Daniel N 11.2 8 R 89 Mandlakayis 9.1 5 158 Sarah K 4.0 6 246 H

Sipho D 7.6 6 R 93 Nkosinathi 3.3 8 266 R

* suffered land snatch as youth living outside KwaNyuswa

Sold or tried to sell land

Subjected to land snatch attempt

71 Table 4

LAND SNATCH ATTEMPTS & OUTCOMES, KWANYUSWA RESIDENTS 1967-2001

Household Date of Category Gender Age of Land use Land C/E at Tenure/ Per cap Party attempting Resistance and attempt of attempt of head head/heir status at resources date authority income land snatch outcome at date at date date at date rank estimate James L 1967 Sold from M 24 Cultivatd 1.5 ha ± 5.0 8 * Stepfather Succeeded, not (Embo under un- by step - resisted due deception, at Hill- qualf heir father no case laid crest) Bhekumuzi F 1975 ± Sold by 39 Left w/ 1.5 ha ± 6.0 1 * Wife’s mother Succeeded, sale was caretaker mother, fait accompli in in head’s not in use absence of head, court absence case failed later Nkosinathi R 1985 ± Sold from M>M 20 ± Cultvtd till * 4.0 1 * Father Succeeded, no under sons death of resistance from sons mother unqualf to inherit Busisiwe N 1989 Widow M>F 46 Cultivtd, 8+ ha 4.0 7 * Late husband’s Succeeded, widow (Lady- refused husband + brother protested then left land smith) levirate wife and moved Buhle G 1990 ± Divorce vs M>F 45 ± Cultvtd, 1.25 ha 1.0 5 R 333 Husband Succeeded, court case childless by wife failed and husband wife awarded house and land Jimmy D 1997 AIDS + M >F 28 Small House site 4.2 11 R 380 Commonlaw Defeated, neighbrhd cmmnlaw garden, + v sm husband’s urban pressure involved TA marriage not cult garden relatives + NGO Sipho D 1998 AIDS + M>F 20 ± Cultvtd, 1 ha ± 7.6 6 R 93 Late father’s local Succeeded, unqualf unqualf by wife relatives heir unable to heir challenge snatching Sandile E 1999 Chron ill + M>F 33 Cultvtd, .8 ha ± 10 R 114 Late father’s Succeeded, unqualf unqualf by family 9.0 sister in town heir unable to heir challenge snatching Jabulani J 2001 AIDS + M 32 Not in use 1.5 ha ± 2.0 8 * Mother’s brother Defeated, claim by weak heir in neighbrhood mother’s relatives ruled out in TA court case

* Data not adequate to estimate for date of snatch attempt

72 Study site in relation to neighbouring towns KwaNyuswa

R102

NORTH COAST ! VERULAM

! BEACH

@

AMAWOTI ! RIETRIVIER KwaNyuswa !

INANDA (KZN) M25 !

! ! BHAMBAYI ! ! NEWTOWN PHOENIX PHOENIX

! SHEMBE VILLAGE ! ! HAMBANATI ! LINDELANI M25

! MONTESEEL ! SHALLCROSS ! KWAMASHU ! ! ! BOTHAS'HILL ! MOLWENI

DRUMMOND M21

! ! MSHAYAZAFE Legend ! KWADABEKA HILLCREST Country Boundaries !

R102 KwaZulu-Natal M13 ! National roads ! CLERMONT Main Roads

PINETOWN Secondary roads ! M19 M32 @ Study areas ! KWANDENGEZI M19 ! WINSTON PARK ! Towns Minor Roads WESTVILLE ! BEREA Mozambique M13 ! Zimbabwe

N3 M10 M1 DURBAN Botswana ! BEACH FRONT ! Namibia Swaziland

M34 R102 ! Lesotho @ E ! South Africa

! ! UMBILO MONTCLAIR KM M1

0 1 2 3 N2

73 ! ! ! ! Legend ! Small Market Areas Population Density Maphephetha Tribal Areas KwaNyuswa:! KwaZulu-Natal PHEPHETHA KwaZulu-Natal ! Rivers @ Study area ! ! ! Imbozamo Minor Roads SHANGASE (2) ! ! Population Emvini ! < 500 ! ! 500 - 1000 ! Qhodela Umngeni ! 1000 - 5000 ! 5000 - 10000 ! Mabedlane ! ! ! ! > 10000 ! Ngcukwini Umlambo ! No data

! @ ! ! KwaNyuswa Sithumba ! Zimbabwe ! Izitholo ! Botswana Isidanga ! Dimane ! Namibia Swaziland Mshazi Skhambane Umondi ! !

! ! ! Lesotho @ ! Nhlambamasoka NGCOLOSI (2) South Africa 551 ! ! Mnamatha Izithole

! ! Mkholombe ! ! E ! EMBO-KWAKHABAZELA KM ! Produced by: GIS Centre ! 0 1 2 3 Source: Stats SA Census 1996 ! !

74 ! ! ! ! Legend Average per capita income ! Placenames Maphephetha KwaNyuswa: KwaZulu-Natal Small Market Areas ! PHEPHETHA Tribal Areas ! KwaZulu-Natal ! Rivers Imbozamo ! ! @ Study area SHANGASE (2) ! ! Minor Roads Emvini ! Income ( in Rand )

! ! < 200 Qhodela Umngeni ! 200 - 500 ! Mabedlane ! 500 - 1000 ! ! ! ! 1000 - 5000 Ngcukwini Umlambo ! ! > 5000 ! @ ! ! ! No data KwaNyuswa ! ! Izitholo Sithumba ! Zimbabwe Isidanga ! Dimane ! Botswana Mshazi Skhambane Umondi ! ! ! ! ! Namibia Swaziland ! Nhlambamasoka NGCOLOSI (2) ! ! Lesotho @ Mnamatha Izithole South Africa

! ! Mkholombe ! ! E ! ! EMBO-KWAKHABAZELA Produced! by: GIS Centre Source: Stats SA Census 1996 KM ! ! 0 1 2 3

75