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Differences in Regional Development on the Territory of the Republic of Serbia

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Differences in Regional Development on the Territory of the Republic of Serbia Bulletin of Geography. Socio–economic Series / No. 35 (2017): 145–154 BULLETIN OF GEOGRAPHY. SOCIO–ECONOMIC SERIES DE journal homepages: http://www.bulletinofgeography.umk.pl/ http://wydawnictwoumk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/BGSS/index http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bog ISSN 1732–4254 quarterly G Differences in regional development on the territory of the Republic of Serbia Zora Živanović1, CFR, Dragica R. Gatarić2, DFMR University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, Department for Geography, Studentski trg 3/III, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia; ¹phone: +381 602 244 508, e-mail: [email protected]; ²phone: +381 638 670 402, e-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author) How to cite: Živanović Z. and Gatarić D.G., 2017: Differences in regional development on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. In: Rogat- ka, K. and Szymańska, D. editors, Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, No. 35, Toruń: Nicolaus Copernicus University, pp. 145–154. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2017-0010 Abstract. Unbalanced regional development is one of the basic characteristics Article details: of the regional development of the Republic of Serbia. The aim of the paper is Received: 17 July 2015 to highlight the proportions of unbalanced regional development of Serbia by Revised: 16 March 2016 positioning regions in accordance with the values ​​of the indicators included in Accepted: 27 October 2016 the survey: population density, (un)employment (the number of employed peo- ple per 1,000 inhabitants), activity structure and the amount of average income per employee. The indicators presented in the paper emphasize the role of cer- Key words: regional development, tain regions in the current regional reality of Serbia. Also, they exemplify regional Republic of Serbia, disparities more comprehensively in terms of the achieved level of socio-econom- population density, ic development and the orientation of the analysed regions to particular sectors (un) employment, of the economy. activity structure. © 2017 Nicolaus Copernicus University. All rights reserved. Contents: 1. Introductory considerations ............................................................. 146 2. Unbalanced regional development – main feature of the regional development of Serbia ....... 147 3. Proportions of unbalanced regional development of Serbia.................................. 147 3.1. Population density ................................................................. 148 3.2. Employment....................................................................... 149 3.3. Activity structure................................................................... 150 3.4. Income per employee............................................................... 151 4. Conclusion ............................................................................ 153 Note..................................................................................... 153 Acknowledgements........................................................................ 153 References ............................................................................... 153 © 2017 Nicolaus Copernicus University. All rights reserved. © 2017 De Gruyter Open (on-line). 146 Zora Živanović, Dragica R. Gatarić / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series / 35 (2017): 145–154 1. Introductory considerations have been recognized by experts as priorities, i.e. economic competitiveness and social equality (Živa- nović, 2012). The achieved developmental position of the Repub- In fact, by mid-20th century, the theory of polar- lic of Serbia, that is the collective consciousness of ized (concentrated) development began to evolve. the population, as well as the time in which we ex- It relies on the processes of urban industrialization ist as a society, is characterized by the emphasized and stresses the fact that development in the region dominance of urban over rural, with a simultane- is taking place through a hub – the poles of growth ous attempt to favour less developed and less pop- or the poles of development. Relieving the effects ulated areas. of the process of polarization, which are primarily The differences in development between regions, reflected in the striking differences in regional de- at all territorial levels, from local through region- velopment, presents the basis of regional policy, not al and national to supranational, present one of the only in the second half of the 20th century, but also crucial problems of a modern society. It is a wide- at the beginning of the 21st century. spread opinion of the scientific and expert com- Polarized development can be explained munity that the balanced territorial development through a number of concepts, which in a simi- presents a precondition for the efficient function- lar way but with different terminology explain the ing of a state, i.e. the reduction of the differences in occurrence of polarized, i.e. the unbalanced re- regional development represents the correct way to gional development. Regions that have the initial achieve a higher level of overall development (ESDP positional advantages in terms of abundance of 1999; TA 2020). natural resources, technology, skilled labour, etc. In an attempt to achieve this goal, it is constant- attract lucrative economic activities. This is how ly considered how to encourage faster development manufacturing and financial capital is formed, fur- of undeveloped regions in a way that does not in- ther encouraging the concentration of workforce terfere with the stable and more rapid development and agglomeration of activities. The strengthening of developed regions, especially those regions which of one pole (urban settlement) indirectly causes influence a more rapid and more powerful overall slower growth in the periphery and causes a de- development of the whole society and the state. In lay in its development. Consequently, the gap in other words, there is a problem of how to provide terms of income and living standard of the popu- conditions to reduce the developmental gap be- lation deepens, too. Numerous authors have based tween the prosperous and undeveloped regions, and their conception of the polarization process on allow each of them to achieve a rapid pace of devel- these principles. Myrdal and Hirshman related in opment (Živanović, 2008). their theories to the circular cumulative causali- The importance of equality in regional develop- ty (Myrdal, 1957), or unbalanced regional devel- ment is confirmed by the attempt to balance it. This opment (Hirshman, 1958), as well as Friedmann presents the basis of the existing European principles in the theory on dichotomy of centre and periph- of regional planning: the renewed strong affirmation ery (Friedmann, 1966), who believes that it was of the concept of polycentricity as the preferred de- primarily industrialization that had caused big dif- velopmental pattern intended by both the Europe- ferences between developed centres and underde- an Union and the world. Namely, in contemporary veloped periphery. Likewise, Perroux in his theory conditions, it is considered that the application of a related to the poles of growth argues that econom- polycentric developmental model would help create ic growth is not achieved uniformly, but at certain the conditions for achieving a more uniform disper- points in space the poles of growth or the industri- sion of the population, and consequently all related al hot spots dominate. These poles, or the hotspots activities, which would ultimately result in the re- of development, according to these authors, are duction of imbalances in the regional development linked to big cities that in the era of industrializa- to an acceptable minimum. Avoiding further ex- tion had been the main cause for the polarization cessive economic and demographic concentration of space, regardless of whether it is a macro- or would allow for the achievement of objectives that meso-regional level (Perroux, 1955, 2005). Zora Živanović, Dragica R. Gatarić / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series / 35 (2017): 145–154 147 2. Unbalanced regional development an increasing gap in development levels. In the initial – main feature stage of industrial development that was inevitable. of the regional development of Serbia The aim to achieve a GDP growth and the growth of industrial employment as the main strategic di- rections of development, has resulted in insufficient Unbalanced regional development is also one of the growth of total employment, increase of regional dis- basic characteristics of the regional development of parities in development and in social inequality (Mil- Serbia. Disproportion in development is caused pri- jković-Dimitrijević, 2000). marily by distinct metropolization and polarization of Demographic trends in the form in which they Serbia. Namely, the lack of adequate regional devel- manifested themselves in Serbia resulted in intense opment policies has created the conditions primarily concentration of effects. Concentration of popu- for Belgrade, with its constant intense concentration lation and jobs cumulatively encouraged the con- of population and consequential agglomeration of centration of functions, economic (secondary and activities and capital, to cause the emergence of un- tertiary) activities and public activities. This led to balanced regional development and the formation of increased diversification of the economic structure, irregular national urban system. Also, on the territory and consequently of the capital (production and fi-
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