Mamta Rawat · Sumit Dookia Chandrakasan Sivaperuman Editors

Mamta Rawat · Sumit Dookia Chandrakasan Sivaperuman Editors Aquatic Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation Aquatic Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation

M a m t a R a w a t • Sumit Dookia Chandrakasan Sivaperuman Editors

Aquatic Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation Editors Mamta Rawat Sumit Dookia Water and Health Program School of Environment Management Ecology and Rural Development Society Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha Jodhpur , Rajasthan , India University New Delhi , India Chandrakasan Sivaperuman Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre Zoological Survey of India Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

ISBN 978-81-322-2177-7 ISBN 978-81-322-2178-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2178-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014957313

Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace

The total water resources of the earth equal to 326 million cubic mile; only 2–5 % of water is fresh water, 97.5 % is salt water. Almost 69 % of fresh water resources are tied in glaciers and ice caps, about 30 % is ground water and a mere 0.27 % is surface water. Water resources are important for the survival of the planet. Aquatic biodiversity is one of the most essential char- acteristic of the aquatic ecosystem for maintaining its stability and means of coping with any environmental changes. India is one of the 17 “megadiverse” countries and is composed of a diversity of ecological habitats like forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts, and coastal and marine ecosystems. From the biodiversity point of view, India is regarded as a mega diversity country. Out of the total estimated species of the world, about 8.4 million species are reported from India. India has a wealth of wetland ecosystems distributed in different geographical regions. Most of the wetlands in India are directly or indirectly linked with major river systems such as the Ganges, Cauvery, Krishna, Godavari and Tapti. India has total of 27,403 wetlands, of which 23,444 are inland wetlands and 3,959 are coastal wetlands. Wetland systems directly and indirectly support lakhs of people, providing goods and services to them. They help check fl oods, pre- vent coastal erosion and mitigate the effects of natural disasters like cyclones and tidal waves. They store water for long periods. Biodiversity and conservation are the key concepts in ecology during the past decades and are considered important elements in elucidating the dynamics of ecosystems disturbed by human activities. Our aquatic ecosystem com- prises a major regime due to its diversity, thus needs special attention and conservation approaches. The lakes, marshes, river systems and other wetlands in the country are under threat mainly due to domestic pollution from untreated sewage, industrial pollutant and toxic effl uents. India is facing an alarming danger to the loss of aquatic biodiversity, and about 55 % of aquatic species are threatened. This book is a result of detailed observation by reputed researchers working in the fi eld of aquatic biodiversity in India. There are 19 chapters, and each effort has been made by an expert or professional in their respective

v vi Preface

ﬁ elds. The book offers novel information on aquatic biodiversity of India. We sincerely hope that this book will provide the much needed information in the ﬁ eld of aquatic biodiversity conservation.

Jodhpur , India Mamta Rawat New Delhi , India Sumit Dookia Port Blair , Andaman & Nicobar Chandrakasan Sivaperuman Islands , India Acknowledgements

We express our heartfelt gratitude to all those who helped in different ways to complete this work. We also thank all the authors who have contributed the various chapters for this book.

vii

Contents

1 Distribution of Aquatic Macrophytes in Balasore District, Odisha ...... 1 K. A. Sujana , R. Saravanan , and Amit Diwakar Pandey 2 Aquatic Resources: A Case Study of Udaipur ‘City of Lakes’, Rajasthan ...... 13 Hemant Mangal and Sandhya Pathania 3 Limnological Variations of Two Deccan Wetlands ...... 21 S. V. A. Chandrasekhar 4 Spatial Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna in Mountain Streams of Uttarakhand, India ...... 31 Prakash Nautiyal , Asheesh Shivam Mishra , and Vijay Prakash Semwal 5 Diversity and Distribution of Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) Along Maharashtra Coast, India ...... 53 S. K. Pati , D. Swain , K. C. Sahu , and R. M. Sharma 6 Structure and Dynamics of Rotifer Community in a Lotic Ecosystem ...... 67 S. Dhuru , P. Patankar , I. Desai , and B. Suresh 7 Aquatic Insect Diversity of Baitarani Estuary of Odisha ...... 93 Swetapadma Dash 8 Aquatic Entomofauna: Bug and Beetle Diversity of Hyderabad ...... 103 Deepa Jaiswal 9 Odonate Fauna of Rajasthan, India with Links to Arabia and Himalaya ...... 117 Akhlaq Husain 10 Odonata of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India ...... 153 C. Sivaperuman 11 Freshwater Molluscs of India: An Insight of into Their Diversity, Distribution and Conservation ...... 163 Basudev Tripathy and Amit Mukhopadhayay

ix x Contents

12 Aquatic Oömycetology: A New Field of Futuristic Research ...... 197 S. K. Prabhuji , Ashutosh Tripathi , Gaurav K. Srivastava , and Richa Srivastava 13 Amphibians of Doon Valley (Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand) with Their Systematics, Distribution, Ecology, Conservation Status and Threats ...... 217 Akhlaq Husain 14 Fish Fauna of Asan River and Its Tributaries, Western Doon Valley, Dehradun (Uttarakhand), with Conservation Status of Species and Threats ...... 231 Akhlaq Husain 15 Fish Diversity of Chambal River, Rajasthan State ...... 271 Harinder Singh Banyal and Sanjeev Kumar 16 Length–Weight Relationship and Condition Factor in Channa punctatus (Bloch) from Hussainsagar Lake, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India ...... 283 S. Anitha Kumari and N. Sree Ram Kumar 17 Avian Diversity of Wetlands in and Around Jodhpur, Western Rajasthan ...... 287 Himmat Singh 18 Galloanserae and Aquatic Neoaves of Pong Dam Wetland, Himachal Pradesh: Status and Conservation Issues ...... 307 Anil Kumar and Rahul Paliwal 19 Living with Wetlands: A Case Study from the Wetlands (Beels) of Barpeta District, Assam ...... 323 Prakash Sarma and Kiranmay Sarma About the Editors

Dr. Sumit Dookia M.Sc., Ph.D. is working as Assistant Professor at Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi. His doctoral research work is on the Ecology of Chinkara from Great Indian Desert. He worked as research fellow at Zoological Survey of India, Jodhpur, in the research project titled “Studies on faunal communities of Great Indian Desert”. He also worked in Satpura-Maikal landscape, particularly in Kanha, Pench and Satpura Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh with Project Tiger Directorate, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. He authored more than 40 research papers, in journals, chapters in books, symposium and conferences. Dr. Mamta Rawat M.Sc. Ph.D., Scientist and Head, Water and Health Program, Ecology and Rural Development Society, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, is actively engaged in research activities on various health and environmental issues of the Great Indian Desert of Rajasthan since 1999. Apart from this she has keen interest in the area of groundwater contaminations, eco-toxicology, water pollution, ecological engineering and wastewater treatment. She has received Fast Track Young Scientist Fellowship in the year 2005 from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. Dr. Rawat is associated with various professional and scientiﬁ c societies. Presently she is an editorial board member of the Indian Journal of Environment and Fisheries . She has published more than 35 research papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals, conferences, seminars and symposiums, and published two books. Dr. C. Sivaperuman M.Sc., D.B.T., Ph.D. is working as Scientist-D in Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair. He received his Master Degree in Wildlife Biology from Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu. His doctorate degree is in Ecology of Wetland Birds in the Vembanad-Kole Ramsar site from (Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala) Forest Research Institute, Deemed University, Dehra Dun. He has worked in different parts of the country in various ecosystems, which include Kerala, Rajasthan and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. He has published more than 180 research papers in national and international journals and newsletters. He also authored/edited more than 20 books in his credit. He participated and presented research papers in 40 national and international seminars and symposiums. He is life member of different scientiﬁ c societies in India and other countries.

xi Distribution of Aquatic Macrophytes in Balasore 1 District, Odisha

K. A. Sujana , R. Saravanan , and Amit Diwakar Pandey

Abstract The qualitative survey was conducted from July 2013 to June 2014 in different aquatic environment in Balasore district of Odisha, eastern India. A total of 132 species including 129 ﬂ owering plants and 3 Pteridophyte taxa spread in 82 genera and 41 families were recorded. The most speciose families were Cyperaceae with 27 species followed by Poaceae (24). The other dominant families are Linderniaceae, Fabaceae, Onagraceae, Polygonaceae, Commelinaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Reclamation of land and changes in land use pattern are the most serious problems observed from the study sites. Abundant growth of various macrophytes including grasses and sedges provides great value of ecological and economic importance.

Keywords Aquatic macrophytes • Balasore • Distribution • Odisha

Introduction Primary production of macrophytes can surpass that of other aquatic primary producers (Wetzel Macrophytes colonize many different types of 2001 ; Kalff 2002). Macrophytes generally colo- aquatic ecosystems, such as lakes, reservoirs, nize shallow ecosystems where they become wetlands, streams, rivers, marine environments, important components, inﬂ uencing ecological and even rapids and falls. This variety of colo- processes, and they support many life-forms nized environments results from a set of adaptive including several vascular hydrophytes. The strategies achieved over evolutionary time. value of an aquatic environment is often ignored, and many of the world’s aquatic environments have been drained and converted for other proﬁ table uses (Gopal and Zutchi 1998 ; UNEP- K. A. Sujana (*) • R. Saravanan • A. D. Pandey DEWA 2004 ; Srivastava et al. 2008 ). Many of Central Botanical Laboratory , Botanical Survey of these ecosystem harbors several kinds of eco- India, P.O. Botanical Garden , AJCB Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah , West Bengal 711 103 , India nomically useful macrophytes. Their ecological e-mail: [email protected] value is yet to be estimated. Studies on aquatic

M. Rawat et al. (eds.), Aquatic Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation, 1 DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2178-4_1, © Springer India 2015 2 K.A. Sujana et al. macrophytes in coastal Odisha are very sporadic and requires immediate attention. Rivers, soil Results and Discussion moisture, and relatively shallow groundwater basins are the principal sources of water for Aquatic ecosystems perform many important envi- human (Gleick 1996). One percent of the ronmental functions. They recycle nutrients, purify world’s surface is covered by various freshwater water, attenuate fl oods, recharge groundwater, and habitats including the seasonally fl ooding rice provide habitats for wildlife (Melzer 1999 ). paddies (Balian et al. 2008). They support life of Aquatic ecosystems are also used for human recre- 7 % of the estimated 1.8 million described spe- ation and are very important to the tourism indus- cies (Melzer 1999), including 25 % of the esti- try, especially in coastal regions. From this study, a mated vertebrates. Aquatic macrophytes can be total of 132 species including 129 fl owering plants used as a tool in the determination of pollution and 3 Pteridophyte species spread in 82 genera and and nutrient level (Clayton and Edwards 2006), 41 families were recorded (Table 1.1 ). The most water quality and lake condition (Palmer and speciose families were Cyperaceae with 27 species Bell 1992), trophic status of lakes (McCutcheon followed by Poaceae (24 taxa), Linderniaceae and Schnoor 2003), pollutant degradation (7 taxa), and 5 species each for Fabaceae, (Nahlik and Mitsch 2006), and decontaminate Onagraceae, and Polygonaceae. Commelinaceae wastewater (Cook 1996; Nichols 1991). and Scrophulariaceae were represented by four Urbanization, industrialization, and bursting species each. For 19 families like Alismataceae, human population are the major threats to the Aizoaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, freshwater ecosystem. Human interference is Sphenocleaceae, and Typhaceae, only one species the main reason for the shrinkage of surface each was recorded. Species richness and abun- area and reduction of mean depth of the lakes of dance appears to be infl uenced by seasonal varia- Balasore district of Odisha. For the fi rst time, tions. In rainy season (July–September), 112 we present the aquatic macrophyte wealth of species were collected, whereas in summer season Balasore district of Odisha state, India. (April–June), as many as 28 species were recorded. Cyperus bulbosa , Cyperus rotundus , Ludwigia adscendens, and Ludwigia perennis mostly grow Methods during summer in low-depth areas near the embankment. Some species such as Lemna gibba , Qualitative fl oristic survey was made in differ- Pistia stratiotes, Eicchorna crassipes , and Salvinia ent aquatic environment including lentic (pools, molesta showed the seasonal appearance. Among ditches, lakes), lotic (streams, rivers), and 132 plant recorded, 117 taxa (89 %) are herbaceous wetlands seasonally through regular fi eld visit plants. Eight shrubs (e.g., Acanthus ilicifolius , during July 2013–June 2014 to record the Aeschynomene aspera , Sonneratia caseolaris ), aquatic macrophytic wealth of Balasore district. four trees (e.g., Barringtonia acutangula , Angiosperm and Pteridophyte macrophytes were Excoecaria agallocha , Talipariti tiliaceum ), and observed and collected including submerged, three climbing plants (e.g., Dalbergia candenaten- submerged anchored and fl oating-leaved sis , Derris scandens , Derris trifoliata ) were also anchored, emergent anchored, and free fl oating. collected from the study sites which distributed to The collected plant specimens were identifi ed the banks of rivers, bunds of paddy fi elds, and man- and confi rmed with regional fl oras and regional grove forests. Most of the species are distributed checklist for hydrophytes. Binomial and author widely, and none of the endemic species or nar- citation of all collected hydrophytes were checked rowly distributing plants are collected. with International Plant Names Index ( http:// Data on freshwater ecosystem, inhabiting life- www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do ). forms, and species distribution and richness and Voucher specimens were deposited in Herbarium comprehensive taxonomical and ecological of Central Botanical Laboratory, Howrah. information are needed to assess the impacts of 1 Distribution of Aquatic Macrophytes 3 (continued) Locality Australia Jodachua Africa, Asia, Tropical and Australia Paleotropics and southern Paleotropics USA Barnuguna chauk regions Chandipur Native of America, widespread in all tropical regions Mediterranean region Africa, to North eastwards introduced India-Pakistan, parts of world into many Chandipur Australia Nilgiri Tropical Asia and Australia Native of South America, of South Native established in now Indo- Malesia and Australia Chandipur elds elds Herb Herb Pantropical Paleotropics Naupalgadi Naupalgadi elds Herb Indo-Malesia to Australia Naupalgadi elds, and elds, elds Herb Tropics and subtropics Balramgadi Near banks of streams, sandy, Near banks of streams, sandy, and wastelands Herb Along riverbanks and water and water Along riverbanks courses banks of stream, water, Shallow and rivers backwaters Herb Herb Indo-Malesia to Australia Nilgiri Dry and moist deciduous and paddy forests, wastelands, fi backwaters Herb Along banks of streams and backwaters Along sides of water courses Along sides of water and marshy areas Herb Pantropical Nilgiri Mangrove forests and marshy Mangrove areas along backwaters Marshes, paddy fi banks of ponds of wetlands and forests, Margins Shrub moist and dry deciduous forests, roadsides, and wastelands pools, ditches, water Shallow Australia Indo-Malesia and and marshes mangroves Chandipur Herb Shrub Herb Paleotropics Indo-Malesia Balramgadi Mirzapur (Mart.) (L.) L. Fabaceae (Sw.) (L.) R. Br. (L.) R. Br. (L.) Stapf Poaceae (Rottb.) Kunth Kunth (Rottb.) L. Acanthaceae (L.) Engl. (Forssk.) Stapf (Forssk.) Poaceae (L.) Pennell Scrophulariaceae Ponds and paddy fi (Vahl) R. Br. Ex R. Br. (Vahl) (L.) Urban Apiaceae places in the plains Wet Herb Africa Asia and Tropical Balramgadi R. Br. R. Br. Salviniaceae Ponds and paddy fi L. Poaceae places Moist and waste Herb L. Poaceae Centella asiatica Canscora diffusa Canscora Roem & Schult Gentianaceae Along streamsides Herb Bulbostylis barbata Clarke ex Cyperaceae Gaertn. Lecythidaceae Lecythidaceae Bacopa monnieri Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn. mutica Brachiaria Axonopus compressus Beauv. P. Azolla pinnata Poaceae Arundo donax Aponogeton natans Aponogeton Krause Aponogetonaceae Ponds and paddy fi Alternanthera sessilis Alternanthera DC. ex. Apluda mutica Amaranthaceae Grisb. Amaranthaceae Botanical name Acanthus ilicifolius aspera Aeschynomene cimicina Alloteropsis Family philoxeroides Alternanthera Grisb. Habitat Habit Distribution List of aquatic macrophytes distributed in Balasore district of Odisha in Balasore district of Odisha List of aquatic macrophytes distributed 16. 15. 14. 11. 12. 13. 9. 10. 8. 7. 5. 6. Sl. no. 1. 2. 3. 4. Table Table 1.1 4 K.A. Sujana et al. Nilgiri, Patrapoda Locality Australia Barnuguna chauk Barnuguna Karanjja Indo-Malesia and China to Australia Subtropical, and Tropical, of the temperate regions world Africa, India, China, Japan, and Malesia Tropical Africa, Southern Asia, Malesia, and Northern Australia Chandipur world Jampara Africa, India, China, Japan, and Malesia Nilgiri and warm Tropical of the temperate regions world Coastal India, Sri Lanka, naturalized on the now shores of Myanmar, Australia, and China Chandipur Native of tropical Africa, of tropical Native spread to other tropical countries Patrapoda elds Herb elds, and elds, elds Herb elds and along river elds and along river Along banks of streams and watercourses and wastelands Herb Pantropical Barnuguna chauk forests Herb also in deciduous Wastelands, forests ditches and Waterlogged streamside and Sandy beaches, riversides, marshy fi Herb Chandipur forests Herb ditches and Waterlogged streamside Herb also in deciduous Wastelands, forests Along banks of backwaters, of paddy fi bunds Herb wastelands Pantropical Kuldiha Paddy Paddy fi banks Small ditches and ponds at sometimes in brackish lowlands, water forests, wastelands, Degraded and riversides Herb Herb Herb Indo-Malesia Cosmopolitan Barnuguna chauk Barnuguna chauk L. Ceratophyllaceae L. Commelinaceae (L.) Gaertn. Verbenaceae Scrub jungles and mangroves Shrub Rottb. Cyperaceae Along banks of streams Herb Pantropical Barnuguna chauk L. Cyperaceae (L.) Schott in L. Cyperaceae Marshy areas Herb Pantropics Barnuguna chauk Vahl Cyperaceae Permanent pools and streams Herb C.B. Clarke C.B. Clarke Commelinaceae (L.) A. Braun & (L.) (L.) Pers. Poaceae L. Cyperaceae Marshy areas and paddy fi (L.) D. Don ex (L.) D. Don ex Vahl Cyperaceae Sw. Poaceae Cyperus compressus Cyperus corymbosus Cyperus difformis Cyperus cephalotes Sweet Commelinaceae Commelina clavata Cyanotis axillaris Sweet Cynodon dactylon Cyperus articulatus Cyperus bulbosus Colocasia esculenta Schott & Endl. Commelina benghalensis Araceae Clerodendrum inerme Clerodendrum Asch. Asteraceae Botanical name Centipeda minima Asch. demersum Ceratophyllum Chloris barbata Family Habitat Habit Distribution (continued) Table 1.1 Table 29. 30. 31. 28. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 21. 22. 20. Sl. no. 17. 18. 19. 1 Distribution of Aquatic Macrophytes 5 (continued) Locality Africa Balramgadi Asia, and India, Southeast Africa South America, now Australia Balramgadi Indo-Malesia, China, and Australia Native of South America, of South Native naturalized in Paleotropics Nilgiri Tropical and subtropical Tropical Asia Africa and Haldipada India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Myanmar Barnuguna chauk Tropical Asia and East Tropical Africa, introduced in the Indies West USA and Kuldiha Paleotropics Balramgadi naturalized in the Paleotropics elds Herb elds, elds Herb elds Herb Pantropical Barnuguna chauk elds and moist localities Herb Pantropical Naupalgadi elds Herb Tropical Asia and Africa Naupalgadi Deciduous forests, also in forests and sacred mangrove groves and Along banks of backwaters mangrove forests of paddy Marshes and bunds fi Climber Climber Paleotropics Indo-Malesia Bhitarkanika Kuldiha Along streams, paddy fi and marshy areas Herb pools Herb Marshy areas in degraded forests, forests and mangrove also in the plains and ponds Banks of backwaters and mangrove forests banks and Grasslands, river pools Herb Herb Pantropical Paleotropics Barnuguna chauk Barnuguna chauk Along banks of streams, also in wastelands and roadsides deciduous forests, Degraded Herb marshy areas, and paddy fi Pantropical Chandipur (L.) (Dennst.) (L.) (Retz.) Lam. Cyperaceae (Mart.) (L.) Link. Poaceae Retz. Cyperaceae Wetlands Herb Pantropical Kuldiha Steud. Cyperaceae Houtt. Cyperaceae Rottb. Cyperaceae Roxb. Cyperaceae Marshy fi (L.) L., Mant. Asteraceae fi Paddy (Roxb.) Benth. (Roxb.) Fabaceae Lour. Fabaceae L. f. Cyperaceae L. Cyperaceae Echinochloa stagnina Echinochloa P. Beauv. Eclipta prostrata Poaceae Marshy areas Herb Tropical Asia and Africa Barnuguna chauk Derris scandens Derris trifoliata colona Echinochloa crus-galli Echinochloa P. Beauv. crassipes Eichhornia A. & C. DC. Solms. in Poaceae Pontederiaceae Ponds and wet lowlands Marshy fi Herb Dalbergia candenatensis Dalbergia Prain Fabaceae Mangrove swamps Climber Dactyloctenium aegyptium Beauv. P. Poaceae Marshy lands and open areas Herb Cyperus tenuispica Cyperus javanicus Cyperus malaccensis Cyperus pangorei Botanical name Cyperus digitatus Cyperus distans Cyperus imbricatus Cyperus iria Family Habitat Habit Distribution 46. 47. 42. 43. 44. 45. 48. 41. 40. 39. 36. 37. 38. Sl. no. 32. 33. 34. 35. 6 K.A. Sujana et al. Locality c islands c Balramgadi Pantropical Panchalingeswar Panchalingeswar America, now of Native Pantropical Indo-China Balramgadi and India, Myanmar, Indo-China Indo-Malesia to Australia and Pacifi America, Australia, and Southeast Asia Balramgadi Africa Naupalgadi Asia, India, and Southeast Africa India, China and Southeast Asia elds Herb elds Herb South and Southeast Asia Balramgadi elds, also elds, elds, wetlands, along elds and other moist elds Herb Pantropical Balramgadi elds during summer Herb Pantropical Balramgadi In marshy areas along the banks of streams and paddy fi as hedge plant grown Shrub Wet or moist sandy grounds, Wet grasslands and in rice fi Marshy areas in grasslands and Herb paddy fi and Open areas, lakeshores, stream banks and paddy Along lakeshores fi sandy areas near water Wet bodies Paddy fi localities Herb Pantropical Herb Balramgadi Pantropical Karanja Banks of backwaters and Banks of backwaters forests mangrove Tree Wet areas in grasslands and Wet mangroves Streams, banks of backwaters, places and waste Herb Herb Paleotropics Naupalgadi Marshy fi the streams, and paddy fi

fi stulosa fi (Roxb.) L. Boraginaceae L. Euphorbiaceae (Retz.) Nees (Rottb.) Vahl Cyperaceae (L.) A. DC. (L.) Molluginaceae (L.f.) Royle Hydrocharitaceae Stagnant ponds Herb Asia, Europe, and Africa Balramgadi (Houtt.) Merr. Poaceae Moist areas Herb (L.) Vahl Hydrophyllaceae Lour. Commelinaceae Marshy areas Herb Indo-Malesia Kuldiha (Rottb.) Roem. (Rottb.) (Buch.-Ham.) Forssk. Convolvulaceae Ponds and lakes Herb Pantropics Balramgadi (Burm. f.) Trimen Trimen (Burm. f.) P. Beauv. Cyperaceae Marshy areas Herb Paleotropics Balramgadi Roth Poaceae (L.) Druce Rhizophoraceae Mangrove swamps Tree Indo-Melasia and China Jack. ssp. (Thunb.) O. Ktze. Poaceae Wetlands Herb Tropical Asia Balramgadi (L.) Roxb. (L.) Roxb. Cyperaceae Isachne globosa Isachne Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea carnea Austin Choisy) (Mart. ex Convolvulaceae Fimbristylis argentea Fimbristylis Floscopa scandens ciliaris Fuirena Glinus oppositifolius indicum Heliotropium Hydrilla verticillata zeylanica Hydrolea schulli Hygrophila Almeida M. R. & S. Acanthaceae Kandelia candel bulbosa Kyllinga Excoecaria agallocha Ischaemum indicum Ischaemum Botanical name acutangula Eleocharis Schult. dulcis Eleocharis ex Hensch. spiralis Eleocharis & Schult. unioloides Eragrostis Steud. ex Family Cyperaceae Habitat Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Marshy areas in grasslands Marshy areas and Poaceae mangroves Herb Herb Habit Pantropical Paleotropics Distribution Balramgadi Balramgadi Isachne miliacea Isachne (continued) 64. 65. 62. 63. Table 1.1 Table 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 67. 68. 53. 66. Sl. no. 49. 50. 51. 52. 1 Distribution of Aquatic Macrophytes 7 (continued) Pancharjuna Pancharjuna Nalla Locality Indo-China and Asia Balramgadi and subtropical Tropical Asia Southeast Asia, Malesia, and China Naupalgadi Asia Balramgadi Africa, America, and tropical and subtropical Asia Tropical and subtropical Tropical Australia Asia and Balramgadi Indo-Malesia and East South China Naupalgadi Africa Kuldiha Kuldiha Indo-Malesia, China, and Africa Indo-Malesia Balramgadi Indo-Malesia elds, ponds, etc Herb mangroves Herb and Along banks of backwaters mangroves Wet areas in semievergreen areas in semievergreen Wet forests, also in the plains Herb wastelands Herb Moist deciduous forests and wastelands Along banks of streams and marshy areas Banks of streams and marshy areas and Sides of streams, reservoirs marshy areas Herb Pantropical Herb Herb Indo-Malesia Naupalgadi Balramgadi Marshy areas, wastelands, and Marshy areas, wastelands, roadsides forest places, degraded Waste areas, and grasslands Marshy areas in degraded deciduous forests, also in the plains Herb Herb Pantropical Paleotropics Herb Balramgadi Paleotropics Naupalgadi Naupalgadi forests Herb areas in moist deciduous Wet forests areas in moist deciduous Wet forests areas in moist deciduous Wet forests Herb Herb Indo-Malesia and China Indo-Malesia Kuldiha (L.) Miq. Alismataceae Marshy areas Herb Pantropical Naupalgadi (L.) Haines Linderniaceae Marshy areas Herb (Osbeck) (Colsm.) (Roxb.) (L.) F.v. Muell. (L.) F.v. Linderniaceae (Colsm.) (Burm. f.) (L.) Alston in (L.) (J. R & Rottb. var. var. Rottb. (L.) Druce Scrophulariaceae Lam. Campanulaceae (Hornem.) Merr. (Hornem.) Merr. Linderniaceae Schult. Campanulaceae Vahl ssp. P. Beauv P. Cyperaceae L. Lemnaceae Stagnant waters Herb Cosmopolitan Naupalgadi (Nees ex Wight) Koyama Koyama Wight) (Nees ex Cyperaceae (Sur.) Hooper in Saldanha (Sur.) Lindernia tenuifolia Trimen Alston in Linderniaceae Pennell Linderniaceae Lindernia ruellioides Pennell Lindernia hyssopioides Lindernia crustacea Pennell Linderniaceae Linderniaceae Limnophila chinensis Merr. Limnophila indica Limnophyton obtusifolium Lindernia anagallis Pennell Lindernia antipoda Trimen Scrophulariaceae Water logged areas Herb Paleotropics Naupalgadi Limnophila aquatica Alston Scrophulariaceae Flooded paddy fi stellulata & Nicolson bulbosa Kyllinga nemoralis Kyllinga Hutch. & Dalz. Dandy ex G. Forst.) Cyperaceae odorata Kyllinga cylindrica Lemna gibba Cyperaceae Forest margins Herb Indo-Malesia and Australia Naupalgadi Lindernia viscosa Lobelia alsinoides Lobelia heyneana Botanical name brevifolia Kyllinga Family Habitat Habit Distribution 83. 82. 81. 80. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 74. 70. 71. 72. 73. 84. 85. 86. Sl. no. 69. 8 K.A. Sujana et al. Locality c Tropics and subtropics of Tropics both hemispheres Balramgadi Asia Naupalgadi Indo-Malesia to Pacifi Asia Islands and East and subtropical Tropical Asia Naupalgadi China Jaleswar Jaleswar Indo-Malesia and South China India, Sri Lanka, and tropical Australia Balramgadi Australia Balramgadi Balramgadi Asia to far South and East eastern Russia and to Australia Indo-Malesia and tropical Africa India to China, Malesia, and Japan Chandipur Australia Chandipur Continental Asia, Malesia, and Australia Africa, Asia, Tropical and Kuldiha Australia Originally from America, naturalized now World throughout the Old Panchalingeswar elds Herb Indo-Malesia Naupalgadi elds and wet lowlands Herb ooded paddy fi Wetlands, marshy areas of Wetlands, grasslands, and wastelands Herb Freshwater pools, lakes, and pools, lakes, Freshwater fl plant Herb ponds and lakes, Freshwater as an ornamental also grown plant (Lour.) (G. Don) Lam. Pandanaceae forests and sea coasts Mangrove Shrub (Burm. f.) (L.) H. Hara Onagraceae Ponds and ditches Herb Willd. Nymphaeaceae (L.) H. Hara Onagraceae Marshy areas Shrub (Jacq.) Burm. f. Nymphaeaceae Ponds and pools in plains Herb Hook. & Grev. Marsileaceae Pools and streams Herb Pantropical Chandipur L. Onagraceae areas in grasslands Waterlogged Herb (L.) Pers. Hydrocharitaceae Ponds and streams Herb Gaertn. Nelumbonaceae Roxb. ex Salisb. Nymphaeaceae Ponds Herb Native of Europe Naupalgadi Griff. Poaceae Marshy grasslands Herb Del. Najadaceae Pools and streams Herb Pantropical Chandipur L. Poaceae (Willd.) Cham. (Willd.) Najadaceae Streams, ditches, and ponds Herb Africa Asia and Tropical Chandipur L. Poaceae Cultivated Herb Widely cultivated Balramgadi Pandanus fascicularis Pandanus repens Panicum Oryza rufi pogon Oryza rufi Oryza sativa Ottelia alismoides Nymphaea rubra Nymphoides hydrophylla O. Ktze Menyanthaceae Ditches and ponds Herb Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nelumbo nucifera Najas graminea Najas indica Botanical name Ludwigia adscendens Ludwigia hyssopifolia Exell Ludwigia octovalvis P.H. Raven Ludwigia perennis Family Ludwigia peruviana polycarpa Marsilea vaginalis Monochoria Habitat Presl Onagraceae Onagraceae Marshy Marshy places places Habit Pontederiaceae Herb Herb Distribution Paddy fi Pantropical Pantropical Kuldiha Kuldiha (continued) Table 1.1 Table 104. 105. 101. 102. 103. 99. 100. 97. 98. 96. 94. 95. Sl. no. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 1 Distribution of Aquatic Macrophytes 9 (continued) Locality Tropics of Southeast Asia of Southeast Tropics and Africa Balramgadi regions Naupalgadi in the distributed Widely tropical and subtropical regions Asia Jodachua Indo-Malesia and East Asia elds Shrub India Balramgadi elds Herb Indo-Malesia Naupalgadi elds Herb Cosmopolitan Balramgadi elds, and streamsides Herb and subtropics Tropics Naupalgadi Marshy areas in grasslands and fi wet fallow along swamps Near mangrove sea coasts and Along backwaters mangrove forests courses and Along water mangrove forests Tree Herb Herb Indo-Malesia and Pantropical Australia Naupalgadi Pantropical Naupalgadi Balramgadi Marshes, ponds, wetlands, and areas other waterlogged Moist localities in semievergreen forests Herb and marshy swamps Mangrove areas Coastal sandy areas, paddy India and Pakistan herb fi Moist deciduous forests, also in Mirzapur the plains Moist deciduous forests, also in Pantropical the plains Herb Kuldiha Herb Paleotropics Herb Indo-Malesia to Australia Indo-Malesia and China Kuldiha Naupalgadi Balramgadi Along streamside and banks of tidal streams and mangrove fence as live forests, also grown Tree Pantropics Balramgadi (L.) (L.) L. Aizoaceae L. Poaceae (Willd.) Blume Polygonaceae Marshy areas Herb (L.) Delarbre Polygonaceae (L.) Engl. Rhizophoraceae L. Polygonaceae Along streamsides Herb Paleotropics Balramgadi Gaertn. Sphenocleaceae (Rottb.) (L.) Fryxell (L.) Fryxell Malvaceae (L.) R.Br. (L.) R.Br. Poaceae Moist and dry deciduous forests Herb Pantropical Kuldiha (L.) H. Hara Polygonaceae Along streamsides Herb Paleotropics Balramgadi L. Polygalaceae (Blume) Soják Polygonaceae Marshy areas Herb Indo-Malesia and Africa Balramgadi Miq. Fabaceae Bunds of paddy fi Willd. Polygalaceae (Retz.) Trin. ex ex Trin. (Retz.) D. S. Mitchell Salviniaceae Ponds and streams Herb Pantropical Naupalgadi Bory & Chaub. Bory & Chaub. Typhaceae Marshy fi L. Araceae Ponds and tanks Herb Tropics and subtropics Karanja (L.) Greene Verbenaceae Lye Cyperaceae Salvinia molesta articulata Schoenoplectiella Lye Sesbania javanica Sesuvium portulacastrum caseolaris Sonneratia Sphenoclea zeylanica indicus Sporobolus Sacciolepis interrupta Stapf Poaceae Wetlands Herb Pycreus polystachyos Pycreus Beauv. P. Cyperaceae Marshy areas in grasslands Herb Polygonum pubescens Polygonum Steud. Poaceae Botanical name scrobiculatum Paspalum barbata Persicaria hydropiper Persicaria pulchra Persicaria karka Phragmites Family Steud. ora Phyla nodifl Pistia stratiotes Habitat arvensis Polygala chinensis Polygala barbatum Polygonum Habit Distribution Talipariti tiliaceum Talipariti angustata Typha 126. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 118. 117. 116. Sl. no. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 127. 10 K.A. Sujana et al. Locality Australia Balramgadi Tropical Asia and Australia Wet or waterlogged sandy areas or waterlogged Wet near seashores Herb India and Sri Lanka Naupalgadi Edgew. Lentibulariaceae (Nees ex (Nees ex (R. Br.) A. (R. Br.) L. Lentibulariaceae Grasslands and marshy areas Herb Paleotropics Balramgadi (Lour.) Hara Hydrocharitaceae Pools and ponds Herb Pantropical Naupalgadi Myriostachya wightiana Myriostachya Steud.) Hook.f. Sacciolepis mysuroides camus Poaceae Wetlands Poaceae Ditches and marshes Shrub Herb Indo-Malesia Naupalgadi Botanical name Utricularia caerulea Utricularia polygaloides natans Vallisneria Family Habitat Habit Distribution (continued) Table 1.1 Table 131. 132. Sl. no. 128. 129. 130. 1 Distribution of Aquatic Macrophytes 11 developmental activities on freshwater ecosys- will pave the way for formulation of new man- tem. Increasing sedimentation in the aquatic agement techniques and enhance the effi cacy of environments due to both natural and man-made the present management practices of the aquatic causes affect water quality and clarity (Cook ecosystem. Inhabitants around the aquatic envi- 1996 ). Addition of silt during rainy season, run- ronments are unaware of the importance and off of garbage from human settlement, and drain- role of fl ora and fauna. Anthropogenic activities ing of wastewater into the lake from industries such as building construction, accumulation of have resulted shrinkage of this habitat (Nichols garbage, encroachment, industrialization, and 1991). For rural people, this environment is to a mining of clay or soil are escalating around the certain extent functions as a bio-resource in a sus- wetlands. Further studies on the impacts of pol- tainable way. Aponogeton natans , Alternanthera lutants, nutrient load, microphyte wealth, seed sessilis , Ipomoea aquatica , Marsilea polycarpa , germination strategies, and water quality and Persicaria barbata , and Sesbania javanica , com- ecological quantitative studies are needed to mon leafy greens, are available throughout the effi ciently conserve these important ecosys- year, and they are harvested from the wetlands tems and its invaluable biota. Assessment of and marshy areas for human consumption. biota and continuous monitoring and preserva- Ipomoea carnea , an aggressive alien-invasive tion of natural resources are important activi- weed, is collected from the bunds of the ponds ties to safeguard the biological wealth of and ditches for fencing of agriculture lands. freshwater ecosystems. Flowers of sacred plants Nymphaea nouchali and Nelumbo nucifera are sold in the market; matured Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the seeds are eaten raw or roasted and made into fl our Director of Botanical Survey of India for providing all the to make nutritious meal. The presence of Ipomoea facilities and to the Forest Department (WL) of Odisha for the permission, help, and support. carnea , Pistia stratiotes , Eichhornia crassipes , and Salvinia molesta is a clear indication of inva- sion of alien species in this perennial ecosystem. References Centella asiatica , Bacopa monnieri , and Eclipta prostrata were used in different medicinal formu- Balian EV, Segers H, Leveque C, Martens K (2008) The lations. Arundo donax , Cyperus corymbosus , freshwater animal diversity assessment: an overview Cyperus digitatus , Cyperus pangorei , Pandanus of the results. Hydrobiologia 595:627–637 fascicularis, and Typha angustata were used for Clayton J, Edwards T (2006) Aquatic plants as environmental indicators of ecological condition in New basketries and mat-making purposes. However, a Zealand lakes. Hydrobiologia 570:147–151 detailed study about the suitability of these plants Cook CDK (1996) Aquatic and wetland plants of India. for human consumption as supplemental food or Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1–385 as feed for the cattle has to be carried out as these Gleick PH (1996) Water resources. In: Schneider SH (ed) Encyclopaedia of climate and weather. Oxford are growing in water that is dangerously polluted University Press, New York, pp 817–823 both industrially and biologically. Gopal B, Zutchi DP (1998) Fifty years of hydrobiological research in India. Hydrobiologia 384:267–290 Kalff J (2002) Limnology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 592 p Conclusions McCutcheon SC, Schnoor JL (2003) Overview of phyto- transformation and control of wastes. In: McCutcheon Studies on aquatic plants are crucial in this SC, Schnoor JL (eds) Phytoremediation: transforma- ever-changing environment; in India, to assess tion and control of contaminants. Wiley, New York, pp 3–58 life-forms and the aquatic environment. Melzer A (1999) Aquatic macrophytes as tool for lake In-depth knowledge on macrophyte biology management. Hydrobiologia 395:181–190 12 K.A. Sujana et al.

Nahlik AM, Mitsch WJ (2006) Tropical treatment wetlands Srivastava J, Gupta A, Chandra H (2008) Managing water dominated by free-fl oating macrophytes for water qual- quality with aquatic macrophytes. Rev Environ Sci ity improvement in Costa Rica. Ecol Eng 28:246–257 Biotechnol 7:255–266 Nichols SA (1991) The interaction between biology and UNEP-DEWA (2004) Freshwater in Europe. Facts fi gures the management of aquatic macrophytes. Aquat Bot and maps. Division of Early Warning and Assessment 41:225–252 (DEWA), United Nations Environment Programme, Palmer MAS, Bell SL (1992) Butterfi eld I. A botanical Geneva, 6, pp 1–5 classifi cation of standing water in Britain: applications Wetzel RG (2001) Limnology: lake and river ecosystems. for conservation and monitoring. Aquat Conserv Mar Academic, San Diego, 998 p Freshw Ecosyst 2:125–143 Aquatic Resources: A Case Study of Udaipur ‘City of Lakes’, 2 Rajasthan

Hemant Mangal and Sandhya Pathania

Abstract Aquatic resources refer to water and its multiple roles as a natural resource and in supporting all human, animal and plant life. It has a meaning that is broader than that of water resources alone, in that it encompasses all the possible roles for water, including human survival needs, supporting aquatic ecosystems and as an essential component of economic development. It considers both the quantity of available water and its quality for its intended uses. Aquatic resources also encompass the linkage between fresh water systems and the downstream coastal areas into which it drains, where it sustains biologically rich and commercially important coast as ecosystems. This chapter highlights the aquatic resources of Udaipur City, and the study is based on secondary data collected from various government and nongovernment organizations.

Keywords Aquatic • Biodiversity • Lakes • Rajasthan

Introduction caps, about 30 % is ground water and a mere 0.27 % is surface water ( www.drinkingwater.com ). The total water resources of the earth equal to Water resources are important for the survival of 326 million cubic mile; only 2–5 % of water is a planet. As water is a prime resource, a basic fresh water; 97.5 % is salt water. Almost 69 % of need, it is essential to realise its full potential. It fresh water resources are tied in glaciers and ice has always played a very important role in human life since its existence. All human activities are afﬁ liated to water. Water is a supreme economic H. Mangal (*) wealth besides its biological importance. It serves Department of Geography , Government Lohia as an ideal medium for biochemical reactions so College , Churu , Rajasthan , India e-mail: [email protected] necessary for life. Thus water sustains life and regulates all important economic activities S. Pathania Department of Geography , Government Meera Girls because of which it has been termed as the richest College , Udaipur , Rajasthan , India of all economic resources. Nearly 70 % of the

M. Rawat et al. (eds.), Aquatic Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation, 13 DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2178-4_2, © Springer India 2015 14 H. Mangal and S. Pathania world’s population that is concentrated in the population recorded decline due to natural river valleys and deltas, around lakes and in the calamities, it has otherwise registered a steady coastal areas speaks volumes of utility of aquatic and continuous growth, except that of 1941–1951 resources for man. It seems that water is abun- when it had the highest growth due to various dant, but usable water is very limited and creates reasons of which the post partition being the most a serious conservation problem in many places signifi cant. Besides this the growth rate in where it is needed. While plants and animals Udaipur City had been in accordance with living in oceans are called marine resources, Udaipur’s economic and cultural growth. Udaipur those living in fl owing water like rivers as well as being an important tourist centre has a fl oating inland standing water like reservoirs and ponds population of considerable size (Fig . 2.1 ). are called aquatic resources (fresh water Though demographically it is a class I city, resources). This chapter highlights the present functionally it is only a medium-sized regional scenario of aquatic resources in Udaipur City, city without having any major or metropolitan Udaipur being the Kashmir of Rajasthan, Lake function (Bhattacharya 2000 ). Till 2011 Udaipur City or Venus of India. continues to develop and expand its commercial, administrative, educational, cultural, recreational and tourist interests. Thus, this throws light on Methods the fact that with the rapid increase in population, the area of city is also increasing. This chapter has been prepared with the help of secondary data collected from various government and nongovernment organizations and various Aquatic Resources of Udaipur City websites. Maps are prepared on Corel Draw. Rain water remains reserved in nature in various forms called water reservoirs. They can be Study Area broadly classifi ed into surface sources and underground sources.

Site Udaipur City is located in the southern part Surface Water Sources of Rajasthan. It is actually lying in the centre of a Udaipur, famous as ‘City of Lakes’, includes riv- bowl-shaped basin surrounded by the Aravalli ers, lakes and ponds that are surface water hills and is drained by the Ayad river. sources, namely, Fateh Sagar, Pichhola Lake, Swaroop Sagar, Nandeshwar Talab, Badi, Madar, Location Its latitudinal location is from 23° 9′ to Choti Madar, Ayad river, etc. Figure 2.2 gives a 25° 28′ N and longitudinal extension is from 73° clear picture of all the surface water sources of 1′ to 75° 49′ E. Its geographical region is Udaipur City (Babel and Gupta 1994 ). Besides 12,499 km2 and is about 577 m above sea level. these, there were 121 baovries of which 83 have Udaipur evolved as a result of a decline in dried up. political power. The decision to site the new capital was favoured by a number of factors Ayad including having the temple of Eklingji close by, Berach the main tributary of river Banas rises its isolated position caused by a hilly and forest- originates from the Girwa ranges of Aravalli situ- covered terrain, availability of water in abundance ated to the north of Udaipur City. It is called Ayad and the area having a quality of defence, to name river from its fountainhead through Bedla up to a few. The increase in the municipal area of the Udai Sagar Lake, in which it falls. It is the princi- town was primarily in response to the increase in pal river of the Udaipur basin. Beyond Udai population. Except for the two consecutive Sagar up to Dabok village, the river passes decades, 1891–1901 and 1901–1911, when the through a distance of about 75.5 km and is named 2 Aquatic Resources 15

Fig. 2.1 Map of Udaipur City with major water bodies 16 H. Mangal and S. Pathania

73° 35′ 73° 40′ 73° 45′ 73° 50′ LAKES OF UDAIPUR CITY

To Ajmer Madar (Big) Gogunda To N LAKHAWALI TANK 10 123Kilometres

Lakhawali 24° 24° 40′ 40′ Madar (Small)

Chikalwas

Bedla Sukher Chikalwas Badgaon Feeder

To Chittorgarh Bari Tank Bhuwana

1 2

3 Bari River

To Chittorgarh 4 Zinc Smelter Debari Sajjangarth Reserved FATEHSAGAR 5 Ayad River N.H. 76 Forest Area 7 6 9 8 Railway Line

Ayad 10 24° River 24° 35′ 35 13 UDAIPUR 11 14

UDAIPUR Bus Sta. River PICHOLA CITY Madri Ayad River (Swaroop Sagar) Bari Pal Railway Sta. UDAI SAGAR Kanpur Sisarma Deodh Talai Kaladwas

Pichola- Krishimandi Nai Goverdhan 12 Savina To Jhamar-Kotra Vilas Link Channel Choti Talai

Nandeshwar Dam Index Goverdhan Sagar Water Bodies

To Banswara To River Road

To Ahemdabad RS

To Jharol Railway Line To Ahemdabad To 73° 35′ 73° 40′ 73° 45′ 73° 50′

Fig. 2.2 River of Udaipur City

as Udai Sagar ka nala. Afterwards known as Sagar and Swaroop Sagar and fi nally was con- Berach it runs for another 70 km towards the nected to Fateh Sagar by the successive rulers of northeast and fi nally merges into river Banas, the princely state of Mewar. Pichhola lies to the near Bigod in the Bhilwara district, which is a west of the majestic ‘City Palace’ providing them tributary of Chambal river; Chambal again is a with unique and water frontage which enchants tributary of river Yamuna, and Yamuna is the every tourist’s heart and soul. It is roughly trian- principal tributary of the holy river Ganga. Near gular in shape with its base along the palace the town of Chittorgarh, it receives the water of ridge. It was renovated and enlarged in 1559 A.D. Gambhiri river, then it turns northeast, and after along with the establishment of Udaipur itself; it fl owing for about 190 km, it joins river Banas at enjoys a water spread of 10.8 km2 and a maxi- the place acclaimed as Triveni Sangam near the mum depth of 9.15 m. The gross, live and dead village Bigod (Gupta 1991 ). capacities of the lake is 13.67 mcm, 9.00 mcm and 4.67 mcm, respectively, while the gauge Lakes of Udaipur City height above and below sill level is 3.35 and Pichhola Lake 5.2 m. The lake has a net catchment area of Pichhola Lake is in Udaipur, was originally con- 142 km 2 , and it has an average yield of 493.5 mcft structed by some Banjara, in the fourteenth cen- water. Presently 13.50 mld of water is drawn tury A.D., and later on was extended to Rang from this lake by the PHED to serve the thickly 2 Aquatic Resources 17 populated areas of the old city lying around this Lakhawali lake. The lake is extended towards the north and It is located at a distance of 10 km from the centre south forming smaller lakes, viz. Doodh Talai of the basin in the north direction. It ranks fi fth and Swaroop Sagar, as shown in map 2 which from the point of view of capacity, yield water gives a detailed picture of the lakes of Udaipur level, catchment area and command area of the (Sujas 2010 ). six lakes of the region. Its nearby terrain provides no scope for bed cultivation area. The lake is Swaroop Sagar comprised of a good canal system spread over a It was constructed during 1845–1850 A.D. Its length of 7.5 km of irrigation about 1,012.50 km2 intermediate position has sluice gates and canal of land per year. The water of this lake is also to feed water to Fateh Sagar Lake which is used for domestic purposes. towards the north and linked with Pichhola through Rang Sagar Lake in the south. Goverdhan Vilas It is the smallest water reservoir of all the major Rang Sagar lakes of the basin lying in the south. The length It has an average depth of 7 m, but its width is of the canals of this lake is also meagre extending about 245 m, whereas its westward extension is over an area of only 3,750 m. known as Kalaliya tank. Udai Sagar Fateh Sagar It is one of the largest lakes of the Udaipur basin It is situated in the northwestern part of the city constructed by Maharana Udai Singh in 1559 A.D. and almost in the central west of the basin cov- and named after him; this lake is situated in the far ering an area of 12.88 km2 . It has a pear-like south-east of this basin. The lake was formed after shape, covering about 4 km2 areas and gross, damming river Ahar, particularly for the strategic live and dead capacity of 12.0 mcm, 7.00 mcm, and water source point of view. and 5.09 mcm, respectively. Nearly 20.71 km2 of its catchment area yields annually 71.87 mcft Vallabh Nagar of water, evidently lower than that of Pichhola. Vallabh nagar is in Udaipur, on river Berach. The The daily drawl of water for domestic purposes total catchment area is 1,188 km 2 . Its gross, dead has been recorded as 30 lakh litres in 2004 and live capacity is 31.14 mcm, 3.54 mcm and which was 0.00 in 2008, that is, no water was 27.60 mcm, respectively. Its full tank level is taken from Fateh Sagar for supply for domestic 492.71 mcm. Its water is used for irrigation as purpose which serves about 40 % of the popula- well as for drinking purpose (Sujas 2010 ). tion residing in the northern and western part of Udaipur City. Badgaon Badgaon is in Udaipur, on river Berach. Its Bari catchment area is 1,698.3 km 2 . Its gross capac- Bari ka talab or Lake Bari is lying 10 km away ity is 31.50 mcm, with its dead and live capacity towards the west from Udaipur City. This lake of 1.34 mcm and 30.16 mcm, respectively. Its was constructed by Maharaja Raj Singh in water is used for irrigation as well as for drinking 1643 A.D. for recreation purpose. The lake is purpose. formed by damming the river Ubheswar coming from the west. The total length of the canal is Jaisamand measured as 3,300 m which is constructed for Also known as Dhebar, Jaisamand is located supplying water to the nearby areas, namely, Bari, 51.48 km south-east of Udaipur. It was made by Liyo ka Guda, Hawala Khurd and Dewali vil- Maharaja Raj Singh in 4 years from 1687 to lages. The full gauge of the lake is 9.76 m. Almost 1691. It is more than 14.48 km long, and its no supply of water is rendered from this lake. breadth is more than 9.65 km. The dam on this 18 H. Mangal and S. Pathania lake is made of marble and is in between two Baovri, Customwali, Ramdas Colony, Dore mountains. It is 1,000 ft long at a height of 95 ft. Nagar , Goverdhan Vilas, Phoolji, Jethji, Maliwali, Behind this another water reservoir at the same Bhanbagh, Kalanwali, Khilonawali, Delhi Gate height was constructed which according to Dr. and Maszidiji Baovri. O.J. Ojha remained empty for about 184 years. In the year 1875, being afraid of heavy rainfall, Maharana Sajjan Singh spent Rs. 2 lakh to fi ll Underground Water Sources the two third gap in between the two dams; the of Udaipur City remaining work was completed afterwards (Raju et al. 2004 ). Jaisamand is the world-famous arti- The Udaipur City average water level pre- fi cial lake. Its catchment area is 1,813 km2 and monsoon was 11.44 mbgl and post-monsoon was gross capacity is 414.60 mcm followed by dead 6.87 mbgl. All the years show a rise in post- and live capacity of 118.46 mcm and monsoon water table which was less in 2007 in 296.14 mcm, respectively. Its water is used for comparison to other years as shown in Fig. 2.3 . supplying drinking water to Udaipur and also for It becomes clear how rainfall affects the under- irrigation. All these water bodies stand endan- ground water availability. In the years when rain- gered today because of their misuse. fall in two consecutive years had been above mean average, the underground water level pre- monsoon and post-monsoon observed a lesser gap which Baovries of Udaipur City has been minimized in the year 2011. Although the post-monsoon water level has fallen down in com- There are 121 baovries in Udaipur out of which parison to 2010, water demand has been increas- 83 have dried up (Goswami and Mathur 2000 ). ing every year, thus resulting in Udaipur City lying Most of these baovries are situated in the Sajjan in an over-exploited zone because of overharvest- Niwas Garden area. Maximum load was recorded ing of underground water (Swati 2003 ). on Sarvaritu vilas Baovri and lowest was on the Chowk Wali Baovri. The other baovries of Udaipur are Sagasji Ki Baovri, Tarkari Wali Water Quality Baovri, Garden Wali Baovri, Nalaka, Chhatriwali, Jalijiwali, Maji, Ayurvedic Hospital, The water quality of the lakes has a high sodium Satyanarayan, Toranwali and Om Prakashji Ki and bicarbonate content, which is attributed to

Hydrograph of Udaipur City 1000 0 900 800 5 700 600 10 500 400 15 300 Rainfall in mm 200 20 Depth to water in mbgl 100 Rainfall 0 25 2001 2007 Pre-monsoon Years Post Monsoon

Fig. 2.3 Underground water sources of Udaipur City