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STAYING ALIVE Offers Expert Advice on Security to Humanitarian Volunteers Operating in Conflict Zones

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STAYING ALIVE Offers Expert Advice on Security to Humanitarian Volunteers Operating in Conflict Zones Staying-Alive-cover.qxp 13.1.2006 8:52 Page 1 ICRC David Lloyd Roberts STAYING ALIVE offers expert advice on security to humanitarian volunteers operating in conflict zones. Author David Lloyd Roberts has witnessed conflict from the viewpoint of both a military officer and a humanitarian worker. His book draws on a unique variety of up-to-date experience. By explaining the different threats to your safety, this book lays to rest some of the mystique surrounding the subject of field ST security. Ye s, there are dangers, but with some basic A understanding of them they can be avoided or YING ALIVE at least substantially reduced. As the old saying goes, “Knowledge dispels fear.” You are ultimately the guardian of your own safety and security. The knowledge provided by this book puts you in a better position to draw that critical line between the calculated and the unacceptable risk, a line that you, and those in your charge, must never cross. David Lloyd Roberts 0717/002 12.2005 4,000 David Lloyd Roberts STAYING ALIVE Safety and security guidelines for humanitarian volunteers in conflict areas International Committee of the Red Cross 19 Avenue de la Paix 1202 Geneva, Switzerland T +41 22 734 6001 F +41 22 733 2057 E-mail: [email protected] www.icrc.org Q ICRC,1999 Revised and updated edition, 2005 DEDICATION To my wife Charlie. NOTICE: This book contains a series of guidelines for the safety and security of staff in the field. It does not cover all situations and the advice given is of a general nature. The International Committee of the Red Cross therefore declines all responsibility for cases in which the book’s recommendations do not provide the best course of action. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................... 11 ABOUT THE AUTHOR ........................................................... 13 FOREWORD .................................................................. 15 INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 17 Chapter 1: PERSONAL SECURITY ................................... 19 ADJUSTING ......................................................... 19 BE INQUISITIVE ...................................................... 20 USE YOUR COMMON SENSE AND JUDGEMENT .................. 20 TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF ........................................... 20 GROUP SAFETY AND SECURITY ................................... 21 THE AIM .............................................................. 21 Chapter 2: THE NATURE OF MODERN CONFLICT AND THE BROAD RANGE OF CONFLICT SITUATIONS THAT YOU MIGHT FACE ........... 23 INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT ................................ 23 NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT ......................... 24 INTERNAL DISTURBANCES AND TENSIONS ....................... 25 ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF MODERN-DAY CONFLICT ............ 27 DIRECT TARGETING OF HUMANITARIANS ......................... 29 THE BLURRING OF ROLES BETWEEN HUMANITARIANS AND THE MILITARY .................................................. 30 THE ‘‘HEARTS AND MINDS’’ ISSUE ................................. 31 INTEGRATED OPERATIONS ......................................... 32 BANDITRY AND CRIME ............................................. 33 CHILD SOLDIERS .................................................... 34 Chapter 3: PROTECTION AFFORDED BY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW ... 35 KNOWING THE LAW ................................................. 35 HUMANITARIAN AID ................................................. 37 MINES AND EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR ..................... 38 SAFETY ZONES ...................................................... 40 5 Chapter 4: THE MAJOR THREATS TO YOUR SAFETY AND SECURITY ................. 41 THE MINE THREAT ................................................... 41 Anti-personnel mines ....................................... 41 Anti-tank mines .............................................. 44 Dealing with the mine threat .............................. 45 Dealing with anti-personnel mines ....................... 45 The most dangerous areas in terms of anti-personnel mines ......................... 46 Dealing with anti-tank mines .............................. 49 THE THREAT FROM ARTILLERY, ROCKETS AND MORTAR FIRE ... 51 Artillery ........................................................ 51 Mortars ........................................................ 53 How these weapons are used ............................ 53 Dealing with the artillery and mortar threat ............. 55 THE THREAT FROM SNIPER AND RIFLE FIRE ....................... 56 What is a sniper? ............................................ 56 What can a sniper achieve? ............................... 57 What equipment does a sniper use? .................... 57 Dealing with the sniper threat ............................. 57 Warning shots ................................................ 60 THE AMBUSH THREAT .............................................. 61 Dealing with the ambush threat ........................... 62 Reacting to an ambush ..................................... 62 Encountering a recent ambush ........................... 63 THE THREAT FROM IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES ........... 63 Dealing with the threat from improvised explosive devices ............................................ 64 Avoiding or minimizing the danger of improvised explosive devices ............................................ 65 THE GRENADE THREAT ............................................. 66 Avoiding grenades .......................................... 67 THE THREAT FROM BOOBY TRAPS ................................. 68 Avoiding booby traps ....................................... 68 6 THE THREAT FROM UNEXPLODED MILITARY ORDNANCE (UXO) .68 Unexploded cluster bombs ................................ 70 Avoiding unexploded military ordnance ................. 70 THE THREAT FROM DEPLETED URANIUM MUNITIONS ............ 71 Avoiding depleted uranium munitions ................... 71 THE THREAT FROM THE AIR ......................................... 72 Dealing with the threat from the air ...................... 72 Chapter 5: THE THREAT FROM CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR HAZARDS .............................. 77 A BIT OF PERSPECTIVE ............................................. 77 TYPES OF CBRN THREAT ........................................... 77 Chemical warfare agents .................................. 77 Toxic industrial chemicals .................................. 78 Biological warfare agents .................................. 78 Radiological and nuclear incidents ....................... 78 PROTECTING AGAINST THE CBRN THREAT ........................ 79 Assessing the threat ........................................ 79 Detection ..................................................... 79 Medical countermeasures ................................. 81 Immediate action drills ...................................... 81 Communal protective measures ......................... 82 Personal protective equipment ........................... 83 Decontamination ............................................ 84 Chapter 6: ADDITIONAL AIDS TO YOUR SAFETY AND SECURITY ................. 87 HOW ARE WE VIEWED BY THE ARMED FORCES AND SECURITY FORCES, LOCAL FACTIONS AND THE LOCAL POPULATION? HOW DO THEY BEHAVE TOWARDS US? ........................... 87 The view of the professional soldier ..................... 88 Complications facing the soldier in the conflict zone . 89 Notable exceptions ......................................... 91 Private security companies ................................ 92 Military protection ........................................... 93 7 Promoting your organization .............................. 93 Weapons in your vehicle ................................... 94 Warnings or obstruction? .................................. 95 The civilian outlook .......................................... 96 CHECK-POINTS/ROAD-BLOCKS ................................... 97 PLANNING, BRIEFING AND DEBRIEFING ......................... 100 How to plan ................................................. 102 Briefing ...................................................... 103 Debriefing ................................................... 103 SECURITY-INCIDENT REPORTS AND STATISTICS ............... 105 Problems demanding attention ......................... 105 INCIDENT REPORTING ............................................ 107 The immediate report ..................................... 107 Follow-up reports ........................................... 107 Chapter 7: PASSIVE-PROTECTION IDEAS FOR YOUR SAFETY AND SECURITY ............ 109 PROTECTING YOURSELF AND YOUR BUILDINGS ............... 109 Materials and tools ........................................ 110 Basic sandbag construction ............................. 112 BLAST WALLS, SHELTERS AND OTHER IDEAS .................. 114 Blast walls .................................................. 115 Shelters ..................................................... 116 Other ideas for passive protection ..................... 118 BUILDING SELECTION ............................................ 121 PERSONAL PASSIVE-PROTECTION EQUIPMENT ................. 122 The flak jacket .............................................. 123 The ballistic jacket ......................................... 124 The helmet .................................................. 125 Armoured vehicles ........................................ 125 Other forms of vehicle protection ...................... 126 VEHICLES AND DRIVING .........................................
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