2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions
Technical Program
Program-at-a-Glance...... 2 Session Listing...... 8 Monday AM...... 16 Monday PM...... 63 Tuesday AM...... 117 Tuesday PM...... 164 Wednesday AM...... 223 Wednesday PM...... 274 Thursday AM...... 327 General Posters...... 359 Index...... 363 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
ROOM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM Materials Materials Intellectual Intellectual Materials Materials Materials Processing under Processing under Property in Property in Processing under Processing under Processing under the Influence of the Influence of Materials Materials the Influence of the Influence of the Influence of External Fields: External Fields: Science: Patents, Science: Patents, External Fields: External Fields: External Fields: Session I Session II Tech Transfer and Tech Transfer and Session III Session IV Session V Licensing: Patents Licensing: Commercialization America’s Seminar America’s
Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Glasses IV: Glasses IV: Glasses IV: Glasses IV: Glasses IV: Glasses IV: Glass Science Mechanical Alloy Mechanical Supercooled Mechanical Mechanical and Technology Properties I Development and Properties II Liquids and Properties III Properties IV
Asia 1 Glass-Forming Crystallization Ability Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Power Systems II: Power Systems II: Power Systems II: Power Systems II: Power Systems II: Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, Solar, Fuel Cells, Solar, Fuel Cells, Solar, Fuel Cells, Solar, Fuel Cells, Solar, Fuel Cells, Solar, Fuel Cells, Solar, and Hydrogen- and Hydrogen- and Hydrogen- and Hydrogen- and Hydrogen- and Hydrogen- and Hydrogen- Based Based Based Based Based Based Based Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies:
Asia 2 Plenary Session PEMFCs SOFCs I SOFCs II Materials Materials for Materials for Solar Oxidation/ Clean Coal Power Cells and Corrosion and Generation and Photovoltaic Protection Gas Separation Systems Innovations in Innovations in Innovations in Innovations in Innovations in Innovations in Innovations in Titanium Titanium Titanium Titanium Titanium Titanium Titanium Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Symposium: Low Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Cost Materials and Novel Materials Novel Materials Advances in Advances in Alloy Microstructure Microstructure Asia 3 Processing and Processes I and Processes II Materials Development and Properties I and Properties II Processing Properties and Properties and Properties and Properties and Properties and Properties and Performance of Performance of Performance of Performance of Performance of Performance of High High Temperature High Temperature High Temperature High Temperature High Temperature Temperature Alloys and Alloys and Alloys and Alloys and Alloys and Alloys and Coatings: Coatings: Single Coatings: Coatings: Coatings: Asia 4 Coatings: Single Polycrystalline Crystal Alloys II Coatings and Coatings and Intermetallics and Crystal Alloys I Alloys and Oxidation Oxidation I Oxidation II Multidiscipline SMD SMD SMD SMD SMD SMD SMD Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Nanostructured Nanostructured Nanostructured Nanostructured Nanostructured Nanostructured Nanostructured Materials, in Materials, in Materials, in Materials, in Materials, in Materials, in Materials, in Honor of Carl Honor of Carl Honor of Carl Honor of Carl Honor of Carl Honor of Carl Honor of Carl Koch: Koch: Koch: Koch: Stability, Koch: Koch: Koch: Fatigue, and Processing and Plasticity and Strain and Stress Plasticity and Plasticity and Microstructure Asia 5 Strengthening Characterization Deformation - and - Deformation Deformation and Mechanisms at of Materials Mechanisms at Poster Sesion: Mechanisms at Mechanisms at Mechanical Small Length Subjected to Small Length Mechanical Small Length Small Length Properties of Scale Severe Plastic Scale I Properties of Scale II Scale III Nanostructured Deformation Nanostructured Materials Materials Recycling and Recycling and Recycling and Recycling and Recycling and Recycling and Waste Processing: Waste Waste Waste Processing: Waste Processing: Waste Processing: Materials Processing: Processing: Precious Metals Aluminum Other Nonferrous Recovery from Batteries and Automotive Recovery Wastes Co/Ni Recycling, Global Challenges and Australia 2 Australia Opportunities
LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Program-at-a-Glance ROOM Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday AM PM AM PM AM PM AM Innovations in 8th Global Innovations in 8th Global Innovations in Innovations in Measurement Innovations Measurement Innovations Measurement Measurement Science to Assess Symposium: Science to Assess Symposium: Science to Assess Science to Assess Australia 3 the Performance Trends in the Performance Trends in the Performance the Performance of New Materials Materials and of New Materials Materials and of New Materials of New Materials in the Real-World: Manufacturing in the Real-World: Manufacturing in the Real-World: in the Real-World: Fundamental Technologies High Strain Rate Technologies Characterization Advanced Measurement for Energy Deformation for Energy of Advanced Measurement Methods Production: Production: Materials Techniques Plenary Session I Advances in Advances in Advances in Advances in Advances in Advances in Microstructure- Microstructure- Microstructure- Microstructure- Microstructure- Microstructure-
Based Modeling Based Modeling Based Modeling Based Modeling Based Modeling Based Modeling Europe 1 and and and and and and Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization of Deformation of Deformation of Deformation of Deformation of Deformation of Deformation Microstructures: Microstructures: Microstructures: Microstructures: Microstructures: Microstructures: Characterization Modeling of Characterization Modeling of Modeling of Characterization of Deformed Deformed of Deformed Deformed Deformed of Deformed Structures I Structures I Structures II Structures II Structures III Structures III Diffusion in Diffusion in Diffusion in Diffusion in Diffusion in Diffusion in
Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Europe 2 Materials and Materials and Materials and Materials and Materials and Materials and Processing: Processing: Processing: Processing: Processing: Processing: Atomistic and Interfaces, Energy Materials Phenomenology Intermetallics Multiscale Surfaces and Technology Processing and Experiments and Glasses Simulations Nanostructures
Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic Europe 3 Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Behavior of Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Deformation I Deformation II Deformation III Deformation IV Mechanical Mechanical Fracture Properties I Properties II
Biological Biological Biological Biological Biological Biological Biological Materials Materials Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Materials Science: Europe 4 Science: Science: Biological Biological Implant Science: Biological Bioinspired Mechanical Materials I Materials/ Biomaterials Functional Materials II Materials Behavior of Bio-Medical Biomaterials and Biomaterials - and - Devices Poster Session
Materials Issues Materials Issues General Abstracts: General Abstracts: General Abstracts: General Abstracts: Europe 5 for Advanced for Advanced SMD: SMD: SMD: SMD: Nuclear Systems: Nuclear Systems: Advances in Advances in Microstructure Nickel Alloys and Energy Material Steel I Steel II and Properties of High Temperature Generation and Characterization Materials Materials I Waste Issues Issues Refractory Metals Refractory Metals Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Fundamentals of General Europe 6 2007: Processing 2007: Oxidation Shape Memory Shape Memory Shape Memory Shape Memory Abstracts: and Mechanical and Thin Films and Related and Related and Related and Related SMD: Deformation Transitions: Transitions: Transitions: Transitions: Processing and Electronic Atomistic and Mechanical Multiscale Properties of Structure and Microstructural Behavior Modeling and Light Metals Phonons Mechanisms Applications Advances in Advances in Advances in Advances in Advances in Advances in Advances in
Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Europe 7 Materials Science Materials Science Materials Science Materials Science Materials Science Materials Science Materials Science and Engineering and Engineering and Engineering and Engineering and Engineering and Engineering and Engineering Methods: Methods: Methods: Phase Methods: Phase Methods: Finite Methods: Finite Methods: Methods at the Methods at the Field Methods I Field Methods II Element Method I Element Method Dedicated Atom Scale I Atom Scale II II Computational Methods
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
ROOM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM Microstructural Microstructural Microstructural Microstructural Microstructural Microstructural Microstructural Processes in Processes in Processes in Processes in Processes in Processes in Processes in Irradiated Materials: Irradiated Irradiated Irradiated Irradiated Irradiated Irradiated Dislocation - Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Obstacle Irradiation Effects Modeling, Modeling Reactor Pressure He Effects, Defect Clusters Interactions and in Ceramics Microstructure - and - Vessel Steels Deformation and and Fundamental Europe 8 Europe Radiation Induced and Embrittlement Poster Session I Fracture - and - Radiation Effects Segregation in Fe-Cr Alloys Poster Session II Plasticity from Plasticity from Plasticity from the Plasticity from Plasticity from Plasticity from the the Atomic Scale the Atomic Scale Atomic Scale to the Atomic Scale the Atomic Scale Atomic Scale to to Constitutive to Constitutive Constitutive Laws: to Constitutive to Constitutive Constitutive Laws: Laws: Dislocation Laws: Dislocation Atomistic Laws: Dislocation Laws: Meso-Scale Rate Limiting Core Structure and Solute, Precipitate Simulations of Ensembles Plasticity Behavior and Solute-Dislocation and Grain Dynamic Processes Informed Europe 9 Europe Interactions Boundary and Nano-Scale Constitutive Laws Interactions Plasticity
Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Computational Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic Metallic Thermodynamics Composites and Composites and Composites and Composites and Composites and Composites and and Phase Alloys for High Alloys for High Alloys for High Alloys for High Alloys for High Alloys for High Transformations: Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Nanomaterials and Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Confined Systems
Europe 10 Europe Advanced Fe and Ni Alloys Refractory Alloys Al Alloys and Ti Alloys and Metallic II Metallics and Composites and Composites Composites Composites Composites Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics and Phase and Phase and Phase and Phase and Phase and Phase and Phase Transformations: Transformations: Transformations: Transformations: Transformations: Transformations: Transformations: First Principles First Principles Microstructure Microstructure Modeling of Phase Nanomaterials Modeling of Phase and Atomistic and Atomistic Properties and Properties and Transformations I and Confined Transformations II Calculations of Calculations of Evolution I Evolution II Systems I Europe 11 Europe Phase and Alloy Phase and Alloy Thermodynamics I Thermodynamics II
General Poster Session N. H. Foyer H. N.
MPMD MPMD MPMD MPMD MPMD MPMD General Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Abstracts: MPMD: Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Structure/ Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Processing/ Modeling and Modeling and Modeling and Modeling and Modeling and Modeling and Properties Materials Design Materials Design Materials Design Materials Design Materials Design Materials Design Relationships Methodologies, in Methodologies, in Methodologies, in Methodologies, in Methodologies, in Methodologies, in the Honor of Dr. the Honor of Dr. the Honor of Dr. the Honor of Dr. the Honor of Dr. the Honor of Dr. Craig Hartley’s 40 Craig Hartley’s 40 Craig Hartley’s 40 Craig Hartley’s 40 Craig Hartley’s 40 Craig Hartley’s 40 Years of Years of Years of Years of Years of Years of Contributions to Contributions to Contributions to Contributions to Contributions to Contributions to
Northern A1 the Field of the Field of the Field of the Field of the Field of the Field of Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Microstructure Homogenization/ Homogenization/ Materials Nanostructure, Microstructure Analysis and Constitutive Constitutive Design Defects and Analysis and Representation I Behavior I Behavior II Properties Representation II Materials Materials Materials Materials Processing General General General Processing Processing Processing Fundamentals: Abstracts: Abstracts: Abstracts: Fundamentals: Fundamentals: Fundamentals: Powders, MPMD: MPMD: Modeling MPMD: Solidification Process Smelting and Composites, In Situ Synthesis and Simulation Processing and and Deformation Modeling Refining Coatings and and Rapid of Materials and Microstructural Processing Measurements Prototyping Processes Development Northern A2
LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Program-at-a-Glance ROOM Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday AM PM AM PM AM PM AM
Frontiers in Frontiers in Frontiers in Frontiers in Degradation of Degradation of A3 Northern Solidification Solidification Solidification Solidification Light Weight Light Weight Science: Science: Science: Science: Alloys: Alloys: Nucleation Atomic Scale Microstructures I Microstructures II Session I Session II and Crystal - and - Structure Poster Session
General Abstracts: Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum
MPMD: Alloys for Alloys for Alloys for Alloys for Alloys for Alloys for A4 Northern Forming of Transportation, Transportation, Transportation, Transportation, Transportation, Transportation, Materials and Packaging, Packaging, Packaging, Packaging, Packaging, Packaging, Processes Aerospace Aerospace Aerospace Aerospace Aerospace Aerospace and Other and Other and Other and Other and Other and Other Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Aluminum Aluminum Alloy Alloy Processing Alloy Alloys Applications Products Development Characterization Mechanical Behavior
General Cast Shop Cast Shop Cast Shop Cast Shop Cast Shop Cast Shop E1 Northern Abstracts: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: EPD: Cast House Metal Treatment Quality Casting Solidification and Cast Shop Safety Hydrometallurgy, Operations and Measurements Microstructure Wastewater Melting and Grain Treatment Refining
Shape Casting: Shape Casting: Shape Casting: Shape Casting: Shape Casting: E2 Northern The 2nd The 2nd The 2nd The 2nd The 2nd International International International International International Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Liquid Metal/ Process Structure/Property Modeling Applications/ Solidification Design/Analysis Novel Processes
General Friction Stir Friction Stir Friction Stir Friction Stir Friction Stir Friction Stir E3 Northern Abstracts: Welding and Welding and Welding and Welding and Welding and Welding and EPD: Processing IV: Processing IV: Processing IV: Processing IV: Processing IV: Processing IV: Pyrometallurgy, Session I Session II Session III Session IV Session V Session VI Base Metals
Alumina and Alumina and Alumina and Alumina and E4 Northern Bauxite: Bauxite: Bauxite: Bauxite: Alumina Refinery Alumina Refinery Bauxite, Role of Surface Safety and Design and Digestion, Chemistry in Integrity Development Red Mud, Enhancing Byproducts Refinery Performances Pb-Free Electronic Pb-Free Electronic Pb-Free Electronic Pb-Free Electronic Pb-Free Electronic Pb-Free Electronic Solders: Alloy Solders: Alloy Solders: Alloy Solders: Alloy Solders: Alloy Solders: Alloy Oceanic 1 Design, Design, Design, Design, Design, Design, Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization and Service and Service and Service and Service and Service and Service Reliability: Reliability: Reliability: Reliability: Reliability: Reliability: Interfacial Effects Microstructure Electromigration Whisker Growth, Processing and Mechanical and and Void Design, and Reliability Issues Characterization Characterization Formation Modeling Internet and Phase Stability, Phase Stability, Phase Stability, Phase Stability, Phase Stability,
Other Electronic Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Oceanic 2 Resources Transformations, Transformations, Transformations, Transformations, Transformations, and Reactive and Reactive and Reactive and Reactive and Reactive Phase Formation Phase Formation Phase Formation Phase Formation Phase Formation in Electronic in Electronic in Electronic in Electronic in Electronic Materials VI: Materials VI: Materials VI: Materials VI: Materials VI: Session I Session II Session III Session IV Session V
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
ROOM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Properties and Properties and Properties and Properties and Properties and Properties and Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Oceanic 3 Session I Session II Session III Session IV Session V Session VI Wide Band-Gap Wide Band-Gap Wide Band-Gap Wide Band-Gap Integrated Integrated General Abstracts: Semiconductor Semiconductor Semiconductor Semiconductor Computational Computational EMPMD: Nanostructures: Nanostructures: Nanostructures: Nanostructures: Materials Materials ZnO Thin Films Session I Session II Session III Session IV Engineering: Engineering: and Liquid Lessons from Lessons from Crystals Many Fields: Many Fields: ICME in Materials ICME in Other Science - and - Fields - and -
Oceanic 4 NSF Workshop: National CyberInfrastructure Academies to ICME Study CyberDiscovery for Community Town Materials Science Hall Meeting Towards Towards Towards Towards Towards Innovations in Innovations in Functional Functional Functional Functional Functional Electrometallurgy: Electrometallurgy: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Session I Session II Synthesis, Synthesis, Synthesis, Synthesis, Synthesis, Characterization, Characterization, Characterization, Characterization, Characterization, and Applications: and Applications: and Applications: and Applications: and Applications: Directed Nano Nano Magnetism, Nanoscale Nanowires and Quantum Dots
Oceanic 5 Fabrication Ferroelectric, Superstuctures, Nanotubes Mechanics, and Metallic Other Properties Nanoparticles and Plasmon Recent Recent Metrologies for Materials in Clean 8th Global 8th Global Developments in Developments in Advanced Power Systems II: Innovations Innovations Semiconductor, Semiconductor, Materials and Fuel Cells, Solar, Symposium: Symposium: Electro Optic and Electro Optic Devices: and Hydrogen- Metal Powders for Metal Powders Radio Frequency and Radio Characterization, Based Energy Production for Energy Materials: Recent Frequency Measurement and Technologies: and Storage Production and Advances in Materials: Progress Testing Science: Hydrogen Applications: Storage Semiconductor in Semiconductor Metrology for Storage Materials Session I in Applications: Technologies Optoelectronics Micro and Nano in Conjuction with Conjuction with Session II and Beyond Structures the 8th Global the Symposium Oceanic 6 Innovations on Materials for Symposium: Clean Power Metal Powders for Systems II - Energy Production Hydrogen Storage and Storage Applications General Abstracts: Hume-Rothery Hume-Rothery Hume-Rothery Hume-Rothery Hume-Rothery General Abstracts: EMPMD: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: EMPMD: GaN and Scattering Studies Scattering Studies Scattering Studies Scattering Studies Scattering Studies Magnetic and Interconnects and the and the and the and the and the Ferroelectric Fundamental Fundamental Fundamental Fundamental Fundamental Materials Properties of Properties of Properties of Properties of Properties of Oceanic 7 Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Session I Session II Session III Session IV Session V Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization of Minerals, of Minerals, of Minerals, of Minerals, of Minerals, of Minerals, of Minerals, Metals, and Metals, and Metals, and Metals, and Metals, and Metals, and Metals, and Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization of Structure across of Structure across of Mechanical of Mechanical of Processing of Processing of Processing
Oceanic 8 Length Scales I Length Scales II and Physical and Physical and Properties of Materials I of Materials II Properties of Properties of of Materials Materials I Materials II
LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Program-at-a-Glance ROOM Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday AM PM AM PM AM PM AM Outreach Outreach Programs in Programs in Pacific Hall A Materials Materials Science Science and and Engineering: Engineering: Outreach Outreach Programs in Programs at Industry and Universities Government Laboratories General General EMPMD EMPMD Abstracts: Abstracts: Symposium: Symposium: LMD: LMD: Advanced Advanced Session I Session II Metallizations Metallizations Pacific Hall B and Interconnect and Interconnect Technologies, in Technologies, in Honor of Prof. K. Honor of Prof. K. N. Tu’s 70th N. Tu’s 70th Birthday: Birthday: Advanced Advanced Metallizations Metallizations and Interconnect and Interconnect Technology I Technology II The Material General Abstracts: General Aluminum Aluminum Electrode Southern 1 Recycling EPD: Abstracts: Reduction Reduction Technology Industry: Global Hydrometallurgy, EPD: Technology: Technology: Symposium Challenges and Metal Recovery High Temperature Modelling and Modelling II (formerly Opportunities: Processing Design I and General Carbon): Plenary Session Rodding and Coke Inventory
Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum
Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Southern 2 Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Environmental Operational and Slotted Anodes Cell Anode Effects Inert Anode Process Control and Plant Technology - Joint Session Fundamentals, and Process Operation and II and Bath Improvements Improvements with Electrode Phenomena and Control I Low Temperature Chemistry Technology Alternatives Electrolyte Symposium (formerly Carbon) Electrode Electrode Electrode Electrode Electrode Electrode Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Southern 3 Symposium Symposium Symposium Symposium Symposium Symposium (formerly (formerly (formerly (formerly (formerly (formerly Carbon): Carbon): Carbon): Carbon): Carbon): Carbon): Cathode Part I: Anode Properties of Inert Anode Baking Cathode Part II: Cathode Part III: Cathode Wear Technology Anode Materials Furnace Preheating and Titanium Diboride and Construction and Production Technology Cell Start Up
Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Southern 4 Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Magnesium Wrought Alloys Wrought Alloys Wrought Alloys Alloy Alloy Corrosion and Globalization and Forming and Forming and Forming Development I Development II Coatings Processes I: Processes II: Processes III: Deformation Rolling and Extrusions Forming
Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Southern 5 Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Technology 2007: Automotive Casting and Casting and Primary Thermal Microstructure Applications and Solidification I Solidification II Production, Dynamics and and Properties USAMP Programs Recycling and Fundamental Environmental/ Research Welding
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
2007 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties and Applications: Session I...... Oceanic 3...... Mon AM...... 16 2007 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties and Applications: Session II...... Oceanic 3...... Mon PM...... 63 2007 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties and Applications: Session III...... Oceanic 3...... Tue AM...... 117 2007 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties and Applications: Session IV...... Oceanic 3...... Tue PM...... 164 2007 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties and Applications: Session V...... Oceanic 3...... Wed AM...... 223 2007 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties and Applications: Session VI...... Oceanic 3...... Wed PM...... 274 8th Global Innovations Symposium: Metal Powders for Energy Production and Storage Applications: Session I in Conjuction with Materials for Clean Power Systems II - Hydrogen Storage...... Oceanic 6...... Wed AM...... 224 8th Global Innovations Symposium: Metal Powders for Energy Production and Storage Applications: Session II...... Oceanic 6...... Wed PM...... 276 8th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in Materials and Manufacturing Technologies for Energy Production: Plenary...... Austrailia 3...... Mon PM...... 64 8th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in Materials and Manufacturing Technologies for Energy Production: Session I...... Austrailia 3...... Tue PM...... 166 Advanced Metallic Composites and Alloys for High Performance Applications: Advanced Metallics...... Europe 10...... Mon AM...... 17 Advanced Metallic Composites and Alloys for High Performance Applications: Al Alloys and Composites...... Europe 10...... Tue PM...... 167 Advanced Metallic Composites and Alloys for High Performance Applications: Fe and Ni Alloys and Composites...... Europe 10...... Mon PM...... 65 Advanced Metallic Composites and Alloys for High Performance Applications: Metallic Composites...... Europe 10...... Wed PM...... 277 Advanced Metallic Composites and Alloys for High Performance Applications: Refractory Alloys and Composites...... Europe 10...... Tue AM...... 118 Advanced Metallic Composites and Alloys for High Performance Applications: Ti Alloys and Composites...... Europe 10...... Wed AM...... 225 Advances in Computational Materials Science and Engineering Methods: Dedicated Computational Methods...... Europe 7...... Thu AM...... 327 Advances in Computational Materials Science and Engineering Methods: Finite Element Method I...... Europe 7...... Wed AM...... 227 Advances in Computational Materials Science and Engineering Methods: Finite Element Method II...... Europe 7...... Wed PM...... 278 Advances in Computational Materials Science and Engineering Methods: Methods at the Atom Scale I...... Europe 7...... Mon AM...... 18 Advances in Computational Materials Science and Engineering Methods: Methods at the Atom Scale II...... Europe 7...... Mon PM...... 67 Advances in Computational Materials Science and Engineering Methods: Phase Field Methods I...... Europe 7...... Tue AM...... 119 Advances in Computational Materials Science and Engineering Methods: Phase Field Methods II...... Europe 7...... Tue PM...... 168 Advances in Microstructure-Based Modeling and Characterization of Deformation Microstructures: Characterization of Deformed Structures I...... Europe 1...... Mon AM...... 19 Advances in Microstructure-Based Modeling and Characterization of Deformation Microstructures: Characterization of Deformed Structures II...... Europe 1...... Tue AM...... 120 Advances in Microstructure-Based Modeling and Characterization of Deformation Microstructures: Characterization of Deformed Structures III...... Europe 1...... Wed PM...... 279 Advances in Microstructure-Based Modeling and Characterization of Deformation Microstructures: Modeling of Deformed Structures I...... Europe 1...... Mon PM...... 68 Advances in Microstructure-Based Modeling and Characterization of Deformation Microstructures: Modeling of Deformed Structures II...... Europe 1...... Tue PM...... 169 Advances in Microstructure-Based Modeling and Characterization of Deformation Microstructures: Modeling of Deformed Structures III...... Europe 1...... Wed AM...... 228 Alumina and Bauxite: Alumina Refinery Design and Development...... Northern E4...... Tue PM...... 171 Alumina and Bauxite: Alumina Refinery Safety and Integrity...... Northern E4...... Tue AM...... 122 Alumina and Bauxite: Bauxite, Digestion, Red Mud, Byproducts...... Northern E4...... Wed AM...... 229 Alumina and Bauxite: Role of Surface Chemistry in Enhancing Refinery Performance...... Northern E4...... Wed PM...... 280 Aluminum Alloys for Transportation, Packaging, Aerospace and Other Applications: Alloy Characterization...... Northern A4...... Wed PM...... 282 Aluminum Alloys for Transportation, Packaging, Aerospace and Other Applications: Alloy Development...... Northern A4...... Tue PM...... 172
LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Session Listing
Aluminum Alloys for Transportation, Packaging, Aerospace and Other Applications: Alloy Processing...... Northern A4...... Wed AM...... 230 Aluminum Alloys for Transportation, Packaging, Aerospace and Other Applications: Alloys Mechanical Behavior...... Northern A4...... Thu AM...... 327 Aluminum Alloys for Transportation, Packaging, Aerospace and Other Applications: Aluminum Applications...... Northern A4...... Mon PM...... 69 Aluminum Alloys for Transportation, Packaging, Aerospace and Other Applications: Aluminum Products...... Northern A4...... Tue AM...... 122 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Anode Effects and Process Control I...... Southern 2...... Wed AM...... 231 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Cell Fundamentals, Phenomena and Alternatives...... Southern 2...... Tue PM...... 173 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Environmental and Plant Improvements...... Southern 2...... Mon AM...... 21 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Inert Anode Operation and Low Temperature Electrolyte...... Southern 2...... Wed PM...... 283 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Modelling and Design I...... Southern 1...... Tue PM...... 174 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Modelling II and General...... Southern 1...... Wed AM...... 232 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Operational and Technology Improvements...... Southern 2...... Mon PM...... 70 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Process Control II and Bath Chemistry...... Southern 2...... Thu AM...... 329 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Slotted Anodes - Joint Session with Electrode Technology...... Southern 2...... Tue AM...... 123 Biological Materials Science: Bioinspired Materials...... Europe 4...... Mon AM...... 22 Biological Materials Science: Biological Materials I...... Europe 4...... Tue AM...... 124 Biological Materials Science: Biological Materials II...... Europe 4...... Thu AM...... 330 Biological Materials Science: Biological Materials/Bio-Medical ...... Europe 4...... Tue PM...... 175 Biological Materials Science: Functional Biomaterials and Devices...... Europe 4...... Wed PM...... 284 Biological Materials Science: Implant Biomaterials...... Europe 4...... Wed AM...... 233 Biological Materials Science: Mechanical Behavior of Biomaterials...... Europe 4...... Mon PM...... 71 Biological Materials Science: Poster Session...... Europe 4...... Tue PM...... 176 Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Alloy Development and Glass-Forming Ability...... Asia 1...... Tue AM...... 126 Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Glass Science and Technology...... Asia 1...... Mon AM...... 23 Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Mechanical Properties I...... Asia 1...... Mon PM...... 73 Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Mechanical Properties II...... Asia 1...... Tue PM...... 177 Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Mechanical Properties III...... Asia 1...... Wed PM...... 286 Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Processing and Mechanical Properties IV...... Asia 1...... Thu AM...... 331 Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Supercooled Liquids and Crystallization...... Asia 1...... Wed AM...... 235 Cast Shop Technology: Cast House Operations and Melting...... Northern E1...... Mon PM...... 74 Cast Shop Technology: Cast Shop Safety...... Northern E1...... Thu AM...... 333 Cast Shop Technology: Casting...... Northern E1...... Wed AM...... 237 Cast Shop Technology: Metal Treatment...... Northern E1...... Tue AM...... 127 Cast Shop Technology: Quality Measurements and Grain Refining...... Northern E1...... Tue PM...... 179 Cast Shop Technology: Solidification and Microstructure...... Northern E1...... Wed PM...... 288 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Materials I...... Oceanic 8...... Tue AM...... 128 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Materials II...... Oceanic 8...... Tue PM...... 179 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Processing and Properties of Materials...... Oceanic 8...... Wed AM...... 238 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Processing of Materials I...... Oceanic 8...... Wed PM...... 289 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Processing of Materials II...... Oceanic 8...... Thu AM...... 334 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Structure across Length Scales I...... Oceanic 8...... Mon AM...... 25 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Structure across Length Scales II...... Oceanic 8...... Mon PM...... 75
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations: First Principles and Atomistic Calculations of Phase and Alloy Thermodynamics I ...... Europe 11...... Mon AM...... 26 Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations: First Principles and Atomistic Calculations of Phase and Alloy Thermodynamics II...... Europe 11...... Mon PM...... 77 Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations: Microstructure Properties and Evolution I..... Europe 11...... Tue AM...... 130 Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations: Microstructure Properties and Evolution II.... Europe 11...... Tue PM...... 181 Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations: Modeling of Phase Transformations I...... Europe 11...... Wed AM...... 239 Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations: Modeling of Phase Transformations II...... Europe 11...... Thu AM...... 335 Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations: Nanomaterials and Confined Systems .I...... Europe 11...... Wed PM...... 291 Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations: Nanomaterials and Confined Systems II...... Europe 10...... Thu AM...... 337 Degradation of Light Weight Alloys: Session I...... Northern A3...... Wed AM...... 240 Degradation of Light Weight Alloys: Session II...... Northern A3...... Wed PM...... 292 Diffusion in Advanced Materials and Processing: Atomistic and Multiscale Simulations...... Europe 2...... Mon AM...... 28 Diffusion in Advanced Materials and Processing: Energy Technology...... Europe 2...... Tue AM...... 131 Diffusion in Advanced Materials and Processing: Interfaces, Surfaces and Nanostructures...... Europe 2...... Mon PM...... 78 Diffusion in Advanced Materials and Processing: Intermetallics and Glasses...... Europe 2...... Wed PM...... 293 Diffusion in Advanced Materials and Processing: Materials Processing...... Europe 2...... Tue PM...... 182 Diffusion in Advanced Materials and Processing: Phenomenology and Experiments...... Europe 2...... Wed AM...... 241 Dynamic Behavior of Materials: Deformation I...... Europe 3...... Mon AM...... 29 Dynamic Behavior of Materials: Deformation II...... Europe 3...... Mon PM...... 79 Dynamic Behavior of Materials: Deformation III...... Europe 3...... Tue AM...... 132 Dynamic Behavior of Materials: Deformation IV...... Europe 3...... Tue PM...... 183 Dynamic Behavior of Materials: Fracture...... Europe 3...... Thu AM...... 338 Dynamic Behavior of Materials: Mechanical Properties I...... Europe 3...... Wed AM...... 243 Dynamic Behavior of Materials: Mechanical Properties II...... Europe 3...... Wed PM...... 294 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Anode Baking Furnace Technology...... Southern 3...... Wed AM...... 244 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Anode Technology and Production...... Southern 3...... Mon PM...... 81 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Cathode Part I: Cathode Wear and Construction...... Southern 3...... Mon AM...... 30 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Cathode Part II: Preheating and Cell Start Up...... Southern 3...... Wed PM...... 296 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Cathode Part III: Titanium Diboride...... Southern 3...... Thu AM...... 340 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Properties of Inert Anode Materials...... Southern 3...... Tue PM...... 185 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Rodding and Coke Inventory...... Southern 1...... Thu AM...... 341 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Slotted Anodes - Joint Session with Aluminum Reduction Technology...... Southern 2...... Tue AM...... 123 Electronic, Magnetic and Photonic Materials Division Symposium: Advanced Metallizations and Interconnect Technologies, in Honor of Prof. K. N. Tu’s 70th Birthday: Advanced Metallizations and Interconnect Technology I...... Pacific Hall .B ...... Wed AM...... 246 Electronic, Magnetic and Photonic Materials Division Symposium: Advanced Metallizations and Interconnect Technologies, in Honor of Prof. K. N. Tu’s 70th Birthday: Advanced Metallizations and Interconnect Technology II...... Pacific Hall .B ...... Wed PM...... 296 Friction Stir Welding and Processing IV: Session I...... Northern E3...... Mon PM...... 82 Friction Stir Welding and Processing IV: Session II...... Northern E3...... Tue AM...... 134 Friction Stir Welding and Processing IV: Session III...... Northern E3...... Tue PM...... 186 Friction Stir Welding and Processing IV: Session IV...... Northern E3...... Wed AM...... 247 Friction Stir Welding and Processing IV: Session V...... Northern E3...... Wed PM...... 297 Friction Stir Welding and Processing IV: Session VI...... Northern E3...... Thu AM...... 341 Frontiers in Solidification Science: Atomic Scale...... Northern A3...... Mon PM...... 83
10 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Session Listing
Frontiers in Solidification Science: Microstructures .I ...... Northern A3...... Tue AM...... 135 Frontiers in Solidification Science: Microstructures II...... Northern A3...... Tue PM...... 188 Frontiers in Solidification Science: Nucleation and Crystal Structure...... Northern A3...... Mon AM...... 31 Frontiers in Solidification Science: Poster Session...... Northern A3...... Mon PM...... 84 Fundamentals of Shape Memory and Related Transitions: Atomistic and Microstructural Mechanisms...... Europe 6...... Tue PM...... 189 Fundamentals of Shape Memory and Related Transitions: Electronic Structure and Phonons...... Europe 6...... Tue AM...... 136 Fundamentals of Shape Memory and Related Transitions: Mechanical Behavior...... Europe 6...... Wed AM...... 248 Fundamentals of Shape Memory and Related Transitions: Multiscale Modeling and Applications...... Europe 6...... Wed PM...... 299 General Abstracts: Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division: GaN and Interconnects...... Oceanic 7...... Mon AM...... 32 General Abstracts: Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division: Magnetic and Ferroelectric Materials...... Oceanic 7...... Thu AM...... 343 General Abstracts: Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division: ZnO Thin Films and Liquid Crystals...... Oceanic 4...... Thu AM...... 344 General Abstracts: Extraction and Processing: High Temperature Processing...... Southern 1...... Tue AM...... 137 General Abstracts: Extraction and Processing: Hydrometallurgy, Metal Recovery...... Southern 1...... Mon PM...... 87 General Abstracts: Extraction and Processing: Hydrometallurgy, Wastewater Treatment...... Northern E1...... Mon AM...... 34 General Abstracts: Extraction and Processing: Pyrometallurgy, Base Metals...... Northern E3...... Mon AM...... 35 General Abstracts: Light Metals Division: Session I...... Pacific Hall .B ...... Mon AM...... 36 General Abstracts: Light Metals Division: Session II...... Pacific Hall .B ...... Mon PM...... 88 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: Forming of Materials and Processes...... Northern A4...... Mon AM...... 37 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: In Situ Synthesis and Rapid Prototyping...... Northern A2...... Wed AM...... 249 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: Modeling and Simulation of Materials and Processes...... Northern A2...... Wed PM...... 300 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: Processing and Microstructural Development...... Northern A2...... Thu AM...... 345 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: Structure/Processing/Properties Relationships...... Northern A1...... Thu AM...... 346 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Advances in Steel I...... Europe 5...... Tue AM...... 138 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Advances in Steel II...... Europe 5...... Tue PM...... 190 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Microstructure and Properties of Materials...... Europe 5...... Wed AM...... 250 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Nickel Alloys and High Temperature Materials I...... Europe 5...... Wed PM...... 301 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Processing and Properties of Light Metals...... Europe 6...... Thu AM...... 348 General Poster Session...... N. H. Foyer...... Mon PM-Wed PM...... 359 Hume-Rothery Symposium: Scattering Studies and the Fundamental Properties of Materials: Session I...... Oceanic 7...... Mon PM...... 89 Hume-Rothery Symposium: Scattering Studies and the Fundamental Properties of Materials: Session II...... Oceanic 7...... Tue AM...... 139 Hume-Rothery Symposium: Scattering Studies and the Fundamental Properties of Materials: Session III..... Oceanic 7...... Tue PM...... 191 Hume-Rothery Symposium: Scattering Studies and the Fundamental Properties of Materials: Session IV..... Oceanic 7...... Wed AM...... 252 Hume-Rothery Symposium: Scattering Studies and the Fundamental Properties of Materials: Session V...... Oceanic 7...... Wed PM...... 303 Innovations in Electrometallurgy: Session I...... Oceanic 5...... Wed PM...... 303 Innovations in Electrometallurgy: Session II...... Oceanic 5...... Thu AM...... 349 Innovations in Measurement Science to Assess the Performance of New Materials in the Real-World: Advanced Measurement Techniques...... Austrailia 3...... Wed PM...... 304 Innovations in Measurement Science to Assess the Performance of New Materials in the Real-World: Characterization of Advanced Materials...... Austrailia 3...... Wed AM...... 253 Innovations in Measurement Science to Assess the Performance of New Materials in the Real-World: Fundamental Measurement Methods...... Austrailia 3...... Mon AM...... 38 Innovations in Measurement Science to Assess the Performance of New Materials in the Real-World: High Strain Rate Deformation...... Austrailia 3...... Tue AM...... 140
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 11 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Innovations in Titanium Technology Symposium: Advances in Alloy Development...... Asia 3...... Wed AM...... 254 Innovations in Titanium Technology Symposium: Advances in Materials Processing...... Asia 3...... Tue PM...... 192 Innovations in Titanium Technology Symposium: Low Cost Materials and Processing...... Asia 3...... Mon AM...... 39 Innovations in Titanium Technology Symposium: Microstructure and Properties I...... Asia 3...... Wed PM...... 305 Innovations in Titanium Technology Symposium: Microstructure and Properties II...... Asia 3...... Thu AM...... 349 Innovations in Titanium Technology Symposium: Novel Materials and Processes I...... Asia 3...... Mon PM...... 90 Innovations in Titanium Technology Symposium: Novel Materials and Processes II...... Asia 3...... Tue AM...... 141 Integrated Computational Materials Engineering: Lessons from Many Fields: ICME in Materials Science...... Oceanic 4...... Wed AM...... 255 Integrated Computational Materials Engineering: Lessons from Many Fields: ICME in Other Fields...... Oceanic 4...... Wed PM...... 307 Intellectual Property in Materials Science: Patents, Tech Transfer and Licensing: Commercialization.... America’s Seminar...... Tue PM...... 193 Intellectual Property in Materials Science: Patents, Tech Transfer and Licensing: Patents...... America’s Seminar...... Tue AM...... 142 Internet and Other Electronic Resources for Materials Education: Session I...... Oceanic 2...... Mon AM...... 40 Magnesium Technology 2007: Alloy Development I...... Southern 4...... Wed AM...... 257 Magnesium Technology 2007: Alloy Development II...... Southern 4...... Wed PM...... 307 Magnesium Technology 2007: Automotive Applications and USAMP Programs...... Southern 5...... Mon PM...... 91 Magnesium Technology 2007: Casting and Solidification .I...... Southern 5...... Tue AM...... 143 Magnesium Technology 2007: Casting and Solidification II...... Southern 5...... Tue PM...... 194 Magnesium Technology 2007: Corrosion and Coatings...... Southern 4...... Thu AM...... 350 Magnesium Technology 2007: Magnesium Globalization...... Southern 4-5...... Mon AM...... 40 Magnesium Technology 2007: Microstructure and Properties...... Southern 5...... Thu AM...... 352 Magnesium Technology 2007: Primary Production, Recycling and Environmental/Welding...... Southern 5...... Wed AM...... 258 Magnesium Technology 2007: Thermodynamics and Fundamental Research...... Southern 5...... Wed PM...... 309 Magnesium Technology 2007: Wrought Alloys and Forming Processes I: Deformation...... Southern 4...... Mon PM...... 92 Magnesium Technology 2007: Wrought Alloys and Forming Processes II: Rolling and Forming...... Southern 4...... Tue AM...... 144 Magnesium Technology 2007: Wrought Alloys and Forming Processes III: Extrusions...... Southern 4...... Tue PM...... 195 Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: Hydrogen Storage Materials in Conjuction with the 8th Global Innovations Symposium: Metal Powders for Energy Production and Storage Applications...... Oceanic 6...... Tue PM...... 197 Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: Materials for Clean Coal Power Generation and Gas Separation...... Asia 2...... Wed PM...... 310 Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: Materials for Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Systems...... Asia 2...... Thu AM...... 353 Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: Materials Oxidation/Corrosion and Protection...... Asia 2...... Wed AM...... 259 Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: PEMFCs...... Asia 2...... Mon PM...... 93 Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: Plenary Session...... Asia 2...... Mon AM...... 41 Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: SOFCs I...... Asia 2...... Tue AM...... 145 Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: SOFCs II...... Asia 2...... Tue PM...... 198 Materials Issues for Advanced Nuclear Systems: Energy Generation and Waste Issues...... Europe 5...... Mon AM...... 42 Materials Issues for Advanced Nuclear Systems: Material Characterization Issues...... Europe 5...... Mon PM...... 94 Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division Symposium: Mechanics and Materials Modeling and Materials Design Methodologies, in the Honor of Dr. Craig Hartley’s 40 years of Contributions to the Field of Mechanics and Materials Science: Homogenization/Constitutive Behavior I...... Northern A1...... Mon PM...... 96 Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division Symposium: Mechanics and Materials Modeling and Materials Design Methodologies, in the Honor of Dr. Craig Hartley’s 40 Years of Contributions to the Field of Mechanics and Materials Science: Homogenization/Constitutive Behavior II...... Northern A1...... Tue AM...... 146 Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division Symposium: Mechanics and Materials Modeling and Materials Design Methodologies, in the Honor of Dr. Craig Hartley’s 40 Years of Contributions to the Field of Mechanics and Materials Science: Materials Design...... Northern A1...... Tue PM...... 199
12 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Session Listing
Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division Symposium: Mechanics and Materials Modeling and Materials Design Methodologies, in the Honor of Dr. Craig Hartley’s 40 Years of Contributions to the Field of Mechanics and Materials Science: Microstructure Analysis and Representation I...... Northern A1...... Mon AM...... 44 Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division Symposium: Mechanics and Materials Modeling and Materials Design Methodologies, in the Honor of Dr. Craig Hartley’s 40 Years of Contributions to the Field of Mechanics and Materials Science: Microstructure Analysis and Representation II...... Northern A1...... Wed PM...... 312 Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division Symposium: Mechanics and Materials Modeling and Materials Design Methodologies, in the Honor of Dr. Craig Hartley’s 40 Years of Contributions to the Field of Mechanics and Materials Science: Nanostructure, Defects and Properties...... Northern A1...... Wed AM...... 260 Materials Processing Fundamentals: Powders, Composites, Coatings and Measurements...... Northern A2...... Tue PM...... 200 Materials Processing Fundamentals: Process Modeling...... Northern A2...... Mon PM...... 97 Materials Processing Fundamentals: Smelting and Refining...... Northern A2...... Tue AM...... 148 Materials Processing Fundamentals: Solidification and Deformation Processing...... Northern A2...... Mon AM...... 45 Materials Processing under the Influence of External Fields: Session .I...... America’s Seminar...... Mon AM...... 46 Materials Processing under the Influence of External Fields: Session II...... America’s Seminar...... Mon PM...... 98 Materials Processing under the Influence of External Fields: Session III...... America’s Seminar...... Wed AM...... 261 Materials Processing under the Influence of External Fields: Session IV...... America’s Seminar...... Wed PM...... 313 Materials Processing under the Influence of External Fields: SessionV ...... America’s Seminar...... Thu AM...... 354 Metrologies for Advanced Materials and Devices: Characterization, Measurement and Testing Science: Metrology for Micro and Nano Structures...... Oceanic 6...... Tue AM...... 149 Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Defect Clusters and Fundamental Radiation Effects ...... Europe 8...... Thu AM...... 355 Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Dislocation - Obstacle Interactions and Radiation Induced Segregation...... Europe 8...... Mon AM...... 48 Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: He Effects, Deformation and Fracture...... Europe 8...... Wed PM...... 314 Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Irradiation Effects in Ceramics...... Europe 8...... Mon PM...... 100 Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Modeling...... Europe 8...... Tue PM...... 201 Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Modeling, Microstructure and Embrittlement in Fe-Cr Alloys...... Europe 8...... Tue AM...... 150 Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Poster Session I...... Europe 8...... Tue PM...... 202 Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Poster Session II...... Europe 8...... Wed PM...... 316 Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels...... Europe 8...... Wed AM...... 263 National Academies ICME Study Community Town Hall Meeting...... Oceanic 4...... Wed PM...... 307 National Science Foundation Workshop: CyberInfrastructure to CyberDiscovery for Materials Science...... Oceanic 4...... Wed AM...... 256 Outreach Programs in Materials Science and Engineering: Outreach Programs at Universities...... Pacific Hall .A ...... Mon AM...... 49 Outreach Programs in Materials Science and Engineering: Outreach Programs in Industry and Government Laboratories...... Pacific Hall .A ...... Mon PM...... 101 Pb-Free Electronic Solders: Alloy Design, Characterization and Service Reliability: Electromigration and Void Formation...... Oceanic 1...... Tue AM...... 151 Pb-Free Electronic Solders: Alloy Design, Characterization and Service Reliability: Interfacial Effects...... Oceanic 1...... Mon AM...... 50 Pb-Free Electronic Solders: Alloy Design, Characterization and Service Reliability: Mechanical Characterization...... Oceanic 1...... Wed PM...... 317 Pb-Free Electronic Solders: Alloy Design, Characterization and Service Reliability: Microstructure and Characterization...... Oceanic 1...... Mon PM...... 102 Pb-Free Electronic Solders: Alloy Design, Characterization and Service Reliability: Processing and Reliability Issues...... Oceanic 1...... Wed AM...... 264 Pb-Free Electronic Solders: Alloy Design, Characterization and Service Reliability: Whisker Growth, Design, and Modeling...... Oceanic 1...... Tue PM...... 204 Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VI: Session I...... Oceanic 2...... Mon PM...... 104 Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VI: Session II...... Oceanic 2...... Tue AM...... 153
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 13 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VI: Session III...... Oceanic 2...... Tue PM...... 205 Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VI: Session IV...... Oceanic 2...... Wed AM...... 265 Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VI: Session V...... Oceanic 2...... Wed PM...... 318 Plasticity from the Atomic Scale to Constitutive Laws: Atomistic Simulations of Dynamic Processes and Nano-Scale Plasticity...... Europe 9...... Tue AM...... 154 Plasticity from the Atomic Scale to Constitutive Laws: Dislocation Core Structure and Solute-Dislocation Interactions...... Europe 9...... Mon AM...... 51 Plasticity from the Atomic Scale to Constitutive Laws: Dislocation Ensembles...... Europe 9...... Tue PM...... 206 Plasticity from the Atomic Scale to Constitutive Laws: Dislocation Solute, Precipitate and Grain Boundary Interactions...... Europe 9...... Mon PM...... 105 Plasticity from the Atomic Scale to Constitutive Laws: Meso-Scale Plasticity...... Europe 9...... Wed AM...... 266 Plasticity from the Atomic Scale to Constitutive Laws: Rate Limiting Behavior and Informed Constitutive Laws...... Europe 9...... Wed PM...... 320 Properties and Performance of High Temperature Alloys and Coatings: Coatings and Oxidation I...... Asia 4...... Tue PM...... 208 Properties and Performance of High Temperature Alloys and Coatings: Coatings and Oxidation II...... Asia 4...... Wed AM...... 268 Properties and Performance of High Temperature Alloys and Coatings: Intermetallics and Multidiscipline...... Asia 4...... Wed PM...... 321 Properties and Performance of High Temperature Alloys and Coatings: Polycrystalline Alloys...... Asia 4...... Mon PM...... 106 Properties and Performance of High Temperature Alloys and Coatings: Single Crystal Alloys I...... Asia 4...... Mon AM...... 52 Properties and Performance of High Temperature Alloys and Coatings: Single Crystal Alloys II and Oxidation...... Asia 4...... Tue AM...... 155 Recent Developments in Semiconductor, Electro Optic and Radio Frequency Materials: Progress in Semiconductor Optoelectronics and Beyond...... Oceanic 6...... Mon PM...... 108 Recent Developments in Semiconductor, Electro Optic and Radio Frequency Materials: Recent Advances in Semiconductor Technologies...... Oceanic 6...... Mon AM...... 54 Recycling and Waste Processing: Aluminum...... Australia 2...... Wed AM...... 269 Recycling and Waste Processing: Automotive Recycling, Global Challenges and Opportunities...... Australia 2...... Tue AM...... 157 Recycling and Waste Processing: Batteries and Co/Ni...... Australia 2...... Mon PM...... 110 Recycling and Waste Processing: Materials Recovery from Wastes...... Australia 2...... Mon AM...... 55 Recycling and Waste Processing: Other Nonferrous...... Australia 2...... Wed PM...... 323 Recycling and Waste Processing: Precious Metals Recovery...... Australia 2...... Tue PM...... 209 Refractory Metals 2007: Oxidation and Thin Films...... Europe 6...... Mon PM...... 110 Refractory Metals 2007: Processing and Mechanical Deformation...... Europe 6...... Mon AM...... 57 Shape Casting: The 2nd International Symposium: Applications/Novel Processes...... Northern E2...... Wed PM...... 324 Shape Casting: The 2nd International Symposium: Liquid Metal/Solidification...... Northern E2...... Mon PM...... 111 Shape Casting: The 2nd International Symposium: Modeling...... Northern E2...... Wed AM...... 270 Shape Casting: The 2nd International Symposium: Process Design/Analysis...... Northern E2...... Tue AM...... 158 Shape Casting: The 2nd International Symposium: Structure/Property...... Northern E2...... Tue PM...... 210 Structural Materials Division Symposium: Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials, in Honor of Carl Koch: Fatigue, and Strengthening Mechanisms at Small Length Scale...... Asia 5...... Mon AM...... 58 Structural Materials Division Symposium: Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials, in Honor of Carl Koch: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials...... Asia 5...... Thu AM...... 357 Structural Materials Division Symposium: Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials, in Honor of Carl Koch: Plasticity and Deformation Mechanisms at Small Length Scale I...... Asia 5...... Tue AM...... 159 Structural Materials Division Symposium: Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials, in Honor of Carl Koch: Plasticity and Deformation Mechanisms at Small Length Scale II...... Asia 5...... Wed AM...... 271 Structural Materials Division Symposium: Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials, in Honor of Carl Koch: Plasticity and Deformation Mechanisms at Small Length Scale III...... Asia 5...... Wed PM...... 325 Structural Materials Division Symposium: Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials, in Honor of Carl Koch: Poster Session: Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials...... Asia 5...... Tue PM...... 213
14 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Session Listing
Structural Materials Division Symposium: Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials, in Honor of Carl Koch: Processing and Characterization of Materials Subjected to Severe Plastic Deformation...... Asia 5...... Mon PM...... 112 Structural Materials Division Symposium: Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials, in Honor of Carl Koch: Stability, Strain and Stress...... Asia 5...... Tue PM...... 211 The Material Recycling Industry: Global Challenges and Opportunities: Plenary Session...... Southern 1...... Mon AM...... 59 Towards Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications: Directed Nano Fabrication...... Oceanic 5...... Mon AM...... 60 Towards Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications: Nano Magnetism, Ferroelectric, Mechanics, and Other Properties...... Oceanic 5...... Mon PM...... 114 Towards Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications: Nanoscale Superstructures, Metallic Nanoparticles and Plasmon...... Oceanic 5...... Tue AM...... 161 Towards Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications: Nanowires and Nanotubes...... Oceanic 5...... Tue PM...... 220 Towards Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications: Quantum Dots...... Oceanic 5...... Wed AM...... 273 Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Nanostructures: Session I...... Oceanic 4...... Mon AM...... 62 Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Nanostructures: Session II...... Oceanic 4...... Mon PM...... 115 Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Nanostructures: Session III...... Oceanic 4...... Tue AM...... 162 Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Nanostructures: Session IV...... Oceanic 4...... Tue PM...... 221
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 15 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Materials Science This research investigated the fabrication of carbon nanotube (CNT) patterns 2007 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties and and CNT atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoprobes applied to nano- Applications: Session I biosensors. Patterns of perpendicularly aligned single-wall carbon nanotube M Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, (SWNT) forests were realized on diverse substrates via Fe3+-assisted self- Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee assembly with the aid of electron-beam writing and photolithography creating O Program Organizers: Wonbong Choi, Florida International University; preferential nucleation sites for Fe3+ ions. A second part of this research N Ashutosh Tiwari, University of Utah; Seung Kang, Qualcomm Inc. resulted in CNT nanoprobes on conductive AFM probes fabricated using D positive dielectrophoresis (DEP) involving the application of a heterogeneous Monday AM Room: Oceanic 3 electric field. Post-assembly, a novel, surfactant-assisted dissolution February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel A process was developed to further optimize the length and stiffness of these Y SWNT nanofibrils. The stiffness could be further tailored upon subsequent Session Chairs: Wonbong Choi, Florida International University; Ken Teo, University of Cambridge vacuum annealing. Finally, radial and longitudinal heterojunction have been A demonstrated by sequential DEP assembly on the side walls and ends of previously grown nanofibrils, respectively. These CNT-AFM nanoprobes are M 9:00 AM Keynote qualified for deep structure imaging and cell membrane piercing. Inorganic Nanowires: Growth and Applications: M. Meyyappan1; 1NASA Ames Research Center 10:20 AM Growth of nanowires of various inorganic materials has received much Surface Modification to Enhance Uniform Growth of Carbon Nano-Fibers 1 1 1 attention recently due to their potential in electronics, lasers, sensors and on Larger Structural Components: Ian Barney ; J.H. Su ; R.J. Pulikollu ; 1 1 other applications. We have grown nanowires in various material systems: S.M. Mukhopadhyay ; Wright State University silicon, germanium, high temperature oxides(zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium This project focuses on the growth of Carbon nano-fibers on larger oxide), antimonides of indium and gallium, and a phase change material engineering structures in order to create multi-scale materials with increased such as germanium telluride. This talk will provide an overview of inorganic surface area, where additional functionalities may be added. Nano-fibers nanowire growth. We have used a vapor-liquid-solid(VLS) technique to grow have been fabricated using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on substrates of the above nanowires. Catalysts other than the conventional gold have also silicon, graphite, foam and microfibers of graphite. Influence of pre-coating been investigated for their effectiveness. A brief discussion on applications of substrates with nanoscale oxide functional groups on the growth of nanotubes these nanowires will also be provided. We have demonstrated near-infrared was investigated by comparing with growth on uncoated samples. Analyses of lasing in the telecommunication band using antimonide wires. We are pursuing chemical state and structure have been preformed using x-ray photoelectron memory devices using phase change nanowires. The author acknowledges spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy contributions from Bin Yu, Jeff Sun, Alan Chin, S. Vaddiraju, M.Sunkara, (SEM and TEM) respectively. Results indicate that plasma-assisted silica- Cun-zheng Ning and G. Dholakia. like coatings promote carbon nanotubes growth, showing higher growth rate and decreasing inhomogeneity. Samples were also analyzed for atomic 9:40 AM Invited concentration and bonding states of catalyst particles using different processing Synthesis and Integration of Carbon Nanotubes for the Electronic Device conditions and substrates. Possible growth mechanisms will be discussed as Applications: Wanjun Park1; 1Materials and Devices Research Center, well as influence of nanoscale hair on substrate functionality. Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology Due to one-dimensional structure of carbon nanotube (CNT) with unique 10:35 AM Break electrical and chemical properties, CNTs are exciting materials for the various 10:50 AM Invited nano-scale applications including molecular electronics, opto-electronic Carbon Nanotube-Based Photovoltaic Cells: Rodolfo Camacho1; Alex devices, sensors, and so on. In particular, understanding of their electrical Morgan1; Trevor McLeod1; Jack Flicker1; Stephan Turano1; W. Jud Ready1; properties has aroused many research groups in academy and industry to 1Georgia Tech Research Institute-Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory explore the nano-scale electronics based on CNTs such as transistor, memory, A 3-D aligned array of highly conductive CNT towers is grown on interconnect, logic array, and so on. However many technological barriers are lithographically patterned silicon wafers. The interconnected CNT array is still remained. First of all, pure nanotubes should be separated from a mixture then coated with suitable photon absorbing bandgap materials (CdTe, CdSe, of single-walled, multi-walled nanotubes, and carbonaceous impurities CdS) to form a p/n-junction. A conductive oxide (indium tin oxide — ITO) or should be grown without impurities for reliable device performance. is deposited as the transparent top contact. In a traditional (planar) single Another critical barrier to integrate nanotubes in devices is uncertainty and junction solar cell, a photon of light impinges the p/n-junction at a single uncontrollability in positioning nanotubes on a right region. In addition, instance and may (or may not) create a single electron-hole pair. However, for transport mechanism in CNTs should be more understood to modulate band this topographically enhanced CNT-based device, multiple impingements and gap of them to fabricate various device elements. In this presentation, we scattering of the incident photon upon the p/n-junction increase the probability introduce our recent progresses to overcome the barriers focusing on the of absorption due to extended dwell time in the photoactive layers. This effect, electronic device elements based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). whereby a single photon can interact with the p/n junction multiple times is Experimental and theoretical studies to control the CNT electronic structure termed “light trapping.” are covered for CNT-field effect transistors. The large scale fabrication of CNT electronic elements are also given for the selective growth of CNT that 11:15 AM is extendable to device integration. The growth and purity issues of nanotubes Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of PbS Quantum Dots: Suresh 1 1 1 are demonstrated with sono-chemical route to single-walled carbon nanotube, Krishna Moorthy ; Sudipta Seal ; University of Central Florida purification method of nanotubes integrated in transistors via sulfidation, and Nanoclusters of PbS embedded in polymer matrices have recently been low temperature growth (~400°C) by PECVD of SWNTs. For the positioning shown to have interesting optical properties with the capability of tuning the problems, direct photolithographic method using a mixture of catalytic effective band gap over a wide spectral range. The results of a systematic precursors and conventional resists as a catalytic resist is introduced. investigation of the preparation and characterization of size-tuned PbS nanocrystals stabilized in the polymer nanotemplate of Nafion and their size- 10:05 AM dependent physical properties are presented in this paper. These nanocrystals Patterned Forest-Assembly of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon exhibit large characteristic blueshift in optical absorption from the bulk Nanotube Atomic Force Microscopy Nanoprobes: Haoyan Wei1; Sang absorption onset value of 3020 nm. XRD and HRTEM measurements indicate Nyon Kim1; Sejong Kim1; Minhua Zhao1; Sang-Yong Ju1; Bryan Huey1; Fotios the presence of PbS nanocrystals in the size range of 2 to 6 nm, in the regime Papadimitrakopoulos1; Harris Marcus1; 1University of Connecticut, Materials of strong quantum confinement. Thermal and electrical properties of the Science and Engineering Program, Department of Chemical, Materials and polymer are found to be influenced to a great extent by the embedded PbS
16 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program nanocrystals. The nonlinear optical properties measured by Z-scan technique area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. An indicate potential application of PbS nanocrystals as optical limiters at low increasing of a non-uniform shell thickness was observed when added alumina laser powers. at higher weight ratio. 11:30 AM Photoluminescence at 1.5 µm from Er in an SiO2 Layer with Ge M Nanoclusters: The Local Environments of Er Atoms and Comparison Advanced Metallic Composites and Alloys for High O with He Case of Si Nanoclusters: Jeyanthinath Mayandi1; Terje Finstad1; N Chenglin Heng1; Yanjun Li1; Hallgeir Klette2; 1University of Oslo; 2SINTEF Performance Applications: Advanced Metallics The 1.5 µm Er+3 luminescence is of large interest due to the possible Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, ASM D International, TMS Structural Materials Division, ASM Materials Science applications. We have fabricated embedded Ge nanoclusters in Er doped Critical Technology Sector, TMS/ASM: Composite Materials Committee, A SiO2 films by co-sputtering and annealing. We have also prepared samples TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee Y where Si - replaces Ge- clusters. We have studied the nanostructure and its Program Organizers: Awadh Pandey, Pratt and Whitney Rocketdyne; Kevin dependence upon fabrication parameters by a number of techniques (HRTEM, Kendig, Air Force Research Laboratory; John Lewandowski, Case Western XPS, XRD, FTIR) and correlated that with the photoluminescence intensity. Reserve University A We have observed that the most efficient luminescence occurs after annealing M to 700°C. The film then contains a high density of amorphous Ge nanoclusters Monday AM Room: Europe 10 and the Er and Ge distributions are highly correlated which is unexpected and February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel different than what is assumed for Si. The detailed shape of the luminescence peak, which is a probe for the local evoronments of Er, is different for the Si Session Chair: Stephen Kampe, Virginia Tech and Ge cases, in agreement that the Er and Ge nanoclusters are correlated. 11:45 AM 9:00 AM Invited Interface, Defects and Intermixing in Fe Thin Films Grown on AlGaAs by The Effect of Cold Rolling on the Creep Behavior of Udimet 188 1 2 1 1 MBE: Ramasis Goswami1; Aubrey Hanbicki2; George Kioseoglou2; Berend Superalloy: Debjani Palit ; N. Eisinger ; Carl Boehlert ; Michigan State 2 Jonker2; George Spanos2; 1Science Applications International Corporation; University; Special Metals Corporation 2Naval Research Laboratory A Udimet 188 alloy was subjected to thermo-mechanical processing Utilizing the spin degree of freedom of an electron in a semiconductor in attempt to understand the effects of cold-rolling deformation on the device is the basis for the emerging field of spintronics. The most successful microstructure and creep behavior. Sheets were cold rolled to either 10%, incorporation of spins into semiconductor heterostructures results from 25%, or 35% deformation followed by solution treatment. This sequence injection from either diluted magnetic semiconductors such as ZnMnSe, or was repeated four times and the grain boundary character distribution was from ferromagnetic metals such as Fe or CoFe. The present investigation is characterized using electron backscattered diffraction. The 10% cold rolled centered on the overall microstructure of Fe/AlGaAs grown by molecular beam material exhibited up to 75% of special boundaries and the 35% cold rolled epitaxy(MBE)with an emphasis on the interface structure and intermixing samples exhibited the least amount of special boundaries (57%). The 10% at the interface. High Resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals and 25% cold rolled materials exhibited superior creep resistance compared significant amount of low angle grain boundaries in the Fe film. The measured to the 35% cold rolled material. In-situ creep experiments were performed spin polarization from these spin-LED samples increases from about 24% to inside a scanning electron microscope chamber. The material exhibited a 34% after annealing the room-temperature deposited film at 200°C for 10 min. significant extent of grain boundary cracking which increased with increasing Differences in the microstructural features of the as-deposited and annealed Fe creep strain. General high-angle grain boundaries were the most susceptible films will be detailed. to cracking. This result has significant implications regarding grain boundary engineering of this alloy. 12:00 PM Growth Control of Highly Oriented Nanorods of Zinc Oxide: Jean-Claude 9:20 AM Tedenac1; Mezy Aude1; Ravot Didier1; Bretagnon Thierry1; Lefebvre Pierre1; Lightweight Truss Core Structures Formed from Expanded Metal: 1 1 1 Gerardin Corine1; Tichit Didier1; 1Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Brandon Bouwhuis ; Glenn Hibbard ; University of Toronto Condensée-UMR5617 Periodic cellular metal (PCM) sandwich cores can be considered hybrids ZnO nanowires have a great commercial stake, due to their physical and of the solid and gas type. These materials are competitive to conventional chemical properties. The wet chemical synthesis route enable the preparation metallic foams in environments requiring high strength-to-weight ratios. PCM of high crystal quality and proper growth orientation of ZnO nanowires. cores were constructed from work-hardened aluminum alloy 3003 expanded Nethertheless, control of the ZnO size, morphology, dimensionality, and metal precursors using a modified bending brake method. Fabrication is self-assembly remains a very important stake, due to their tight influence limited by crack initiation at the bends, which can be related to a minimum on ZnO properties. Efficient control of both nanostructure dimensionality bend radius. Annealing prior to bending expands the limit of formability by and assembly is obtained by using appropriate synthesis parameters during reducing the minimum bend radius, but also results in a decrease in resultant the seeded growth process. The synthesis of well aligned nanowires with a PCM mechanical performance. This study investigates a range of bending perpendicularly growth to the substrate and a high crystal quality is useful for and annealing treatments during PCM fabrication as well as the resultant the study of their physical (optical, electrical, etc) properties. Furthermore, the PCM performance to determine an optimal processing path. Metallography, modification of these parameters provides us informations about the growth microhardness profiles and mechanical testing in compression are used to mechanism of the aligned nanowires. Thus, the present method provides a correlate processing pathways to resultant microstructure and further to convenient route to obtain high quality and low cost aligned arrays of ZnO mechanical properties of PCMs. nanowires with lasing properties at room temperature. 9:40 AM 12:15 PM Application of Roll-Bonding Technique on Preparing Aluminum Foam 1 1 1 1 1 Core-Shell SiC-Al2O3 Nanowires Synthesized by a Current Heating Sandwich: Guoyin Zu ; Min Zhang ; Guangchun Yao ; Hongbin Li ; School Method: Thanut Jintakosol1; Pisith Singjai1; 1Chiang Mai University of Materials and Metallurgy Synthesis of core-shell SiC-Al2O3 nanowires(NWs) by current heating of The technique of roll-bonding was applied to prepare the foaming compound a silica-alumina-graphite rod was investigated. The rod was placed between board in order to settle the main problem that exists in the preparation of two copper electrodes and gradually heated up to about 1400°C by passing aluminum foam sandwich in this work. The result shows that the preformed current though it under flowing argon. The as-synthesized NWs, formed on core powder cake can hard integrate with the steel sheet after rolling. The the surface were then characterized using scanning electron microscopy, tightness of rolled core powder is obviously higher than that of heat pressing transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis of X-ray, selected compound board and the powder takes on the closely stratified structure, which creates the favorable condition for foaming. Considering integrated the factor
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 17 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
such as bond strength, tightness of core powder and rolling defect, the best phase. In this study, a Ti-6Al-4V sample was subjected to a modified Jominy reduction should be controlled at 60%~70%. The compound board can get end quench test in order to produce a range of cooling rates. Both TEM and 3-D the perfect foam structure under proper foaming technology: the best foaming atom probe tomography were used to analyze the sample at atomic resolution. temperature is 620~640°C; foaming time is 8~10min. Both intermetallic The results will be discussed in terms of the light they shed on transformations M compound of FeAl3 and Fe/Al solid solution with about 10µm thickness occur in this class of titanium alloys. Characterization performed using analytical at the interface after foaming. facilities in the Center for Advanced Research and Technology at the University O of North Texas. Partial support of The Boeing Company is appreciated. N 10:00 AM FeAl-Based Intermetallic Sinters Obtained by Liquid Phase Sintering: 11:40 AM D Stanislaw Józwiak1; Krzysztof Karczewski1; Zbigniew Bojar1; 1Military Thermal Properties of the Diamond-Copper Interface in Hot-Pressed A University of Technology Metal-Matrix-Composites: Ivica Smid1; Erich Neubauer2; Paul Angerer3; Y The results of the optimization process of liquid phase sintering of Fe and Kristina Cowan1; 1Pennsylvania State University; 2Austrian Research Centers; Al powders in order to fabricate FeAl intermetallic sinters were studied in 3ECHEM this paper. The oxidation of Al particles in the sintering process is responsible Copper Metal-Matrix-Composites (MMCs) based on carbon reinforcements A for the formation of the Al2O3 films in the sintered structure that are mainly have a high potential for application as heat sink material. Basically the M located on the interparticle boundaries, which eventually lead to the decrease thermal properties can be tailored by a simple variation of the volume fraction of the strength of material. The exothermic reaction of the mixed Fe +Al of the reinforcement. Another important parameter for achieving a high powders (SHS) may lead to the destruction of the sinter. Control of the process conductivity in the copper-carbon system is the thermal contact resistance parameters such as pressure, temperature and time allowed fabrication of (TCR). By a variation of the TCR the whole range between an insulating sound FeAl sinters by eliminating such adverse effects as strong oxidation of interface and a perfect heat transfer can be simulated. The experimental aluminum powder, self-propagating synthesis and resulting high porosity. The values of the TCR were determined by photothermal methods. The resulting proposed three-stage technological process of fabricating FeAl intermetallic bulk thermal properties have been modeled using finite element methods, alloys from pure Fe and Al elemental powders which utilizes sintering with allowing a prediction of the maximum achievable conductivity as a function liquid phase allows us to obtain a fine-grained material. of composition and processing. Filler particle size and shape limitations in view of bulk conductivity requirements have been determined. 10:20 AM Break 12:00 PM 10:40 AM Invited Processing of Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Fe-(Co)-B-Si Thin Wires Characterization of Particle Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite for Magnetic Applications by Using in–Rotating–Liquid–Spinning: Georg Microstructures by Three Dimensional (3D) Finite Body Tessellation: Frommeyer1; Joachim Gnauk1; Susanne Zeller1; 1Max-Planck-Insitut für Jason Williams1; Nikhilesh Chawla1; 1Arizona State University Eisenforschung The degree of clustering of particles has a significant influence on the A computer controlled facility for continuous casting of metallic thin mechanical behavior of particle reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). wires performing inrotating-liquid-spinning (INROLISP) was designed and The clustered particles act as crack initiation sites and generally have a installed to determine and control the near-net-shape casting process over an negative effect on tensile strength, ductility, toughness, and fatigue strength extended time period. In particular, the flow of the melt was experimentally of the composite. Quantifying the degree of clustering in MMCs and other investigated and theoretically described using fluid dynamic equations. The heterogeneous systems is a challenge. In this presentation we report on controlling process parameters, such as the velocity of the melt jet, the stable a novel, 3D finite-body tessellation scheme for quantifying the degree of free flight length, the nozzle geometry and cooling rate were examined and clustering in SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites. The results were optimized. Several pure metals as well as microcrystalline and amorphous compared to 2D representations and the salient differences will be highlighted. alloys were cast into continuous wires of high quality. Microstructural A methodology for correlating degree of clustering and mechanical properties features and mechanical properties of rapidly quenched fibres were evaluated. of the composite will be discussed. The production of softmagnetic amorphous and nanocrystalline FeSiB and 11:00 AM CoFeSiB thin wires of 50 ìm to 120 ìm in diameter is an application of great Microstructure and Adhesion Strength of the Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag-1.5Bi Solder potential. These microwires are used as sensor cores in highly sensitive Alloy on Cu Substrate: Chih-Yao Liu1; Moo-Chin Wang2; Min-Hsiung Hon1; magnetic field sensors, based on the magneto-electric Procopiu effect. The 1National Cheng Kung University; 2National Kaohsiung University of Applied sensor properties determined by the alloy composition and the microstructure Sciences features, will be correlated with the process parameters. The microstructure and adhesion strength between the Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag- 1.5Bi and Cu substrate has been investigated. The Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag was also tested for comparison. The phase formation observed in two solders by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), an scanning electron microscope (SEM), an Advances in Computational Materials Science and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and a transmission electron microscope Engineering Methods: Methods at the Atom Scale I (TEM). The adhesion strength was 8.34 ± 0.28 for Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag-1.5Bi. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Fracture morphology were revealed that the fracture occurred in solder matrix Structural Materials Division, TMS: Biomaterials Committee, TMS/ASM: by scanning electron microscopy. The intermetallic compounds Cu6Sn5 and Computational Materials Science & Engineering Cu5Zn8 were observed in the Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag and Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag-1.5Bi solder Program Organizers: Koen Janssens, Paul Scherrer Institute; Veena Tikare, alloy. After 150°C with 1000 hour aging, the adhesion strength was decreased Sandia National Laboratories; Richard LeSar, Iowa State University to 3.48 ± 0.63 MPa because of the growth and decomposition intermetallic Monday AM Room: Europe 7 compounds. February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel 11:20 AM Atomic Level Characterization of the β Decomposition Products in Ti- Session Chair: Richard LeSar, Iowa State University 6Al-4V Using the Local Electrode Atom Probe: Stephanie Johnson1; David 1 1 2 1 1 Diercks ; Rajarshi Banerjee ; James Cotton ; Michael Kaufman ; University 9:00 AM Introductory Comments of North Texas; 2Boeing Company Upon cooling from above the β transus, Ti-6Al-4V undergoes a transition 9:05 AM Invited from BCC to HCP by a martensitic transformation at high cooling rates and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Structure and Properties of Confined by nucleation and growth at slower rates. The transition from one mechanism Amorphous Films in Ceramics: Stephen Garofalini1; 1Rutgers University to the other as a function of cooling rate remains controversial as does the The structure of thin (O(nm)) amorphous films confined between crystals mechanism in which a cubic phase shears to form a higher-symmetry HCP or within pores significantly modifies the structure of the film andthe
18 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program resultant properties of the material. Two examples include thin glassy silicate 11:45 AM intergranular films (IGFs) between oxide or nitride crystals and water confined Topological Characterization of Adsorption Phenomena Using Multi-Body within nanometer size pores. In the former, the composition and structure of Potential Expansions: Nicholas Zabaras1; Baskar Ganapathysubramanian1; the IGF can significantly modify grain growth and the mechanical properties 1Cornell University of the polycrystalline ceramic. Results of molecular dynamics (MD) The enhancement of adsorption of (hydrogen) molecules on metallic M simulations of silicate films in alumina and silicon nitride showing preferential surfaces is a key challenge for producing feasible fuel cell technologies. segregation of species from the IGF and the effect of composition on growth Along with the chemistry of the surface under consideration, the topology O of specific orientations and strength will be presented. In the second case, MD of the surface also plays an essential part in the adsorption phenomena. N simulations of confined water using a new dissociative water potential will There exists a possibility to design both the material specification as well D also be presented. The new potential matches many experimental properties of as the surface topology to further enhance the adsorption phenomena. In the bulk water and also newly obtained data regarding the anomalous expansion present approach, long-ranged and many-body interactions are necessary to A of confined water. model the potential accurately. We construct many-body expansions from a Y large database of computed ab-initio energies which includes the interaction 9:40 AM Question and Answer Period between the molecule and small clusters of the surface. Non-uniform surfaces A 9:45 AM are represented in terms of expanding cluster of atoms. Effects of small scale Diffusion-Limited Processes Treated with Accelerated Molecular roughness and waviness of the surface on the adsorption are reported. An M Dynamics: Erdi Bleda1; Murray Daw1; 1Clemson University approach to design the topology of the surface to enhance adsorption based on We treat diffusion-limited processes using Accelerated Molecular Dynamics. optimization techniques is presented. On-the-fly kinetic Monte Carlo is combined with the Dimer Method to find 12:10 PM Question and Answer Period the saddlepoints exiting a valley, based on energetics from the Embedded Atom Method. With this technique, we treat two cases involving diffusion- 12:15 PM limited processes in situations with very low symmetry. First, we calculate Development and Testing of MEAM Potential for Al-Mg Alloys: Bohumir the tracer diffusivities in ordered intermetallics as a function of composition Jelinek1; Seong-Gon Kim1; Jeffery Houze1; Sungho Kim1; Mark Horstemeyer1; and temperature. We investigate both a strongly ordered case (Ni3Al) and a Michael Baskes2; 1Mississippi State University; 2Los Alamos National less-strongly ordered case (Cu3Au). In the latter, we investigate especially the Laboratory diffusivity near the order-disorder transition. Second, we treat the motion of an A MEAM potential for Al-Mg alloys was developed based on the elastic and anti-phase boundary (APB) in the same intermetallics. We demonstrate how an structural properties determined from ab-initio calculations. Transferability of APB can be moved perpendicular to itself perpendicular to itself via vacancy the new potential was tested by comparing various bulk, surface, and point motion. We conclude that the on-the-fly kMC is useful for investigating defect properties with ab-initio simulations. Volume-energy dependence of Al diffusivity in intermetallics. (The author acknowledges support from NSF.) and Mg in fcc, hcp, bcc and simple cubic crystal structures from MEAM and ab-initio simulations was determined. Heat of formation for Al-Mg crystals 10:10 AM Question and Answer Period in C1, C3, C9, C15, D03, D09, A12, A15, L12, B1, B2, and B3 was calculated 10:15 AM using both methods. Surface formation, stacking faults, and adsorption Linkage between Atomistic and Continuum-Based Simulations in energies were compared. For point defects calculations, a close agreement of Nanoscale Powder Metallurgy: Amitava Moitra1; Sungho Kim1; Seong-Gon vacancy formation energies, interstitial and substitutional point defect energies Kim1; Seong Jin Park1; Randall German1; 1Mississippi State University was found. The atomistic and continuum-based simulations used in this paper are 12:40 PM Question and Answer Period concerned with the multiscale computer modeling during sintering process of nanoscale powder. Of first interest is the application and development of classical and quantum mechanical methodologies to gain insight into the fundamental characteristics of atomic movement during nanoscale powder Advances in Microstructure-Based Modeling and sintering and how they influence the sintering processing and the physical properties of the material such as melting temperature decrement, sintering Characterization of Deformation Microstructures: activation energy, and so on. These predicted material properties may play Characterization of Deformed Structures I a role as bridge between two different scale simulations. This paper focuses Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, ASM-MSCTS: on the material properties related to densification predicted from atomistic Texture and Anisotropy Committee, ASM-MSCTS: Texture and Anisotrophy Committee simulation and their possibility to use in continuum-based simulation. Program Organizers: Reza Shahbazian Yassar, Center for Advanced 10:40 AM Question and Answer Period Vehicular Systems; Sean Agnew, University of Virginia; Jiantao Liu, Alcoa Technical Center 10:45 AM Break Monday AM Room: Europe 1 11:15 AM February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Multiscale Modeling of Nanoindentation: Ed McGee1; Steven Kenny1; 1 1 Roger Smith ; Loughbough University Session Chairs: Sean Agnew, University of Virginia; Anthony Rollett, We will present a 3D multiscale model of nanoindentation that couples Carnegie Mellon University a molecular dynamics (MD) model with a finite element (FE) model. The MD model is used to describe the tip and the material around the tip at the atomic scale, allowing for an accurate description of plastic deformation. 9:00 AM The FE model is used to describe the long range elastic fields in the material. Deformation-Induced Microstructural Development of Al-Base Sheet We will show how this model gives contact pressures which are in better Metals: Stephen Banovic1; Mark Iadicola1; Tim Foecke1; 1National Institute agreement with experimental results than traditional atomistic only models, of Standards and Technology illustrating that a correct description of the long range elastic field is essential. Reducing automotive vehicle weight by replacing conventional steel sheet Nanoindentation of the Au (100) surface using a second nearest neighbour metal with lightweight materials has been initiated. However, implementation embedded atom potential will be used to illustrate the methodology. of these lightweight alloys, specifically aluminum-base materials, has been slow due to both a limited knowledge of material behavior and a lack of 11:40 AM Question and Answer Period experience in the sheet forming process. To obtain a better understanding of the material characteristics during in-plane stretching, the underlying microstructural development of aluminum alloy sheet metals was studied. Experimental characterization consisted of light optical microscopy, electron
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 19 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
and x-ray diffraction techniques, and laser confocal microscopy. Evolution 10:50 AM Break of the deformed microstructure will be discussed with respect to alloy 11:05 AM Invited composition, alloy heat treatment, and deformation parameters. Microstructure of Individual Grains in Cold-Rolled Aluminum from 9:20 AM Invited Orientation Inhomogeneities Resolved by EBSD: Wei He1; Weitao Ma1; M 3DXRD Experiments and Modelling of Plastic Deformation and Wolfgang Pantleon1; 1Risoe National Laboratory O Recrystallization: Dorte Juul Jensen1; 1Riso National Laboratory A recently developed scheme for evaluation of orientation data gathered N By the 3 dimensional x-ray diffraction (3DXRD) method it is possible to by electron back-scattering diffraction is employed on individual grains in measure the crystallographic orientations in bulk samples and thus to map the a deformed state. The potential of the method is illustrated on cold-rolled D microstructure non-destructively in 3D in-situ while deforming or/and annealing aluminum. The orientation distribution in each grain is characterized by its A a sample. This method has been used to follow the rotations of bulk grains anisotropy and the averaged orientation spread; the dependence of both Y during tensile deformation. The data reveal that the initial crystallographic parameters on grain size is discussed. The preferred rotation axes in each orientation of the grains have a major influence on their average rotations, grain are determined and compared with macroscopic directions. From the and slip pattern analysis is used to interpret the results. During annealing both disorientation angles with respect to the preferred rotation axis characteristic A the nucleation and the growth processes strongly depend on the deformation features of the deformation structure as alternating orientation differences or M microstructures. 3DXRD measurements have shown that nuclei may develop orientation gradients can be resolved. From the curvatures within the grain the with orientations similar to or different from the parent orientations, and that components of the dislocation density tensor corresponding to the geometrically growth typically is highly anisotropic. While no modelling of the 3DXRD necessary dislocation content are inferred. Their spatial distribution allows nucleation observations has yet been carried out, the growth observations are determination of boundary orientations and hence a more complete description compared to MD simulations of dislocation driven boundary migration and to of the boundary properties by direction and orientation difference. kinetics models. 11:30 AM 9:45 AM On the In-Grain Orientation Gradient Development in Precipitation Measuring Plastic Heterogeneity in Stainless Steel Using Image Hardening Aluminum Alloys: Reza Shahbazian Yassar1; James Baird2; Correlation and Electron Backscatter Diffraction: Lai Li1; Michael Preuss1; Mark Horstemeyer1; Paul Wang1; David Field3; Kyla Stolting2; John Murphy2; Joao Quinta da Fonseca1; M. Kamaya2; 1University of Manchester; 2Institute 1Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems; 2Mississippi State University; of Nuclear Safety System Inc. 3Washington State University The characterisation of plastic heterogeneity during deformation is of Development of sound physics-based plasticity models in precipitation great importance to relate local deformation to stress corrosion cracking and hardening materials requires better understanding of the interaction between validation of plasticity modelling. In the present work two novel techniques, the nano-scale precipitates and orientation evolution of the individual grains. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Electronic Back Scatter Diffraction This investigation is concerned with characterization of in-grain orientation (EBSD), have been used to measure strain heterogeneity in specimens of 304H gradient as a function of precipitate characteristics. Several polycrystals stainless steel. DIC is an optical technique, in which images of the microstructure of 6xxx series aluminum alloys containing hardening precipitates with taken during straining are compared with a reference (unstrained) image. different morphologies and characters were subjected to tensile deformation The technique enables the measurement of strain development across the and dislocation structure evolution was investigated using high resolution surface of the specimen on a macro and microscale. EBSD is used to measure electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Local a spread in disorientation within a grain from the mean grain orientation to misorientation and geometrically necessary dislocation content were studied yield a parameter known as the “crystal deformation”. Focused Ion Beam was for various grains as a function of precipitate characteristics. It is found that subsequently used to prepare Transmission Electron Microscopy samples from precipitate characters affect the density and distribution of geometrically regions that exhibit high and low levels of deformation within a single grain. necessary dislocations as well as the misorientation boundaries within the grains. 10:05 AM Grain Boundary Structure in Severe Plastic Deformed OFHC Cu 11:50 AM Invited Wires: Daudi Waryoba1; Kalu Kalu1; 1Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Phase and Crystallographic Load Distributions in a Two Phase HCP- University-Florida State University, College of Engineering and National BCC Alloy under Compression: Song Cai1; Mark Daymond1; Rick Holt1; High Magnetic Field Laboratory 1Queen’s University In the last three decades, equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) has Under typical processing conditions Zr-2.5Nb is 90% α-phase (hcp) and received a considerable attention as one of the methods for producing ultrafine 10% β-phase (bcc); analogous to the common Ti64. Compression samples were grain structures. Deformation by ECAE is achieved by extruding a billet prepared from a moderately textured plate. In a set of neutron diffraction tests, through two intersecting channels of equal cross-section. Repeated passes compressive load was applied along all three principle plate directions. The result to very high strains without significant reduction in the cross-section intergranular and interphase strains were determined in various orientations area. Despite the difference in the deformation between ECAE and wire relative to the texture and load. Load sharing varies between phases as the drawing, the two methods have shown a similar recrystallization behavior applied load is increased with the α-phase yielding first, followed by the β- in oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper. This has motivated the phase yield at a higher stress. The stress to initiate yield varies with orientation investigation of grain boundary structure OFHC copper after being deformed of load relative to texture and with heat treatment. Load partitioning also by ECAE and wire drawing. occurs between differently oriented grain families in both phases. Results have been interpreted using a multiscale modeling approach where a unit 10:25 AM Invited cell FE model describes the relationship between phases, and a selfconsistent Characterization of Fatigue Damage Nucleation in Aluminum Alloys: polycrystal plasticity model is used to describe relationships between different Hasso Weiland1; 1Alcoa Technical Center crystallographic orientations. Simulating the nucleation of fatigue damage in aluminum zinc alloys used for structural applications requires quantitative data on crack nucleation to 12:15 PM derive rules which can be used in simulations of this process. In a series of Temperature Dependence of Ductile Fracture: Andrew Oppedal1; Mark detailed experiments, the evolution of damage in terms of particle matrix Horstemeyer1; 1Mississippi State University debonding, in cracking of particles and in formation of microcracks in the The purpose of this paper is to examine the temperature dependence of aluminum matrix has been studied. Selected crack nucleation sites were ductile fracture in various metal alloys. Ductile fracture is known to be caused characterized in 3D using a FIB-based serial sectioning approach. These by the accumulation of damage. Void nucleation, growth and coalescence are analyses provide insight into the mechanisms controlling nucleation of cracks phases of damage progression, and each term has a characteristic temperature in aluminum alloys during fatigue loading. dependency that varies with the material. This effect leads to the observation that for some materials elongation to failure increases as temperature as increases,
20 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program while for other materials elongation to failure decreases as temperature total water vaporisation. First a pilot system was trialled in our R&D unit. increases. Some materials ductile fracture behavior is more dominated by void Satisfactory results lead to the development of an industrial system based on nucleation and others are dominated by void growth and coalescence. Our EnviroCare equipment in our production plant in Tomago (NSW, Australia) in contribution is to propose a theoretical paradigm that captures this apparent 2003. This patented system was then generalized to 4 GTCs in Tomago. Our discrepancy. Specific examples of magnesium, aluminum and steel alloys will experience, technical results and the economical performance of the system M be illustrated. are discussed in the article. O 12:35 PM 9:50 AM N Effect of Hot Deformation on the Ti-Al-Nb-W-B Alloys: Lan Huang1; Peter Effective Techniques to Control Fluoride Emissions: Stephen Lindsay1; Liaw1; Chain Liu1; 1University of Tennessee 1Alcoa Inc D A fine grain size (< 50 µm) can be obtained after HIPing and homogenization Control of fluoride emissions is an important parameter of smelting A treatment, without any hot deformations or cyclic heat treatments, in the small operations. This paper highlights effective means that have been used to reduce Y drop-casted TiAl-based specimens, with the composition of Ti-45Al-7Nb- fluoride emission levels at numerous Alcoa locations. Particular attention has 0.15B-0.4W. Large samples with the same composition, produced through been paid to increases in collection efficiency and dry scrubber effectiveness. magnetic flotation, tend to have a larger grain size (~ 100 µm) and a bigger Focus areas include: fluoride evolution, draft, pot room components to A amount of ß-phase in the alloy. Heat treatments have been conducted in order emissions, dry scrubber system control and emissions monitoring systems and M to reduce the amount of ß-phase. Additional deformation techniques, such techniques. as hot forging, have been chosen to refine the grain size of the alloy. The 10:15 AM microstructual evolution of the TiAl-based alloy after hot forging and related Research at the Albras Aluminum Company for Utilizing Mineral Clay heat treatments has been investigated. Mechanical properties of the alloy after in Place of Asbestos: Rinaldo Braga1; Adinaldo Ferreira1; 1Albras Alumínio deformation and heat treatments have been studied. The research is sponsored Brasileiro S/A by the Fossil Energy Materials Program, and the National Science Foundation Asbestos containing gaskets have always been used to seal connections of Combined Research-Curriculum Development Program. the aluminum tapping crucibles cast iron tubes used in the pot lines at Albras. This was the most durable and cheapest material available for supporting the high temperatures and for making good seals. However, due to industrial Aluminum Reduction Technology: Environmental hygiene concerns about the carcinogenic nature of asbestos, which demand special care to use and dispose of, the decision was taken at Albras to look and Plant Improvements for an alternative material to use for this and other applications. Specifically, Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light for tapping crucibles a clay-based material has been developed with a internal Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee Program Organizers: Geoffrey Bearne, Rio Tinto Aluminium Ltd; Stephen metallic support which improves its resilience. An aspect of the development Lindsay, Alcoa Inc; Morten Sorlie, Elkem Aluminium ANS process was optimizing the curing time of the clay. 10:40 AM Break Monday AM Room: Southern 2 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel 10:55 AM Development of a Wearable Gauge for Measuring Transient Peak HF Session Chair: Jerry Marks, J. Marks and Associates Concentrations in Aluminum Smelters: Neal Dando1; Weizong Xu1; Jon Peace1; 1Alcoa Inc Hydrogen fluoride is evolved from individual smelting pots during 9:00 AM aluminum electrolysis. The vast majority of evolved HF is captured by active Alumina Dry-Scrubbing Technology: Development of a Cascade Feeding hooding systems and send to fume treatment centers for recovery of the System for Improved Capture Efficiencies: Hugues Vendette1; Neal Dando2; gaseous fluoride and return to the pots on feed alumina. HF that escapes the Alain Moras3; Eric Marion1; Weizong Xu2; 1Solios; 2Alcoa Technical Center; active hooding systems enters the potroom and is considered as emissions, 3Aluminerie de Deschambault since these gases typically exit via the potroom roof vents. Potroom emissions Aluminum smelters use alumina (ore) as an adsorbent for capturing fluoride also create the potential for workplace exposures. The current test protocol evolved from the smelting process. A direct relationship exists between the (NIOSH 7902) for testing short term exposures to HF involves pulling known capture efficiency of an alumina-based dry injection-type scrubber and the volumes of room air through treated filters providing a time weighted average fluorination level of the recirculated alumina used to scrub the off-gases as opposed to a peak exposure. The International Aluminium Association generated from an electrolysis potline.To take advantage of this relationship, funded an Alcoa proposal to develop a wearable gauge capable of measuring an alternative fresh alumina distribution scheme was developed. This serial short term (<10 second)peak concentrations of HF in smelter potrooms. This feeding system directs a maximum quantity of alumina in the first scrubber talk will discuss the development and in-plant evaluation of this guage. module of a series and redirects the overflow of the non-saturated alumina to the next module until the material exits the last reactor of the series. Solios 11:20 AM and Alcoa Primary Metals have collaborated to evaluate this process at an Revolutionary Design of Pot Tending Machines: Nicolas Dupas1; 1ECL operating smelter. Short-term test results indicate a 40-50% reduction in F Since the first PTM commissioned in 1962 by ECL, the designs and emissions relative to parallel feed operation. This article will present the tasks of these cranes has evolved. For the first time in the industry, ECL has results observed from a subsequent long-term (several months) test of this performed a total rethink of the PTM, coming up with a new patent pending process. concept based on: Increased performances, in terms of: commissioning time, productivity, availability rate, safety, reliability. A streamlined architecture 9:25 AM giving significant weight and height reductions. A modular structure allowing: Development of a System Based on Water Atomization to Decrease, Prior structural variations, optional equipment and tools, An evolutionary design to Treatment, the Temperature of the Gas Emitted from Aluminium Cells: taking into account future ECL developments. Consequently, the ECL New Myriam Bonnier1; 1Alcan Concept PTM is lighter and more compact, and its performances can be A common problem in Gas Treatment Centres (GTC) for primary tailored to the needs of the smelter. The New Concept PTM includes all the aluminium smelters deals with gas temperatures: above a threshold, filtering traditional PTM functions plus a new range of groundbreaking options that media are irreversibly damaged. Traditionally, the gases are diluted with fresh will be presented during the conference. air which implies over sizing –therefore higher cost for - the GTC in order not to compromise the pot suction. A system was developed without having to use dilution air. It is based on water pulverization and vaporization in ductwork prior to the GTC. This enables an accurate control of the gas temperature with
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 21 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
11:45 AM (FGMs) are then fabricated using the powder mixing and photolithography Aluminium Smelter Hot Cavity Bath Treatment Processes: Patrick techniques. The critical loads for cracking in these FGM are compared with Coulombe1; Alain Gaboury1; Jean-Francois Riverin2; 1Aluminerie Alouette those of conventional dental fracture. The FGM designs are also shown to Inc.; 2STR Consultants Inc. significantly increase the critical crack lengths for fracture. The effect of M Cavity cleaning during anode change generates a material that consists loading rate are compared for the structures with and without FGM. The talk of chunks of anode cover material and frozen cryolite melt. This material is concludes with the presentation of novel bioinspired FGM design that could O scooped and placed in bins for transport and further processing and recycling reduce the overall stress concentrations in dental multilayers. N as fresh anode cover material. Handling of the cavity bath material can be 9:20 AM labour intensive and can generate significant air emissions (particulate and D Mineral Bridges in Abalone Nacre: Albert Lin1; Po-Yu Chen1; Marc Meyers1; gaseous fluorides). In a context of sustainable development, smelters must 1University of California, San Diego A address this issue by ensuring that novel treatment processes are incorporated Ocean mollusk shells are composed of aragonite/calcite crystals interleaved Y into new plant design or retrofitted to existing facilities. This article reviews with layers of a viscoelastic protein, having dense, tailored structures with typical processing methods in use in the industry and highlights a new process excellent mechanical properties. The complex nano-laminate structure is implemented at the Alouette Smelter where cavity bath is processed as a hot A characterized and related to its mechanical properties. Abalone nacre consists material directly from the potlines, sized, cooled and then processed in the of 0.5µm by 10 µm aragonite bricks layered with 30 nm layers of organic M existing cold bath treatment plant. Implementing this system in a Brownfield matrix. Mineral bridges which perpetuate crystal growth between organic facility imposed constraints for space, interfaces with operations and ramp- layers have been proposed in past investigations. The organic matrix separating up. layers of tiles is believed to provide the essential toughening mechanism. 12:10 PM Through careful investigation a new mechanism is proposed. The mineral A New Alumina Distribution and Feeding System for Aluminium bridges connecting adjacent layers of tiles is shown to play a significant role Reduction Cells: Andreas Wolf1; Michael Rinck1; Peter Hilgraf1; 1Claudius in the strength of nacre. The composition and growth mechanisms of nacre Peters Projects GmbH are observed through close examination of laboratory-grown samples using This paper describes the operation of an Alumina Distribution And Feeding Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Transmission System For Aluminium Reduction Cells and how Claudius Peters has applied Electron Microscopy. This research is funded by the National Science extensive knowledge using the constructive characteristics of the horizontal Foundation, grant number DMR-0510138. distribution system, the control algorithms of the process applied for the 9:40 AM Invited application. In the process cycle prior to the actual production of aluminium, Bio-Inspired and Biocompatible Materials with Carbon Nanorubes as alumina is conveyed and distributed to the aluminium reduction cells. The Functional Elements: Hyung Gyu Park1; Alexander Artyukhin1; Shih-Chieh general control philosophy comprise of all components from upstream Huang1; Yinmin Wang1; Jason Holt1; Michael Stadermann1; Aleksandr Noy1; interface, (secondary alumina silo), to the downstream interfaces above the Olgica Bakajin1; 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory pot cells. The absolute horizontal transport and intermediate distribution of Carbon nanotubes are a unique system for studying bio-inspired molecular alumina from the secondary alumina silo is decoupled from pot silos, by using transport, as well as a potentially highly sensitive bio-sensor platform. the FLUIDCON conveying system passing alumina in axial direction by a Knowledge of the behavior of water in confined hydrophobic geometries “driving gas flow” (conveyor pipe principle). The pressure loss of the driving is crucial for the comprehension of many biological processes, and for gas flow substitutes the inclination of the aero slides and supplies the alumina advancement of nanotechnology. We will present experimental work that to the single pots cells without any additional feeder systems. The operating has demonstrated the breakdown of classical theories when applied to the characteristic of the FLUIDCON Alumina Distribution And Feeding System transport of gases and water through sub-2nm carbon nanotubes. We will also results in extremely low transport velocity, energy consumption and low wear discuss a new hybrid nanobiomaterial that combines electronic properties of and maintenance. carbon nanotubes with advanced shielding properties and biocompatibility of lipid bilayers. We will demonstrate that the lipid bilayers in these structures conserve their fluidity, present electrical characterization of these structures Biological Materials Science: Bioinspired Materials and discuss their potential use in novel biosensing devices. This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy under contract Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials #W-7405-Eng-48 with funding from the LDRD program. Committee 10:10 AM Invited Program Organizers: Andrea Hodge, Lawrence Livermore National Nanoengineered Bone through Electrospinning and Mineralization: Laboratory; Chwee Lim, National University of Singapore; Eduard Artz, Susan Liao1; Casey Chan1; Ramalingam Murugan1; Seeram Ramakrishna1; University of Stuttgart; Masaaki Sato, Tohoku University; Marc Meyers, 1 University of California, San Diego National University of Singapore In this study, we investigated two methods of incorporating minerals into Monday AM Room: Europe 4 electrospun nanofibers. Firstly, we attempt to mineralize the electrospun February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel nanofibers by co-precipitation. Electrospun nanofibers derived from natural collagen and synthetic PLGA were used as templates for mineral formation. Session Chairs: Marc Meyers, University of California, San Diego; Eduard For collagen, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) crystals are formed on the surface Artz, University of Stuttgart, Max Planck Institut fuer Metallforschung of single nanofibers. For PLGA, pure nHA crystals are formed on the small (~100nm) and large (~320nm) diameter nanofibers. However, aggregation of the nHA was widely seen in PLGA nanofibers. This difference is the result 9:00 AM of the abundance of Ca2+ bonding positions on collagen which allows for Bioinspired Design of Functionally Graded Dental Multilayers: Nima more distributed mineralization. In a second method, the preformed nHA/ Rahbar1; Min Huang1; Stephen Farias1; Onobu Akogwu1; Winston Soboyejo1; collagen prepared by biomimetic co-precipitation was blended with collagen 1Princeton University and then electrospun into nanofibers. The fibers diameter tends to be larger This paper presents the bioinspired design of dental multilayers. in section where there is aggregation of nHA/collagen. We speculate such Nanoindentation measurements of the dentoenamel-junction (DEJ) are shown nanocomposites with biomimetic nanotexture are conducive to osteoblasts to reveal a functionally graded transition in Young’s modulus from that of adhesion, proliferation and ingrowth. enamel to that of dentin. This occurs over a distance of 10 to 100 micro- meters. The graded transitions are modeled using finite element simulations 10:40 AM Break that reveal a significant decrease in stress concentrations near the interface in the functionally graded structures. Bioinspired functionally graded multilayers
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10:50 AM Invited (PM) processing. Such composites with in situ formed calcium-phosphatic Designing Biomimetic Model Surfaces with Enhanced Adhesion: Eduard phases were bioactive in nature. The raw materials used were titanium Artz1; Aranzazu del Campo2; Christian Greiner2; Emerson DeSouza2; 1Max hydride powder and powder precursors of calcium and phosphorus in the Planck Institut fuer Metallforschung, University of Stuttgart; 2Max Planck Institut form of calcium carbonate and di ammonium hydrogen orthophosphate. for Metals Research, Institute for Physical Metallurgy, Universität Stuttgart The PM processing involved steps like blending and mixing, compacting M Attachment organs of insects, spiders and lizards have tought us the main and sintering. The sintered Ti-Ca-P composites had hydroxylapatite and ingredients of reversible adhesion systems relying on molecular surface forces: different calcium-phosphatic phases in Ti-based matrix. When immersed in O splitting up into fine contact fibers with large aspect ratios, optimized contact simulated body fluid, bone-like growth were observed on these composites. N shape, intermediate values of Young’s modulus, and hierarchical levels of the The biocomposites developed had adequate mechanical strength and required D adhesion elements. Using the previously developed adhesion design maps, porosity to eventually allow the tissue growth inside. Their in vitro biomimetic we have designed patterned polymer surfaces with the aim of verifying the behavior, fretting wear and electrochemical corrosion properties were also A theoretical predictions. Through a combination of photolithography, nano studied. Results are presented and discussed. To assess its suitability for use Y contact printing, and nano inking processes, well-controlled three-dimensional an implantable biomaterial, further in vitro cytotoxicity tests were conducted patterns with different contact shapes and sizes down to the micron range and the composites were found to be non-toxic in nature. A were produced in different polymers. Adhesion tests were performed and 12:20 PM Invited compared with the progress achieved in other laboratories. The results give M Probing Biological Control over Crystallization by In Situ Molecular clear evidence that patterning indeed increases the adhesion by molecular Imaging and Molecular Modeling: Roger Qiu1; Andrzej Wierzbicki2; John forces and that contact shape has a significant effect on the performance of the Hoyer3; George Nancollas4; Dan Morse5; Chris Orme1; James De Yoreo1; contacts. With PDMS polymers, adhesion stresses that approach the values of 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; 2University of South Alabama; biological systems (e.g. in the gecko) have been obtained on a laboratory scale. 3University of Pennsylvania; 4University at Buffalo, SUNY; 5University of In addition, the role of micro-capillarity in modulating the adhesion force has California-Santa Barbara been investigated in detail; an important results is that contact splitting also Since materials production in biological systems inherently involves enhances the attractive forces of liquid menisci, especially for intermediate nanoscale controls and structures, an understanding of the physical wetting angles. The scope for further improvement and possible application of mechanisms by which biomolecules control crystallization can provide such surfaces will also be discussed. insights into methods of synthesizing crystalline structures for application 11:20 AM across a wide range of technologies. For the past decade, we have utilized in A Comparison of the Nanomechanical Properties of Hyaline and Repair situ scanning force microscopy combining with molecular modeling to probe Cartilage: Oliver Franke1; Verena Maier1; Kolja Gelse1; Karsten Durst1; the fundamental mechanisms by which small molecules and macromolecules Mathias Göken1; 1University Erlangen control biogenic materials production. Specifically, we investigate the effect of In this research work transgene stimulated periost-cells were used to proteins over the growth kinetics and morphology of model systems including repair damages in the knee-joint of mini-pigs. Samples were extracted after 6 calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, and hydroxyapatite. Throughout all the weeks and 6 months respectively and compared to healthy hyaline cartilage. systems investigated, we find that biological molecules control growth kinetics Furthermore tests were carried out using a reference group with unstimulated and modify crystal shape by selective interaction with specific steps on the periost cells. The mechanical properties of the different samples were existing faces of each crystal. Moreover, this specific control is directed by determined by in vitro nano-indentation in PBS at room temperature. The the stereochemical recognition between the structure of modulating molecules positive influence of the transgene stimulation can be shown after 6 weeks and the local structure of crystal steps. This work was performed under the as well as after 6 months. Furthermore the comparison of the results from auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California, mechanical testing with histological analysis shows a good coincidence of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng- the two methods. For a better understanding of the hierarchical structure of 48. We thank the support from the U.S. National Institutes of Health through cartilage and the interaction of collagen with mineral platelets, the bone- grants DK61673 and DK33501. cartilage interface was also investigated in-vitro. 11:40 AM Synthetic Bone Substitutes Derived from Marine Materials: A Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Glass Science and Comprehensive Study of Microstructure, Mechanical and Biological Properties: Xing Zhang1; Kenneth Vecchio1; 1University of California Technology In this investigation, dense hydroxyapatite (HAP) was created from the Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee dense structures of seashells, Strombus gigas (conch) shells and Tridacna Program Organizers: Peter Liaw, Univ of Tennessee; Raymond Buchanan, gigas (Giant clam) shells. Partially converted shell samples, with dense HAP University of Tennessee; Wenhui Jiang, University of Tennessee; Guojiang layers on the surface growing inward, have an average fracture stress about Fan, University of Tennessee; Hahn Choo, University of Tennessee; Yanfei 137-218MPa, which is close to the strength of compact bone. The skeletonal Gao, University of Tennessee structures of sea urchin spines, which are composed of large single crystals of Mg-rich calcite, and form a three-dimensional fenestrated mineral network, Monday AM Room: Asia 1 were also studied. The spines of the echinoid Heterocentrotus trigonarius and February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Heterocentrotus mammillatus were converted to bioresorbable Mg-substituted calcium phosphate (β-TCMP) by the hydrothermal reaction, while maintaining Session Chairs: Peter Liaw, University of Tennessee; W. L. Johnson, the three-dimensional interconnected structures. The average compressive California Institute of Technology strength of completely converted spines is ~23MPa, which is higher than that of cancellous bone. Results from in-vivo tests in femur defects of rats will 9:00 AM Introductory Comments be presented to show good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of these synthetic bone materials. 9:05 AM Keynote Potential Energy Landscapes and Amorphous Metals: William Johnson1; 12:00 PM 1California Institute of Technology Biomimetic Behavior of In Situ Formed Bioactive Composite Developed The application of the Potential Energy Landscape formalism of Stillinger by Powder Metallurgy (PM) Processing for Load Bearing Applications: and Weber to the theory of metallic glasses is discussed. It is shown that the Malobika Karanjai1; Sundaresan Ranganathan1; Rama Mohan Tallapragada2; average properties of the PEL obey certain scaling laws. Specifically, the elastic Bhagwati Kashyap2; 1International Advanced Research Centre for Powder properties of the frozen glass are shown to be fundamentally related to the Metallurgy and New Materials; 2Indian Institute of Technology Bombay rheological behvior of the liquid and the mechanical properties of the glassy A titanium based biocomposite was obtained through powder metallurgy state. A simple theoretical model is formulated and used to predict the yield
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 23 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
strength, ductility, and toughness of metallic glasses. The same model predicts high-temperature high-vacuum electrostatic levitation (ESL) technique. The the Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow behavior of the corresponding liquid relationship between the measured thermophysical properties in the molten alloys. Detailed comparison of the model with broad range of experimental liquid state and the elastic properties of the glasses at the room temperature will data will be be presented. be compared and discussed. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) International Materials Institutes (IMI) Program (DMR- M 9:35 AM Keynote 0231320) and Integrative Graduate Education and Research Training (IGERT) Fabrications and Applications of Late Transition Metal Base Bulk Glassy O Program (DGE-9987548) with Drs. C. Huber and C. J. Van Hartesveldt as the Alloys with Critical Diameters of Centimeter Order: Akihisa Inoue1; N program directors, respectively. 1Tohoku University D Since the first syntheses of Mg- and La-based bulk glassy alloys with 11:00 AM A diameters above 5 mm by copper mold casting in 1989, a number of bulk TTT Diagram for Magnesium and Zirconium-Based Bulk Amorphous Y glassy alloys have been formed for a variety of alloy systems by using various Alloys: Signo Reis1; Neal Ross1; Richard Brow1; 1University of Missouri casting processes. The highest glass-forming ability reported up to date was Rolla obtained for Pd-Cu-Ni-P system and its critical cooling rate and maximum Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) curves for magnesium and A sample thickness reached as low as 0.02 K/s and as large as above 80 mm, zirconium-based bulk amorphous alloys were measured using a differential M respectively. In addition to the Pd-based glassy alloys, high glass-forming thermal analysis (DTA) technique to define devitrification factors which ability with critical diameters above one centimeter has been obtained for Zr-, influence the glass-forming ability. The glass transition temperature, Tg, Pt-, Y-, Ce-, Mg-, Fe-, Co-, Ni- and Cu-based alloy systems. This paper aims and the liquidus temperature, TL, were obtained by heating at a rate of to review our recent results on the formation, workability and fundamental 0.17 Ks-1. The TTT curves were obtained using isothermal experiments properties of Pd-, Pt-, Fe-, Co-, Ni- and Cu-based bulk glassy alloys with large to detect crystallization exotherms. For the magnesium-based glass alloy critical diameters above 1 cm and some applications. (Mg57Cu28Ag7Y11), the temperature at which the time for crystallization is minimum (the ‘nose’ of the TTT curve) is about 525K and the critical cooling 10:05 AM Invited rate is 1.27Ks-1. Coupled Order Parameter Nucleation Processes in Metallic Glasses: Kenneth Kelton1; 1Washington University and Center for Materials Innovation 11:15 AM Invited Recently our synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of electrostatically Development and Characterization of Low Density Ca-Based Bulk levitated samples, demonstrated that the liquids of many transition metals Metallic Glasses: An Overview: Oleg Senkov1; 1UES Inc and their alloys develop strong icosahedral order with supercooling. In a Ti- Recent work on development of low density Ca-based bulk metallic glasses
Zr-Ni liquid this ordering couples with the nucleation of the ordered phase. is overviewed. These glasses can be represented by a formula CaA(Y,Ln)B
The ordered regions of the liquid act as a template for the nucleation of the (Mg,Sn)C(Al,Ag,Ga,Zn)D(Cu,Ni,Si)E, where Ln is a lanthanide group element; icosahedral phase, blurring the traditional distinction between homogeneous A=0.40-0.70; B=0-0.25; C=0-0.25; D=0.-0.35; E=0.-035; B+C+D≥ 0.05 and and heterogeneous nucleation. This is one example of a coupled nucleation A+B+C+D+E=1. Good forming ability and thermal stability of these metal process; others include a coupling between magnetic or chemical ordering and glasses was correlated to the specific relative atomic sizes of the alloying nucleation. Such coupled nucleation processes are not readily described by the elements, which provide formation of efficiently packed atomic clusters. commonly used classical theory of nucleation. The implications of coupled Some physical, thermodynamic and chemical properties are presented and the nucleation processes on glass formation and stability, nanoscale devitrification, effect of the alloy composition on these properties is discussed. and microalloying are discussed. Supported by the NSF under grants DMR 11:35 AM Invited 03-07410 and DMR-0606065, NASA under contract NNM04AA016, and Glass Forming Ability from the Local Structure Perspective: Evan Ma1; AFOSR under contract 9550-05-1-0110. 1Johns Hopkins University 10:25 AM Invited Efficient packing of space is one of the guiding principles that contribute Thermal Conductivity as a Factor Influencing Glass-Forming Ability of to the relative stability of a metallic glass. Topological instability has also Bulk Glass-Forming Alloys: Dmitri Louzguine1; Albertus Setyawan1; Hidemi often been invoked to explain the composition range for glass formation. Here Kato1; Akihisa Inoue1; 1Institute for Materials Research we discuss such structural aspects in relation to glass forming ability (GFA). Here we study the factors related to thermal conductivity of the molten We tune the atomic size ratio and correspondingly the local structure inside a alloy and heat transfer of the melt-mold system influencing the glass-forming glass using hydrostatic pressure. We also introduce the idea of polymorphic ability (GFA). The initial cooling rates (for first 100 K) obtained for Cu-, Zr- amorphous-to-amorphous transformation in metallic glasses. This will be and Au-based bulk glass-forming alloys (bulk metallic glasses) are found to discussed in light of the visitation of different energy basins in the potential scale linearly with the thermal conductivities of the liquid base elements while energy landscape. Using the insights gained from recent structural studies, we Ni-based alloy shows underestimated cooling rate. Thus, one can suppose that will model the mechanical instability that could be responsible for the high the heat transfer at the melt-mould interface may also influences the cooling GFA leading to BMGs. The high-GFA compositions that often give rise to rate in case of Ni-based alloy. Biot number-based analysis is used to evaluate BMG formation will be demonstrated and discussed. the cooling regimes. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of 11:55 AM the molten alloy and melt-mould system are important factors influencing An Alternative Model for Structural Relaxation in Metallic Glass: the GFA. Moreover, as the cooling rate depends on temperature the critical Deviation from Short Range Ordering: Aiwu Zhu1; Joseph Poon1; Gary cooling rate is not a suitable parameter for indicating the glass-forming ability. Shiflet1; 1University of Virginia An exponential parameter can be used instead. In this presentation, an alternative model of metallic glass atomic structure 10:45 AM and its structural relaxation around the glass transition is introduced to compare Thermophysical Properties of Cu-Based Bulk-Metallic Glass-Forming with the free volume model and others. Supercooled liquids and metallic glasses Liquids: Guojiang Fan1; M. Freels1; H. Choo1; P. K. Liaw1; J. J. Z. Li2; W. K. are described as SRO configurations with local SRO deviation (under the Rhim2; W. L. Johnson2; W. H. Wang3; 1University of Tennessee; 2California quasi-chemical approximation). The chemical effect of alloys is incorporated. Institute of Technology; 3Chinese Academy of Sciences A simplified model using a “localized” disordering assumption is developed The thermophysical properties of bulk-metallic glass-forming liquids in for analysis of structural relaxation around the glass transition which naturally the molten state are important parameters, which may be closely related to leads to a “bi-molecular” mechanism for evolution of disordered regions and their glass-forming ability, fragility, and even room-temperature mechanical possibly large associated “apparent activation energy”. properties. In this study, the thermophysical properties, including the surface tension, the viscosity, the ratio between the specific heat and the hemispherical total emissivity, the specific volume, and the density of a series of Cu-based bulk-metallic glass-forming liquids have been measured using a containerless
24 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
12:10 PM Effect of the Frequency of Electromagnetic Vibrations on Vibrating Motion in Mg-Y-Cu Bulk Metallic Glasses: Takuya Tamura1; Yuuki Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Maehara1; Naoki Omura1; Kenji Miwa1; 1National Institute of Advanced Characterization of Structure across Length Scales I Industrial Science and Technology Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction M It is known that cooling rate is an important factor. However, almost no and Processing Division, TMS: Materials Characterization Committee other factors such as electric and/or magnetic fields were investigated. The Program Organizers: Arun Gokhale, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jian O present authors reported that a new method for producing Mg-Cu-Y bulk Li, Natural Resources Canada; Toru Okabe, University of Tokyo N metallic glasses by using electromagnetic vibrations is effective in forming D the metallic glass phase. Moreover, the present authors have reported that the Monday AM Room: Oceanic 8 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel glass-forming ability of Fe-Co-B-Si-Nb alloys also enhances with increasing A the electromagnetic vibration force. In Fe based alloys, it was found that Y Session Chairs: Arun Gokhale, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lucille the amplitudes of the electromagnetic vibrations at 5kHz are of the order of Giannuzzi, FEI Company micrometer, but that at high frequency are of the order of nanometer. The A electromagnetic vibrations were found not to be wave like the ultrasonic waves, but to be the vibrating motion. Thus, this study aims to investigate 9:00 AM Invited M effect of the frequency of the electromagnetic vibrations on the vibrating NanoCT: Visualizing of internal 3D-Structures with Submicrometer motion of the alloys in Mg-Y-Cu bulk metallic glasses. Resolution: Cornelius Wuelker1; Dirk Neuber1; Bill Eppich1; Kathleen Brockdorf1; 1Phoenix/X-Ray Systems and Services GmbH 12:25 PM High-resolution nanoCT widely expands the spectrum of detectable Multi-Functional Optimization Approach for Predicting Bulk Metallic internal micro-structures. The new nanotom CT system allows analysis of 1 1 1 Glass Systems: Sandeep Gorantla ; Yanwen Wang ; Frank Miller ; Rajiv samples with the exceptional voxel-resolution of <0.5 microns. It is the first 1 1 1 1 Mishra ; Daniel Miracle ; Oleg Senkov ; University of Missouri - Rolla 160 kV nanoCT system worldwide which is tailored for highest-resolution A multi-functional optimization approach has been developed for empirical applications in material science, geology, etc. Initial CT results demonstrate the prediction of compositions for bulk metallic glasses. In this predictive capability to analyse the 3D-microstructure of materials with minimal sample approach, Inoue’s principles, atomic size-mismatch, melting temperature preparation and submicrometer resolution; any internal difference in material, depression parameter and also the mole melting enthalpies parameter were density or porosity can be visualized and precisely measured. For instance, included. The applicability of this predictive approach was evaluated by it’s possible to image different phases in solder joints or to analyse pore synthesizing several low-density Mg-based bulk metallic glass alloys. The networks in rock samples. This opens a new dimension of 3D-microanalysis alloys prepared based on this approach were characterized by XRD, SEM and and will replace more destructive methods. We will discuss the influence of TEM. The initial results show that inclusion of all the above principles still do different environmental factors (such as X-ray focal spot size, movements not provide full predictive capability. The authors gratefully acknowledge the and temperatures) as well as the parameters of the detection system and the support of the Air Force Research Laboratory through contract no. FA8650- reconstruction algorithm on the system design. 04-C-704 (Dr. Mary E. Kinsella, Program Manager). 9:30 AM 12:40 PM 3-D Atom Probe Tomography of Nanoscale Precipitates in Al-Si-Cu-Mg 1 Primary Crystallization in Amorphous Al-Y-Fe Alloys: Rainer Hebert ; Casting Alloys: Junyeon Hwang1; Rajarshi Banerjee1; Herbert Doty2; Michael 1 1 John Perepezko ; University of Wisconsin Kaufman1; 1University of North Texas; 2GM Powertrain, Metal Casting Primary Al nanocrystals develop during annealing of amorphous Al-Y-Fe Technology Inc. alloys with solute contents between 10 and 13 at%. Following intense cold- The 319 type Al-Si-Cu casting alloys are widely used in the automotive rolling and folding, primary crystals develop at true strain levels of about –2 to –5 industry. It is well known that the θ’ precipitate plays the dominant role in only for alloys such as the Al88Y5Fe7 that exhibit primary crystallization during strengthening these alloys. The addition of Mg to 319 aluminum alloys often thermal annealing while other alloys such as Al85Y10Fe5 remain amorphous enhances the strength by formation of additional precipitates. However, the even within the shear bands. At a true strain level of –13, primary crystallization structure and composition of these precipitates are not well established because develops, however, in the amorphous Al85Y10Fe5 alloy. Intense deformation of their extremely small size. In this study, three-dimensional atom probe thus exposes new crystallization products that reflect the non-equilibrium tomography combined with high resolution transmission electron microscopy processing pathway. A combined HRTEM and microcalorimetry analysis of have been used to investigate the structure and composition of the precipitates amorphous Al88Y7Fe5 alloys annealed for 10 days at 130C, i.e., 140K below at the atomic level. The results help clarify the role of Mg in the precipitation the glass transition temperature shows furthermore that nanocrystals have hardening of modified Type 319 aluminum alloys specifically and Al-Cu-Mg not developed despite a decaying irreversible exothermic heat release during alloys in general. [Research supported by GM Powertrain. TEM and LEAP annealing. Within a certain time-temperature window, structural relaxation can work performed using the analytical facilities in the Center for Advanced therefore be studied separately without interfering nanocrystallization. Research and Technology at the University of North Texas]. 9:50 AM Topological and Metric Considerations on Abnormal Grain Growth: Paulo Rios1; Martin Glicksman2; 1UFF-EEIMVR; 2University of Florida Abnormal grain growth(AGG) is often distinguished from normal grain growth. During abnormal grain growth a few large grains, abnormal grains, dominate the grain growth process. Earlier approaches have treated AGG in purely in metrical terms by employing a “grain radius”. This paper treats abnormal grain growth in terms of topological concepts such as grain boundary curvature and number of faces of the abnormal grain. Abnormal grain growth when the matrix is fully pinned and abnormal grain growth when the matrix is free to grow are examined using the new theory. 10:10 AM Automated Shape Analysis of γ Precipitates in a Rene88-DT Super-Alloy: Jeremiah MacSleyne1; Michael Uchic2; Marc DeGraef1; 1Carnegie Mellon University; 2US Air Force Research Laboratory Depending on the heat treatment and processing conditions, g’ precipitates
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 25 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
in super-alloys can have a wide variety of shapes, ranging from simple near external and in-situ will be discussed, as well as analogous TEM results. spherical or cuboidal shapes to complex near-dendritic shapes. A quantitative 11:55 AM description of such shapes is needed to allow for comparisons with numerical A Comparison of Microstructural Quantification Using Two-Dimensional results from phase field computations. In this contribution, we will introduce and Three-Dimensional Characterization Techniques Across a Range the concept of shape or moment invariants, mathematical quantities that M of Length Scales: Peter Collins1; Erin Barry1; Santhosh Koduri1; Robert are invariant under translations, rotations, and linear scaling. The moment Williams1; Gopal Viswanathan1; Vladimir Levit1; Hamish Fraser1; Benjamin O invariants of an object can be used as a multi-dimensional characterization Peterson1; 1Ohio State University N of its shape. We will illustrate this approach by means of a serial sectioning The microstructural evolution of two titanium systems, namely the binary dataset, obtained by focused ion beam milling, of a Rene88-DT super-alloy, D Ti-xMo system and the α/β alloy Timetal 550 (Ti-4Al-4Mo-1Zr-1Sn, wt%), which contains near-dendritic g’ precipitates. We will analyze the precipitate have been investigated as a function of thermal history. The samples have been A shape by means of the moment invariants of second and third order, and show characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Y how these quantities can be used to classify particle shapes. orientation imaging microscopy (OM), and transmission electron microscopy 10:30 AM Break (TEM). Microstructural variables that influence mechanical properties A (volume fraction alpha, α-lath thickness (µm), prior β grain factor (µm2/µm3), 10:45 AM Invited volume fraction of colony α, and width of grain boundary α), have been M An Update on FIB and DualBeam Applications and Techniques for quantified using a set of rigorous 2D stereological procedures. Also, novel 3D Materials Characterization: Lucille Giannuzzi1; 1FEI Company characterization techniques that span length scales (e.g., optical-Robo.Met.3D, Focused ion beam (FIB) based instruments are no longer just expensive SEM–FIB, TEM–TEM tomography) have been used to compare and contrast specimen preparation tools. DualBeam instruments (a FIB column and a the same microstructural features. Finally, methods for characterization of three scanning electron microscope (SEM) column on the same platform) can be difficult to quantify microstructural features (athermal ω, secondary α, and β used for unattended and automated site specific cross-sectioning or TEM phase separation) that are nevertheless important regarding microstructural specimen preparation. Incorporation of a flipstage and STEM detector in a evolution and mechanical properties will be discussed. DualBeam allows for unique FIB milling of TEM specimen preparation geometries that can be directly STEM imaged in real time with sub-nanometer 12:15 PM resolution. In addition, the synergistic use of the FIB with the SEM allows Topological and Metrical Properties of 3-D Isotropic and Non-Isotropic for automated acquisition of serial slices for subsequent 3D reconstruction Polycrystals: Martin Glicksman1; Paulo Rios2; 1University of Florida; 2UFF- and tomography of microstructure (via SEM imaging), crystallography (via EEIMVR EBSD) and/or elemental composition (via EDS). Automated and advanced The topological and metrical description of a polycrystal is a daunting digital patterning capabilities can be used to either remove or deposit material task. A new theoretical approach is presented that uses topologically rigorous lithography or micro- and nano-prototyping. Examples of the methods and methods capable of providing exact mathematical bounds for many 3-D techniques mentioned above will be presented from a variety of materials. isotropic polycrystals properties and features. Moreover the extension of this new method to polycrystals in which the grain boundary energy is not uniform 11:15 AM is also briefly described. Three-Dimensional Analysis of Damage in Incipiently Spalled Tantalum: Veronica Livescu1; John Bingert1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory Three-dimensional microstructural reconstruction techniques were used to characterize shock-induced damage in an incipiently spalled tantalum Computational Thermodynamics and Phase plate. Serial sectioning was performed in steps of 4.5µm on a significant sample volume and volumetric reconstruction was performed using optical Transformations: First Principles and Atomistic microscopy images and electron backscattered diffraction data (EBSD). Calculations of Phase and Alloy Thermodynamics I The damage field was mixed-mode, with strain localization linking many Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, ASM of the voids. This structure differed substantially from the void cavitation International, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, ASM Materials dominated structure observed in a related Ta sample, tested under equivalent Science Critical Technology Sector, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of experimental conditions except for shorter pulse duration. Analysis of three- Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science and dimensionally reconstructed void damage field provided relevant statistics Engineering Committee such as void size, spatial distribution, and nearest-neighbor distances. Program Organizers: Corbett Battaile, Sandia National Laboratories; James Intragranular misorientation deviation maps were constructed from EBSD Morris, Oak Ridge National Laboratory data and used to determine the spatial distribution of relative deformation in the microstructure. These results, incorporated with those from the short- Monday AM Room: Europe 11 duration sample, offer insight as to the characteristics and evolution of shock February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel damage and the variables affecting damage features. Session Chair: Michael Gao, Carnegie Mellon University; Gus Hart, 11:35 AM Northern Arizona University 3-D Reconstruction of Alpha Laths in Various Ti-Mo Alloys by Serial Sectioning in a Nova 600 FIB: Robert Williams1; Michael Uchic2; Dennis Dimiduk2; Hamish Fraser1; 1Ohio State University; 2Air Force Research 9:00 AM Invited Laboratory/MLLMD Ab Initio Study of Cation-Oxygen-Vacancy Coupling in Oxygen The development of a set of robust computational tools that permit Conducting Perovskites: Dane Morgan1; Yueh-Lin Lee1; Eric Hellstrom1; microstructurally-based prediction of mechanical properties for commercially Kuang-Sheng Hong1; Clare Grey2; 1University of Wisconsin; 2Stony Brook important titanium alloys is important to the accelerated maturation of University materials. In order to facilitate accurate development of a predictive model, Fast oxygen ion conducting perovskites are important for a wide range 3-D reconstructions of complex microstructures found in titanium alloys is of applications (e.g., solid oxide fuel cells). Of particular interest are vital. A custom script has been developed that allows for stage movement and perovskites with stoichiometry A2B2O5 (e.g., Ba2In2O5), where there is a realignment of the viewing area through the use of fiducial markers. Currently, high concentration of vacancies (1/6 of the oxygen sites) available to mediate the dual beam FIB has been used to section through 50 microns of material in a transport. The vacancies interact strongly, creating significant short- and long- single run with use of the modified script. Alpha laths have been reconstructed range-order effects (e.g., Brownmillerite ordering). A detailed understanding in near alpha, alpha plus beta, and near beta Ti-Mo alloys. This talk will address of the coupling between the cations and chemical ordering is still lacking. the varying morphology of alpha laths and present 3-D reconstructions from We will discuss ab initio studies of cation-oxygen-vacancy coupling in high various compositions and heat treatments. Sample preparation technique, both vacancy perovskite materials. We construct an ab initio based thermodynamic model with the cluster expansion method, which makes it possible to model 26 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program the finite-temperature behavior of the oxygen-vacancy ordering (e.g., order- thermodynamics. To help clarify the reaction pathway we identify a series disorder transition temperatures, oxygen site preferences, and short-range- of four favorable dehydrogenation reactions (out of a pool of 16 candidate order). Finally, we will discuss how these thermodynamic effects can couple reactions) at experimentally-relevant temperatures. Next, we describe an to oxygen conductivity. approach where calculated reaction enthalpies of LiBH4 mixtures are used to guide experimental investigations of promising H-storage reactions. The 9:30 AM M predicted thermodynamics are compared with experiments, and new avenues First-Principles Calculations on Aluminum-Lanthanides and Aluminum- for further study are suggested. O Actinides Phase Diagrams: Michael Gao1; Anthony Rollett1; Michael N Widom1; 1Carnegie Mellon University 11:20 AM In this talk, we will present first-principles calculations on the lattice Clustering and Short-Range Order in Fe-Cr Alloys: A Monte Carlo Study: D stability in 15 Al-lanthanides and 6 Al-actinides binary systems. Our goals Mikhail Lavrentiev1; Duc Nguyen-Manh1; Sergei Dudarev1; Ralf Drautz2; Peter A are to (1) improve the experimentally established binary phase diagrams; Klaver3; 1UKAEA/EURATOM Fusion Association; 2University of Oxford; Y (2) provide ab initio energy data of stable and hypothetical structures for 3Queen’s University Belfast compounds and elements; (3) predict the unknown phase diagrams of Al- We present Monte Carlo simulations of the binary Fe-Cr alloy based on Pm, Al-Ac, Al-Pa and Al-Np. The enthalpy at 0 K is calculated using VASP the cluster expansion approximation. At small Cr concentrations chromium A and the vibrational free energy for several systems at finite temperatures are atoms are well separated from each other. Clustering of Cr atoms begins at M calculated using the supercell approach within the harmonic approximation. concentrations exceeding 10%. We study the size distribution of Cr clusters as The observed systematics and anomalies in Al-lanthanides and Al-actinides a function of temperature and concentration. At low temperatures, only a few binary systems are discussed in light of current ab initio calculations. Potential large clusters are formed with Cr-Fe interfaces parallel to the [110] planes. At revisions with the established phase diagrams are predicted; problems with higher temperatures, the number of clusters increases and their shape becomes current CALPHAD treatment with TCP (topologically closed packed) phases less clear. Short-range order parameters were calculated and their negative are addressed, especially the energy of the end members and the antiphase of values were confirmed near their theoretical minimum at 5% Cr. These C15 (prototype Cu2Mg, Pearson symbol cF24). parameters change sign at about 10.5% Cr in agreement with experiment. We find that the complex clustering and ordering processes occurring in Fe-Cr 9:50 AM may be described using a few concentration-independent cluster expansion Atomistic Calculation of Free Energy: Shenyang Hu1; Michael Baskes1; coefficients. Lawrence Pratt1; Steven Valone1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory Atomistic simulations of phase-stability require an efficient and accurate 11:40 AM method to calculate the chemical free energy. In this study, we compared the Formation Mechanism of the Decomposition Morphology in Concentrated efficiency and accuracy of two classical methods in free energy determination, Multi-Component Alloys: Zugang Mao1; Chantal Sudbrack1; Kevin Yoon1; Widom’s inverse method and the Hamiltonian switching method. For Georges Martin1; David Seidman1; 1Northwestern University Widom’s method we employed a slab with periodic boundary conditions on The kinetic path for nucleation and growth is commonly thought to be the slab plane and a free surface containing steps normal to the slab plane. dictated by the initial supersaturation of solute atoms in solid-solution This geometry was chosen so that removal of an atom did not change any undergoing phase separation. We demonstrate that, in a concentrated multi- atomic environment. For a given configuration at a temperature T, the energy component solid-solution, the details of the diffusion mechanism, deeply change after removing a surface atom is calculated using MD simulations. affect the early-stage morphologies of precipitation. Our arguments are based Using these energies, the excess chemical potential is calculated by Widom’s on the combined use of atomic-scale observations, employing 3-D atom- method. This excess free energy is compared to that obtained using the probe tomography (3-D APT) and lattice kinetic Monte Carlo simulation Hamilton switching method in a bulk 3D periodic solid. Two systems were of a Ni(Al,Cr) alloy. By an optimized choice of thermodynamic and kinetic studied, pure Al and Pu-Ga alloys. parameters we first reproduce experimental 3-D APT observations. We then modify the long-range vacancy-solute binding energy, without altering the 10:10 AM Invited thermodynamic driving force for phase separation, thereby demonstrating that Formation and Stability of Ti, Y, and O-Enriched Nanoclusters in Fe: C. the microstructural evolution changes from a coagulation-coalescence to an L. Fu1; M. Miller1; M. Krcmar2; D. Hoelzer1; C. T. Liu3; 1Oak Ridge National evaporation-condensation mechanism. The changes can only be quantitatively Laboratory; 2Grand Valley State University; 3University of Tennessee accounted for with non-zero values for the vacancy chemical potential and off- Stable nanoclusters (2-4 nm in diameter) in iron-based alloys have been diagonal terms of the Onsager matrix, at variance with classical models. observed at temperatures close to 1400°C. These nanoclusters appear to defy the thermal stability constraints of artificially created nanostructured materials. 12:00 PM Invited First-principles calculations showed that stable bonding between oxygen and Is There a Rational Approach to Cluster Expansion Construction? A Case vacancies is necessary to achieve high oxygen solubility in iron. Vacancies also Study of TiMo: Gus Hart1; 1Northern Arizona University play an indispensable role in reducing lattice strains and enhancing the oxygen The cluster expansion (CE) has a venerable history in the study of alloys. binding energy in the presence of Ti and Y, resulting in the stabilization of O- Originally, using just a few pairwise interactions, the CE provided qualitative enriched clusters with structures coherent with the underlying lattice. Without but useful insights into the behavior of alloys, particularly ground state searches. Y, the TiO2 phase can form, in stead of nanoclusters. However, if too much Y These days, trained by a database of first-principles data, CEs provide fast is present, the Y2Ti2O7 phase is likely to precipitate. These nanoclusters are and accurate Hamiltonians for large-scale alloy simulations and ground state in a new form of highly defective alloying state with (Ti+Y)/O atom ratio ~ 1. searches. Recently several different approaches for truncating the expansion Research sponsored by the Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, have been advocated, including a variety of “heirarchal” systems, deriving U.S. Department of Energy, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT- interactions directly from CPA-based calculations, or using evolutionary Battelle, LLC. approaches. Though an evolutionary approach provides the most predictive CEs, its physically dissatisfying because the interaction parameters appear 10:40 AM Break as stochastic variables, devoid of physical meaning. Using the Ti-Mo binary 11:00 AM system as a case study, we directly compare an evolutionary approach with a Identifying Favorable H-Storage Reactions via First-Principles newly-proposed variational approach for choosing the interaction parameters, Thermodynamic Modeling: Donald Siegel1; Christopher Wolverton1; Jun and we discuss the details of the predictions made by the CE for this system. Yang1; Andrea Sudik1; Vidvuds Ozolins2; 1Ford Motor Company; 2University of California Using density functional theory, we search for favorable H-storage reactions involving Li4BN3H10, LiBH4, and mixtures with several other hydride materials. For the new quaternary hydride Li4BN3H10, experiments have yet to definitively identify the dehydrogenation products and reaction
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 27 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
and the ability to simulate stress, offer an efficient alternative R&D approach where accurate experimental results are often difficult to obtain, in particular Diffusion in Advanced Materials and Processing: for materials containing grain boundaries, interfaces, and crack tips. Atomistic and Multiscale Simulations 10:20 AM Break M Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Division, ASM Materials Science Critical Technology Sector, 10:40 AM Invited O TMS: Alloy Phases Committee, TMS: High Temperature Alloys Committee, First-Principles Prediction of Diffusion Coefficients in Non-Dilute, Multi- N ASM-MSCTS: Atomic Transport Committee, TMS/ASM: Nuclear Materials Component Solids: Anton Van der Ven1; 1University of Michigan D Committee, TMS: Solidification Committee Alloys and complex oxides are often characterized by differing degrees Program Organizers: Yong-Ho Sohn, University of Central Florida; Carelyn of short and long-range order. This affects not only activation barriers, A Campbell, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Daniel Lewis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Afina Lupulescu, Union College which vary with local order, but also leads to important correlations between Y successive hops of diffusing atoms. I will describe how diffusion coefficients Monday AM Room: Europe 2 can be calculated from first-principles in non-dilute, multi-component solids A February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel in which the role of short and long-range order is explicitly accounted for. The approach relies on the evaluation of Kubo-Green expressions, which provide M Session Chairs: Yong-Ho Sohn, University of Central Florida; Zi-Kui Liu, the link between macroscopic diffusion coefficients and atomic trajectories Pennsylvania State University sampled in kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. A first-principles description of the thermodynamics of short and long-range order in multi-component solids is achieved with the cluster expansion formalism. As examples, I will 9:00 AM Introductory Comments describe results from the application of this approach to alloys and oxides. For 9:10 AM Invited substitutional diffusion in alloys, special attention is devoted to the effect of Calculating Diffusion Coefficients via a First-Principles Approach: deviations from the equilibrium vacancy concentration. Manjeera Mantina1; Yi Wang1; Raymundo Arroyave2; Christopher Wolverton3; 11:10 AM Invited Long Qing Chen1; Zi-Kui Liu1; 1Pennsylvania State University; 2Texas A&M Multi-Scale Modelling of Interdiffusion and Stress: Marek Danielewski1; University; 3Ford Motor Company Bartlomiej Wierzba1; 1AGH University of Science and Technology We propose a new first-principles-based procedure to determine diffusion The model of interdiffusion under the stress field is presented. We base on coefficients in metals and dilute alloys. In particular, we compute the following the Darken concept of the drift velocity and calorimetric equation of state. kinetic quantities entirely from first-principles: the formation/migration The methods necessary to obtain the numerical results at the different time enthalpies and entropies of vacancies and solute atoms. The attempt frequency and length scales will be presented. Particular emphasis will be given to the for diffusion is also calculated. We illustrate the method by computing the self- problem of the stress field and the mass diffusion time scales as well as non diffusion coefficient of fcc Al and fcc Cu and the diffusion coefficients of Mg, dimensialization of the particular problem studied. The presented coupling of Si and Cu in Al individually, through a vacancy mechanism. In the case of the the Darken method with mass, momentum and energy balances allows for dilute alloys we use the fcc-based five-frequency model to describe diffusion. quantitative, multi-scale analysis of the transport processes in non ideal solid We obtain results from both the local-density approximation (LDA) and the solutions. We present the numerical simulation of the interdiffusion under the generalized-gradient approximation (GGA). The proposed method yields self- stress field in Fe-Ni-Cu alloys and compare them with experimental results. diffusion and impurity diffusion coefficients that are in good agreement with The methods based on the momentum balance and energy conservation will existing experimental measurements. be compared. 9:40 AM 11:40 AM First-Principles Computation of Transition-Metal Mobility in a Ni Matrix: A Kinetic Discrete Model for Carbon Diffusion in TiC/Ti Nanometer- Kwai Chan1; Yi-Ming Pan1; Yi-Der Lee1; 1Southwest Research Institute Scale Multilayers: B.S. Cao1; Z.L. Wu1; J. Gao1; Z.P. Zhang1; M. Lei1; 1Dalian First–principle computational methods have been utilized to compute the University of Technology mobility of transition metals in binary Ni solid solutions. A local density- The diffusion of carbon in the TiC/Ti nanometer-scale multilayers with based full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) code, named modulation wavelengths of 5-100 nm and TiC and Ti sublayers thickness WIEN2K, was utilized to compute the electronic structure and total energy ratios of 2:3, 1:1 and 3:2 during the heating process at 800 K was calculated of an n-atom supercell with atom positions designed to simulate the desired using a kinetic discrete model for interstitial diffusion. The kinetic discrete diffusion processes. The computational procedure involves the calculations of model has been formed based on the Martin’s discrete model and the Hillert’s the energy for vacancy formation, the energy for vacancy-solute interaction, sublattice model, in which the jump frequencies and diffusion coefficients of and the energy barrier for the migration of a solute atom in the host metal. First- carbon strongly depend on the local concentration and pair interaction energy principles computational results of the energy of formation, migration energy of carbon in the TiC/Ti multilayers. The diffusion process of carbon relative for self-diffusion, energy of migration barrier, and diffusion coefficient of Mo, to the time scale was divided into three characteristic stages. The ratio of Cr, and W solutes in Ni will be presented and compared against experimental diffusion time in the stages for the TiC/Ti multilayers with same thickness data from the literature. ratio was found to be in square proportional to the ratio of the modulation 10:00 AM wavelengths. The calculative diffusion of carbon in the TiC/Ti multilayers was Diffusion Coefficients from First Principles Using the MedeA Software in agreement with the experimental result. Platform: Alexander Mavromaras1; Walter Wolf1; Mikael Christensen1; Paul 12:00 PM Saxe1; Erich Wimmer1; 1Materials Design Inc Simulation of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking in PZT Ferroelectric Ceramics This contribution demonstrates the prediction of temperature-dependent Using a Phase Field Model: X. Guo1; San-Qiang Shi2; L. Qiao3; 1Hong Kong diffusion coefficients in solids from first-principles. The methodology includes Polytechnic University and Beijing Institute of Technology; 2Hong Kong the search for transition states and the calculation of activation barriers, Polytechnic University; 3University of Science and Technology Beijing migration entropies and attempt frequencies as a function of temperature. A phase field model was developed to simulate hydrogen-induced cracking These capabilities are integrated in Materials Design’s software platform in lead zirconate ferroelectric ceramics (PZT-5). In this model, the evolution of MedeA, which combines experimental databases and leading computational hydrogen concentration around a crack was coupled with stress field analysis approaches with automated procedures to build models (e.g. interfaces), by solving both time-dependent diffusion equation and time-dependent optimize computational parameters, and to manage and analyze large-scale Ginzburg-Landau strain field equation. Combined with a fracture criterion, computations. Examples include the interstitial diffusion of hydrogen in we simulated crack initiation and propagation in PZT ceramics caused by metals and vacancy-assisted diffusion. The present technology, together with hydrogen ingress from the environment. Numerical results showed that, as the MedeA’s other state-of-the-art functionality such as the prediction of solubility concentration of hydrogen increased, the fracture toughness of PZT ceramics
28 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program decreased significantly by one or two orders of magnitudes. Therefore, the 10:00 AM hydrogen diffusion had a significant influence on PZT ceramics in practical Energy Dissipation during High Rate Plastic Deformation of Zirconium: application. Henry Padilla1; Cynthia Smith1; John Lambros1; Armand Beaudoin1; Ian Robertson1; 1University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign The adiabatic compression of polycrystalline metals in the split-Hopkinson M pressure bar (SHPB) is associated with a rise in temperature due to the Dynamic Behavior of Materials: Deformation I dissipation of plastic work energy. Experiments using high speed infrared O Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural detectors and a SHPB are performed to measure the ratio of heat dissipation rate N Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials to plastic work rate in commercially pure zirconium. Deformed samples from D Committee a cross-rolled plate are examined using x-ray diffraction, electron back-scatter Program Organizers: Marc Meyers, University of California; Ellen Cerreta, diffraction and TEM to provide indication of the underlying mechanisms of A Los Alamos National Laboratory; George Gray, Los Alamos National deformation. Analysis of the microstructure, texture and energy dissipation Y Laboratory; Naresh Thadhani, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kenneth for orthogonal directions in the plate enable a more robust treatment of the Vecchio, University of California thermomechanical coupling than stress-strain and thermal data alone. A Monday AM Room: Europe 3 10:15 AM Break February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel M 10:30 AM Session Chairs: Marc Meyers, University of California at San Diego; John Rinehart Award: Marc Meyers1; 1University of California Eduardo Bringa, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory The goals of the four TMS dynamic behavior of materials symposia are presented with highlights on the principal findings over the past fifteen years. The TMS symposia represent a continuation of the EXPLOMET conferences 9:00 AM Invited (1980-2000) that were, on their turn, initiated by the AIME symposia of 1961 Atomistic Shock Simulations: From Single Crystals to Nanocrystals: and 1973. The metallurgical and materials aspects of deformation and failure Eduardo Bringa1; J. Hawreliak1; H. Lorenzana1; 1Lawrence Livermore have been the primary focus of these conferences. The need to recognize National Laboratory excellence in this field has led to the establishment of the John Rinehart Award. Atomistic simulations of shocks can explore loading times of ~0.5 ns and Previous recipients are: 1990 A. Deribas, Institute of Hydrodynamics, Russia; lengths of ~1 micron, making possible a nearly direct comparison with current M. Wilkins, LLNL (ret), USA; 1995 R. Pruemmmer, Germany; A. Sawaoka, laser-induced shock experiments. Some examples show that this comparison Japan; and 2000 D. Curran, SRI International (ret.), USA; D. Shockey SRI is indeed valid for shocks in fcc metals: (a) shock induced plasticity and International, USA. The 2007 recipients of the John S. Rinehart Award will melting of single crystals; (b) “long-time” evolution of plasticity and be announced. strength in defective single crystals; and (c) strength of shocked nanocrystals. Comparison to TEM of recovered samples and to dynamic X-ray diffraction 10:40 AM Invited experiments will be discussed. Work was performed under the auspices of Dislocation Mechanics for Shock-Induced Plasticity: Ronald Armstrong1; DOE by the University of California, LLNL, under contract No.W-7405-Eng- Werner Arnold2; Frank Zerilli3; 1University of Maryland; 2EADS; 3Naval 48. References: K. Rosolankova et al., J. Phys. C., accepted, L. Koci et al., Surface Warfare Center Phys. Rev. B 74, 012101 (2006), E. Bringa et al., Nature Materials, accepted, The constitutive deformation behavior for plasticity of copper, Armco iron, M. Shehadeh et al., Applied Phys. Lett., accepted, E. Bringa et al., Science, and tantalum materials is described over a broad range of strain rates covering 309, 1838 (2005). conventional compressive/tensile testing, through split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test results, to shock-determined Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) 9:30 AM stresses and the follow-on shock-induced plastic strain rates. A pronounced First Principles Prediction of the Fe α – ε Phase Transition Pathway: transition occurs at the highest strain rates from plasticity being controlled Donald Johnson1; Emily Carter1; 1Princeton University by movement of the originally-resident dislocation density to the strain rate The pressure induced Fe α – ε phase transition is modeled with the solid being controlled by dislocation generation at the shock front, as confirmed state nudged-elastic-band (SSNEB) technique. The electronic structure, by connection with Swegle-Grady type shock pressure versus plastic strain magnetic moments, atomic forces, and bulk cell stresses for each image are rate measurements. Model description of the shock-induced plasticity results calculated with density functional theory. Spin-polarized calculations were leads to prediction of a linear dependence of the effective shock stress on performed using the generalized gradient approximation to the electron the logarithm of the plastic strain rate. The dependence for Armco iron and exchange-correlation functional. As the bulk structure deforms from body- tantalum is attributed to the generation of deformation twins. centered-cubic to hexagonal-close-packed, the calculations predict an abrupt change from ferromagnetic to non-magnetic at the transition state. The change 11:10 AM in magnetism accompanies large changes in the positions of Fe atoms in the Oblique Shocks and Plastic Wave Scattering Due to Interfaces in bulk unit cell. Crystalline Solids: Eric Loomis1; Damian Swift1; Hector Lorenzana2; James Mcnaney2; Pedro Peralta3; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2Lawrence 9:45 AM Livermore National Laboratory; 3Arizona State University Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Shock Compression of Monocrystalline Dynamic loading of interfaces in crystalline solids is a relatively unexplored Copper: Buyang Cao1; Eduardo M. Bringa2; Marc Meyers1; 1University of aspect of dynamic material behavior. Differences in plastic versus hydrodynamic California, San Diego; 2Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory response to interfacial loading have important consequences such as shock Molecular Dynamics simulation was used to model the effects of shock front roughening in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions or for high compression on [001] and [221] monocrystals. It shows that both the crystal explosive applications. Laser-induced shock experiments have been performed orientation and shock pressure have a significant effect on defect substructure. on [100]/[111] oriented bicrystals of Nickel Aluminide with grain boundaries The computational results are compared with experimental results. There inclined with respect to the incoming shock front to understand plastic wave is a discrepancy of 102-104 between the experimentally-obtained and MD effects at the mesoscale. Line imaging velocity measurements show variations calculated distance between stacking-fault packets. Two possible reasons are in elastic-plastic behavior from the bulk response of the [100] grain, to a discussed: (a) the higher strain rate and smaller volume imparted by MD; (b) transition across the grain boundary region, and finally into the bulk of the the possibility that most defects are annealed out and that observations by [111] grain. Continuum mechanics simulations that incorporate crystalline TEM reveal a structure completely different from the one extant during shock strength models have been performed to compare with these experimental compression. An analysis of the nucleation of shear loops was carried out results and with hydrodynamic calculations of oblique shocks impacting the which shows that perfect dislocations are generated at the lower pressures and boundary separating two materials of different shock impedance. partial dislocations at the higher pressures. This analysis is in agreement with MD computations and with experimental observations.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 29 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
11:25 AM presence of such signatures in the waveforms obtained from natural crystals The Influence of Stored Defects and Grain Size of the Dynamic Response and the absence of those in the velocity profiles of synthetic crystals. of Copper in Shear: Ellen Cerreta1; George Gray1; Ian Frank1; Carl Trujillo1; 12:25 PM David Korzekwa1; Lisa Dougherty1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory Dynamics of Material Response to High Intensity Ultrafast Laser Shear localization is often a dominant failure mechanism at high strain rates in M Ablation: Steven Yalisove1; Tresa Pollock1; Shewei Ma1; Joel McDonald1; ductile materials. While the constitutive behavior of copper has been established 1University of Michigan O through a series of quasi-static and dynamic compression experiments over Ultrafast pump-probe imaging is a very useful tool to study the response N a range of temperatures, the influence of texture, microstructure, strain rate, of a material to high intensity ultrafast laser irradiation. We will show movies and temperature on the development of the microstructure and substructure D with 150 femtosecond snapshots, taken every 50 picoseconds, which reveal under high strain rate shear loading conditions remains poorly understood. the evolution of the ablation process. Two geometries are employed to A The purpose of this study is to characterize the mechanical response and the measure the velocity of ejected materials, normal incidence (Newton’s rings Y deformation microstructure of as-annealed and cryogenically rolled copper analysis) and parallel to the surface (to measure air shock expansion driven under dynamic shear loading conditions and to understand the mechanisms by ejected material). Direct measurement of ejected material velocities, along for shear deformation with in copper as well as the role of stored defects due A with measurements of ejected material volume, can be used to calculate to cold rolling on the mechanical response. M the initial pressure-time distribution on the remaining material. Our studies 11:40 AM have concentrated on Si, Si with thermally grown oxides, Ni, and Ni-based A Neutron Diffraction and Self-Consistent Modelling Study of Rate and superalloys. Cross section TEM showing the dislocation injection below the Temperature Dependent Deformation of Textured Beryllium: Donald irradiated zone will be presented for one of these systems and discussed in Brown1; Bill Blumenthal1; Bjorn Clausen1; Carlos Tome1; Ricardo Lebensohn1; relation to the initial pressure distribution obtained from pump probe imaging Sven Vogel1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory results. Strongly textured hot-rolled beryllium was compressed at high rates (5000/ sec) using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar and at quasi-static rates (10-3) using a conventional servo-hydraulic machine. Also, the temperature of deformation was varied from 77K to 675K. The evolution of the crystallographic texture Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon was monitored with neutron diffraction and compared to polycrystalline Technology): Cathode Part I: Cathode Wear and plasticity models for the purpose of interpretation. A new version of the Visco- Construction Plastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) model based on the ‘affine’ linearization at the Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light grain level (instead of the ‘tangent’ approach of previous versions), was used Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee in this work. The new model allows for considering the different microscopic Program Organizers: John Johnson, RUSAL Engineering and Technological rate-sensitivity exponents associated with slip and twinning activation. The Center LLC; Morten Sorlie, Elkem Aluminium ANS macroscopic response of the material and the active deformation mechanisms were found to be highly dependent on the temperature and strain rate. Monday AM Room: Southern 3 Specifically, deformation twinning is inactive when loaded at quasi-static rates February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel and high temperature. Session Chair: Thomas Alcorn, Noranda Aluminum Inc 11:55 AM Dislocation Pattering and Dynamic Fracture in Shocked Ta and U- 9:00 AM Introductory Comments 6wt%Nb: Luke Hsiung1; Geoffrey Campbell1; Gregory Archbold1; 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 9:05 AM The correlation between dynamic fracture and dislocation patterning within Laboratory Test Methods for Determining the Cathode Wear Mechanism Ta and U-6wt%Nb has been investigated. The main purpose of this study is to in Aluminium Cells: Egil Skybakmoen1; Asbjørn Solheim1; Sverre Rolseth1; characterize shock-induced dislocation substructures and structural instability Henrik Gudbrandsen1; Arne P. Ratvik1; 1SINTEF such as deformation twinning and phase transformations within shock- The service life of aluminium Hall-Heroult cells is limited by carbon cathode recovered fragments in order to depict the dynamic reactions and underlying wear. The true wear mechanism is still to be proven, although many laboratory mechanisms for the dynamic fracture and fragmentation of metals. The results attempts have been made to obtain insight into the problem. Based on different reveal that the mechanisms of dynamic fracture are intimately related to the methods used in our laboratory, i.e. methods where carbon is exposed to metal reactions of dislocation patterning, which in turn are governed by the mobility or bath during electrolysis, as well as using inert anodes, our assumption is of dislocations under dynamic-pressure conditions. Deformation twinning that the formation and dissolution of aluminium carbide from the cathode are phenomenon becomes significantly enhanced in metals containing high- central in the reaction mechanism. We have tried to verify this mechanism by density or low-mobility dislocation structure. The ductility embrittlement of measuring the cathode wear itself, by analysing carbide in the metal and the U-6Nb under dynamic-pressure conditions are found to mainly cause by the electrolyte, as well as oxidizing the dissolved carbide in the melt by using an structural instability and the mutual collision of twin bands, which lead to the inert anode and analyzing the gas composition. Four different laboratory test enhancement of internal cracking and cavitation. methods will be discussed, as well as reference to earlier published work on this topic. 12:10 PM Dynamic Response of Natural and Synthetic Scheelite Single Crystals: 9:30 AM Zaretsky Eugene1; Mogilevsky Pavel2; 1Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Wear of Carbon Cathodes in Cryolite-Alumina Melts: Kristin Vasshaug1; 2UES Inc. Trygve Foosnæs1; Geir Martin Haarberg1; Arne Petter Ratvik2; Egil Single crystals of natural and synthetic scheelite (CaWO4) were studied Skybakmoen2; 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian in VISAR-monitored planar impact experiments up to pressure of 25 GPa. University of Science and Technology; 2SINTEF Materials and Chemistry Several impact experiments with soft recovery of the shocked samples for Wear of carbon cathode blocks is one of the main factors limiting the further TEM investigation were also performed. Although the waveforms lifetime of aluminium electrolysis cells. A laboratory test cell set-up has recorded in the planar impact experiments with natural and synthetic crystals been designed to investigate the wear mechanism. A homogeneous graphite differ strongly it is shown that in both cases the strength of the crystal is material was exposed to three different bath compositions (CR = 2.25, 1.80 controlled by the dislocations of <110>{112} glide system. This is confirmed and 1.50) with various rotation speeds of the cathode, cathodic current by TEM studies of soft recovered samples. Since under static compression density and time of electrolysis. The wear was strongly influenced by bath up to 11 GPa scheelite transforms into fergusonite structure (second order acidity, higher wear was observed at CR = 1.8, probably due to higher carbide transition) a special attention was paid to the presence of transition signature solubility in the bath. The wear also increased with current density at CR = in the recorded velocity profiles. The striking observation of the study is the 1.8, indicating an electrochemical wear mechanism. The cathode samples
30 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program have been investigated after the tests using optical microscopy and scanning 11:55 AM electron microscope. Aluminium carbide was only found at the surface of the Tests of Various Graphitic Cathode Blocks Materials for 300 kA cathode area protected by a sintered alumina lining, while on the areas directly Aluminum Reduction Cells: Zhongning Shi1; Bijun Ren2; Junli Xu1; Zhaowen exposed to the electrolyte no carbide was detected. Wang1; Zhuxian Qiu1; 1Northeastern University; 2Yichuan Electric-Power and Aluminium Group 9:55 AM M To find an excellent candidate cathode materials for decreasing the Experimental Comparison of Cathode Rodding Practices: Lucio Caruso1; cathode voltage drops, forming good side-ledge and prolonging the cell lift O Ketil Rye2; Morten Sorlie2; 1Alcoa Trasformazioni Srl; 2Elkem Aluminium ANS time, various graphite content, such as 30%, 40%,75% and 100% graphitic N Interference calculations using thermal expansion coefficients over the cathode blocks from deferent manufacturers were tested for the 300 kA temperature range of interest for collector bar, cast iron and different types of D aluminum reduction cells bottom relining. The properties of cathode voltage bottom blocks, indicate that poor preheating prior to rodding may seriously drops, electric resistance were detected after the cell startup. The obtained A damage blocks during cathode preheat and startup. In spite of this there are still data showed that the electronic resistance of cathode will increase with the Y plants using no or poor block preheating and rodding practices, e.g. section- decreasing of graphite content in the blocks except for the full graphitized wise casting of the bar where heat from each cast section slowly dissipates and cathode. Some semi-graphitic cathodes could attain a value of voltage drops “preheats” the neighboring section. Experimental verification of interference A under 300mV, which suggested that this kind of cathode blocks might be the calculations for different bottom block rodding situations, included mechanical best one for saving energy and prolong the cell lift time. M testing after simulated pot preheating and startup, is described and discussed. 12:20 PM 10:20 AM Research on Crushing Character of Spent Cathode: Xiping Chen1; Property Change of Dry Barrier Mixes Used in a Cathode of Aluminium Wangxing Li1; 1Chalco Reduction Cells: Alexander Proshkin1; Peter Polyakov2; 1Engineering and During our industrial processing of spent potlining, crushers, especially Technology Center, RUSAL; 2LLC Science and Technology Center “Light crushing mills can not work continuously because of feed stock jam. The jam Metals” is commonly caused by sticking and sliding of spent cathode. The processing Problems concerning dry barrier mix (DBM) behavior (taking into account efficiency of the pilot plant is low. Generally speaking, graphite and sodium autopsy findings) in aluminum reduction cell are discussed. Changes in in spent cathode make spent cathode sticky, slippage and difficult to crush. properties due to attack by aggressive components are analyzed. Reaction The crushing character of spent cathode is studied in this paper. Influences of mechanisms are proposed. Penetration depth and composition changes in graphite and sodium in spent cathode on its crushing character are respectively industrial and bench-scale cells are presented. It is shown that DBM samples discussed. The higher graphite or sodium content is, the more difficult to crush taken from a 9 months old cell have a three-layered structure. Chemical spent cathode. The result provides a reference for us to choose crushers for changes of the initial composition across these layers are determined. Gas- industrial scale spent potlining detoxifying plants. phase reactions in barrier mix with formation of intermetallic compound have been established. The descriptions of possible reaction mechanisms are offered. 10:45 AM Break Frontiers in Solidification Science: Nucleation and 11:05 AM Crystal Structure Anti-Corrosion Mechanism of SiC-Si3N4 Sidelining Materials in Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, 1 1 1 Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing Aluminium Electrolyte: Zhaowen Wang ; Xianwei Hu ; Zhongning Shi ; and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of Materials 1 1 1 1 1 Bingliang Gao ; Guimin Lu ; Jianzhong Cui ; Zhuxian Qiu ; Northeastern Committee, TMS: Solidification Committee University Program Organizers: Jeffrey Hoyt, Sandia National Laboratories; Mathis Corrosion mechanism of SiC-Si3N4 sideling materials for aluminium Plapp, Ecole Polytechnique; Gabriel Faivre, CNRS; Shan Liu, Iowa State electrolysis in electrolytic process has been studied. The oxidation resistance University of the materials at different temperatures has been obtained after tests in air, CO2 and O2 atmosphere, respectively. In environments simulating the Monday AM Room: Northern A3 industrial electrolysis conditions, dynamic corrosion of the materials has been February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel performed by inletting CO2 or O2 to the electrolyte. SEM and XRD results show that the materials were significantly corroded more when oxidative gas Session Chair: To Be Announced was inlet to the electrolyte. Because SiC-Si3N4 was oxidized to SiO2 and then SiO2 dissolved to the electrolyte. It has been thought that in order to 9:00 AM Invited avoid sideling degradation of industrial aluminum electrolysis cell, there must Phase Field Modeling of Heterogeneous Nucleation: James Warren1; David be certain space between the anode and the side wall, and entire ledge on the Saylor2; Laszlo Granasy3; Tamas Pusztai3; 1National Institute of Standards side wall. and Technology; 2Food and Drug Administration; 3Research Institute for Solid 11:30 AM State Physics and Optics Treatment of Spent-Potlining for Recovery of Fluoride Values: Diego Heterogeneous nucleation is understood to be the dominant mechanisms Fernandez Lisbona1; Karen Steel1; 1School of Chemical, Environmental and initiating crystal growth of undercooled melts. Recent developments in phase Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham field modeling of crystal growth have now provided both a new perspective on the physics of heterogeneous nucleation, as well as an extremely efficient The leachability of NaF, CaF2 and Na3AlF6 from spent pot-lining has been studied with the view to dissolve, manipulate solution equilibria, and precipitate method of implementing the phenomenon without any interface tracking or fluoride in a form that can be recycled. Leaching results have been combined the inclusion of internal boundaries. In particular, we discuss various choices with theoretical stability constant information to understand solution equilibria for the effective boundary condition at the liquid-heterogeneity boundary and determine the properties of the solid critical nucleus, including the free and identify novel ways that it can be manipulated to produce AlF3 and/or CaF , to yield a process with the criteria of minimal process reagents, number energy of formation and the contact angle as a function of undercooling. We 2 find for particular choices of boundary conditions, we may realize an analog of steps, energy and waste. While AlF3 is the preferred form for fluoride, its production in acidic media is difficult owing mainly to the unavoidably high of the classical spherical cap model or decidely non-classical behavior. Both concentrations of Na+. So far, we have found a chemical sequence for recovery the mathematics of deriving the model and simulations in one, two and three dimensions will be presented and discussed. of all fluoride as NaAlF4. This will be presented along with other sequences being pursued. Following removal of fluoride, high degrees of separation (>95%) of the remaining refractory compounds from the graphite has proved possible using a density separation technique.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 31 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
9:30 AM Invited 11:30 AM Invited Bulk Liquid Undercooling and Nucleation Kinetics Analysis: John Multiscale Methods and Phase Field Crystal Modeling of Microstructure: Perepezko1; Gerhard Wilde2; Charuayporn Santhaweesuk1; 1University of Badri Athreya1; Pak Yuen Chan1; Zhi Huang1; Jonathan Dantzig1; Nigel Wisconsin; 2University of Münster Goldenfeld1; 1University of Illinois M In the examination of undercooled liquid solidification fluxing treatments The phase field crystal (PFC) model, recently developed by Elder, Grant and with a molten glass slag are commonly used to promote deep liquid co-workers, provides a means for modeling microstructure development from O undercooling or even bulk glass formation. There have been suggestions of flux the atomic scale. Unlike other atomic scale techniques, the PFC model operates N induced “nucleant removal” or “surface site deactivation”, but the underlying at diffusive time scales. This opens up for analysis a wide variety of important D mechanisms have remained uncertain. As a model system, the undercooling problems in materials science. We present a mathematical reformulation of the response of pure Au encased in Pyrex glass was studied systematically. PFC model which enables us to solve microscale problems with atomic scale A Nucleation kinetics analyses of statistically significant sets of measurements resolution, using a combination of renormalization group analysis and adaptive Y reveal the presence of a new mechanism based on gas-solid interactions mesh refinement. The presentation will include several applications, including that triggers nucleation, through a nucleant precipitation as the first step of equiaxed solidification of a pure material in an undercooled melt, epitaxial A the interaction. A new model is proposed for a nucleant refining process, growth of a strained layer, and some problems involving binary alloys. that accounts for the undercooling increase including initial conditioning, 12:00 PM Invited M atmosphere effects and undercooling saturation in a self-consistent manner. Intragranular Variations of Crystallographic Orientation in Hot-Dip Al- The application of nucleant refining has been extended to analyze the Zn Coatings: Alain Jacot1; Christoph Niederberger1; 1EPFL undercooling behavior in other materials such as Cu based systems. Important variations of the crystallographic orientation within a same grain 10:00 AM Invited are commonly observed in certain solidification or crystal growth processes Phase Field Modeling of Polycrystalline Freezing in Two and Three such as hot-dip galvanization of steel, thin films deposited by Epitaxial Lateral Dimensions: New Developments: Tamás Pusztai1; László Gránásy1; Jack Overgrowth and directional solidification of single-crystal superalloy turbine Douglas2; James Warren2; 1Research Institute for Solid State Physics and blades. Different mechanisms have been suggested for the formation of Optics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; 2National Institute of Standards intragranular misorientations. Thermal stresses building up during cooling as and Technology a result of differential thermal contraction could generate non-uniform plastic Recent advances made in the application of phase field theory for crystal deformation. Microsegregation during solidification can lead to systematic nucleation and polycrystalline growth is reviewed. The fact that similar solute gradients and variations of the lattice parameter. A third mechanism polycrystalline patterns are observed in systems of different molecular nature is plastic deformation of the dendritic network during growth owing to suggests that a minimal model based on coarse-grained fields might be solidification shrinkage and capillary forces at the free surface. In an attempt appropriate. In our models crystallographic orientation is represented by either to evidence the dominating mechanism, a detailed investigation has been a single coarse-grained orientation field in 2D, or by quaternion fields in 3D, carried out on hot-dip Al-Zn coatings. The different mechanisms are reviewed allowing us to incorporate various nucleation modes including heterogeneous based on EBSD characterization, profilometry, chemistry analysis and phase and homogeneous mechanisms for the nucleation of growth centers and for field simulation of the dendritic morphology and solute redistribution. the formation of new grains at the perimeter. We address various complex polycrystalline morphologies in 2D and 3D such as polydendritic structures, particulate induced disorder in dendrites, and various spherulitic forms, and solidification in confined space. We demonstrate that a broad variety of General Abstracts: Electronic, Magnetic, and polycrystalline structures can be recovered by changing only a few model Photonic Materials Division: GaN and Interconnects parameters such as crystal anisotropy, branching angle, and orientational Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, mobility. Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Alloy Phases Committee, TMS: Biomaterials Committee, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of Materials 10:30 AM Committee, TMS: Electronic Materials Committee, TMS: Electronic Phase-Field Simulation of Nucleation and Growth in Mg-Alloys: Janin Packaging and Interconnection Materials Committee, TMS: Nanomaterials Eiken1; Ingo Steinbach1; 1RWTH-Aachen Committee, TMS: Superconducting and Magnetic Materials Committee, A statistical approach to nucleation, using a temperature distribution function TMS: Thin Films and Interfaces Committee for nucleation on heterogeneous nucleation sites, is combined with phase field Program Organizers: Long Qing Chen, Pennsylvania State University; Sung simulation of equiaxed crystal growth in a Mg alloy controlled by solute Kang, IBM Corporation diffusion. The temperature evolution of the system is calculated from a heat balance between release of latent heat and external heat extraction. Thus the Monday AM Room: Oceanic 7 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel effect of inoculation by adding grain refiners, the effect of alloy composition on growth and release of latent heat and finally the effect of external cooling Session Chair: Yu Wang, Virginia Tech on the final grain density can be studied. The presentation focuses onthe interrelation between nucleation density and grain morphology, that can be used to identify the leading mechanism of grain refinement. 9:00 AM Characterization of GaN Layers Grown on Metallic TiN Buffer Layers: 10:50 AM Break Sangjin Lee1; Kazuhiro Ito1; Yu Uchida1; Susumu Tsukimoto1; Yuhei Ikemoto2; 11:00 AM Invited Koji Hirata2; Naoki Shibata2; Masanori Murakami1; 1Kyoto University; Orientation Selection in Dendritic Evolution: Alain Karma1; 1Northeastern 2Toyoda Gosei University High density of threading dislocations was observed in the GaN layer This talk will present an overview of phase-field and experimental studies of grown on the AlN buffer layers. This believes to be a bad influence on the orientation selection in dendritic evolution for cubic and hexagonal symmetries light emitting efficiency of the diodes. We recently reported that epitaxial, in the context of new knowledge of crystalline anisotropy derived from continuous, flat GaN layers were successfully grown on a metallic TiN buffer atomistic simulations in recent years. A unified theoretical picture emerges layer. In addition to the discovery, the density of threading dislocations was from these studies that distinguishes three different orientation selection found to be reduced significantly in the GaN layers grown on the TiN buffer mechanisms which lead to continuous or discontinuous variations of growth layers compared with that on the AlN buffer layers, although the GaN layer misorientations off crystal axes depending on anisotropy parameters. Kinetic grown on the TiN buffer layers contains a few domains with opposite lattice effects at large growth rates are also discussed. This work was supported by polarity and a few horizontal dislocations parallel to the interface between GaN the US Department of Energy. and TiN. The nature of dislocations was also investigated and will discuss the microstructure difference in terms of difference in the GaN growth mechanism
32 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program between on the TiN buffer layers and on the AlN buffer layers. by X-ray diffraction, Atomic force microscopy, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Energy dispersive spectroscopy to investigate relevant 9:20 AM diffusion barrier properties. The results indicate superior diffusion barrier Semi-Empirical Interatomic Potentials for Ga-N and In-N Systems: Eun properties of Ge/HfN for Cu metallization on Si compared to HfN (7nm). Cheol Do1; Byeong-Joo Lee1; 1POSTECH x x New semi-empirical interatomic potentials for Ga-N and In-N systems 10:40 AM Break M have been developed based on the 2NN MEAM formalism, using the already 11:00 AM O developed interatomic potentials for N and In by the present authors in the Thermal Fatigue Characterization of Commonly-Used 63Sn37Pb Solder N present study and Ga by Baskes et al. The potential describes various physical Joints in Electronic Assemblies: Arun Iyer1; Michael Oja1; Robert Tryon1; properties (such as cohesive energy, lattice parameter, elastic constants, D 1VEXTEC Corporation structural stability, etc.) of pure elements and nitrides (Zincblende and Wurtzite This paper summarizes the efforts to simulate the thermal fatigue A type of GaN and InN), in good agreement with relevant experimental and characteristics of commonly used tin lead (63Sn37Pb) solder joints in electronic Y high-level calculation information. The potential can also describe reasonably assemblies. The complex topography of the solder joint was generated using well the bond length as a function of composition in the Zincblende (Ga,In)N, energy minimization concepts. A complete geometry representative of a showing the possibility of application to the Ga-In-N ternary system. Because A 63Sn37Pb soldered electronic assembly detailing the chip-to-pad interconnect the potential formalism is exactly the same as other already developed MEAM was developed using the finite element software ANSYS. Microscopic M potentials for bcc, fcc and hcp elements, it can be easily extended to multi- measurements and material properties including the components’ thermal component systems involving a wide range of elements. properties were input into the FEA. The FEA-predicted stresses along with the 9:40 AM geometry were used in VEXTEC’s VPS-MICRO (probabilistic microstructural Epitaxial Growth of GaN Layers on Metallic TiN Buffer Layers: Kazuhiro fatigue model) to predict the thermal fatigue of the interconnect joint. The Ito1; Yu Uchida1; Sangjin Lee1; Susumu Tsukimoto1; Yuhei Ikemoto2; Koji influence in the electronic assembly reliability with the application oftwo Hirata2; Naoki Shibata2; Masanori Murakami1; 1Kyoto University; 2Toyoda different conformal coats was investigated. The reliability of the electronic Gosei assembly was observed to be greatly improved by the use of conformal coats. GaN-based semiconductors have been used as the key elements for blue The probabilistic model was then used to predict the solder joint thermal light-emitting diodes and non-conductive sapphires were extensively used as fatigue life characteristics at varying temperatures. substrates for GaN layers. Until now, the best buffer layer discovered was 11:20 AM an AlN layer to compensate for lattice mismatch of about 15% between Characterization of Wire Bonds Subjected to Ultrasonic Welding and GaN and sapphire. However, the AlN layer is an insulator, conductive buffer Thermal Cycling: Anil Saigal1; Peterson Silva1; Robert Greif1; Michael layers are desirable to increase the light emitting efficiency of the diodes. We Zimmerman1; 1Tufts University recently found that epitaxial, continuous, flat GaN layers were successfully LDMOS packages require greater thermal performance, excellent grown on a metallic TiN buffer layer. It was concluded that nitrogen enriched dimensional stability, and package flatness. For RF and microwave applications, TiN buffer layers with the upper limit of the nitrogen content of TiN would they provide temperature stability up to 500°C and direct Cu flange assembly reduce the TiN/GaN interfacial energy. Reduction of the TiN layer thickness for greater thermal conductivity and lower junction temperatures. Ultrasonic and substrate temperature during deposition would suppress TiN grain growth welding is used to attach liquid crystal polymer (LCP) lids to LCP housings. during the nitrogen enrichment. These lead to increase GaN nucleation on the This study investigates the effect of ultrasonic welding and thermal cycling TiN buffer layers, and this is essential for smooth GaN growth. on the strength and reliability of gold wire bonds inside the LDMOS package. 10:00 AM The strength of as-welded wire bonds is between 16-20 gf. Ultrasonic welding Formation of Controlled Copper Current Paths in Alumina Nano-Oxide reduces the average strength to 13 gf while increasing the spread. Thermal Layers for GMR Spin Valves by Rapid Thermal Processing of Al-Cu cycling reduces the average strength further to 11 gf. In all cases, the failure Sputtered Films: Zeenath Tadisina1; Rajeshchandra Thunuguntla1; Subhadra typically occurs at the wire heel on the silicon die and the bond strength still Gupta1; Robb Morris1; Gregory Thompson1; Jian Zhong1; Raghvendra Pandey1; satisfies the minimum post-seal bond strength of 5.5 gf for 2 mil diameter gold 1University of Alabama wires as per Military Standard 883F. A novel technique for enhancing the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) effect 11:40 AM in perpendicular spin valves is to confine the current-carrying paths in the The Influence of Heat-Treatment Atmosphere on Interfacial Adhesion stack by sputter depositing an Al-Cu alloy film and then selectively oxidizing Strength of Cu/Cr/Polyimide Films: Takeo Miyamura1; Junichi Koike1; the aluminum. This forms an alumina nano-oxide layer (NOL), with the 1Tohoku University precipitates of Cu acting as the confined current paths. One of the drawbacks of Flexibility of electronic circuit board is essential for recent miniaturized this technique is that the Cu precipitates are not uniform in size or distribution, and variously-shaped electronic devices. Organic flexible films are used as and often do not form a complete path through the oxide layer. We have used substrate in flexible printed circuits (FPC) which suffers from poor interfacial various sequences of rapid thermal anneals and quenches to control the size adhesion strength between polymer substrate and metallic films. Previous and distribution of the Cu precipitates in the sputtered alloy films, which were works reported that adhesion strength decreases after heat treatment in humid subsequently oxidized selectively to form the alumina nano-oxide layers. We atmosphere. However detailed influences of moisture and other factors on will present conductive AFM and TEM studies of these Cu paths in the NOL, adhesion strength are not understood. We investigated the influence of heat as well as electrical and magnetic measurements for representative devices. treatment and then atmosphere on adhesion strength degradation. The samples 10:20 AM were Cu/Cr/Polyimide multilayer films. Heat treatment was performed under
Properties of Ge/HfNx as a Diffusion Barrier for Cu Metallization: moisture containing atmosphere with various levels of humidity. Adhesion Seemant Rawal1; Lii-Cherng “Daniel” Leu1; David Norton1; KeeChan Kim1; strength was measured and XPS analysis was carried out. Adhesion degradation Tim Anderson1; Lisa McElwee-White1; 1University of Florida after heat treatment was induced by metal oxidation near the interface.
The properties of Ge/HfNx have been investigated as a novel diffusion barrier Oxidation was enhanced by moisture diffusion in polyimide. Additionally the for Cu metallization. The Ge/HfNx bilayer was grown on p-Si(001) substrates structural degradation of polyimide itself contributed adhesion degradation. by reactive sputtering, followed by in-situ deposition of Cu. Films annealed 12:00 PM individually in Ar atmosphere at different temperatures for varying times were Morphological Changes in CIGS2 upon Thickness Reduction of Absorber characterized for evidence of Cu transport through the barrier bilayer to the Layer: Parag Vasekar1; Neelkanth Dhere1; 1Florida Solar Energy Center, Si substrate. The HfN (7nm) layer alone failed at an anneal temperature as x University of Central Florida low as 400°C for 1 hr, while adding the Ge layer significantly improved the Chalcopyrites are important contenders among thin film solar cells. performance. Ge (25nm)/HfN (7 nm) stacks were effective for anneals at x Copper-Indium-Gallium Disulfide (CIGS2) is a chalcopyrite material with a 600°C for 1 hr and 500°C for 3 hr. The annealed structures were characterized near-optimum band gap of 1.5 eV. The availability and cost of indium can be
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 33 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
a limiting factor. The required amounts of metals can be lowered by using In this work two solutions obtained after the recovery of acid from waste acid thinner films. There is need of a systematic matrix of experimentatiom to by diffusion dialysis were used. The solutions analysing in g/L 23.5 Ni, 47 study the morphological changes with gradual thickness reduction of absorber. Fe, 0.11 Zn, 0.90 M H2SO4 (solution-I) and 12 Ni, 32.8 Fe, 0.42 Zn, 1.23 M Initially small size grains are formed during the film growth. With continuing H2SO4 (solution-II) respectively. In order to remove iron from the solutions, M growth to large thicknesses, more favorably oriented grains coalesce to stoichiometric amount of H2O2 was added to oxidise ferrous ion to ferric form compactly packed large-grain morphology. Solar cell performance in state. The organic solvent D2EHPA was used for the selective extraction of O smaller grain chalcopyrite absorber deteriorates due to larger fraction of grain ferric ion in multi-stage cross current steps. The McCabe Thiele diagram was N boundaries. It is essential to hasten the grain growth through coalescence to also plotted to obtain the stage requirement for iron removal in continuous D retain quality even in thinner films. This work presents an assessment of the mode. The 99.6% and 99.85% Fe has been removed from solutions I and II efficacy of various techniques in improving morphology and thus the device respectively and pure nickel sulphate solutions obtained. A performance at lower thicknesses. Y 9:50 AM 12:20 PM Evaluation of the Elution of (Cr3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+) from Wastewater Lead and Lead Free Bulk Solder Material Characterization and High Using Purolite C-150 and Dowex Marathon C Ion Exchange Resins: Josiane A Rate Tensile Test: Liping Zhu1; Wade Hezeltine1; Todd Embree1; Raiyo Riani1; Jorge Alberto Tenório1; Adriana Gómez1; 1Universidade de São Paulo M Aspandiar1; George Hsieh1; Rick Williams1; 1Intel Corporation The removal of the (Cr3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+) ion from wastewater with In this paper, two types of solder materials, Eutectic SnPb and lead free, the purolite C-150 and dowex marathon c ion exchange resins was studied; SAC405, have been characterized and tested at different loading rates and and the performance of this resin was compared. The effect of temperature temperatures using two types of specimen sizes, ASTM standard and miniature on the elution of ions metallics was investigated. The removal and elution one. Microstructural matching analysis is first conducted to ensure that test experiments had been lead in a micron-column, in the temperatures of specimens can represent real BGA solder joint in microstructure level in 25°C-50°C. The elution of ions metallic was with 1 M H2SO4. In all the terms of micro hardness and grain size values. The data show that small size experiments the concentration of metals in solution will be determined through of specimens can be matched well in both micro hardness and grain size. As the technique of spectroscopy of atomic absorption (AA). Dowex marathon suggested, aging treatment has been used on SnPb type of specimen during their C shows a remarkable increase in desorption (elution) capacity for Zn (II), fabrications. The tensile tests are then conducted at different strain rates from Ni (II) and Cu (II) if compared with the resin purolite C-150. The elution of 10-2 1/s to 102 1/s and two temperatures at 23C and 100C. The stress strain chromium in both the cases is less fast, proving a bigger affinity of resins for curves are generated for each strain rate, which can be used to develop rate chromium if compared with other ions in question. dependent constitutive model for solder material including damage model. 10:15 AM Hydrometallurgical Synthesis, Characterization and Stability of Ca- Fe-AsO4 Compounds: Levente Becze1; George P. Demopoulos1; 1McGill General Abstracts: Extraction and Processing: University The disposal of arsenic from metallurgical process liquors continues Hydrometallurgy, Wastewater Treatment to be a subject of great importance from an environmental point of view. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction Currently, the most widely used method of arsenic removal from process and Processing Division, TMS: Aqueous Processing Committee, TMS: Materials Characterization Committee, TMS: Pyrometallurgy Committee effluents involves co-precipitation with iron(III) sulphate and simultaneous Program Organizers: Boyd Davis, Kingston Process Metallurgy Inc; lime neutralization. Alternatively, in the case of arsenic-rich and iron-deficient Michael Free, University of Utah solutions fixation of arsenic via scorodite precipitation may be adopted. Placement of the iron(III)-arsenate co-precipitate or scorodite solids in tailing Monday AM Room: Northern E1 ponds with gypsum saturated waters opens the possibility of formation of Ca- February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Fe-AsO4 phases the solubility of which may determine the long term viability of the current arsenic disposal practice. An extensive study of the Fe-Ca-AsO4 Session Chair: Michael Free, University of Utah ternary system involving synthesis, characterization and solubility testing of solids precipitated from solutions containing various ratios of Fe(III), Ca(II) 9:00 AM and As(V) was undertaken. Among the phases synthesized are yukonite and Cobalt Removal from Waste Water by Use of Supported Liquid arseniosiderite which are found in nature as minerals. Membranes: Kim Verbeken1; Marc Verhaege1; Bruno Vanheule2; Luc Pinoy2; 10:40 AM Break 1University of Gent; 2KaHo St-Lieven Supported liquid membranes (SLM) are an alternative technique to selectively 11:00 AM remove metal ions from waste water. This technique has been the subject of a Immobilization Mechanism of Chromium in Aqueous Solution with 1 1 1 1 considerable amount of research, mainly due to several advantages compared Ettringite: Ji-Whan Ahn ; Kwang-Suk You ; Dong Han ; Korea Institute of to other techniques. The stability of the system is an important parameter when Geoscience upscaling batch experiments to an installation applicable on an industrial level. Ettringite(Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3•26H2O), which is hydration product of In the present work, the removal of Co(II) from a synthetic CoSO4 solution is calcium aluminate minerals, the greatest ability to immobilize heavy metallic studied on lab and pilot scale. By performing batch experiments, the optimal ion through substitution mechanism. Aqueous solution containing calcium settings, i.e. the composition of the organic phase, the pH of the feed, the type hydroxide, aluminum sulfate, CrCl3(trivalent chromium) was subjected to and concentration of the stripping agent were determined. SLM experiments irradiate by ultrasonic under atmospheric pressure to investigate its effect on showed a significant decrease of the mass transfer through the membrane both synthesis of calcium aluminate material. After collecting synthesized powders, on lab and on pilot scale for both HCl and H2SO4 as stripping agent. The poor we analyzed them with XRD, FT-IR, ICP, SEM. As a result of checked XRD stability throughout the experiments proved to be a major drawback during peak, face(100) peak tend to shift onto the left as Cr input. We observed that upscaling. Cr3+ ion in aqueous solution decreased almost 99.7%, but Al3+ ion increased. and we observed that Cr-ettringite was changed morphology by Cr input. We 9:25 AM confirmed that Ettringite possesses the ability to behave as a host for metallic Separation of Ni/Fe from Industrial Waste Acid by Solvent Extraction pollutants to immobilize cationic waste ions through substitution. Technique Using D2EHPA: Jae-chun Lee1; Manis Kumar Jha1; Jinki Jeong1; Min Seuk Kim1; Kyoungkeun Yoo1; 1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Minerals Resources In order to conserve the resources and control pollution, a process has been developed for the recovery of metallic values from the industrial waste acid.
34 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
11:25 AM 9:25 AM Removal Mechanism of Orange II Azo Dye by Electrocoagulation: Effect of Slag Composition on the Manufacture of Iron Nuggets from Jewel Gomes1; David Cocke1; Mohammad Mollah2; Hector Moreno C.1; Carbon Composite Pellets: Alberto Nogueira1; Marcelo Mourao1; Cyro Eric Peterson1; Donald Mencer3; 1Lamar University; 2University of Dhaka; Takano1; 1University of Sao Paulo 3Wilkes University Iron-carbon nuggets can be obtained by high temperature reduction of iron M Textile and other industrial dyes constitute an increasing environmental ore by carbonaceous material agglomerated together as a carbon composite danger due to the large degree of aromatics present in dye molecules and their pellet. During this process, the stable oxides contained in the materials O biological persistence. Conventional biological and physical methods are will form a slag. This work investigates the effect of the slag composition N ineffective for their discoloration, degradation, or removal. Electrocoagulation on the formation of the iron nuggets. Pellets were prepared containing iron D (EC), an electrochemical technique, has been used in recent times for the most ore and two different carbonaceous materials, and through the addition of effective removal of orange II azo dye from wastewaters using iron, aluminum cement, silica and alumina the composition of the slag was varied to adjust A or their combination as electrodes. However, the mechanism of the removal the expected liquidus temperature to 1573 K and 2273 K. It has been shown Y process is yet to be delineated. In this paper, we propose an experimentally that the formation of iron nuggets is favored for slags presenting low liquidus based removal mechanism of orange II azo dye in an electrocoagulation temperature. In order to further investigate this phenomenon, pellets containing A reactor. EC-by-products have also been investigated employing FT-IR, thermal iron powder and carbonaceous material, together with previously prepared analysis and x-ray diffraction techniques. slags, were also submitted to high temperature, and it has been shown that the M carburization of the iron depends on the slag composition. 11:50 AM Electrochemical Reactions for Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum 9:50 AM Electrodes: Hector Moreno1; David Cocke1; Jewel Gomes1; Paul Morkovsky2; The Investigation of Sponge Iron Production Parameters by Using Iron Jose Parga3; Eric Peterson1; Donald Mencer4; 1Lamar University; 2Kaselco; Oxide Pellets with Domestic Lignite Coals: Onuralp Yucel1; Kemal Gecim1; 3Instituto Tecnologico de Saltillo; 4Wilkes University Suheyla Aydin1; 1ITU Electrocoagulation as a water and wastewater treatment has been used for The aim of the present work is to investigate the possibilities of coal-based the removal of metals, non metals, suspended solids, organic compounds, COD sponge iron production for industrial applications by using different kinds and BOD. While industrial applications have primarily focused on the use of of domestic (Turkish)lignite coals. Experiments were conducted in a semi- iron electrodes; aluminum works better in acidic conditions and is sometimes pilot scale rotary tube furnace. The materials used were iron oxide pellets more effective than iron electrodes. To better understand the mechanism for from Divrigi Plant and Soma, and coals from Tunçbilek and Oltu domestic EC using aluminum electrodes and their best use, we present a review of the lignites. The effects of coal consumption ratio (Cfix/Fetot.), temperature and applications of Al electrodes, followed by pH measurements at different zones duration time on the metallization degree of sponge iron have been studied. around the electrodes, which illustrate the mechanism and reactions that occur From the experiments carried out at different conditions, it was found that at the anode and at the cathode. We find the mechanism to be congruent with the metallization degrees reached to an optimum range desired for industrial solubility and Pourbaix diagrams. applications. At the temperature of 1050ºC and a coal consumption ratio of 0.32, reduction process with the Soma lignite coal was completed at about 40 minutes where the pellets showed 97% average metallization degree.
General Abstracts: Extraction and Processing: 10:15 AM Break Pyrometallurgy, Base Metals 10:35 AM Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction Kinetics of Liquid Copper Reduction with Charcoal: Gabriel Riveros1; and Processing Division, TMS: Aqueous Processing Committee, TMS: Andrzej Warczok1; Carlos Puga1; 1Universidad de Chile Materials Characterization Committee, TMS: Pyrometallurgy Committee Copper fire refining consists of two stages: blister copper oxidation with Program Organizers: Boyd Davis, Kingston Process Metallurgy Inc; impurities slagging and reduction of oxidized copper. Numerous works on the Michael Free, University of Utah kinetic of a liquid copper reduction with various reductants, such as bunker oil, propane, natural gas and ammonia, indicate two stages of reduction and Monday AM Room: Northern E3 factors limiting the reduction rate. Kinetic of copper reduction with charcoal February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel has been determined by thermogravimetry combined with off-gas analysis. Session Chair: Melissa Trapani, BHP Billiton Olympic Dam The results stated the basis for mathematical model of the reduction of oxidized copper in a packed bed of charcoal. Experimental simulation of the copper reduction in a packed bed of charcoal showed extremely high rate of reduction 9:00 AM predicted from the model. Presented results allowed for development of a Effect of MgO and Al2O3 on the Environmental Behavior of Chromium new process of continuous fire refining of blister copper. Pilot industrial scale Based Slags: Elda García-Ramos1; Jose Romero-Serrano1; Beatriz Zeifert1; tests of continuous copper refining confirmed expected rate of reduction and Vanessa Ugarte-Domínguez1; Beatriz Estrada-Mateos1; 1National Polytechnic feasibility of a new process. Institute The slags produced in the stainless steelmaking process contain chromium 11:00 AM that must be stabilized to reduce the eventual polluting effects. The objective Remote Cooled Element Trial in Flash Furnace Gas Space: Melissa 1 2 1 1 of this work is to analyze the effect of MgO and Al2O3 content and the slag Trapani ; Roger Player ; Dennis Montgomerie ; BHP Billiton Olympic Dam; 2 basicity on the stability of the mineralogical species and the leachability of BHP Billiton Technology slags. The samples of the systems CaO-CaF2-SiO2-Cr2O3-MgO and CaO- The Outokumpu direct to blister flash furnace at Olympic Dam has CaF2-SiO2-Cr2O3-Al2O3 were prepared in an induction furnace at 1400- historically experienced failure of gas space cooling elements due to wet acid 1500°C. The samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction and Scanning corrosion. A remote cooled element is being developed to overcome acid Electron Microscope to study the morphology and composition of mineral corrosion by keeping the hot face of the element above the dew point of the phases. The results showed that slags with MgO produced MgO•Cr2O3 spinel corrosive species in the gas. A prototype element was installed in the Flash and calcium silicates. The slags with Al2O3 produced complex compounds, Furnace in November 2005. The element has exhibited hot face temperatures Ca2Al2SiO7, Ca4Al6CrO16 and calcium silicate crystals. Some trials were above 700°C. An overview of the performance of the element is presented carried out to test the leachability of the slags. The results showed that owing along with heat transfer calculations for the system. Implications of the cooling to the stable binding of chromium in spinel or complex compounds the element for furnace integrity and monitoring are discussed. leaching was decreased.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 35 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Abart, is in operation at numerous installations world-wide. The patented Abart technology has evolved through 10 years of operation. The first Abart General Abstracts: Light Metals Division: Session I installation was at the Hindalco smelter in 1996. The Abart technology is Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light installed and operates for all types of pot technologies from moderate to high M Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee, TMS: Reactive Metals amperage pots, in cold and hot climates. The Abart system is designed to handle Committee, TMS: Recycling Committee more than three million m3/h of prebake pot gas. Continued development and O Program Organizers: Neale Neelameggham, US Magnesium LLC; Anne improvements from customer feedback have been continuously implemented, N Kvithyld, Norwegian University of Science and Technology refining the Abart technology to a highly efficient and robust dry scrubbing solution. This paper shares and reviews the experiences gained, lessons D Monday AM Room: Pacific Hall B A February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel learned, and presents the latest state-of-the-art Abart technology. Y 10:20 AM Session Chairs: Lifeng Zhang, Norwegian University of Science and Recovery of Residual Metal from Spent Pot Lines for Use in Oxygen Steel Technology; R. Vasantha Kumar, The Madras Aluminium Company Making Process: Pradeep Maitra1; 1M/S Dipaly Consultants (MALCO) LTD. A The steel produced by above stated process always contains some amount M (between 400 to 1000 ppm) of oxygen,which is required to be removed from 9:00 AM molten steel (killed). An attempt has been made in this paper to describe how Preparation and Application of High-Molecular-Weight Hydroxamic Acid the residual low purity contaminated Al is recovered from bath, collecter- Containing Phenyl as Flocculants for Red Mud Setting: Chen Feng1; Lian- bars, carbon, refractories etc and granulated (-12+14 mesh) and filled in a Song Wang1; Yuan-dong Li2; 1Northeastern University; 2Shenyang Dongwei Rollformed low carbon (0.4mm x9mm) steel tube and coiled (500 to 3000 Industrial and Mining Mechanical Fittings Company, Ltd. meters length) and continuously fed the cored tube in to the liquid metal. This A new High-Molecular-Weight hydroxamic acid containing phenyl(HHCP) as process of aluminium recovery is economical in one hand and environmentally high efficiency flocculant was synthesized. Firstly, at 15~35, Copolymerization acceptable solution of solid waste disposal of primary Al industries. of acrylamide and styene was carried out in a microemulsion system, in which 10:40 AM Break AM aqueous solution was the continue phase and St was the dispersed phase using ST-80 as surfactants respectively. Hydroxamic functions were prepared 10:50 AM with hydroxylamine salt at temperatures from 60° to 90°. The effect of reaction Characteristics of Aluminum Foam Prepared by Infiltration of Liquid Al conditions on the structure was studied. The copolymer was characterized by through Ceramic Foam Bed: Pravash Maity1; 1National Institute of Foundry FT-IR and UV, then the effect of copolymer on red mud setting process was and Forge Tech tested. The clearest supernates, rapid setting velocity and high stability were It was discovered that viscous sodium silicate bonded ceramic particles observed. It suggested that the new High-Molecular-Weight hydroxamic acid with controlled sodium silicate and water content when suddenly exposed containing phenyl could meet the industry demand. to high temperature, produces ceramic foam. With this approach, ceramic foams were produced based on silica particles and sodium silicate by varying 9:20 AM the silica particles, sodium silicate and water content. To stabilize foamy Preparation and Characterization of New Water Base Low Cost Coating structure and to strengthen, the ceramic foams were fired at 800°C for 1 hr. Material for Anode Rod Stubs: Jyoti Mukhopadhyay1; Upendra Singh1; The ceramic foams were crushed and graded to suitable size ranges. Liquid Al 1JNARDDC was infiltrated into the bed of ceramic foams to produce Al foams. The effects In an aluminium smelter, molten cast iron seals both the anode block of cell size of ceramic foams and size and volume fraction of ceramic foam and rod assembly together. When the anode butt is returned from electrolysis grains on the characteristics of the Al foams have been studied. cell, the spent anode butt is being cleaned up and the cast iron thimbles are removed. Presently, graphite coating is used on the stub after removing the 11:10 AM cast iron thimbles from it. In the process, the risk of welding between the Fundamentals of Inclusion Removal from Molten Aluminum and Silicon cast iron thimbles and the stub can be reduced significantly. Furthermore, through Gas Bubbling: Lifeng Zhang1; 1Norwegian University of Science the electrical conductivity of the anode assembly can also be improved to a and Technology great extent in the cell. The aim of the present investigation is two folds, (i) to This study is to investigate the fundamentals of inclusion removal from prepare a water based coating material which is cheaper, and (ii) to compare molten aluminum and silicon by attaching to the rising bubbles. A simple the properties of the Lab developed coating materials with the coating material mathematical model for this bubble flotation process is developed. The effects available commercially in the market. of gas flow rate, bubble size and time on the inclusion removal are discussed. Based on the results of the models, it is concluded that there is an optimum 9:40 AM bubble diameter for the inclusion removal. Finally a tentative industrial scale Reduction in Pot Turn around Time: R. Vasantha Kumar1; Srinivasa of bubble flotation cell is proposed, and the three dimensional fluid flow and Narasimhan Chakravarthy1; Krishnaraj Thiyagarajan1; 1The Madras bubble/particle motion in this cell are calculated. Aluminium Company (Malco) Ltd. The time taken to bring the pot into service from the time it is shunted is 11:30 AM termed as Pot Turn Around Time (PTT). In earlier days the average PTT in Structural Characterization of Liquid Al-Si Hypoeutectic Alloys: MALCO stood at 13 days, which was slowly reduced to 48hrs over a period of Srirangam VenkataSuryaPrakash1; Sumanth Shankar1; Matthew Kramer2; time. A project was under taken to reduce the PTT further, the most challenging 1LMCRC, McMaster University; 2Iowa State Univerisity assignment in any Aluminium industry. The team has analysed the sequence Several studies in the past decades have been devoted to characterize the of operations and focused on the Planning and Startup aspects of the pot. The solid and semi-solid structures of the commercially important Al-Si alloys. team has achieved reduction in PTT from 48hrs to 22.5 hrs and made this However, minimum efforts were directed to characterize the liquid structure as Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for repeatable sustainable execution. of these alloys. Characterizing liquid structures will enable an in-depth This paper explains in detail the steps taken by the team and the reduction in understanding of the melt behavior and the nucleation events in the melt prior time taken to install a new pot. to solidification. Liquid phase diffraction experiments were carried out in two hypoeutectic alloy compositions (Al-11wt%Si & Al-11wt%Si-0.04wt%Sr) at 10:00 AM various melt superheats ranging from 600 ºC to 650 ºC. Detailed experimental Experiences and Developments through 10 Years of Operation with the procedure and sample preparation techniques are presented along with Abart Dry Scrubber: Geir Wedde1; Parto Henriksen2; 1Alstom; 2Alstom quantified structure factor, pair distribution functions, and coordination Norway numbers as a function of temperature. It is observed that there is a marked An advanced system for recovery of fluorides and removal of particulates difference between the results obtained from the unmodified and Sr modified and tars from aluminium reduction pot gas and anode baking furnaces, called
36 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program alloys showing that addition of trace levels of Sr reduces the atom cluster size found. First results on the extruded material will be discussed. in the liquid. 9:50 AM 11:50 AM Warm Forging of a Connecting Rod: Achim Schott1; 1IPH GmbH Structure-Functional Materials of In Situ TiB2 Particulates Reinforced Warm forging is an economical alternative to the conventional forging A356 Composite: Yijie Zhang1; 1Yantai University technology common for rotation-symmetric parts. It offers several advantages M In situ TiB2 particulate reinforced A356 composite with high damping like reduced energy input, no scale, better surface quality and closer tolerances. O capacity and excellent strength was prepared by an exothermic reaction process The main obstacle prohibiting a transfer of the technology to the forming of N via K2TiF6 and KBF4 salts. Interestingly, present experimental results indicate long flat pieces is the increased number of forming operations and the connected that both damping capacity and tensile strength are improved simultaneously. It problems to keep the narrow temperature tolerances. In a cooperative effort D was noted that the damping capacity of A356/TiB2 composite was much higher within a European consortium, forming sequences for warm forging a steering A than that of A356 base alloy. The yield tensile strength and ultimate tensile link and a connecting rod have been developed. One focus of the development Y strength of 13wt% TiB2 reinforced A356 composite are 369MPa, 389MPa. of the forging process of the connecting rod was to maintain the ability of the Compared to A356 base alloy, yield tensile strength and ultimate tensile work piece to crack after the forging and controlled cooling. Currently, the strength of A356 composite are increased by 74MPa, 69MPa respectively. simulation results are verified during the try out of the dies and the obtainable A work piece properties are investigated and documented. M 10:15 AM General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Improvements in Electrospark Deposition for Small Repairs through the Use of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment: Graham Tewksbury1; Danial Danks1; Manufacturing Division: Forming of Materials and Sean O’Connell1; John Kelley1; Norma Price1; William Wood1; 1Portland State Processes University Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Materials Electrospark deposition (ESD) is a pulse capacitance welding technique Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS/ASM: Computational traditionally used to deposit coatings for corrosion or wear resistance. Materials Science and Engineering Committee, TMS: Global Innovations Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials Behavior Committee, Recently the technique has been examined as a potential technology for small TMS/ASM: Phase Transformations Committee, TMS: Powder Materials area repair. This change from a surface coating to a micro weld repair has Committee, TMS: Process Modeling Analysis and Control Committee, TMS: resulted in a substantial increase in the required properties. The application of Shaping and Forming Committee, TMS: Solidification Committee, TMS: ESD results in tensile residual stress on the repaired surface. Ultrasonic impact Surface Engineering Committee treatment (UIT) was used to introduce a compressive residual stress to the Program Organizers: Fernand Marquis, Naval Postgraduate School; surface of the deposit to improve fatigue properties. The combination of ESD Ralph Napolitano, Iowa State University; Neville Moody, Sandia National and UIT has the potential to minimize and in some materials eliminate the as- Laboratories deposited fatigue debit of the repair. ESD + UIT deposits were characterized using optical microscopy, SEM, microhardness, and image analysis. The Monday AM Room: Northern A4 fatigue properties of repairs of several alloys including IN718, and 410SS February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel were evaluated. Session Chairs: Axel Specker, Institut für Integrierte Produktion; Achim 10:40 AM Schott, IPH GmbH The Kinetics of Multidimensional Infiltration: Kevin Trumble1; 1Purdue University 9:00 AM Many models are available for predicting the kinetics of liquids infiltrating Approach for Flashless Precision Forging Operations for Components porous solids in terms of the capillary pressure, applied pressure, and with Unsteady Mass Distribution: Axel Specker1; Dominic Gruss1; Sven resistance to flow. All are restricted to unidirectional infiltration, however, as Müller1; 1Institut für Integrierte Produktion occurs in end-contact infiltration of a long cylinder. For a general shape of Precision forging is defined as a flashless forging operation which generates preform under immersion infiltration conditions, multidimensional flow must high quality parts concerning the surface quality and accuracy of dimensions. be considered. Analytical models are developed that account for the effects The present level of development allows the industrial production of axis of convergent/divergent flow in the infiltration of discrete porous performs. symmetric parts like gear wheels and steering pinions by a precision forging The solutions can be applied to any unidirectional infiltration kinetics model, process. Further development of flashless forging operations is necessary for regardless of the assumptions about the capillary pressure function, wetting, realising multi-stage precision forging processes for flat long pieces. The ability etc. The results are presented in non-dimensional form to facilitate comparison to forge high-duty automotive components like crankshafts or connecting rods of the relative infiltration times for various regular preform shapes (e.g., slab, is expected to be a major improvement, because these components feature cylinder, sphere). an extremely asymmetric mass distribution and a big specific mass. To solve 11:05 AM the appearing technological deviances a new forging chain with three forging Optimal Blank Design for Complicated Shapes Using Modified Ideal operations was developed. Practical testing of the process chain showed the Forming Theory: Mohammad Parsa1; Samira Sokhanvaran1; 1University of principle feasibility of forging crankshafts with the flashless precision forging Tehran technology. For deep drawing of sheet metals and converting them to specific product 9:25 AM shapes without failure, the initial blanks should be, correctly designed. Spray Forming of Al-Mg-Si-Alloy with High Volume of Mg2Si: Volker Otherwise, final products will not be sound. Using an optimum blank not Uhlenwinkel1; Nils Ellendt1; Olaf Kessler2; Olaf Stelling2; 1University Bremen; only decreases consumed materials but also minimizes defects produced by 2Foundation for Materials Science metal forming operations. In the pervious work of authors by introducing Aluminum alloys with a high content of Mg_2 Si are superior lightweight some modification in the applied kinematics formulation in combination with alloys due to their low density and elevated high-temperature-strengh ideal forming theory, satisfactory results have emerged for simple shapes. compared to other aluminum alloys. Alloys with more than 10 volume- In the present paper, by using the modified code and considering boundary % Mg_2 Si can not be casted with sufficient mechanical properties. Spray conditions, optimum blank design procedure for complicated shapes will be Forming is an adequate process to produce material from these alloys due presented. By modifying the extremum work criterion, a method has been to the high occurring cooling rates. Billet spray forming experiments with developed to introduce the effect of Coulomb friction. The results of prediction Aluminum alloys with three different Mg_2 Si contents of 21.8, 30 and 35 with and without considering boundary conditions also will be compared. The weight-% were performed. The billets were characterized regarding porosity results show the capability of the new algorithm in designing the initial blank and correlations between their average porosity and process parameters were of deep drawing products.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 37 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
11:30 AM 11:00 AM Break Hot Tearing Prediction during Multi-Component Alloys Solidification: 11:10 AM Invited Jianzheng Guo1; Jianzhong Zhu1; 1ESI US R&D Novel Production, Monitoring and Consolidation of Light Alloy Powders: In order to predict the mechanical properties of an in-service part, it is James Foley1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory very important to understand the relationships between the alloy chemistry, M The drive for lighter and more fuel-efficient vehicles has spurred interest in the processing, and the final properties. Such prediction is possible to a degree light alloys. However, processing of advanced aluminum alloys often requires O by given knowledge of the microstructure, phase fractions, and defects present many complicated steps that are cost prohibitive for the automotive industry. N in a metallic part. Hot tearing is one of the most serious defects for a casting. In Many of the costly processing steps are aimed at overcoming the effects of this paper a hot tearing indicator was introduced to evaluate the susceptibility D the Al2O3 surface film typical of commercial aluminum powder. Alternative, of hot tearing during casting solidification processes. The predictions are atomization techniques have enabled novel consolidation pathways and A validated by comparison with experimental measurements. Y the ability to measure the effect of the oxide on consolidation and final mechanical properties. Advances in high temperature ultrasonic transducers have enabled in-situ monitoring of sintering. A correlation between the A ultrasonic measurements and mechanical strength will be presented both Innovations in Measurement Science to Assess the M for solid state and liquid phase sintering of various powders. A simplified Performance of New Materials in the Real-World: consolidation method of Al-8Fe-4Ce will be presented along with mechanical Fundamental Measurement Methods and microstructure data obtained. In addition, the relevance of the previous Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Materials results on other powders will be shown. (LA-UR-06-4573) Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Shaping and Forming Committee 11:40 AM Invited Program Organizers: Mark Stoudt, National Institute of Standards and Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Reveal Slip Modes in TiAl ‘Single Technology; Lyle Levine, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Crystals’: David Pope1; Yali Chen1; 1University of Pennsylvania Tusit Weerasooriya, Army Research Laboratory The structure of directionally solidified TiAl ‘single crystals’ consists of layers of tetragonal TiAl with (111) plane interfaces, the orientations of Monday AM Room: Australia 3 which are rotated by multiples of 120 degrees about the interface normal. February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel This leads to (111) interfaces that consist of twins, or combinations of twins Session Chairs: Mark Stoudt, National Institute of Standards and and antiphase boundaries. These interfaces totally control the nature of the Technology; Tusit Weerasooriya, Army Research Laboratory deformation for all orientations of the applied stress. The details of how the interfaces accomplish this is clearly revealed in atomic force micrographs of deformed crystals. The main feature of the deformation microstructure is 9:00 AM Introductory Comments that the slip traces are confined to individual lamellae to the extent that the 9:10 AM Keynote lamellae deform in a coordinated manner but the slip does not propagate from Mechanical Properties and Performance: Richard Fields1; 1National one layer to adjacent layers. Institute of Standards and Technology 12:10 PM Invited Mechanical properties are often used to predict the performance of Application of Computed X-Ray Tomography to the Study of Damage materials in actual situations. Many assumptions go into the choice of and Ductile Fracture: David Wilkinson1; Weck Arnaud1; Akihide Hosegawa1; mechanical properties to use to make the prediction. Successful predictions 1McMaster University may sometimes be based on a positive correlation of the performance with the Ductile fracture occurs by a process of damage accumulation in which property, without a good physical connection. Failure to adequately predict voids are nucleated (typically at second phase particles), grow and then performance is often followed by an attempt to improve the measurement of coalesce. Because of the stochastic nature of this process it is difficult to study the mechanical property, or to define and measure new mechanical properties. experimentally. In recent years we have used computed x-ray tomography Examples of all of the above cases will be presented with lessons learned. (CXT) coupled to synchrotron x-ray sources to enable 3-D visualization of The presentation will cover the use of elastic, plastic, creep, high strain rate, damage during deformation. In this talk I will present recent results involving fracture, and multiaxial mechanical properties to predict performance. The in situ tests on copper in which we have isolated the coalescence stage of need for new properties will be discussed. fracture. This is accomplished by creating model samples that contain a 9:50 AM Keynote pre-designed internal void array. The samples are fabricated by taking thin Exploring Material-Property Space: Charts, Selection and Limits: copper sheets, drilling holes using a femtosecond laser system, then stacking Michael Ashby1; 1National Institute of Standards and Technology and diffusion bonding several sheets. These experiments give us precise Engineers design and make things. They make them out of materials. measurements on void growth and coalescence for embedded voids that allow The attributes of the materials – their mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical a quantitative comparison with ductile fracture models. and other properties – limit the design. These limits have, for centuries, 12:40 PM Invited stimulated attempts to develop materials that are stiffer, stronger, lighter, and Elastic Constants and Thermal Expansion Averages of a Polycrystal: better insulators or conductors than those at the time available. The attributes Roland Dewit1; 1Guest Scientist, National Institute of Standards and themselves can be though of as the axes of a multi-dimensional “materials Technology property space” of which the image is a simple 3-D slice. Part of the space is This paper derives expressions for the overall average elastic constants of a occupied, part is empty. Much material development aims to fill out some of polycrystal that is statistically homogeneous and disordered. We also include the empty regions, thereby enabling designs that are not at present possible. Tomé’s extension to the overall average thermal expansion of the polycrystal. This suggests two questions. what parts of the space are most interesting? Upper and lower bounds for the averages can easily be found by assuming a And what are its ultimate limits? The talk will introduce the ideas and the uniform strain (Voigt) or stress (Reuss). These assumptions imply a particular challenges they suggest. anisotropy of the crystallites. A self-consistent estimate for the averages can be 10:30 AM Invited found if it is assumed that the overall response of the polycrystal is the same Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Lattice Materials: Norman as the average response of each crystallite. The polycrystal is then isotropic. Fleck1; 1National Institute of Standards and Technology The derivation method used in this paper is based on Eshelby’s theory of the Abstract not available. equivalent inclusion. The equivalent inclusion is then used to represent the crystallites. We show the derivations by Kröner and by Tomé for the self- consistent equations. For the particular case of cubic symmetry this leads to a simple cubic equation
38 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
The pressed and sintered approach potentially offer relative low cost titanium hardware suitable for aerospace applications and military ground vehicle Innovations in Titanium Technology Symposium: applications. Pressed and sintered Ti-6Al-4V compacts from two sources were Low Cost Materials and Processing characterized in terms of chemistry, microstructure and properties. Effects Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural of hot rolling and deformation on the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V compacts M Materials Division, TMS: Titanium Committee are reported. Processing both before and after sintering was found to have a Program Organizers: Mehmet Gungor, Concurrent Technologies significant impact on microstructure and properties. O Corporation; M. Ashraf Imam, Naval Research Laboratory; F. H. (Sam) N Froes, University of Idaho 10:30 AM Break D 10:45 AM Invited Monday AM Room: Asia 3 Investigation of Potentially Low-Cost Titanium Powders for Use in A February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Automotive Applications: K. Scott Weil1; Yuri Hovanski1; Curt Lavender1; Y 1 Session Chairs: Mehmet Gungor, Concurrent Technologies Corporation; M. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Ashraf Imam, Naval Research Laboratory A recent cost study commissioned by the Department of Energy and prepared A by Camanoe Associates concluded that the use of a low-cost titanium ore as the feedstock source in a continuous reduction process could substantially M 9:00 AM Keynote drive down the cost of titanium sponge and powder, making it viable for Low Cost Titanium – An Update: Francis Froes1; Mehmet Gungor2; M. A. more extensive commercial use – in particular automotive application. Pacific Imam3; 1University of Idaho; 2Concurrent Technologies Corporation; 3Naval Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is currently leading a program to Research Laboratory develop this low-cost titanium processing stream. Working with E.I. DuPont Titanium is seeing ever widening uses, expanding from a concentration on de Nemours and International Titanium Powder (ITP), PNNL has employed aerospace applications into terrestrial transportation, consumer goods, oil and low-cost, ilmentite-derived titanium tetrachloride (of the type used in titanium gas exploration and metal production equipment. This despite the high cost of dioxide paint pigment production) as the precursor in titanium powder titanium – a result of cost intensive extraction and expensive fabrication costs synthesis. The resulting titanium powders, while containing additional (a result of the low processing temperatures and frequency of conditioning impurities are being evaluated for powder metallurgy (P/M) processing. necessary with titanium). To increase the use of titanium – a goal of the recent Progress on powder characterization and P/M processing will be reported. planned expansion in titanium capabilities – the high cost of titanium must be reduced. This paper will review developments in this area including extraction, 11:10 AM melting/casting, processing/fabrication, near net shapes (castings, powder Thermomechanical Processing of “Low-Cost”, Armstrong Titanium and metallurgy, etc.) and set the tone for the following more specific papers. Titanium Alloy Powders: William Peter1; Craig Blue1; John Rivard2; Clive Scorey3; Lance Jacobsen4; David Harper1; Jim Kiggans1; 1Oak Ridge National 9:30 AM Invited Laboratory; 2Strategic Analysis, Inc; 3AMETEK, Inc.; 4International Titanium Overview of Applications and Opportunities for Armstrong Low Cost Powder, L.L.C. Titanium: James Sears1; 1South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Recently, considerable interest has been established in producing low An overview is given of the potential applications and new opportunities cost titanium and titanium alloys. The Armstrong Process is a new method of being developed due to the maturation of low cost titanium produced by the producing titanium via reducing TiCl4 vapor in molten sodium. The process Armstrong Process. It has long been known that titanium would enter many is scalable, and can be used to produce in-situ alloy powders. With potential new markets if production and manufacturing costs could be reduced. Since realization of low cost Ti powder, several new processing paths are possible low cost titanium and titanium alloys are now becoming commercially to produce cost reduced titanium parts. In this feasibility investigation, available through the Armstrong Process many of these markets can now be commercially pure (CP) Ti and Ti-6Al-4V powders produced via the Armstrong exploited. The first applications will use the Armstrong Powder as melt stock Process were used to produce plate by vacuum hot pressing, and bar stock by source for conventional wrought titanium and as alloying additions for steel, extrusion. After achieving wrought properties in the feasibility study, CP Ti nickel and aluminum alloys. However, the more lucrative markets will be and Ti-6Al-4V powders were consolidated to sheet via a technique of solid were the Armstrong powder is used in direct conversion processes, i.e., roll state cold rolling and sintering. The metallurgical, chemical, and mechanical forming, metal injection molding (MIM), press and sinter operations, powder properties of the processed titanium samples will be discussed. forging, cold and hot Isostatic pressing (CIP and HIP), and other near-net shape manufacturing technologies. 11:30 AM A Novel Process for Cost Effective Production of TiAl based Titanium 9:50 AM Invited Alloy Powders: Gorgees Adam1; 1Titanox Development Limited Low Cost Fabrication of Titanium Alloy Components Directly from Titanium alloys belonging to the most advanced materials of our time Sponge: James Withers1; Roger Storm1; Raouf Loutfy1; 1MER Corporation because of their excellent combination of specific mechanical properties and The cost of a titanium alloy component is typically 10 to 30 times the cost outstanding corrosion behaviour at high temperatures. Among them, Titanium of basic Kroll process produced sponge. In order for titanium to penetrate Aluminides are proven to be use in a wide range of industrial applications. widespread utilization in defense, transportation and general commodity However, the production of Titanium Aluminides is still cost-intensive, and commercial application the cost of components ready for use must be their properties, especially for further alloying, are still under investigation. dramatically reduced. Reducing the cost of primary titanium/sponge is Titanox Development Limited-New Zealand has been successfully in creating progressing under the DARPA Initiative in Titanium. Even with low cost a novel process to produce TiAl alloy powders cost effective, and with very sponge the cost a final component via conventional processing remains too fine particle sizes. The cost of the product powder this process will represent high for many applications. Alternate processing has been demonstrated to a very small fraction of the international prices. This technology is mainly translate sponge directly into near net shape alloy components at a cost of $4 characterised by milling, heat-treatment, mechanical separation, and chemical to $8 per pound over the cost of sponge. Low cost sponge and this alternate reduction processes. Titanium aluminides powders (TiAl and Ti3Al) with processing provides an avenue to produce truly low cost titanium components. purity were achieved. These powders were used successfully for coating, near The alternate one step processing will be described, produced components net shape forming by powder metallurgy techniques. demonstrated and cost analysis illustrated. 11:50 AM 10:10 AM Flowformed Ti-6Al-4V: Mehmet Gungor1; Lawrence Kramer1; Ibrahim Development of Cost Effective Blended Elemental Powder Metallurgy Ti Ucok1; Hao Dong1; Wm. Troy Tack1; 1Concurrent Technologies Corporation Alloys: Fusheng Sun1; Kuang-O (Oscar) Yu1; 1RMI Titanium Company Flowforming process is a cost effective means to produce tubular structures. Low cost titanium alloy compacts were produced via the powder metallurgy In this paper, a development effort to produce thin-wall, large and long Ti-6Al- approach by blending elemental (BE) titanium sponge fines and master alloy. 4V seamless tubes is described. Material efficiency of flowforming process is
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 39 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
compared to those of competing processes such as extrusions. In addition to computational units that models some of the functionality of human brain and its cost effectiveness, flowformed material, having gone through an extreme attempts to capture some of its computational strength. ANNs exhibit learning plastic deformation, displays a very fine microstructure, which consequently, abilities similar to that of a human brain. ANN model eliminates the limitations offers increased tensile and fatigue properties. This work was conducted of the regression methods and establishes an accurate mapping between the M by the Navy Metalworking Center, operated by Concurrent Technologies input and output variables without any assumptions are made regarding the form Corporation under Contract No. N00014-00-C-0544 to the Office of Naval of the functions relating the input and output variables. The advent of powerful O Research as part of the U.S. Navy Manufacturing Technology Program. computing facilities and the rapid growth in applications of ANN methods in N materials science has stimulated new research initiative with the aim of bringing D these two areas together. This is evident from the exponential growth in number of papers published on the subject. This paper presents comprehensive A Internet and Other Electronic Resources for internet resources to be familiar with the ANN history, fundamentals, different Y Materials Education: Session I algorithms, software, and implementation details in materials science. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS: Education 10:40 AM Committee 1 2 1 A Program Organizer: Adam Powell, Veryst Engineering LLC Wikipedia in Materials Education: Adam Powell ; Arthur Morris ; Veryst M Engineering LLC; 2Thermart Monday AM Room: Oceanic 2 Wikipedia has become a vast storehouse of human knowledge, and a first February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel point of reference for millions of people, including many of our own students. Its characteristics of open authorship and instant publication lead to both its Session Chair: Adam Powell, Veryst Engineering LLC best strength of broad, timely coverage and also its weakness of nonuniform quality. This talk will discuss the current status and future potential of this medium as a delivery mechanism for materials education content, some 9:00 AM Title Not Available: Mark Palmer1; 1Kettering University experiences with its use in the classroom, and its fit with other media from Abstract not available. textbooks to digital libraries. 9:25 AM Invited 11:05 AM Break NSF NSDL Materials Digital Library and MSE Education: Laura Bartolo1; Sharon Glotzer2; Matthew Krane3; Adam Powell4; Krishna Rajan5; Donald 11:10 AM Sadoway4; Vinod Tewary6; James Warren6; Cathy Lowe1; 1Kent State University; Materials Technology@TMS: Education: Cathy Rohrer1; Todd Osman2; 2University of Michigan; 3Purdue University; 4Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1TMS; 2TMS Inc 5Iowa State University; 6National Institute of Standards and Technology TMS is launching an education component as part of Materials The NSF National Science Digital Library is a technical and community Technology@TMS at the TMS 2007 Annual Meeting. Digital resources that framework for access to high quality content and tools to support innovations can be used in classroom lectures have been collected and catalogued on the in education of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. NSDL Materials Technology@TMS Web site. The goal of this endeavor is to provide Materials Digital Library (MatDL) focuses on the materials science (MS) a forum for knowledge sharing, including presentations, video clips, computer community of undergraduate and graduate students, educators, and researchers. animations and other digital resources. Additionally, a discussion board forum MatDL is a collaborative effort with the National Institute of Standards and has been created to enable benchmarking best practices for materials education Technology, Kent State University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as to provide web-based networking. This presentation will highlight the University of Michigan, Purdue University, and Iowa State University. the use of resources on the education area of Materials Technology@TMS for MatDL aims to bring materials science research and education closer together material science and engineering curricula, with emphasis on “Materials 101” through innovative uses of digital libraries and the web in the MS community courses for materials engineers and students from other disciplines. by providing: tools to describe, exchange, and disseminate scientific data; 11:35 AM Panel Discussion services and content for virtual labs in undergraduate introductory science Open Discussion on Information Technology for Materials Education: courses; workspace for collaborative development of core undergraduate MS Moderated by Adam Powell teaching resources; and workspace for open access development of modeling and simulation code. 9:50 AM The Transport Phenomena Archive on the Materials Digital Library Magnesium Technology 2007: Magnesium Pathway: Adam Powell1; Matthew Krane2; Laura Bartolo3; 1Veryst Globalization Engineering LLC; 2Purdue University; 3Kent State University Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light The Transport Phenomena Archive is an online space within the Materials Metals Division, TMS: Magnesium Committee Digital Library Pathway (www.matdl.org) for collaborative development Program Organizers: Randy Beals, DaimlerChrysler; Neale Neelameggham, of educational resources related to transport phenomena, with a focus on US Magnesium LLC; Mihriban Pekguleryuz, McGill University; Alan Luo, materials processing and performance. The Archive currently includes over General Motors Corporation one hundred resources, including eighty homework problems organized into Monday AM Room: Southern 4/Southern 5 36 keywords, three courseware offerings, two extensive (25-50 page) readings, February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel four resources on pedagogy, and nearly twenty handouts and other resources. Archive resources reside in a version control server, allowing for corrections Session Chairs: Randy Beals, DaimlerChrysler; Neale Neelameggham, US and updates while maintaining all previous versions of each resource. A web Magnesium LLC; Alan Luo, General Motors Corporation front-end at http://lyre.mit.edu/transport/ facilitates browsing and downloading of materials. A fourteen-member Editorial Board consisting of transport educators in materials and related departments reviews contributions. The 9:00 AM Introductory Comments by Randy S. Beals - TMS Magnesium Archive is open for such contributions, corrections and general comments by Committee Chair the materials community. 9:05 AM 10:15 AM Supply and Demand Fundamentals of the Magnesium Industry: Cam 1 1 Artificial Neural Network Education for Materials Scientists through Tissington ; US Magnesium LLC Internet: N. Reddy1; Ji Soo Kim1; Chan Hee Park1; Chong Soo Lee1; 1Pohang The Global Supply Base of Magnesium has experienced an upheaval in University of Science and Technology the past decade with the shuttering of Western capacity and the explosion An artificial neural network (ANN) is a massively parallel array of simple of production in China. The Global demand for magnesium, which is the
40 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program composite of a number of application segments each with its own demand advanced through the works of scientists such as Raynor, Roberts and Busk. drivers, has not kept pace with the explosion in production capacity. This Current global effort in the development of magnesium as a modern and paper examines historical and current supply–demand balances and looks at effective material for automotive, aerospace and biomedical industries benefits the future trends of the industry. The Global supply base of Magnesium is much from this past work. This presentation will focus on the advances in clearly divided between China and the balance of the world. China accounts the development of magnesium-based casting and wrought alloys and their M for more than 60% of Global production and with China’s expansion has current and potential applications in transport and bio industries. It will give come a reduction in historical capacity and technical support. Global demand an overview of the international scene in magnesium materials development O continues to be fueled by a number of historical market segments including and the future potential of magnesium as a structural material. N the automotive sector. Diecasting for the automotive industry is the strongest 12:00 PM D growth segment with new applications expanding magnesium’s usage in the Global Magnesium Diecast Development: Joe Petrillo1; 1Meridian Pacific and Europe. Demand drivers suggest that the internal demand for A Technologies Inc., Canada diecast parts in China is likely to explode in the next few years. Y The demand on the Global automotive manufacturer for increased safety, 9:35 AM passenger comfort features, and regulatory compliance is often met at the cost Advances in Manufacturing Processes for Magnesium Alloys: Karl of increased weight and reduced fuel economy. As the lightest metal on the A Kainer1; 1GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht GmbH, Germany planet, magnesium is a key enabler to reversing the increased weight trends M Magnesium materials as the lightest available construction metal offer a in the global automotive industry. Magnesium die castings enable a structure wide range of opportunities for the usage in transportation industries. While design that optimizes material usage, consolidates components, and reduces magnesium high pressure die cast (HPDC) components have found their weight at competitive costs to alternative materials. Magnesium strength to application the interest is now spreading to the implementation of gravity weight ratio, and superior material properties combined with high pressure casting and advanced casting technology i.e. thixomolding or to the use of die casting provides a wide array of product applications for the automotive wrought materials. The reason is found in the possibility to get even more design engineer to choose from. Automotive applications around the globe homogeneous and better properties compared to HPDC parts. Therefore alloy utilizing magnesium today such as; cross car beams, seat frames, steering and manufacturing process development on the one hand for cast and on the column brackets, vehicle front end structures, door closures, engine cradles other for extruded, forged and sheet material is a main concern to enhance the and power train components are all examples of magnesium die castings application of recently used or advanced Magnesium alloys. Castings are still providing weight reduction and performance benefits at competitive costs. form the majority of applications of magnesium alloys, although efforts to 12:30 PM Panel Discussion develop adequate wrought alloys have increased. In the presentation, the alloy requirements for processing of cast and wrought alloys will be discussed. 12:55 PM Concluding Comments by Randy S. Beals, TMS Magnesium Committee Chair 10:05 AM Motivations Driving the Use of Magnesium in Automotive Applications: Mark Verbrugge1; 1General Motors Corporation In the first portion of this talk we address the rational behind lightweighting Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, vehicles, with an emphasis on reducing energy consumption. Insight into why new structural systems must be validated early in the vehicle development Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: Plenary process is provided by reflecting on the value of mass de-compounding. Session Last, we close with a variety of promising applications for Mg in automotive Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, ASM systems. International, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee 10:35 AM Break Program Organizers: Zhenguo “Gary” Yang, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Michael Brady, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; K. Scott Weil, 11:00 AM Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Yong-Ho Sohn, University of Central Magnesium Research and Development in China: Qi’an Wang1; Xinmin Florida Zhang1; Wenfang Shi2; 1Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology; 2China Magnesium Center Monday AM Room: Asia 2 Over the last five years, the output of China’s primary magnesium and February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel magnesium alloys has been increased from an annual production of 234,000 tons to 642,000 tons. The production scale of the magnesium industry has Session Chair: K. Scott Weil, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory been increased and there are now more than 10 volume producers with a total production capacity of over 300,000 tons. The energy consumption 9:00 AM Introductory Comments for magnesium production has dropped 40% compared to that of year 2000. The usage of magnesium and magnesium alloys in China has also been 9:05 AM Plenary increasing and exceeded 100,000 tons in 2005. The applied technologies have Progress in PEM Fuel Cell Activities: Jason Marcinkoski1; 1Department of been developed for magnesium. A creep-resistant magnesium alloy has been Energy developed, with a total creep of less than 0.1% for 100 hours a tensile strength The Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, & Infrastructure of 120 MPa at 175ºC. A pilot-scale production line for 600mm-wide and 0.5- Technologies Program (HFCIT) is the lead DOE organization for directing 10mm-thick magnesium sheets has been set up. Series of micro-arc oxidation and integrating activities in hydrogen production, delivery, and storage equipment and process technologies for aluminum and magnesium alloys with transportation and stationary fuel cell activities. The Program works have been developed, capable of achieving one-time treatment of 4 m2 in 10 in partnership with industry, academia, and national laboratories — and in minutes. A total of 10 domestic models of magnesium die casting machines close coordination with other DOE and federal government programs. The from 160 tons to 3000 tons have been developed, with over 50% of domestic Program strives to overcome technical barriers, address safety concerns and market share. In the next few years, China will continue to renovate the develop model codes and standards, validate critical technologies, and educate existing silicothermic process to achieve the reduction in energy consumption key stakeholders. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are the by 30% and the waste-energy reuse of over 60%. current focus for light duty vehicles because they have fast-start capability and operate at low temperatures. For transportation applications in particular, 11:30 AM the HFCIT goal is to develop a durable fuel cell system that operates at 60% Magnesium Materials Development - A Global Overview: Mihriban peak efficiency and costs $30/kW for a decision to commercialize them by Pekguleryuz1; 1McGill University the year 2015. The use of magnesium as a structural material has had its beginning in the post-World War II era when the physical metallurgy of magnesium was
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 41 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
9:50 AM Plenary Goals and Progress of the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Hydrogen Storage Project: Sunita Satyapal1; John Petrovic2; Carole Read1; Materials Issues for Advanced Nuclear Systems: George Thomas3; Grace Ordaz1; 1U.S. Department of Energy; 2Los Alamos Energy Generation and Waste Issues M National Laboratory (retired); 3Sandia National Laboratories (retired) Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Storing large amounts of hydrogen on board a hydrogen-powered vehicle Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Corrosion and Environmental Effects O while meeting weight, volume, safety, cost, and other performance requirements, Committee, TMS/ASM: Nuclear Materials Committee N is a significant challenge. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) hasset Program Organizers: Raul Rebak, Lawrence Livermore National D specific gravimetric, volumetric, cost, and other hydrogen storage system Laboratory; Robert Hanrahan, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Yi-Ming targets, which form the goals of the U.S. National Hydrogen Storage Project, a Pan, Southwest Research Institute A coordinated R&D program of competitively selected industry, university, and Y Monday AM Room: Europe 5 federal laboratory projects. The DOE has established Centers of Excellence in February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Metal Hydrides, Carbon-based Materials, and Chemical Hydrogen Storage, as A well as independent projects on new concepts and materials, storage systems Session Chairs: Yi-Ming Pan, Southwest Research Institute; Raul Rebak, analysis, and hydrogen storage testing. Progress achieved to date will be Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory M described and the current status of hydrogen storage systems in relation to the targets will be discussed. Recent international collaborations on hydrogen storage and future plans will also be presented. 9:00 AM Introductory Comments 10:35 AM Break 9:05 AM Novel Methods to Extend Lifetime of Structural Materials in BWR: Young 10:50 AM Plenary Kim1; 1GE Global Research Center Advanced Energy Conversion Utilizing Affordable Solid Oxide Fuel This paper will describe the strategy developed by GE to address the Cells: Gary McVay1; 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory corrosion issues in BWR components and provides a fundamental description There have been successful high temperature fuel cells for more than of the electrochemical corrosion mechanism and describes various methods fifty years. Some of them work very well and offer the hope of significantly for mitigating the risk of stress corrosion cracking of reactor internals and increasing the power produced from existing fossil fuels while lowering the oxide formation and deposition on the surface. These approaches are based impact on the environment, thus creating a bridge between the hydrocarbon on modifying the electrochemical nature of the metal surface, such as by the economy and the hydrogen economy. The greatest barrier to utilizing this electrochemical catalysis of noble metals and/or the insulating behavior of wonderful energy conversion device is cost. The current cost of $3,000 plus dielectric materials to protect reactor parts that tend to degrade in the normal dollars per kilowatt is to big for most applications. The Solid-state Energy reactor environment and eventually to extend plant life beyond 40 years. Conversion Alliance (SECA) was created to develop affordable ($400/kW) high temperature fuel cells with performance and efficiencies suitable for a 9:25 AM wide range of applications. This ten year program is half way through and Mechanical Property Test of Shell Longitudinal Weld after Plastic having high degrees of success. The presentation will discuss the concept and Deformation and Heat Treatment in the HTR-10 Reactor Pressure Vessel: 1 2 2 1 development of SECA fuel cells, their development status, and how they fit into Rengang Zhang ; Maolong Zhang ; Yongkang Gu ; University of Alabama; 2 DOE’s overall strategy for cleanly utilizing fossil fuels. The SECA program Shanghai Boiler Works, Ltd. is currently the only DOE funded high temperature fuel cell development The 10 MW High Temperature Gas-cooled Test Reactor (HTR-10) is a program, and is an important element to achieving the ultra high efficiency modular pebble bed type reactor with many inherent safety features. This power plant of the future (FutureGen). paper briefly introduces the structure characteristics and main designing technical parameters of the reactor pressure vessel in the HTR-10 system. The 11:35 AM Plenary welding and rolling procedures for shell longitudinal weld are also introduced. Present Status of SOFC Development in Japan: Harumi Yokokawa1; Welding and shaping tests are carried out according to the practical shell 1AIST shaping procedure. The main mechanical properties are tested for the shell The R&D activities on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in Japan have been summarized longitudinal weld after plastic deformation and heat treatment. The test results on the national projects, industrial efforts and university activities. The important are analyzed and discussed. feature of fabrication technology in Japan is the success in establishing wet processes by several major developers. On the basis of such technology, 9:45 AM NEDO started projects on development of Cogeneration systems ranging A Zirconium Matrix Cermet for Storage and Transmutation of Transuranic 1 10 to several ten kW(TOTO/Hitachi Manufacturer, Mitsubishi Materials/ Isotopes Separated from Spent Nuclear Fuel: Sean McDeavitt ; A. R. 1 1 1 1 Kansai Electric Co, Japan Acumentrics) together with a project focusing on Totemeier ; A. Parkison ; J. J. Wegener ; Texas A&M University the technological feasibility of SOFC-GT hybrid system (Mitsubishi Heavy The Advance Fuel Cycle program of the U.S. Department of Energy is Industry). Kyocera has developed their own stacks and cooperated with Osaka developing reprocessing technologies to enable sustainable nuclear energy gas to test one kW cogeneration system in a real residential circumstance with production. The Uranium Extraction (UREX) family of processes use aqueous a great success in a sense that obtained system efficiency(42-48%LHV) is solvent extraction techniques to partition spent uranium from the radioactive higher than averaged grid efficiency for Fossil Fuel burning Power generators. fission products and transuranic isotopes (e.g., Np, Pu, Am and Cm). Processing NEDO also supports the investigations on improving durability of stack/ methods are being developed to translate the TRU bearing solvents into mixed module, increasing performance/decreasing cost, and extending applicability oxides particulates dispersed in a zirconium matrix. These processes include a of SOFCs. Other research topics on developing new electrolytes will be also hydride/dehydride method to recover nuclear grade zirconium from spent fuel reported. cladding, TRU solvent conversion via sol-gel or direct denitration processing, and hot extrusion of the final cermet pin. The final cermet is designed to immobilize TRU isotopes for 50 to 300 years, followed by minor processing and burnup in a fast reactor. The hydride/dehidride process operates at ~500°C and the hot extrusion process operates between 600°C and 1000°C; the process development experiments will be reviewed.
42 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
10:05 AM corrosion cracking of Alloy 22. This paper is an independent product of the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of (Zr, Ti)N Pellets as a CNWRA and does not necessarily reflect the view or regulatory position of the Surrogate for (Pu,Zr)N Fuel Pellets: Kirk Wheeler1; Pedro Peralta1; Manuel Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Parra1; Kenneth McClellan2; 1Arizona State University; 2Los Alamos National 11:45 AM Laboratories Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of AKOT and Ti Grade 7 for Drip M In this work, (Zr, Ti)N was studied as a possible surrogate for (Pu, Zr)N Shield in Yucca Mountain Project: Shinji Sakashita1; Tomoaki Nakanishi1; under the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative program. The microstructure O Takashi Yashiki1; Takenori Nakayama1; Tiangan Lian2; 1Kobe Steel, Ltd.; and mechanical properties of sintered (Zr, Ti)N pellets were examined to N 2Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory investigate the effects of sintering temperatures on the structural integrity and In order to study corrosion resistance of Ti-0.4Ni-0.015Pd-0.03Ru-0.15Cr D sintering kinetics as well as evaluate material segregation during sintering. alloy (AKOT) and Ti grade 7 (Gr 7) in a Yucca Mountain high-level nuclear The microstructure of these pellets was examined using optical and electron A waste repository, the general corrosion rate, the passive behavior, and the microscopy, orientation imaging microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray Y crevice corrosion properties in a solution including Cl- and F- were evaluated spectroscopy and compared where applicable to (Pu, Zr)N. Mechanical by electrochemical corrosion tests. The corrosion rate of AKOT in a pH 8 properties including hardness, fracture toughness and compression strength solution was very small at either fluorine concentration, and it was under the A were measured at room temperature and compared to similarly prepared measuring limit of 0.03 mm/y. The corrosion rate in the pH4 solution was ZrN pellets. This work should help refine the processing parameters for M very small in the region under 0.001 M [F-], but in the region over 0.001M manufacturing of actinide nitrides suitable for a variety of applications, [F-] the corrosion rate increased as the fluorine concentration increased. including transmutation and space fuels as well as help to understand the The electrochemical test results showed that AKOT and Gr 7 have a similar sintering kinetics of the multi-element transmutation fuel pellets. corrosion resistance under the tested conditions. 10:25 AM Break 12:05 PM 10:45 AM Resistance of Amorphous Metal Coatings to Impact Damage: Jeffery Coupled Multi-Electrode Investigation of Crevice Corrosion of Material Haslam1; Joseph Farmer1; Louis Aprigliano2; 1Lawrence Livermore National Relevant to Nuclear Waste Repository: Florent Bocher1; Francisco Presuel- Laboratory; 2Consultant Moreno2; John Scully1; 1University of Virginia; 2Florida Atlantic University Amorphous metallic glass coatings deposited by thermal spray are being Coupled multi-electrode arrays (MEA) offer the opportunity to study considered for corrosion resistant coating applications with the aim of electrochemical phenomenon on a spatiotemporal level. Crevice corrosion providing a conformal, lower cost alternative to bulk, corrosion-resistant displays a wide current density distribution within the crevice due partly to materials. The High Performance Corrosion Resistant Materials (HPCRM) ohmic potential drop. The MEA allows the fragmentation of the crevice into program is developing some corrosion resistant amorphous metal coatings 250 microns diameter measurement sectors. Using such a tool, it is possible which are deposited by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray to identify the site of crevice corrosion initiation, the morphology and the techniques. While the corrosion resistance of these materials has many influence of real conditions such as porous crevice former, proximate cathode favorable attributes, in some applications the performance must be maintained or finite cathode. This talk will present results for stainless steel AIS 316 as after significant mechanical deformation of the coating and in some cases well as Ni-Cr alloys such as alloy 625 and C-22. deformation of the substrate. To this end, evaluation of the mechanical and corrosion resistance of the amorphous metal coatings subsequent to localized 11:05 AM deformation and impact loading will be performed to assess the changes in Effect of Humidity on the Oxidation Kinetics of Sub-Surface Rock Bolt corrosion resistance following these extreme loading conditions. Deformation Materials Using Thermogravimetry: Anjali Talekar1; Raja Chellappa1; features of interest include shear bands which can be localized aberrations in Dhanesh Chandra1; 1University of Nevada the microstructure. High Strength Low Alloy Steels are the sought-after materials for use as sub-surface Rock Bolt materials in the Yucca mountain repository. Oxidation 12:25 PM studies have been carried out on various rock bolt materials like International Salt Fog Testing of Iron-Based Amorphous Alloys: Raul Rebak1; Louis Rollforms Split Set Friction Rock Stabilizers, Swellex, etc. and on Alloy 22 Aprigliano2; S. Day1; Jeffery Haslam1; Joseph Farmer1; 1Lawrence Livermore (UNS N06022) as the baseline material. Varying relative humidities [RH] from National Laboratory; 2Strategic Analysis Inc. room temperature RH to 100% RH will be used as experimental conditions. Iron-based amorphous metallic alloys have been developed to be applied as The kinetics of oxidation is expected to increase with increased relative sprayed coatings on engineered structures for corrosion and wear mitigation. humidities and oxygen content. Rates of oxidation and the kinetic parameters These materials rely on Cr, Mo and W for enhanced corrosion resistance, like the rate constant and time exponent of rate law will be determined using while B is added to promote glass formation and Y is added to lower the thermogravimetric analyses; the proposed temperature range of interest being critical cooling rate. These alloys are known as the High-Performance between 500°C to about 1000°C. Isothermal scans are carried out at 75-degree Corrosion-Resistant Material – Structural Amorphous Metal (HPCRM-SAM). intervals. The oxide species formed will be investigated by using glancing The amorphous alloys have in general an outstanding resistance to localized angle X-Ray Diffraction. Microstructure analyses using SEM and EDS will corrosion in concentrated hot chloride brines. It was of interest to determine be performed. their corrosion behavior in the salt fog test (ASTM B 117). Engineering alloys coated with amorphous metals have been exposed to several cycles of salt fog 11:25 AM tests in parallel with witness materials such as Alloy 22 (N06022) and plain Environmental Effects on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloy 22: Kuang- carbon steel 1018. Tsan Chiang1; Osvaldo Pensado1; Pavan Shukla1; Yi-Ming Pan1; 1Southwest Research Institute Alloy 22 is the candidate material for the waste package outer container for permanent disposal of high-level radioactive waste at the potential repository in Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Slow strain rate tests revealed that bicarbonate and chloride ions, two common constituents of groundwater, act synergistically to promote transgranular stress corrosion cracking of mill-annealed Alloy 22. Chloride solutions capable of sustaining stress corrosion cracking of Alloy 22 require sufficient bicarbonate and carbonate concentrations and high corrosion potentials for transgranular crack initiation. However, high corrosion potentials can only be developed in low-pH solutions where bicarbonate and carbonate ions are not stable. Monte Carlo analyses indicate a low probability for the establishment of environmental conditions capable of sustaining stress
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 43 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
are used to calculate effective properties on the knowledge of the N-point Distribution Functions Two-point correlation functions are measured using Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division both microscopy (Transmission Electron) and scattering techniques. The use Symposium: Mechanics and Materials Modeling and of scattering techniques can provide 3-dimensional information on two-point M Materials Design Methodologies, in the Honor of Dr. statistics; whereas, in the case of microscopy, such information can only be O Craig Hartley’s 40 Years of Contributions to the Field obtained through the tedious task of serial sectioning. Scattering data (as of Mechanics and Materials Science: Microstructure opposed to imaging techniques) suffers from the basic disadvantage in that N it does not provide a micrograph from the microstructure. A methodology for Analysis and Representation I microstructure reconstruction has been reevaluated and optimized to provide D Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Materials A Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Shaping and Forming an image from the two-point correlation functions. Y Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee 10:15 AM Program Organizers: Brent Adams, Brigham Young University; Hamid Computer Simulations of Realistic Microstructures of Boron Modified Garmestani, Georgia Institute of Technology Titanium Alloys with Variable TiB Whisker Orientations: Harpreet Singh1; Arun Gokhale1; Arun Sreeranganathan1; Scott Lieberman1; Sesh A Monday AM Room: Northern A1 2 1 2 M February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Tamirisakandala ; Georgia Institute of Technology; Ohio University A methodology for computer simulations of realistic microstructures that Session Chairs: Dennis Dimiduk, US Air Force; Gregory Rohrer, Carnegie incorporates realistic complex particle morphologies/shapes and realistic Mellon University distributions of particles has been presented earlier, where the particles were not allowed to rotate. In this contribution we study the rotation of TiB whiskers in boron modified titanium alloys. TiB whiskers can align themselves in varying 9:00 AM directions depending upon the processing parameters such as the extent of A Framework for Automated 3D Microstructural Analysis and extrusion and temperature. We present a technique via which we can simulate 1 2 2 Representation: Michael Groeber ; Michael Uchic ; Dennis Dimiduk ; Yash microstructures with different degrees of particle orientations. A relationship 1 1 1 2 Bhandari ; Somnath Ghosh ; Ohio State University; Air Force Research between particle orientations and processing parameters is established. The Laboratory-MLLMD differences in mechanical response for these simulated microstructures are Recently, significant advances in serial-sectioning have provided quantitative studied using FEM analysis. data describing the structure and crystallography of microstructures in 3D. The analysis and representation of this information can provide modeling efforts 10:40 AM with a highly-refined and unbiased characterization of microstructure. The Examination of Lattice Rotations in Deformed Ni Microcrystals: Dennis grain structure could be characterized and then translated directly into a 3D Dimiduk1; Michael Uchic1; Paul Shade2; Dave Norfleet2; Michael Mills2; volume mesh for Finite Element Analysis. However, this approach requires Amit Acharya3; 1US Air Force; 2Ohio State University; 3Carnegie Mellon a multitude of data sets to appropriately sample the heterogeneity observed University in typical microstructures. One way to circumvent this issue is to develop Strain-gradient-plasticity frequently relies on ad hoc assumptions about computation tools that create synthetic microstructures that are statistically- a “material length scale” tied to the evolution of dislocation substructure. equivalent. This study will discuss the development of programs that take a Recently, one of the authors introduced a field theory for plasticity that escapes series of EBSD maps from a serial-sectioning experiment, and output a robust those ad hoc assumptions. The theory suggests that specific “microscopic statistical analysis in 3D , as well as generate a host of synthetic structures. ingredients” from the dislocation structure should be determined for setting Importantly, the objective of this study is to provide a framework towards levels of discretization and coarse graining. Also, some of the present authors complete microstructure representation consistent with experimental data. devised a method for preparing and testing micrometer-scale single crystals. Using that method, microcrystals of pure Ni were deformed to different 9:25 AM shear-strain levels, in Stages I and II. In order to understand the scale over Bcc Screw Dislocations: A Case Study in the Application of the Nye which gradients evolve and to access the necessary microscopic ingredients, 1 Tensor to Computer Simulations of Crystal Defects: Budhika Mendis ; Yuri samples were examined in cross-section. The studies probed the specimens 2 3 1 1 2 Mishin ; Craig Hartley ; Kevin Hemker ; Johns Hopkins University; George for development of spatially heterogeneous lattice rotations at the submicron 3 Mason University; Air Force Office of Scientific Research scale via diffraction methods. The findings from these experiments will be The core structure of ½<111> screw dislocations and its effect on the reported within the context of the field theory for plasticity. mechanical properties of bcc metals has been explored extensively with computer simulations for nearly 50 years. These dislocations present a unique 11:05 AM challenge in visualization of the core structure since the atomic displacements Quantitative Characterization of Microstructural Changes Using Micro- giving rise to non-Schmid effects are only of the order of a few picometers. J. F. structural Anisotropy Tensor: Ning Ma1; Craig Hartley2; Yunzhi Wang1; Nye first introduced the Nye tensor to characterize the infinitesimal dislocation 1Ohio State University; 2El Arroyo Enterprises LLC density at a given point in a crystal. Hartley and Mishin later showed how the In this presentation, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution of a 3D Nye tensor could be used to visualize computer simulated defects. We apply grain boundary network can be described quantitatively by the coefficients these methods to Mo and other bcc metal screw dislocation cores and calculate of a Microstructural Anisotropy Tensor (MAT). The developed MAT the strength of the edge fractional dislocations for the first time. The technique provides means of following microstructural evolution and calculating can also be used in a number of other simulations, such as visualization of the spatial distribution of strains associated with the microstructure with changes dynamic change in dislocation core structure during glide. in thermo-mechanical state of materials. The 3D grain boundary data were obtained from phase field modeling technique that accounts for inclination 9:50 AM dependent grain boundary properties. In particular, we have adopted a novel Microstructure and Processing Path Design Using Statistical Correlation sparse data structure in the phase field simulations to avoid grain coalescence. 1 1 Functions: Hamid Garmestani ; Georgia Institute of Technology It was shown that the measured interception density (reciprocal of mean- A methodology for microstructure design is developed and applied to linear intercept length) along different directions can be well characterized multi-phase microstructures using statistical continuum mechanics theory by MAT for grain growth with both isotropic and anisotropic grain boundary linking mechanical, magnetic, and transport properties to microstructures properties. represented by statistical correlation functions. Texture and composite volume fractions are considered as one-point functions and grain boundary character distribution and particle to particle and the effect of precipitates can be introduced using pair correlation functions and higher order statistics. In this work, homogenization techniques based on statistical continuum mechanics
44 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
11:30 AM 9:15 AM Techniques for Characterizing the Crystallography of Interface Planes in Deformation Behavior of Hot Rolled Ferrite-Bainite Dual Phase Steels: A. Polycrystals and Composites: Gregory Rohrer1; 1Carnegie Mellon University Saha Podder1; R. Ray1; 1Tata Steel Grain boundary networks within polycrystalline materials are structurally The present paper deals with the study on and correlations obtained between complex. Five independent parameters are required to distinguish one grain the microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation behavior of four M boundary from another and the different types of grain boundaries are hot rolled ferrite-bainite dual phase steels containing 2-6% of martensite phase. connected in non-random configurations. While techniques for characterizing These dual phase steel contain substantial amounts of bainite (47 to 74%) and O the distributions of lattice misorientations are relatively well established, can achieve high mechanical strength coupled with adequate ductility. The N techniques for measuring the distribution of grain boundary plane orientations deformation behavior of these ferrite-bainite steels have been studied under D are relatively new and still evolving. Mechanical serial sectioning, stereology, tensile deformation. TEM observations show a distribution of bainite plates and serial sectioning in the dual beam focused ion beam SEM can all be used in a high strain region exhibiting an elongated nature; a few plates are in a A for this purpose. In this talk, the merits and shortcomings of these techniques ruptured condition, presumably as a result of high tensile stress. The fracture Y will be reviewed and recent results of grain boundary plane distributions in of the ferrite-bainite dual phase steels mainly occurs by decohesion at phase metals and ceramics will be reviewed. interfaces, cracking of the second phase particles or by the formation of A microvoids around inclusions and their coalescence. 11:55 AM M Computational Modeling of Microcrack Nucleation Using a Physically 9:30 AM Based Finite Element Crystal Plasticity Model of Experimentally Comparative Analysis of Microhardness in Directional Solidified Zn- Characterized Microstructures: Thomas Bieler1; Martin Crimp1; Anxian 27wt%Al, Zn-27Wwt%Al + CSi and Zn-27Wwt%Al + Al2O3 Alloys Ma2; Franz Roters2; Dierk Raabe2; 1Michigan State University; 2Max Planck and Composites: Alicia Ares1; Carlos Schvezov2; 1CONICET/FCEQyN- Institut fur Eisenforschung University of Misiones; 2FCEQyN-University of Misiones The mechanical response of engineering materials evaluated through ZA castings are competing with cast iron, bronze and aluminum because continuum fracture mechanics typically assumes that a crack/flaw initially of various property and processing advantages. One particular alloy such as exists. How such flaws originate in an otherwise flawless material, particularly the ZA27 (Zn-27wt%Al) has a higher yield stress than other zinc alloys and at grain (or phase) boundaries is less clear. Experimentally, “good” vs. “bad” better friction properties than brass at low velocities and dry contact between grain boundaries are often invoked as the reasons for critical damage nucleation. materials. The main objective of this paper is to analyze microhardness A fracture initiation parameter was developed for a limited ductility model variations as a function of both sample length and sample width of Zn- material with limited slip systems. This parameter provides a new definition 27wt%Al, Zn-27wt%Al + CSi, Zn-27wt%Al + Al2O3 directionally solidified of grain boundary character is based upon operating slip systems (rather than which present columnar, equiaxed and columnar to equiaxed transition an interfacial energy based definition). This provides a way to predict damage structures. Also, to analyze microhardness variations as a function of type of nucleation density on a physical (rather than a statistical) basis. Fracture composite produced. We noticed that the microhardness values decrease when initiation parameters have been introduced into a physically based crystal the load increase and reach almost constant values at higher loads. The results plasticity finite element user-defined subroutine that models strain gradients on in directionally solidified alloys and composites are compared with those in the basis of evolving dislocation density, and used to simulate experimentally bulk alloys. We observed that bulk alloys have greater microhardness values characterized microstructural regions that have exhibited microcracks. than those directionally solidified. 9:45 AM Undulatory Solid Shell Growth of Aluminum Alloy 3003 as a Function Materials Processing Fundamentals: Solidification of the Wavelength of a Grooved Mold Surface Topography: Princewill Anyalebechi1; 1Grand Valley State University and Deformation Processing The effects of the wavelength of a grooved mold surface topography and Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction casting speed on the early stages of solidification of aluminum alloy 3003 and Processing Division, TMS: Process Technology and Modeling Committee, TMS: EMPMD Council, TMS: EPD Council have been experimentally studied. This involved the controlled production Program Organizer: Princewill Anyalebechi, Grand Valley State University of cast shells of AA3003 alloy with an immersion tester and instrumented grooved copper molds. The grooves were 0.232 mm deep with wavelength or Monday AM Room: Northern A2 spacing between 1 mm and 15 mm. Castings produced with ungrooved mold February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel surface topography and with grooves of 3 mm to 15 mm wavelength exhibited macroscopic undulatory shell growth front. The propensity for undulatory Session Chair: Prince Anyalebechi, Grand Valley State University shell growth also increased with increase in casting speed. There was an apparent relationship between the macro-morphological features (depressions and humps) of the undulatory shell and subsurface microstructure. Undulatory 9:00 AM shell growth is provisionally attributed to the irregular thermomechanical Effect of Thermomechanical Processing Parameters on Bake Hardening distortion of the solidifying shell engendered by spatial variations in the heat Ability of Hot Rolled Dual Phase (DP) Steels: Heinz Palkowski1; Mohamed extraction profile along the mold-shell interface during solidification. Soliman1; Goran Kugler1; 1Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Metallurgie (IMET) 10:00 AM In recent years, the increased demand for DP steels has been mainly Ungrooved Mold Surface Topography Effects on Cast Subsurface driven by the need of automotive industry to reduce the weight of the cars Microstructure: Princewill Anyalebechi1; 1Grand Valley State University and to improve their safety. These steels are characterized by good ductility, An immersion casting tester has been used to investigate the effects of continuous yielding, high strength and strong bake hardening effect. It is different types of ungrooved copper mold surface topographies on cast known that varying the process parameters during hot rolling has a significant subsurface microstructure of aluminum alloy 3003. The ungrooved mold influence on the properties of the steel. However, the study of the effect of surface topographies studied included smooth (untextured), spark roughened, those parameters on bake hardening has not been sufficiently available in the shot-peened, and alligator. Of the four mold surface topographies investigated literature. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the effect of hot shells produced with the shot-peened mold surface topography exhibited rolling parameters on bake hardening ability of DP steels. For this purpose the most uniform shell growth front. However, for all of the mold surface different thermomechanical paths have been applied to simulate the finishing topographies, the propensity for undulatory shell growth front increased with steps of hot rolling process using a thermomechanical simulator. The increase increase in casting speed. Shot-peening of the mold surface also obviated lap in the strength due to the bake hardening has been determined for different formation on the as-cast ingot surface. thermomechanical schedules employed.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 45 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
10:15 AM 11:30 AM Influence of Process Parameters on the Phase Transformation and Analysis of Defects Produced during Preparation of Pure Al Matrix Foam: Consequent Hardness Induced by the LENS™ Process: Liang Wang1; Li Bing1; Yao Guang-chun1; Wang Yong1; 1Northeastern University of China Sergio Felicelli2; 1Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State The formation causes of three kinds of defects, bubble-free layer, crack M University; 2Mechanical Engineering, Mississippi State University and cavity during preparation of pure Al matrix foam by foaming in melt A three-dimensional finite element model was developed to predict the were analyzed. Controlling the melt’s viscosity and cooling from bottom were O temperature distribution and phase transformation in deposited stainless introduced to reduce the thickness of bubble-free layer, although Bubble-free N steel 410 (SS410) during the LENS™ (Laser Engineered Net Shaping) rapid layer can’t be eliminated during preparation of Al foam. “Foamability” was D fabrication process. The development of the model was carried out using introduced, it found that crack and cavity can be avoided by control the melt’s the SYSWELD software package. The model calculates the evolution of foamability. A temperature and cooling rates in the part during the fabrication of a SS410 plate. 11:45 AM Y The metallurgical transformations are taken into account using the temperature Influence of Metallic Ca on the Viscidity of Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam: dependent material properties and the continuous cooling transformation Guojun Yang1; Haijun Yu1; Guangchun Yao1; 1Northestern University diagram. The ferritic and martensitic transformation, as well as austenitization A The mechanism of the metallic Ca to increase the viscidity of molten and tempering of martensite are considered. The final hardness is predicted aluminum and the effect of different amounts of metallic Ca on the porosity of M from the thermal and metallurgical history of the part. The influence of process closed-cell aluminum foam were studied. It is found that there are two main parameters like laser power, travel speed and substrate preheat on the phase intermetallic compounds (CaAl4 and CaAl2) after adding metallic Ca. The transformation and the consequent hardness are analyzed and the calculated two intermetallic compounds disperse into the molten aluminum. Due to the results are compared with experimental data. melting point of CaAl4(697°C)is higher than the testing temperature(680°C)of 10:30 AM Break preparing aluminum foam, CaAl4 existing as semi-molten, the viscidity of molten aluminum is increased. The test further approves that the effect of 10:45 AM different amounts of metallic Ca on the porosity of closed-cell aluminum foam Early Stages of Solidification of Aluminum Alloy 3003 and Attendant is obvious. The porosity of closed-cell aluminum foam is highest when the Subsurface Microstructure as a Function of Mold Material: Princewill quantity of metallic Ca is about 2.5%. Anyalebechi1; 1Grand Valley State University The combined effects of mold material and casting speed on the early stages 12:00 PM of solidification of aluminum alloy 3003 and attendant subsurface microstructure Study on Production of Aluminum Foam by Recycling of Scrap Aluminum: have been investigated. Instrumented pure copper, aluminum alloy 6061, and Wang Yong1; Yao Gang-chun1; Li Bing1; 1Northeastern University graphite molds and an immersion tester were used to make castings at different In this work, we use scrap aluminium to prepare aluminium foam. By mixing casting speeds. The surface topography of each mold was as-machined. Solidified up the remelting scrap aluminium foam with aluminium alloy to a certain shells produced with pure copper and aluminum alloy molds exhibited undulatory scale, adjusting viscosity, stirring, then foaming and cooling, the aluminium growth front and laps on the mold-casting interface. In contrast, the solid shells foam with uniform foam structure can be obtained. Density is about 0.4g/cm3, produced with the graphite were comparatively more uniform. However, this porosity is in the range 85-90% and the cell diameter is from 4 to 7 mm. did not translate into freedom from subsurface segregation. Like those produced The principle of remelting scrap aluminium foam increases viscosity has been with the copper and aluminum molds, shells produced with the graphite mold discussed. Observed by SEM, solid oxide particles in the melt and particles contained unacceptable levels of subsurface segregation. These results suggest external aid are act on the function of viscosity increaser, allowing them to that the subsurface segregation on as-cast aluminum alloy ingots and slabs are retain the remaining liquid within the cell wall and hence delay rupture. In caused by two different remelting-induced mechanisms. addition, recycling of scrap aluminium foam has a certain enlighten meaning about reducing the production costs and decreasing environmental pollution. 11:00 AM Study on Aluminum Foam with Fly Ash Increase Viscosity: Wang Yong1; Yao Guang-chun1; Li Bing1; 1Northeastern University Foam melting is to add foaming agent into melting metal, stirring and Materials Processing under the Influence of heating metal, the foaming agent decomposes at the melting temperature of aluminium, releases gas and blows up the melt. In this work, fly ash was External Fields: Session I Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS: Aluminum selected as viscosity increaser in melt-foaming process. The most component Committee, TMS: Magnesium Committee, TMS: Solidification Committee are quartz and mullite was observed by XRD in the fly ash, therefore it’s a kind Program Organizers: Qingyou Han, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Gerard of hardness ceramic particles. In order to improve the wetting between fly ash Ludtka, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Qijie Zhai, Shanghai University and aluminium, we use a small quantity of Si and Ca to debase surface tension of aluminium, to make fly ash add into molten aluminium easier. Through Monday AM Room: America’s Seminar compression strength test, the effect of energy absorption of aluminium foam February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel with similar aperture is in direct proportion to its density. Session Chairs: Gerard Ludtka, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Dmitri 11:15 AM Molodov, Rwth Aacken University Enhanced Hardenability Dual-Phase Steels and the Limitations Imposed by Subsequent Continuous Hot-Dip Galvanizing: Richard Meguerian1; Joseph McDermid1; 1McMaster University 9:00 AM Introductory Comments One method of increasing the hardenability and strength of advanced high 9:05 AM Invited strength steels (AHSS), specifically dual-phase (DP) steels, is the addition of Time-Resolved Analyses of Microstructure in Advanced Materials austenite stabilizers such as Mn. However, due to the tendency of Mn to form under High Magnetic Fields at Elevated Temperature Using Neutrons: external oxides which are seen as detrimental to subsequent reactive wetting Gerard Ludtka1; Frank Klose1; Roger Kisner1; Jaime Fernandez-Baca1; Gail during continuous metallic coating processes - high-Mn alloys have not found Mackiewicz-Ludtka1; John Wilgen1; Roger Jaramillo1; Louis Santodonato1; significant use in automotive applications. This study aims to examine the Xun-Li Wang1; Camden Hubbard1; Fei Tang1; 1Oak Ridge National effect of annealing parameters (time, temperature, oxygen potential) on the Laboratory wettability of several high-Mn DP steels to determine a practical limit, if any, Fundamental science breakthroughs are being facilitated by high magnetic on the Mn content of these alloys which can be continuously galvanized. The field studies in a broad spectrum of research disciplines. However, currently kinetics of reactive wetting will be investigated as a function of composition there does not exist the capability to do in-situ time-resolved quantitative and annealing parameters by measuring the surface tension between the analyses at high magnetic field strengths at elevated temperatures. Therefore annealed substrate and galvanizing bath over time. most measurements are performed ex situ and do not capture the microstructural
46 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program evolution of the samples during high field exposure. To address this deficiency, transformation behaviors and microstructures in Fe-based alloys have been we are developing high field magnet processing and analyses systems at the extensively studied. It was found that a magnetic field accelerates ferritic High Flux Isotope Reactor and the Spallation Neutron Source at the Oak transformation, changes the morphology of the transformed microstructures Ridge National Laboratory which will link the analytical capabilities inherent and increases the A3 and A1 temperature. In a magnetic field of 10 Tesla, in neutron science to the needs of magnetic processing research. Our goal the A1 temperature increases by about 15° for Fe-0.8C, the A3 temperature M is to apply advanced neutron scattering techniques to explore time-resolved for pure Fe increases by about 8°. Ferrite grains are elongated and aligned characterizations of magnetically driven alloy phase transformations under along the direction of magnetic field in Fe-0.4C and Fe-0.6C alloys by O transient conditions. This presentation will discuss the current status of this ferritic transformation, but elongation was not found in pure Fe, Fe-0.05C N research endeavor with preliminary results obtained on ferrous alloys. alloy and some other alloys. Aligned structure was not found either by D pearlitic transformation in Fe-0.8C alloy or by cementite precipitation from 9:35 AM martensite. A Isothermal Phase Transformation Cycling in Steel by Application of Y a High Magnetic Field: Gerard Ludtka1; Roger Jaramillo1; Roger Kisner1; 11:30 AM Invited John Wilgen1; Gail Mackiewicz-Ludtka1; Peter Kalu2; 1Oak Ridge National Impact of Magnetic Field on Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Non- Laboratory; 2Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University-Florida State Ferromagnetic Metals: Dmitri Molodov1; 1RWTH Aachen University A University, College of Engineering and National High Magnetic Field The current research on texture and grain structure evolution during M Laboratory recrystallization and grain growth in non-magnetic metals in high magnetic A phase transformation reversal via the application and removal of a large fields will be reviewed. The microstructure evolution during grain growth in magnetic field was investigated. Because a large magnetic field can alter the magnetically anisotropic materials can be affected by a magnetic field due phase equilibrium between paramagnetic austenite and ferromagnetic ferrite, to an additional driving force for grain boundary motion which arises from volume fractions for each phase constituent can be modified at constant a difference in magnetic free energy density between differently oriented temperature by changing the magnetic field strength. In this research elevated grains. As it is demonstrated on polycrystalline zinc, titanium and zirconium, temperature isothermal hold experiments were performed for 5160 steel. the crystallographic texture in magnetically anisotropic non-magnetic During the isothermal hold, the magnetic field was cycled between 0 and 30 materials can be effectively changed and controlled by means of annealing Tesla. As companion experiments, temperature cycling and isothermal holds in a magnetic field. However, the magnetic effect is not only confined to were performed without magnetic fields. The resulting microstructures were magnetically anisotropic metals, but can also be observed in a material examined using optical and SEM metallography. These microstructures indicate with magnetically isotropic properties. It is experimentally shown that the that a portion of the microstructure experiences isothermal transformation application of a magnetic field substantially enhances recrystallization in cold cycling between austenite and ferrite due to the application and removal of the rolled commercial aluminum alloy. 30T (Tesla) magnetic field. 12:00 PM 10:00 AM Application of Pulsed Magnetic Field Treatment for Residual Stress Influence of Strong Static Magnetic Field on the Phase Solution and Reduction of a Welded Structure: Cai Zhipeng1; Lin Jian1; Zhao Haiyan1; Grain Growth in Cast AZ91 Magnesium Alloy during Homogenization Wang Mingdao2; 1Tsinghua University; 2Jing-Tai Technology Ltd. Company Heat Treatment: Zhifeng Li1; Jie Dong1; Xiaoqing Zeng1; Wenjiang Ding1; Reduction of residual stress caused by pulsed magnetic field treatment is 1Shanghai Jiaotong University attractive since the processing is carried out at room temperature and does 5T and 10T static magnetic field was applied in the homogenization not produce additional deformations. Based on the effects of magnetic filed heat treatment process of AZ91 cast alloy at 420°. Quantitative optical orientation and magnetic field intensity on stress relief, the residual stress metellurgraphy was used to investigate the influence of static magnetic on the reduction of a welded structure due to a particular pulsed magnetic field solution rate of divorced Mg17Al12 eutectics at the grain boundary and the grain treatment was determined. Initially the direction of the maximum stress growth during homogenization heat treatment. It was found that the solution was investigated through change of magnetic susceptibility and the pulsed rate of Mg17Al12 decreased with the increasing of magnetic field strength. magnetic field orientation could be determined. To specify the current for the This effect may results from the magnetic field induced diffusion retardation. proper magnetic filed intensity, finite element method was used for the real Meanwhile, grains of the AZ91 cast were found to grow with the elongation structure. Change of residual stress was measured by hole-drilling method. of homogenization time. With the application of the static magnetic field, the By the particular treating process, reductions of residual stress of nearly 40% grain growth rate became smaller. were obtained and this result is meaningful to apply pulsed magnetic filed treatment on other similar structures. 10:25 AM Effect of Magnetic Field and Changes in Atomic Environment on the Spin 12:25 PM Density and Energy during Diffusion: Donald Nicholson1; 1Oak Ridge Retained Austenite in SAE 52100 Steel Post Magnetic Processing and National Laboratory Heat Treatment: Nathaniel Pappas1; Thomas Watkins2; O. Burl Cavin2; Gerard It is known that the activation energy for diffusion changes at the Currie Ludtka2; Roger Jaramillo2; 1Department of Energy Pre-Service Teacher Intern temperature1 but the role played by the volume change and spin order in not at Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory understood. We have found by first principles calculation that significant The application of magnetic fields as a method of reducing retained changes in local magnetization occur along the vacancy diffusion path in austenite in steel is based on the thermodynamic argument that paramagnetic Fe, FeCo, and FeH at low temperatures. This change together with moment austenite is destabilized in the presence of a large magnetic field. The goal changes in constrained non-collinear magnetic configurations employed to of this study was to determine the effect of applying a magnetic field on the model the paramagnetic phase will be used as a basis for discussed of the amount of retained austenite present at room temperature after quenching. change in diffusion at the Currie temperature and the effect of high magnetic Samples of SAE 52100 steel were heat treated then subjected to a magnetic fields on diffusion barriers below the Currie temperature.1 Y. Iijima, K.Kimura, field of varying strength and time after several post-quench delay times. X-ray and K. Hirano, Acta Metall. 36 2811 (1988). This work sponsored by DOE- diffraction results will be presented detailing the amounts of retained austenite OS through the Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) was performed at Oak present post processing. Stronger field strengths resulted in lower percentages Ridge National Laboratory which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC under of retained austenite for fixed hold times. When applying a magnetic field after Contract No. De-AC05-00OR22725. a post-quench delay time, the analyses indicate that decreased delay times result in less retained austenite, indicating that retained austenite becomes 10:50 AM Break more stable with time after quenching. 11:00 AM Invited Solid State Materials Processing in a High Magnetic Field: Hideyuki Ohtsuka1; 1NIMS The effects of a high magnetic field on phase transformation temperature,
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 47 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
starts at 840°C. Dislocation density decreases above 900°C. Yttria particles remains unchanged up to 1000°C. Changes in mechanical properties thus Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: does not relate to changes in yttria dispersion. It is attempted to relate these Dislocation - Obstacle Interactions and Radiation observations to the thermal activation parameters measured by the technique M Induced Segregation of repeated stress relaxations, which would allow identifying at a mesoscopic Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural scale the microstructural mechanisms responsible for the degradation of ODS O Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Nuclear Materials Committee steel with temperature. N Program Organizers: Charlotte Becquart, University of Lille; Gary Was, University of Michigan; Brian Wirth, University of California 10:15 AM D Atomic-Scale Modeling of Dislocation Dynamics in Environment of A Monday AM Room: Europe 8 Radiation Defects: Yury Osetskiy1; David Bacon2; 1Oak Ridge National Y February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Laboratory; 2University of Liverpool Dynamics of dislocations in realistic environment of existing microstructure Session Chairs: Roger Stoller, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Rick Kurtz, defines mechanical properties of crystalline materials. Long-range interactions A Pacific Northwest National Laboratory between a moving dislocation and other defects can be treated within a M continuum approach via interaction of their stress and strain fields. However, 9:00 AM Invited a vast contribution to mechanical properties depends on the direct interaction Dislocation Interactions with Irradiation Produced Defects: In Situ TEM between dislocation and other defects and depends very much on the particular atomic-scale structure of the both moving dislocation core and obstacle. In Deformation Study: I. M. Robertson1; M. Briceno1; B. Clark1; J. Fenske1; B. this work we review recent progress in large-scale modeling of dislocation Wirth2; 1University of Illinois; 2University of California, Berkeley Predicting the mechanical properties of materials exposed to extreme dynamics in metals at atomic level by molecular dynamics and statics. We conditions depends on the underlying physical processes that form the review the modern techniques used to simulate dynamics of dislocations in foundation of the model. Current models capture only basic trends and fail different lattice structures, results on temperature, strain rate and obstacle size to predict details. In the simplest cases, this shortcoming is attributable to the dependences. Examples are given for bcc, fcc and hcp metals were edge and methods used to “average” responses to make the models tractable. Through screw dislocations were interacting with vacancy (loops, voids, stacking fault better understanding of dislocation–obstacle interactions, physically-based tetrahedra, etc), self-interstitial clusters and secondary phase precipitates. models that have the potential to predict the mechanical response can be 10:35 AM Break developed. In this presentation, the temperature dependence of dislocation interactions with loops, voids, helium bubbles, and precipitates as determined 10:55 AM Invited through dynamic in situ and static ex situ TEM studies will be described. Radiation-Induced Segregation in Advanced Reactor Structural 1 1 Further insight to these interactions is obtained through molecular dynamics Materials: Jeremy Busby ; Oak Ridge National Laboratory computer simulations for specific cases and these results will be compared Radiation-induced solute segregation (RIS) refers to the redistribution of to experimental observations. Lastly, we will demonstrate how this type of elements (solute or interstitial impurities) under irradiation which can result in information can be used to formulate accurate descriptions of the constitutive enrichment or depletion of that element at defect sinks such as grain boundaries. laws. RIS has been examined for decades in structural materials for applications such as light water reactors where stainless steels experience Cr depletion, 9:35 AM which, can impact corrosion resistance and lead to irradiation-assisted stress Atomic-Scale Plasticity in Presence of Frank Loops: David Rodney1; corrosion cracking. However, there are only very limited measurements in Thomas Nogaret1; Christian Robertson2; 1GPM2-ENS de Physique Grenoble; other structural materials such as ferritic/martensitic steels and D9 which 2SRMA-CEA Saclay are candidates for structural materials in several advanced reactor concepts. The reactions between dislocations and interstitial Frank loops are studied RIS may be important in these alloys as elemental enrichment could lead to by Molecular Dynamics. The calculations are performed at 600K using an radiation-induced precipitation which could impact mechanical properties EAM potential describing a model FCC material with a low Stacking Fault and embrittlement. In this paper, the potential influence of RIS on structural Energy. An interaction matrix providing interaction strengths is determined. materials for advanced reactor applications will be examined. In addition, In an attempt to investigate the role of pile-ups, simulations with one or two recent advances in theoretical modeling and measurements of RIS will also dislocations are performed. We find that screw and edge dislocations behave be addressed. differently. Edge dislocations shear Frank loops, while screw dislocations unfault Frank loops by mechanisms that involve cross-slip. After unfaulting, 11:30 AM they are strongly pinned by the formation of helical turns. The simulations Microstructural Development and Solutes Segregation during Electro- show an original unpinning effect that involves the junction of two screw Irradiation around Cascade Damage Introduced by Ion-Irradiation: 1 2 1 2 dislocations around a helical turn and the transfer of a dislocation from Heishichiro Takahashi ; Yuichiro Sueishi ; Hokkaido University; Kyoto its initial glide plane to an upper glide plane. From these observations, we University propose a new scenario for clear band formation that is consistent with TEM When the stainless steels were neutron-irradiated in fission or fusion observations. reactors, cascade damages were introduced, and the cascade damages influence the following damage structures such as void formation, solutes segregation 9:55 AM and so on. In order to study the effects of cascade damage on following In-Situ TEM Observation of ODS EUROFER97 and Its Relation to microstructural evolution during irradiation, the irradiation experiments were Mechanical Properties: Amuthan Ramar1; Raul Bonade1; Phillipe Spätig1; carried out using ion accelerator to introduce the cascade damage and a high Robin Schäublin1; 1Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), voltage electron microscopy for in-situ observation of structural development Center for Research in Plasma Physics, Association Euratom-Confédération for the cascade damage. Following results were obtained; 1)cascade Suisse damages were introduced by Ni-ion irradiation at room temperature, 2)the Oxide dispersion in Ferritic/Martensitic EUROFER97 steel seems to be cascade damages changed to SFTs due to annealing, 3)I-type dislocation an efficient approach to improve strength. Oxide dispersion strengthened loops nucleated from cascade damage and continued to grow during further (ODS) steel shows good strength up to 600°C and further degrades with electron-irradiation, 4)Ni solute segregated and Fe and Cr were depleted and increase in temperature. To understand the origin in the microstructure the precipitates formation was often recognized around the cascade damage of this drop in strength, in-situ heating experiment in TEM is performed region. from room temperature to 1000°C. Upon heating, neither microstructure changes nor dislocation movement is observed up to 600°C. Movement of dislocations are observed above 680°C. Phase transformation to austenite
48 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
11:50 AM be used repeatedly in many classrooms, we reach far more students (7000 Monte Carlo Simulation of Grain Boundary Segregation in Fe-Cr and since 1996) in a sustained way than more direct approaches involving visits Fe-Cr-Ni: Je-Wook Jang1; Byeong-Joo Lee1; 1POSTECH to the classroom or hosting lab tours. Each summer, three teachers spend four Segregation of constituents of binary and ternary alloys to grain boundaries weeks developing a laboratory experiment and an accompanying lesson plan may alter their structure and chemical composition, and thus significantly that illustrates the relevance of materials science to physics, chemistry, and M influence mechanical properties of the material, in particular its fracture technology. The CMU faculty serves as expert consultants in the subject matter, behavior. Atomistic computer simulations offer a powerful tool for gaining while the teachers apply their expertise at high school instruction to develop O insights into atomic mechanisms of grain boundary segregation. In this curricula that are archived on our web site, where they can be accessed by N work, we perform a detailed study of GB segregation in Fe-Cr and Fe-Cr-Ni others. More recently, we have established an annual workshop to help more D systems at wide ranges of temperature and GB misorientation by Monte Carlo teachers adopt the curricula into their classrooms. Simulations based on 2NN MEAM potentials. The dependencies of solute A 10:05 AM Invited segregation on the contents of solute elements and GB misorientation will be Y Developing and Growing Materials Engineering Outreach Activities: reported and interpreted energetically. The possibility of existence of grain Katherine Chen1; 1California Polytechnic State University boundary transition will also be discussed. An arsenal of exciting presentation slides, interactive demonstrations, and A 12:10 PM hands-on activities is used for a variety of different outreach events at Cal M Ab initio-Based Thermokinetics of the Ni-Cr Binary: Julie Tucker1; Dane Poly. We have been able to tailor our Materials Engineering (MatE) outreach Morgan1; Todd Allen1; 1University of Wisconsin presentation to different age groups, and have visited kindergarten through Low temperature diffusion is enhanced by the creation of point defects in high school classes. Demonstrations and activities have also been modified irradiated materials. A fundamental understanding of the diffusion mechanisms to be used in workshops of different time durations (e.g., Expanding Your in multi-component alloys is essential in predicting microstructural and Horizons, SWE, Girl Scouts, Open House). A highly successful outreach event microchemical changes such as void swelling and radiation induced is the “Passport to MatE-Land,” where participants are on a journey and visit segregation, which can degrade material properties, a major concern in the different stations where they can perform a quick materials-related demo or nuclear power industry. We combine ab initio, cluster expansion, Monte activity in order to receive a stamp in their passport. Over time, our outreach Carlo and kinetic Monte Carlo techniques to calculate concentration and efforts have been able to grow and expand to include a summer camp, working temperature dependent diffusion coefficients where experimental data is with area schools, and partnering with a local science museum. Strategies in unavailable. This methodology is applied to the face-centered cubic Fe-Ni-Cr developing a successful outreach program will be discussed. system with a current emphasis on the Ni-Cr binary. We will present ab initio 10:35 AM Break based thermodynamics for the Ni rich region, with an emphasis on the Ni2Cr phase and the importance of the thermodynamic factor for kinetic properties. 10:50 AM We will also present point defect formation and migration energies for varying Scanning Electron Microscopy Education Outreach Program: Carl chemical environments to assess the impact of local environment and overall Boehlert1; 1Michigan State University composition. Since 2002 over 350 K-12 students and teachers have been educated through an outreach program based on scanning electron microscopy. This program involved hands-on instruction and was designed to stimulate the K- 12 students’ interest in learning more about Materials Science and Engineering Outreach Programs in Materials Science and (MSE). This successful outreach activity encouraged students to consider Engineering: Outreach Programs at Universities enrolling in university science disciplines including MSE. As this program Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS: Public and exposed students both to the university as well as the MSE discipline, it acted Governmental Affairs Committee as a recruitment tool. This program also satisfied the requirements for service Program Organizers: Dan Thoma, Los Alamos National Laboratory; learning as it provided a means for volunteer undergraduate students to learn Katherine Chen, California Polytechnic State University and develop through thoughtfully organized service. Data was collected regarding the impact of the program on the decisions made by the K-12 Monday AM Room: Pacific Hall A students regarding their career/major choices. This presentation will highlight February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel several aspects of this outreach program which was supported by the National Science Foundation through grant DMR-0134789. Session Chair: Dan Thoma, Los Alamos National Laboratory 11:20 AM MSE Outreach Efforts at the University of Florida: Gerhard Fuchs1; 9:00 AM Introductory Comments 1University of Florida 9:05 AM Invited Several different programs have been used at the University of Florida The Materials World Modules Program and Its Impact on Secondary to help keep K-12 students interested in the sciences and then to attract Science Education: Robert Chang1; 1Northwestern University undergraduate students to select a MSE major. The MSE Teach program that The Materials World Modules (MWM) program develops materials topic- offers K-12 teachers lectures and laboratory experiments that can be used in based supplementary content for use in secondary science classrooms. It uses the K-12 classrooms to help keep young students interested in the sciences. inquiry and design as the basis to stimulate discovery and creativity in students In addition, graduate students and faculty members have visited local K-12 who use the modules. The program also offers teacher training, evaluation school and given in-class science demonstrations that supplement existing and assessment of its activities. Materials topics include: polymer, sports curricula. In all cases, examples are given to link everyday activities or news materials, biotechnology, nanotechnology, composites, and others. MWM events with science to help reinforce the lessons. Middle- and high-school provides teachers and students with printed booklets via the web and related students are also recruited to work in the laboratories during summers. kits for the classrooms. In this talk we will discuss how MWM is being used, Whenever possible, these students are teamed with graduate students to and results from national-wide field tests will be presented. provide a learning experience for both the middle/high-school and graduate students. The lessons learned from these, and other, MSE outreach programs 9:35 AM Invited will be discussed. The Summer High School Teacher (HST) Program at CMU MRSEC: Francine Papillon1; Robert Wesolowski1; Gregory Rohrer1; 1Carnegie Mellon 11:50 AM Invited University Bringing Materials Engineering to the General Education Curriculum: The objective of our HST program is to create an identity for materials David Bahr1; M. Norton1; 1Washington State University science and engineering among 9-12th grade students. Our experience has We have developed a course at Washington State, “Materials: the foundation shown that by interacting with the teachers who develop curricula that can of science and technology”, to act as a course grounded in scientific and
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 49 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
technological methodologies for the general education curriculum. All reliability tests and Zn is one of the candidates for the elements. The objective students at WSU are required to take at lease one course in this broad area. of this study is to investigate the effect of Zn addition on the interfacial This presentation will describe the course and the text which have been reaction. Experimentally, different Sn-xZn solders (x = 2.0-0.5) were reacted developed over the past five years. In particular, we will focus on the results with Cu at 250°C for 2 and 10 mins. Interestingly, the intermetallics formed M and documentation of the course feedback, collected from over 150 students at the interface were strongly dependent on the Zn content. When Zn content in over 30 majors from across campus. In general, the ability to interest decreased from 2 wt.% to 0.5 wt.%, the reaction product switched from Cu5Zn8 O students in aspects of (1) historical impact of materials (2) materials in specific to Cu6Sn5. This strong Zn concentration effect could be explained using the N technologies and (3) current materials issues in society has been positive. The Cu–Sn–Zn phase diagram. The implication is that the type of compound forms D majority of whom report a greater interest in the field and appreciation for how at the interface can be controlled by adjusting the Zn concentration of the Sn- A engineering impacts their career and society as a whole. based solders. Y 10:05 AM Characterization of Interfacial Reaction Layers Formed between Sn- 1 Pb-Free Electronic Solders: Alloy Design, 3.5Ag Solder and Electroless Ni–P Substrate: Han-Byul Kang ; Jee-Hwan A Bae1; Kyung-Hwan Kwak1; Jae-Wook Lee1; Min-Ho Park1; Jeong-Won Yoon1; Characterization and Service Reliability: Interfacial M Seung-Boo Jung1; Cheol-Woong Yang1; 1Sungkyunkwan University Effects The eutectic Sn-Ag solder is one of the most promising Pb-free candidates Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, to replace the Sn-Pb solders. In addition to solder, printed circuit boards and Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Electronic Packaging and component surface finishes also have to be Pb-free. Electroless Ni has been Interconnection Materials Committee Program Organizers: Fu Guo, Beijing University of Technology; K. widely used as a diffusion barrier layer on the Cu bond pad for flip-chip and Subramanian, Michigan State University; Sung Kang, IBM Corporation; ball-grid-array solder bumps. In this study, we investigaed the interfacial Srinivas Chada, Medtronic; Laura Turbini, University of Toronto; Jin Yu, reaction between Sn-3.5Ag solder and electroless Ni-immersion gold plated Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Cu substrate by using various AEM techniques (STEM/EDS, CBED/NBED). Cross sectional TEM samples were prepared by ultramicrotomy. CBED/NBED Monday AM Room: Oceanic 1 technique is used for phase identification of IMCs and P-rich Ni layer. The February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel composition redistribution was analyzed by STEM/EDS. The IMCs formed at the interface was mainly Ni3Sn4. Two distinctive layers, Ni-Sn-P and P-rich Session Chairs: Fu Guo, Beijing University of Technology; C. Robert Kao, Ni layer, were found between the Ni3Sn4 and Ni–P under bump metallization. National Taiwan University The P-rich Ni layer is composed of Ni3P and Ni rich nano crystalline phase. 10:25 AM 9:00 AM Opening Remarks by Fu Guo Au Effect on the IMC Spalling Behavior of SnAgCu Soldering on Ni/Au 9:05 AM Finish: Don Son Jiang1; C. Robert Kao2; C. E. Ho3; Yu-Po Wang1; C. S. Hsiao1; Interfacial Reactions in Model NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Fiber 1Siliconware Precision Industries Company Ltd; 2National Taiwan University; Reinforced Sn Matrix Composites: James Coughlin1; Jason Williams1; 3Michigan State University Nikhilesh Chawla1; 1Arizona State University According to RoHS legislation, Pb has been banned to use from 2006 Jul It is well known that solder joints must retain their mechanical integrity and Sn3~4wt%Ag0.5wt% solder has become the main stream in industries. under conditions of isothermal aging, thermal fatigue, and creep. In recent When current Sn3~4wt%Ag0.5wt%Cu soldering on Ni/Au pad surface, years, shape memory alloys (SMA) have received significant attention due massive IMC spalling was sometimes found after reflow. Based on the to their ability to be deformed and return to their original dimensions, upon previous study, the reason was attributed to the decrement in the available unloading and/or the application of heat. Recently, SMA has been used as Cu in the solder joint. Since Au content in the solder joint is also a key factor a reinforcement phase to form “smart” composite materials. The unique to affect the joint quality, Au content was changed by solder volume and Au properties of SMA are being exploited to design damage tolerant materials that plating thickness to investigate its effect on IMC spalling behavior in current exhibit a beneficial response under applied loading. In this paper, we report study. The result showed IMC structure became loose due to many voids in on interfacial reactions and kinetics between NiTi shape memory alloy wires the IMC and massive spalling occurred in some worse cases as increment in in liquid Sn. It will be shown that the reaction products and kinetics are quite Au content. Based on this result, the control of Au content in the solder joint is complex. The evolution of the microstructural constituents and the influence very important to prevent the joint from IMC spalling. on deformation behavior will be discussed. 10:45 AM Break 9:25 AM 10:55 AM Interface Reactions between Lead-Free Sn-3.5Ag Solder and Ni-W- Cruciform Pattern Interfacial Reactions in the Sn-(Bi)/Te Couples: Chen- 1 1 1 2 P Metallization: Zhong Chen ; Aditya Kumar ; Jayce Lim ; T. K. Lee ; nan Chiu1; Sinn-Wen Chen1; 1National Tsing Hua University 1 2 Nanyang Technological University; Micron Semiconductor Asia Pte Ltd Sn-Bi alloys are promising Pb-free solders and Te is the primary element Ni-P metallization has received considerable attention for flipchip and board of bismuth telluride thermoelectric materials. The liquid/solid interfacial grid array applications in recent years. Soldering reaction between lead-free reactions between Sn-(Bi) and Te were examined. Very unusual cruciform solders and Ni-P, in terms of intermetallic compound morphology and growth patterns have been observed in the Sn/Te reaction couples reacted at 250oC. kinetics, and the joint strength have been extensively studied. However the The reaction layers are porous and are composed of a Sn-SnTe two-phase interface reaction rate is still quite fast in the absolute term because of the mixture. Reaction layers with very uniform thickness are grown along the four higher Sn concentration and melting point compared with the conventional Pb- sides of the rectangular Te substrate, and no reaction products are found at Sn solders. In the current study, a ternary alloy, Ni-W-P was formulated and its any of the corners. No similar cruciform patterns are observed in the Bi/Te soldering reaction was compared with that the binary Ni-P. The microstructure couples. Sn-Bi/Te reaction couples with Sn-Bi alloys of various compositions and joint strength will be investigated. are examined. The cruciform patterns of the reaction layers gradually disappear 9:45 AM in the Sn-Bi/Te reaction couples with higher Bi amounts of the Sn-Bi alloys, Effect of Zn Contents on Interfacial Reactions between Sn-Based Solders and the critical composition is about Sn-50wt.%Bi. 1 1 1 2 and Cu: Su-Chun Yang ; Cheng-En Ho ; Chien-Wei Chang ; C. Robert Kao ; 11:15 AM 1 2 National Central University; National Taiwan University Effect of Bi on the Interfacial Reaction between Sn-3.7Ag-xBi Solders and Sn-Ag-Cu alloys are considered the most promising lead-free alloy systems Cu: Min He1; Viola Acoff1; 1University of Alabama in packaging industry. However, it required the addition of minor alloy It was reported in previous studies that the Bi addition could improve elements to improve the properties of the SnAgCu solders to pass various wettability and reduce the melting temperature of Sn-Ag solders. This work
50 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program investigates the effect of Bi amount on the interfacial reaction between Sn- Ag-xBi solders and the Cu substrate reflowed at 250°C for different times and thermal aged at 150°C for different durations. Five types of Sn-Ag Plasticity from the Atomic Scale to Constitutive based solders, Sn-3.7Ag-xBi (x=0-4 wt%), were used in this study. The Laws: Dislocation Core Structure and Solute- microstructure of the interfacial Cu-Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) layers Dislocation Interactions M between the solders and the Cu substrate has been studied. The thickness of Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural the Cu-Sn IMCs in different solder/Cu systems has been measured. It was Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science and O found that the thickness of the Cu-Sn IMC layer decreased with increasing Engineering Committee N amount of the Bi in both the reflow and thermal aging condition. The effect of Program Organizers: Christopher Woodward, US Air Force; Michael Mills, D Bi addition on the interfacial reaction between the solder and the Cu substrate Ohio State University; Diana Farkas, Virginia Tech was discussed based on the experimental results. A Monday AM Room: Europe 9 Y 11:35 AM February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Growth Kinetics of Intermetallic Compound Layers in Ni/Sn/Cu Ternary Diffusion Couple during Solid-State Aging: Kyoung-Kook Hong1; Jea- Session Chairs: Christopher Woodward, US Air Force; William Curtin, A Bong Ryu1; Chang-Yong Park2; Joo-Youl Huh1; 1Korea University; 2Samsung Brown University M Electronics In ball grid array (BGA) packaging technology, the selection of appropriate 9:00 AM Invited surface finishes for the contact pads is the critical factors related to the BGA Effect of Non-Glide Stresses on Dislocation Motion and Deformation solder joint reliability. The organic solderability preservative (OSP) finish in Transition BCC Metals: Vaclav Vitek1; Roman Gröger1; John Bassani1; gives rise to a serious reliability concern related to the formation of a Cu- 1University of Pennsylvania Ni-Sn ternary intermetallic compound (IMC) on the component side with Plastic deformation of bcc metals is controlled by 1/2<111> screw an electrolytic Ni/Au finish, since the Ni/IMC interface is highly susceptible dislocations that possess non-planar cores and thus a high Peierls stress. Recent to brittle facture. In this study, we investigated the long range interaction molecular statics calculations revealed a complex dependence of the Peierls between Cu and Ni across a thick Sn layer in a Ni/Sn/Cu diffusion couple stress on the applied stress tensor. The Peierls barrier, which is surmounted during solid-state aging at 150, 175 and 200°. During the solid-state aging via formation of kink pairs at finite temperatures, depends on the stress tensor process, (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 IMC layer formed at the Ni/Sn interface was rapidly in a similar way but this dependence is not found directly in 0K calculations. grown with increasing aging time, even though Ni consumption was very We first show how this information can be deduced from such calculations by small. This presentation will discuss the growth relationship between ternary requiring that the Peierls barrier reproduces correctly the effect of both shear IMC layer at Ni/Sn interface and IMC layers at Sn/Cu interface. stresses parallel and perpendicular to the slip direction at 0K. This procedure 11:55 AM allows introduction of the effect of the full stress tensor into the model of Phase Formation and Intermetallic Compounds of Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag-1Bi thermally activated dislocation motion and establishing constitutive relations Lead-Free Solder and Cu Substrate: Chih-Yao Liu1; Moo-Chin Wang2; for the non-associated flow at finite temperatures and strain rates. Results of Min-Hsiung Hon1; 1National Cheng Kung University; 2National Kaohsiung this development will be compared with available experiments. University of Applied Sciences 9:30 AM The phase formation and intermetallic compounds at interface between the Ab Initio Study of the Core Structure and Mobility of Screw Dislocations Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag-1Bi on Cu substrate have been investigated. The Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag in α-Fe: Lisa Ventelon1; François Willaime1; 1Service de Recherches de was also tested for comparison. Due to the decomposion of the intermetallic Métallurgie Physique compound (IMCs), the adhesion strength increased after 1Bi wt percent The structure and properties of the core of screw dislocations in alpha iron addition in Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag. The phase formation observed in two solders by are investigated by ab initio calculations performed using the SIESTA code. an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), an optical microscope (OM), an scanning The results obtained for the {211} and {110} generalized stacking fault energy electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and a surfaces suggest a non-degenerate core structure, symmetrically spread across transmission electron microscope (TEM). Cu6Sn5 and Cu5Zn8 were observed the three {110} planes, in contrast with most empirical potential results. Two in the Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag and Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag-1Bi. The adhesion strength has been different cell arrangements are compared for the calculation of the core: a investigated by pull-off test. The adhesion strength are 7.84 ± 0.28 and 5.57 ± periodic array of dislocation dipoles and a single dislocation within the cluster 0.43 MPa for Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag-1Bi and Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag, respectively. The melting approach. As expected, the non-degenerate and degenerate easy core structures point and melting range of Sn-9Zn-1.5Ag-1Bi lead-free solder are determined are found to be respectively stable and unstable. The very weak deviation from as 195.8°C and 9.7°C, respectively. the purely elastic displacement field and the change in magnetic moment are 12:15 PM analyzed. Some insight into the mobility of the dislocation and the stability Metallurgical Reactions of SnAg Solder with Electroplated Ni UBM: of the hard core is gained from the energy landscape obtained using the drag Hsiao-Yun Chen1; Chih Chen1; 1National Chiao Tung University method. It is well known that Ni and its alloys possess a lower reaction rate with 9:50 AM Sn than Cu and Cu alloys. Therefore Ni-based under bump metallization Dislocation Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Co-Based B2 have attracted attention in recent years. In this study, the diffusion-controlled Intermetallics: Oleg Kontsevoi1; Yuri Gornostyrev2; Arthur Freeman1; reaction between Sn-Ag between two types of Ni-based under bump 1Northwestern University; 2Institute of Metal Physics metallization, electroless-Ni and electroplated-Ni, has been investigated. Co-based intermetallics (CoTi, CoZr, CoHf) exhibit unusual mechanical Morphology and growth kinetics of the formed Ni3Sn4 in both systems are behavior that sets them apart from other B2 alloys, namely temperature yield study under different reflow temperatures and durations. Ni3Sn4 layer was stress anomalies and high ductility (recently found in CoZr) despite the fact found in the interface of the SnAg solder and the electroplated Ni layer; while that only <100> dislocations operate in plastic deformation. We investigated three distinctive layers, Ni3Sn4, NiSnP and Ni3P, were found between Sn-Ag the structure and mobility of <100> dislocations in B2 Co-based intermetallics solders and electroless-Ni under bump metallization (UBM). Also, the growth using our combined modified Peierls-Nabarro model approach with ab-initio rates and the activation energy of Ni3Sn4 IMC were estimated. The kinetic generalized stacking fault (GSF) energetics. An anomalously low GSF energy data obtained showed that the Ni3Sn4 in the SnAg/ electroless-Ni joints grows was found near 1/2<100>{011} shear, and the splitting of the <100>{011} much faster than with electroplated-Ni under the same condition. dislocation structure according to the b = b/2 + b/2 scheme is predicted. The dislocations have a wide core which results in a low Peierls stress, high dislocation mobility and hence easy plastic relaxation which will prevent brittle fracture. This unusual dislocation structure is connected with the B2
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 51 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
phase instability in these alloys with respect to martensitic transformation. is poorly understood. In this study, microscopic aspects of solute-defect Supported by the AFOSR (grant No. FA9550-04-1-0013). interactions are investigated by mean of density functional theory (DFT). Defect formation energies in magnetic bcc Fe-Cr alloys are calculated using 10:10 AM Invited binary configurations generated from DFT/Monte Carlo simulations. We find Quantification of Solute Segregation at Dislocations with the Local evidence that magnetism is responsible for anomalous positive binding energies M Electrode Atom Probe: Michael Miller1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory between Cr and interstitial dumbbells, as well as vacancies in 6.25%Cr alloys, The mobility of a dislocation is strongly influenced by the amount and O which is at variance with elastic theory based on strain-mediated interaction distribution of solute and precipitates along the dislocation. The interaction N between defects and solute atoms. The origin of this behaviour is analysed of dislocations with microstructural features is a key factor in defining the by a systematic study of impurity-defect interaction involving various solute D mechanical properties of many alloys. The wide field-of-view local electrode elements. A atom probe permits the extent and amount of solute segregation in the Y vicinity of dislocations to be quantified for all elements. This state-of-the-art 12:10 PM microanalytical instrument has been applied to quantify solute segregation in Gum Metals: “Ideal” Engineering Alloys: Tianshu Li1; J. Morris, Jr.1; N. several neutron irradiated pressure vessel steels and model alloys as well as Nagasako2; S. Kuramoto2; Daryl Chrzan1; 1University of California; 2Toyota A mechanically alloyed, oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels. In addition Central Research and Development Laboratories Inc. M to carbon-enriched Cottrell atmospheres, the segregation of phosphorus A newly discovered group of alloys, called Gum Metals, approach and several subsitutional elements including silicon, nickel and manganese ideal strength in bulk form, exhibit significant plastic deformation prior to to dislocations has been characterized.Research at the Oak Ridge National failure and do not display signs of conventional dislocation activity. These Laboratory SHaRE User Facility was sponsored by the Office of Basic Energy observations suggest that in contrast to most engineering alloys, Gum Sciences. Metals have mechanical properties determined by their ideal strengths. Two conditions must be met for a material to exhibit this “ideal” behavior: 1) the 10:40 AM Break stress required to trigger dislocation plasticity in the material must exceed its 11:00 AM ideal strength, and 2) the material must be intrinsically ductile when stressed Influence of Solutes on the Plasticity of bcc Iron: Youhong Li1; Neeraj to ideal strength. First principles electronic structure total energy calculations, Thirumalai1; Peter Gordon1; Concezione Halsey1; Michael Luton1; Amit when combined with anisotropic elasticity theory and a simple model of Samanta2; Ju Li2; 1ExxonMobil Research and Engineering; 2Ohio State dislocation/obstacle interactions, demonstrate that Gum Metals satisfy both University criteria, explaining the origins of their remarkable mechanical properties. It is well known that addition of solutes changes the plasticity of bcc Fe. This research is supported by Toyota Motor Corporation and, in part, by the However, the fundamental underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain National Science Foundation. to be understood. In this study, we have performed atomistic simulations to probe the influence of both substitutional solutes, such as Ni, and interstitial solutes, such as C, on the dislocation mobility in Fe. Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potentials for Fe-Ni system and Modified Embedded Atom Method Properties and Performance of High Temperature (MEAM) potentials for Fe-C system were used in the application of molecular Alloys and Coatings: Single Crystal Alloys I dynamics (MD) and molecular statics (MS) techniques to the study of the Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural mobility of screw dislocations. The Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) method was Materials Division, TMS: High Temperature Alloys Committee, TMS/ASM: used to estimate the activation energy barriers for double kink formation and Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical migration wherever appropriate. The implications of these results towards Behavior of Materials Committee understanding the influence of solutes on the plasticity of iron-based alloys Program Organizers: Qiang Feng, Beijing University of Science and are discussed. Technology; Timothy Gabb, NASA Glenn Research Center; Doug Konitzer, General Electric Aviation; Roger Reed, Imperial College London; Bruce Pint, 11:20 AM Invited Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Sammy Tin, Illinois Institute of Technology; Chemistry of Deformation: Solid-Solution Softening from First-Principles Shiela Woodard, Pratt and Whitney to Dislocation Mobility: Dallas Trinkle1; 1University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign Monday AM Room: Asia 4 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Solid solution softening in bcc transition metals has traditionally been attributed to either extrinsic effects (interstitial scavenging) or intrinsic effects Session Chairs: Qiang Feng, Beijing University of Science and Technology; (direct solute-dislocation interactions). We investigate intrinsic mechanisms Timothy Gabb, NASA Glenn Research Center using first principles methods. First, the interaction energy of a transition metal solute with a single straight <111> screw dislocation in Mo and Fe is calculated using density functional theory. Next, the interaction energies 9:00 AM Keynote and changes in resistance to dislocation motion are incorporated into a Pushing the Envelope for High Temperature Structural Materials: Robert mesoscopic double-kink model of dislocation mobility to predict changes in Schafrik1; 1General Electric Company yield stress with temperature and solute concentration. Quantitatively accurate High temperature structural materials for aero-propulsion applications must predictions require a model that accounts for clusters of solutes interacting perform reliably in a high stress environment over many years. This leads with dislocations. Previous methods employing the solute response in bulk to a conservative design approach— find a solution and stay with it. This is as an approximation to the solute response in a dislocation lead to incorrect successful until the requirements drastically change. Given the relentless push predictions. Using solute-dislocation interactions coupled with a realistic for more efficient engines, extrapolations of the past can no longer deliver mesoscopic model, we reproduce the strength behavior of different alloy required performance. Fortunately, the MS&E community has continued to systems despite the range of intrinsic interactions. explore a wide range of new materials. Within the design community, materials application engineers are constantly on the look out for materials that have 11:50 AM the potential to perform satisfactorily in advanced applications. Often, more Impurity-Point Defect Interaction in Fe-Cr Alloys: Size Effects versus than one candidate is identified. This gives rise to a “competition” between 1 1 1 Magnetic Behaviour: Duc Nguyen-Manh ; M. Lavrentiev ; S. Dudarev ; materials. This paper will discuss key aspects of the competitive process 1 UKAEA from an application standpoint, with the goal of identifying improvements to Interaction of impurities with point defects is an important factor the material development process that could lead to faster incorporation of influencing generation and migration behaviour of defects in irradiated FeCr advanced materials in critical applications. ferritic-martensitic steels. Earlier attempts to calculate impurity-point defect binding energies on the basis of strain field theories had limited success and the correlation between the binding energy and the size of the impurity atom
52 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
9:35 AM Invited paper presents a concept of developing a diffusion braze process on Ni based Single Crystal Superalloys: What Is Not Known?: Roger Reed1; 1Imperial SC alloys. The resulting microstructure and properties will be discussed. College 10:55 AM Break The single crystal superalloys are about thirty years old, and some may argue that they are mature materials. But this is far from the case. In this 11:10 AM Invited M presentation, it will be demonstrated that there are still many substantial Local Electrode Atom Probe Characterization of Solute Enrichments questions which remain to be answered. For example, aspects of their creep and Surface Roughness of Interfaces in a CMSX-4 Superalloy: Michael O degradation (gamma prime cutting, rafting) are still not at all understood. The Miller1; Roger Reed2; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2Imperial College N physical basis for the so-called ‘rhenium effect’ remains to be elucidated. In The solute distributions at the primary and secondary γ’ precipitate-matrix D the fourth generation alloys, ruthenium confers stability but the reason for this interfaces in crept and annealed CMSX-4 nickel base superalloy have been is unclear. How does the composition influence the TBC compatibility? And characterized with a local electrode atom probe. Significant enrichments of A why are casting yields in the investment foundry still far from ideal? It will be the alloying elements were observed over an ~10-20 nm distance from the Y demonstrated that much further work is required to optimise these materials, interface. Differences in the solute profiles between the primary and secondary and argued that this will not be done by empiricism alone – theoretical precipitates were observed. The relatively large field-of-view of the local A modelling has a valuable role to play. electrode atom probe also enables the surface roughness of the interfaces to be estimated at near atomic resolution. The surface roughness of the interfaces in M 10:00 AM the crept condition was found to be significantly rougher than in the annealed Improved Heat Extraction, Casting Quality, and Mechanical Properties condition. Research at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory SHaRE User Facility in Large Ni-Base Superalloy Casting via the Liquid-Metal Cooling (LMC) was sponsored by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Directional Solidification Technique: Andrew Elliott1; Tresa Pollock2; Energy, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. Ganjiang Feng1; 1General Electric Energy; 2University of Michigan The conventional directional solidification (DS) process for Ni-base 11:35 AM superalloy castings is primarily limited by radiation cooling from the mold TCP Suppression in a Ruthenium-Bearing Single Crystal Nickel-Base surface producing very low thermal gradients at the solidification front when Superalloy: Robbie Hobbs1; Lijuan Zhang2; Catherine Rae2; Sammy Tin3; casting large industrial gas turbine parts. This results in coarse microstructural 1Rolls-Royce plc; 2University of Cambridge; 3Illinois Institute of Technology scale, increased segregation, and increased casting defect occurrence, which The high temperature creep strength of single crystal nickel-base superalloys reduce yield and limit the performance capability of these parts. Results from has been enhanced by alloying with increasing levels of dense refractory René N5 and GTD-444™ castings produced by the high thermal gradient elements. However, these additions have concurrently promoted the precipitation liquid-metal cooling (LMC) casting method indicate that LMC eliminates of topologically close-packed (TCP) phases. This depletes the important freckle-type defects and produces a 2X reduction in primary and secondary strengthening elements from the desired phases and leads to premature creep dendrite arm spacings. Additionally, LMC cast material exhibits a 1.5- rupture at elevated temperatures. Recent initiatives to address this have involved 2X improvement in both low-cycle fatigue and creep life. Finally, thermal the addition of ruthenium (Ru). Preliminary studies indicate that Ru additions modeling of both the conventional and LMC DS processes has been utilized directly address the microstructural stability concerns of current generation to determine the limiting heat transfer steps of each process and evaluate alloys. However, the mechanism(s) by which it does so remain debatable. This opportunities for further enhancement of the LMC process. study attempts to isolate the underlying mechanism(s) by which a 3 wt.% Ru addition inhibits TCP precipitation in a high refractory content single crystal 10:20 AM superalloy. Experimental results from a set of nominally identical alloys with Simulation of the Influence of Carbides on the Permeability of Ni-Base and without Ru are presented, and the influence of Ru on the thermodynamic Superalloys: D. Ness1; L. Thuinet1; D. Bernard2; P. D. Lee1; 1Imperial College and kinetic factors governing TCP precipitation is discussed. London; 2ICMB-CNRS The formation of freckle chains during the directional solidification of 11:55 AM Ni-base superalloys results from convective flow of the liquid in the mushy Alloying Effect of Co on the Microstructural Parameters of Ni-Base zone. This flow depends on the permeability and the density inversion in the Single Crystal Superalloys: Takanobu Suzuki1; Tadaharu Yokokawa2; Yutaka interdendritic liquid. It has been hypothesized that carbide particles within the Koizumi2; Toshiharu Kobayashi2; Hiroshi Harada2; Hachiro Imai1; 1Shibaura mushy zone may affect the permeability and reduce the propensity for defect Institute of Technology; 2National Institute for Materials Science formation. However, their effect has never been quantified. Experimental In order to develop a Co-free Ni-base superalloy for He-gas turbine of a permeability measurements are very difficult to achieve, especially at low new type of nuclear reactor; Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR), alloying volume fraction solid levels, due to the changing morphology of the dendritic effect of Co on the microstructural parameters and mechanical properties microstructure over time. Therefore, a numerically determined value for the for Re-bearing Ni-base superalloys needs to be studied. In this research, the permeability of directionally solidified alloys is proposed. This was achieved lattice misfit between γ and γ’ phases, the partitioning behaviors of alloying by first simulating solidification microstructures by means of an in-house constituents, and the creep rupture life have been investigated. The second- microstructural model. The permeability was then numerically calculated generation single crystal superalloys, which contain Co in the range of 0 to using the obtained microstructures. The impact of carbides on permeability 15wt% were used. Chemical composition of base alloy (0Co alloy) is Ni- as well as the importance of accurate measurements on freckle predictions is 4.9Cr-1.9Mo–8.7W–5.3Al-6Ta–2.4Re–0.1Hf in wt %. Base on the results of subsequently discussed. the present study, it becomes clear that the partitioning behaviors of alloying elements were enhanced with decreasing of Co content in alloys. The role in 10:35 AM which Co plays in the lattice misfit and the creep rupture life will be mentioned Diffusion Braze A Ni-Based Single Crystal Alloy: Mechanical Properties in the conference. and Microstructure: Zengmei Koenigsmann1; 1Chromalloy More single crystal (SC) alloys have been introduced to make advanced 12:10 PM engine components to meet the requirements of high efficiency and high CMSX-486 (R) Single Crystal Alloy - Production Experience and operation temperature. Since it is more expensive to produce SC alloy Development of an Improved Version: Jacqueline Wahl1; Kenneth Harris1; components, it is necessary to investigate an effective repair method to extend 1Cannon Muskegon Corporation the component service life and further reduce the cost. High temperature Modern turbine engine performance and life cycle requirements demand diffusion braze is known to be effective in repairing cracks and surface erosion single crystal (SX) superalloy turbine airfoil and seal components. However, of service components as it introduces less thermal stress and distortion than complex SX components, such as vane segments, can result in severe any welding methods. This method is especially effective in repairing stationary manufacturing cost challenges due to low manufacturing yield. These components. However, a common practiced diffusion braze heat treatment requirements led to the development of CMSX-486 alloy, a grain boundary for Ni based alloy components significantly alters Ni based SC alloy original strengthened SX superalloy with improved creep-rupture strength over SX microstructure and results in a dramatic change in mechanical properties. This CM186LC(R) alloy. CMSX-486 alloy has excellent casting yield achieved
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 53 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
through generous grain inspection criteria and is used as-cast, which minimizes thin film growth. Since LPE growth can be performed at reduced temperatures post-cast processing costs and eliminates the risk of recrystallisation during and closer to chemical equilibrium, films with near prefect crystallinity and solution heat treatment. CMSX-486 alloy has attained production status and purity can be achieved. However, in order to grow high-quality films using the further improvements to the alloy are under evaluation. This paper will review LPE growth technique, the substrate and the experimental conditions must be M the unique properties which make this alloy of serious interest, with particular carefully chosen. The most important criterion is that the lattice parameters attention to ongoing production experience. Discussion will also include of the substrate must be commensurate with those of oxide to be grown on O direction and results of an improved oxidation resistant version of CMSX-486 substrate. We will present the example of a complex oxide lanthanum gallium N alloy which is currently under development. silicate also known as langasite. The langasite crystal belongs to the trigonal system (class 32) with lattice constants of a=8.1783Å and c=5.1014Å. One D 12:30 PM must therefore choose a substrate with appropriate symmetry and similar Phase Relationship in the Ni-Base and Rh-Base Superalloys Mixtures: A lattice parameters. The flux used must have no chemical interactions with, Tomonori Kitashima1; Hiroshi Harada1; Kyoko Kawagishi1; Takao Murakumo2; Y and yet is capable of dissolving the langasite compound. We present the Akihiro Sato1; 1National Institute for Materials Science; 2Federal Institute for growth condition and optimization process for achieving thin and thick film. A Materials Research and Testing comparison will be made with the bulk growth of this material. A The Ni-base single-crystal superalloys with higher temperature capabilities M can improve thermal efficiencies in aeroengines. It is obvious, however, 9:30 AM Invited that the temperature capability of Ni-base single-crystal superalloys can not Engineering Routes to Nanocomposite Semiconductors for Advanced exceed the eutectic of Ni-Al system about 1380°C. In order to develop the Functionality and Applications: Nancy Michael1; Choong-un Kim1; superalloy which can be utilized at much higher temperature about 1300°C, 1University of Texas at Arlington it is necessary to develop new superalloys with base metals of higher melting Semiconductor nanocrystals, with their unique optical, chemical and temperatures. In this research, the Ni-base and Rh-base superalloys mixtures, electrical properties, may facilitate new industrial applications. Spurred by which is fcc-structure-base superalloy, was considered since Rh has the high such a possibility, various forms of such crystals have been synthesized and melting temperature of 1903°C, and is expected to have the high oxidation studied; however their use has been limited to a few cases such as fluorescence resistance. The phase relationship in Rh-Nb-Ni-Al quaternary system at Ni- for bio-imaging. One reason behind the limited application of semiconductor rich side was investigated. nanoparticles is related to difficulty in their production. Processes which produce quality nanoparticles are not only expensive but, more importantly, 12:50 PM work only with very few materials. Secondly, the processes often do not Alloying Effects and Characterization of Pt-Modified γ-Ni+γ’-Ni Al- 3 provide sufficient flexibility in controlling microstructure, limiting the ability Based Alloys: Andy Heidloff1; Takeshi Izumi1; Brian Gleeson1; 1Iowa State to tailor nanoparticle functionality. This paper introduces new methods of University producing nanoparticles having multiple embedded microstrucural features. Novel heat-treatable γ-Ni+γ’-Ni Al-based alloys having excellent resistance 3 One method highlighted is precipitation, which has proven to be effective in to both high-temperature oxidation and creep are being developed in a making nanocomposite semiconductor nanoparticles. Its working principle systematic manner using multiple alloying additions, including Pt and Ir, i.e., and effectiveness will be discussed using the example material systems like platinum group metals (PGMs). Oxidation behavior was studied at 1000°C in CdS, CdTe, and PbTe. both thermal cycling and isothermal conditions. PGM additions were found to reduce the detrimental effects of “strengthening” alloying additions on 9:55 AM Invited 1 oxidation and to promote formation of Al2O3 scales. Investigation of short- Germanide-Silicide Optoelectronics Technologies: Nuggehalli Ravindra ; term oxidation was also conducted to determine oxide scale evolution. Martin Lepsleter2; Anthony Fiory1; 1New Jersey Institute of Technology; 2BTL Microstructural characterization including elemental partitioning, volume Fellows fraction, and solvus boundaries were also examined. Lattice parameters of γ New technologies for uncooled Schottky-barrier devices based on Pt-group and γ’ were determined at 1000°C using controlled-atmosphere HT-XRD and germanide-silicide alloys for high-speed infrared detectors will be presented. compared to precipitate morphologies. Applications include imaging arrays in high performance SiGe BiCMOS circuits and optical communications links. Cut-off wavelengths are matched for specific applications through the Schottky barrier height, which is selected by semiconductor carrier doping and type, Ge concentration, and the Pt-group Recent Developments in Semiconductor, Electro metal. Active regions of the devices are readily fabricated down to 10 nm. The Optic and Radio Frequency Materials: Recent capability of pulsed high speed operation of Schottky barrier detectors enables Advances in Semiconductor Technologies suppressing the dark current for compact imaging and communications Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, systems operating at ambient temperature. Further, germanide-silicide Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Thin Films and Interfaces technology exploits the inherently low parasitic series resistance of Schottky Committee barrier contacts in optoelectronic devices. High quantum efficiency is obtained Program Organizers: Nuggehalli Ravindra, New Jersey Institute of in floating-base photo transistor devices with super-beta gain, fabricated with Technology; Narsingh Singh, Northrop Grumman Corporation, ES; Aris Pt-group germanide-silicide collector contacts integrated to SiGe strained- Christou, University of Maryland; Nancy Michael, University of Texas; layer heterostructure bipolar technology. Bhushan Sopori, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; John Parsey, On Semiconductor 10:20 AM Invited Electrical Detection of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization with AlGaN/ Monday AM Room: Oceanic 6 GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors: Byoung Sam Kang1; Stephen February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Pearton1; Jaujiun Chen1; Fan Ren1; Wayne Johnson2; 1University of Florida; 2Nitronex Corporation Session Chairs: John Parsey, On Semiconductor; Aris Christou, University Au-gated AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor(HEMT) structures of Maryland were functionalized in the gate region with label free 3’-thiol modified oligo- nucleotides. This serves as a binding layer to the AlGaN surface for hybridization 9:00 AM Introductory Comments of matched target DNAs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that immobilization of thiol modified DNA covalently bonded with gold on the 9:05 AM Invited gated region. Hybridization between probe DNA and matched or mismatched Growth of Bulk and Thick Film of Oxide Materials: Narsingh Singh1; Hong target DNA on the Au-gated HEMT was detected by electrical measurements. Zhang1; David Knuteson1; Andre Berghmans1; David Kahler1; Brian Wagner1; The HEMT drain-source current showed a clear decrease of 115 µA as this Jack Hawkins1; 1Northrop Grumman Corporation matched target DNA was introduced to the probe DNA on the surface, showing Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) is a well-developed and viable technique for the promise of the DNA sequence detection approach for biological sensing.
54 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
10:45 AM Break 12:35 PM Self Assembly of Au Nanodots: Growth, Physical Properties and 10:55 AM Challenges: Nori Sudhakar1; Chunming Jin1; Wei Wei1; Jagdish Narayan1; InGaAs/InAlAs Based Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodetector 1North Carolina State University for Opto-Electronic Mixers: Soohwan Jang1; Nuri Emanetoglu2; Travis Recently, self assembled metal embedded nanoparticles in wide band gap Anderson1; Fan Ren1; Stephen Pearton1; Paul Shen2; 1University of Florida; M semiconductor systems have been attracting the scientific community owing to 2US Army Research Laboratory their interesting optical, electrical and mechanical properties. More often than O An InGaAs metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) based frequency-modulated not some of the physical properties exhibited in certain systems at nanometer N continuous wave (FM/cw) laser detection system was demonstrated. For length scales (<10 nm) are hard to conceptualize and quite controversial. battlefield applications, an eye-safe LADAR is required, and 1.55µm D Optical absorption properties can be modified by the size profile of the metal wavelength is preferred. Typical Schottky barrier height on InGaAs is quite nanodots. We have used a pulsed laser deposition technique to grow Au A low (~0.1-0.2 eV), leading to high dark current of the MSM devices and, nanoparticles with a concentration gradient embedded in ZnO as the matrix Y hence, to low signal-to-noise ratio. Higher energy bandgap, lattice-matched layers. ZnO was deposited on Si(111) substrate at 400°C followed by gold InAlAs Schottky enhancement layers (SEL’s) grown on top of the InGaAs deposition and repeated this process several times. The size of the Au nanodots layer were employed to improve the barrier height. Dark current and parasitic A embedded was controlled by the thickness of the Au layer. It is envisaged that capacitance were further minimized by using “smart designs” for the MSM Au islands or nanodots at very low concentrations of the order of a monolayer M device by decreasing finger width and removing the semiconductor layer show evidence for enhanced electrical and optical properties. underneath the final metal. Photodetector using Schottky enhancement layer was shown to yield low dark current, high dc responsivity of 0.5 A/W and flat mixing responsivity with an average of 0.2A/W. 11:20 AM Recycling and Waste Processing: Materials Low Angle Incidence Microchannel Epitaxy of GaAs Layer on GaAs Recovery from Wastes (001) Substrates: Sota Matsuoka1; Yo Yamamoto2; Toshiyuki Kondo1; Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction Takahiro Maruyama1; Shigeya Naritsuka1; 1Department of Materials Science and Processing Division, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Recycling and and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University; 221st Environmental Technologies Committee CENTURY COE program “NANO FACTORY”, Meijo University Program Organizers: Mark Schlesinger, University of Missouri; Robert Lateral growth is important for highly mismatched heteroepitaxial system, Stephens, Teckcominco, Inc.; Donald Stewart, Alcoa Technology; Ray Peterson, Aleris International; Jan van Linden, Recycling Technology such as GaAs growth on Si because it greatly reduces dislocation density in Services, Inc.; Subodh Das, SECAT; Abdel Serna-Vasquez, Aleris the grown regions. If lateral growth is achieved using molecular beam epitaxy International; Cynthia Belt, Aleris International Inc; John Pickens, (MBE), we can get tremendous advantages, such as excellent controllability Alumitech/Aleris International; John Hryn, Praxair; Richard Kunter, Richard of growth for minute device structures. Low angle incidence microchannel S. Kunter and Associates; Andreas Siegmund, Quemetco Metals Inc.; Masao epitaxy (LAIMCE) is one of the most promising techniques which realize Suzuki, AI Tech Associates lateral growth using MBE. In LAIMCE, a lateral growth is achieved by irradiating molecular beams with a low incidence angle to a substrate, on Monday AM Room: Australia 2 which an array of line-shaped openings are cut in a SiO2 mask.In the present February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel work, we especially investigate the shadow effect of the edge of the SiO2 mask, which prevents the molecular beams from irradiating the GaAs layer Session Chairs: Masao Suzuki, AI Tech Associates; John Hryn, Praxair in the openings. Finally, we found a way to eliminate the shadow effect and succeeded in an excellent lateral growth in MBE. 9:00 AM 11:45 AM Invited Salt Cake Management at Secondary Aluminum Smelters: A Case Study Luminescence of Long-Term Ordered Pure and Doped Gallium Phosphide: of Best Practice: John Hryn1; Miguel Lizaur2; 1Argonne National Laboratory; 2 Sergei Pyshkin1; John Ballato2; Michael Bass3; Giorgio Turri3; 1Academy of Iberica de Aleaciones Ligeras, S.L. (IDALSA) Sciences; 2Clemson University; 3University of Central Florida Recycling aluminum at secondary smelters usually involves the use of The evolution of luminescence is reported from pure, N and N:Sm doped salt fluxes to improve aluminum recovery. Unfortunately, the use of salt GaP single crystals grown over 40 years ago and evaluated approximately fluxes results in the generation of a salt cake waste stream, containing spent every 15 years. These results and new Raman light scattering data indicate salt flux, unrecovered aluminum, and non-metallic oxide residue (NMP). the long-term impurity ordering and formation of a new type of crystal lattice Attempts at developing a viable salt cake recycling technology to date have where periodically disposed impurities modify, improve and essentially change been unsuccessful, primarily due to the high energy cost of recovering a usable luminescent characteristics. At room temperature due to high perfection and salt fraction from salt cake. In addition, impurities in NMP restrict its use low level of nonradiative recombination pure and N doped ordered GaP in many market segments. From an energy and environmental perspective, demonstrate bright “hot” luminescence at the photon energies more than the best practice today is to maximize aluminum recovery from salt cake and the indirect forbidden gap. Independent of temperature the ordered GaP:N: dispose the salt and NMP fractions in a controlled landfill. This approach to Sm system generates with high efficiency luminescence of activators (Sm) salt cake management is practiced by leading secondary aluminum companies, uniformly intermixed with N recombination centers. High density exciton including IDALSA. This paper describes salt cake management at IDALSA, system bound to N impurity superlattice grown by modern technologies emphasizing the superior energy, economic, and environmental benefits of this and GaP:N, GaP:N:Sm nanocrystals distributed in transparent fluorine- approach. containing polymers will be used as the base elements for new generation of 9:25 AM optoelectronic devices. Structure of Hot Slag from Aluminum Remelt: Serguei Novichkov1; Anatoly 12:10 PM Zholnin; 1Mosoblprommontazh Silicon Germanium Nanostructures Doped with Rare-Earth Metals: The ideas of dependence of the observed properties of aluminum slag Sufian Abedrabbo1; Dia Eddin Arafah1; James Markham2; Anthony Fiory3; (consistency of hot slag, color of cold slag, ability of hot slag to protect Nuggehalli Ravindra3; 1University of Jordan; 2Advanced Fuel Research; 3New aluminum against oxidation, etc.) on existence of dispersed oxides of squamous Jersey Institute of Technology or flake-like shape are well-founded. Oxide flakes, which are present in the Ion Beam Mixing (IM) is utilized to form nanostructure mixtures of Silicon, moving liquid flux, touch each other and this results in a lesser flowability Germanium and Rare-Earth metals. Light emission efficiencies of the formed of flux. The more dispersed oxides of flake-like shape are present, the lower structures are investigated. Various characterization techniques covering the will be the flowability of flux. With continued increase of their concentration, structural, compositional, optical and electrical properties are performed. the oxide flakes enter in a permanent engagement between themselves. The capillary forces of the liquid flux filling the inter-flake spaces facilitate the Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 55 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
engagement between oxide flakes. At a certain threshold concentration of oxide ground below 100µm. The synthesis of zeolite from sludge by-produced from particles in the liquid flux, all flux accumulates on oxide clots. The slag loses water purification plant ware carried out by the alkali hydrothermal method. all of its liquid properties and becomes dry and crisp. The flux, the presence of In 500ml of autoclave, Zeolite was synthesis at over 100°C. The reaction which is proved by laboratory analyses, does not protect aluminum any more time was 24hr. The results indicate that the Zeolite synthesized from the M against oxidation. The threshold concentration of oxides in the flux, at which sludge is mainly hydroxyl-sodality type in the solution with higher NaOH the hot slag becomes crisp, depends on the geometry of oxide particles and concentration. The zeolite synthesized in this method will be expected to be O flux surface properties. use for the purpose of soil improvement in large quantities. N 9:50 AM 11:50 AM D Mineralogical Study on Steel Slags Oriented to Vanadium and Titanium Using Weathered Granite for Ceramic Tile Production: Kalayanee A Recovery: Liang Yu1; Yuanchi Dong2; Liaosha Li2; Yun Zhou2; Xingrong Kooptarnond1; Danupon Tonnayopas1; 1Prince of Songkla University Y Wu2; 1University of Science and Technology Beijing; 2Anhui University of Granite is produced either in the form of block or as processed products. Technology However the weathered granite is still has no commercial use. The investigation As some vanadium and titanium in the iron ore entered the steel slags during of using the weathered granite as alternative single raw material for making A steelmaking, mineralogical phases of steel slags were studied oriented to the tiles was conducted. The weathered granite sample was ground to –100 and M metals recovery. Samples were collected from the tailings of slag processing -200 mesh. These fine particles were pressed into tile form using a hydraulic plants of MA Steel and BaoSteel in China. According to SEM, LOM and other press at 100 and 150 bars and fired at 1100-1250°C. The characteristics of the studies, it was found that vanadium and titanium concentrated dominantly tiles were tested for corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, firing shrinkage super cooled liquid slag with no phosphorus detected respectively. The super and water absorption according to the Thailand Industrial Standard (TIS) for cooled liquid slag contains mainly calcium oxides, iron oxides, aluminum wall clay tile. Microstructure analysis of the fired products was carried out oxides, vanadium oxides and titanium oxides. It is possible to recover using XRD and SEM. It was found that the tile specimens fired at 1200 and vanadium and titanium from it with very low phosphorus content, important 1250°C exhibited interesting water absorption properties of 0.3-4% and high for vanadium and titanium application in steel making process. Other phases mechanical strength about 50-27 MPa. found in steel slags includes: solid solution of dicalcium oxides and calcium 12:15 PM Invited phosphate which could be used for phosphorus recovery, dicalcium ferrite and Generation of Hexavalent Chromium in Calcination of Chromium wustite for iron, manganese and magnesium recovery. Containing Hydroxide and Sludge from Surface Finishing Industries: 10:15 AM Ryokichi Shimpo1; Shigeo Hoshino1; Mitsuo Iyoda2; 1Musashi Institute of Recycling of Blast Furnace Sludge into Clayey Ceramics: Carlos Maurício Technology; 2Techno Industrial MFC Company, Ltd. Vieira1; Sergio Monteiro1; Cláudio André Dias1; Alice Mothé1; 1State Waste sludge from surface finishing industries generally contains much University of the Northern Fluminense amount of water. Though calcination seems a simple and convenient method This work has for objective to characterize a waste generate during the steel- for reducing volume and weight of the sludge, it tends to convert chromium making process, denoted as blast furnace sludge, and to evaluate its influence in the sludge to the harmful hexavalent state. The aim of this study is to find on the microstructural aspects and technological properties of a clayey out a better treatment and recycling method of the sludge, which will give less ceramic, incorporated up to 20 wt.%, material. To determine the technological environmental loads. In order to confirm the relation between the calcining properties such as bulk density, linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural conditions and the generation of hexavalent chromium, experiments of strength, specimens were prepared by 18 MPa uniaxial pressure and then heating artificial sludge, which was mixture of hydroxide reagents, have been fired in laboratory furnace at 900°C. The microstructure of the compositions compared with those of the actual sludge from a surface finishing industry. As was evaluated by electron scanning microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The a result, the change of the hexavalent chromium amounts leached form the results showed that it is possible to recycle the blast furnace sludge into red calcined samples has a peak with heating temperature. It has also turned out ceramics. that the heat-treated sludge can be used as the material for electric-magnetic wave absorption. 10:40 AM Break 12:40 PM 11:00 AM How Flames/Load Interaction Affects Furnace Efficiency in Round Top Mechanical Activation of Deposited Fly Ash by Grinding: Gabor Mucsi1; Furnace Operation: Brian Golchert1; Hossam Metwally1; Ashwini Kumar1; Barnabás Csoke1; Csaba Sík2; 1University of Miskolc; 2H-TPA Company Cynthia Belt2; Joseph Tessandori2; 1Fluent Inc; 2Aleris International Inc Ltd. When the burners initially fire in a roundtop furnace, the flames will According to laboratory experience the breaking of fly ash particles is impinge upon the load and will continue to impinge upon the load until the required to increase its hydraulic potential (Opoczky, 2001). Aim of the load is nearly melted. This flame impingement affects the mixing of the fuel research reported in this paper is to find relationship between the necessary and oxidizer and the efficiency of the furnace. Computational fluid dynamics effective grinding work and the hydraulic activity of fly ash. Deposited class is a powerful tool that would allow more efficacious investigation of the F type fly ash from Hungary have been sampled and tested. The prepared efficiency of the furnace under these conditions. A detailed, transient model samples were ground systematically in a laboratory Bond ball mill, while the of the furnace would be computationally expensive to perform and would effective grinding work was measured as well, by means of measuring the result in limited additional information. Instead, a series of ‘snapshots’ of electrical power on the wiring of the mill motor. Result of this mechanical the furnace will be modeled. Each snapshot will be a computational model activation was tested by the following methods. The activity index was of the load at various stages of the melting process. For each snapshot, the determined by the standard MSZ EN-450. Microstructure was tested by thermal efficiency and behavior of the furnace will be quantified. This paper SEM, while the specific surface area was determined by the BET and Blaine will present the results from this analysis along with some suggestions on how devices. Relations between the parameters of the mechanical activation and to improve furnace performance. the achieved hydraulic activity have been established. 11:25 AM Characteristics of Zeolite Manufactured with Sludge Generated from Water Puriciation Plant: Kwang-Suk You1; Gi-Chun Han1; Hee-Chan Cho2; Ji-Whan Ahn1; 1Korea Institute of Geosicence and Mineral Resources; 2Seoul National University The sample of sludge was obtained from water purification plant near Seoul in Korea. The chemical composition of the sludge consist of SiO2 and Al2O3, and the ratio of SiO2/ Al2O3 in sludge was about 1.4. After drying, a representative sample was controlled particle size by ball mill, that is was
56 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
10:20 AM Break
Refractory Metals 2007: Processing and Mechanical 10:35 AM Comparing ECAE and Rolling of Niobium: Derek Baars1; Thomas Bieler1; Deformation Ted Hartwig2; 1Michigan State University; 2Texas A&M University Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Deformation from rolling and subsequent annealing produces texture in M Materials Division, TMS: Refractory Metals Committee Program Organizers: Gary Rozak, HC Starck Inc; Todd Leonhardt, sheet niobium. A desired {111} texture develops in middle of the sheet that O Rhenium Alloys Inc improves subsequent deep drawing, however, the {100} texture that often N develops at the surface is detrimental to deep drawing. Textures formed by Monday AM Room: Europe 6 equal channel area extrusion (ECAE), a severe deformation process that D February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel preserves sample cross-section, were investigated to determine a processing A path for maximizing the desired {111} texture and minimizing the undesired Y Session Chairs: Todd Leonhardt, Rhenium Alloys Inc; Omer Dogan, {100} texture. Utilizing orientation imaging microscopy (OIM), textures National Energy Technology Laboratory produced by ECAE and rolling were compared. It was found that ECAE of a 25x25x125 mm billet, with no rotation of the square billet between passes, A 9:00 AM Introductory Comments in Memory of Prof. Mehmet Uz then rolling the billet in the longitudinal direction to reduce the thickness M by a quarter-inch, then rolling in the transverse direction to final thickness, 9:05 AM maximized the desired {111} texture compared with other ECAE processing An Investigation into the Electrochemical Reduction of Zirconium Dioxide paths and rolling. in Molten Calcium Chloride: Derek Fray1; K. Mohandas1; 1University of Cambridge 11:00 AM 1 Many metal oxides have been reduced to the metal by making the oxide Anisotropic Deformation Characteristics of Rhenium: John Bingert ; Paul 1 1 the cathode in a bath of molten calcium chloride. Zirconium dioxide offers Maudlin ; Los Alamos National Laboratory additional challenges over other metal oxides as it is highly stable, insulating Rhenium is an hcp, refractory transition metal with remarkable physical and zirconium only has one valency. Other metal oxides are less stable and and mechanical properties; among these is its significant plastic anisotropy. perhaps conducting with several sub oxides. However, by careful control of The response of rhenium to compressive deformation over a range of the porosity and by reducing thin pellets, it was possible to successfully reduce temperatures was analyzed in order to investigate its anisotropic mechanical zirconium dioxide to the metal. The results of this work will be presented. properties. Polycrystalline samples of textured plate and randomly textured hot isostatically pressed material were examined. Electron backscatter 9:30 AM diffraction (EBSD) was used to track texture evolution and quantitatively Weldable Ductile Molybdenum Alloy Development: Brian Cockeram1; identify and measure deformation twinning activity. The activation of the David Alven1; Evan Ohriner2; Lance Snead2; 1Bechtel Bettis Inc; 2Oak Ridge {11-21} tensile twin system was found to be a significant determinant in both National Laboratory the development of anisotropy and rhenium’s extraordinary strain hardening Molybdenum and its alloys possess many properties that make them response. Plastic yield surfaces were calculated using informed assumptions attractive for materials of construction for high-temperature applications. of relative deformation activity, and these are shown to be instructive in These include elevated temperature strength and creep resistance, corrosion predicting anisotropic behavior. Material instability is also addressed through resistance to molten metals, and high thermal conductivity. One deficiency for the application of bifurcation analysis incorporating plastic anisotropy. molybdenum alloys in most applications is related to welded joints. This is due to limited ductility and relatively high ductile-to-brittle transition temperature 11:25 AM for recrystallized material, and in particular the recrystallized heat-affected Tensile and Fracture Toughness Properties of Two Mo-Re Alloys: Mikhail 1 1 zone of welds. In earlier work it was shown that molybdenum alloyed with Sokolov ; Oak Ridge National Laboratory boron in the range of 6 to 10 ppm (by wt.) and either 1500 ppm Zr or 30 ppm Molybdenum is a refractory metal known to have a relatively low (30 Al exhibits significant room-temperature tensile elongation in gas tungsten MPavm) toughness even at temperatures above the ductile-to-brittle transition arc (GTA) welds. Atom probe analysis showed that segregation of Zr, B, and temperature. However, the addition of rhenium is known to improve the C to grain boundaries in the heat affected zone of the weld and depletion ductility and fabricability of molybdenum alloys. The improved ductility of of O at the grain boundary were associated with the improved ductility. In Mo-41%Re and Mo-47.5%Re alloys suggests a fracture toughness of greater this study a series of arc melted molybdenum alloys containing additions than 30 MPavm for these alloys. However, the actual fracture toughness values of B, C, Zr, and Al are characterized with respect to tensile properties, bend of these alloys were unknown. The objective of this testing program was to properties, and impact energy. The material conditions include stress-relieved, perform an initial fracture toughness characterization of these two alloys at recrystallized, and electron-beam welded samples. Microstructural behavior 200, 300, and 500K. Both alloys exhibited substantial fracture toughness of these materials is also described. throughout the tested temperature range. The fracture toughness results will be discussed and compared to tensile data and other properties available in the 9:55 AM published literature. Room Temperature Creep and Dislocation Substructure in Electron Beam Welds in RRR Niobium: Hairong Jiang1; Boon-Chai Ng2; Bieler Tomas1; 11:50 AM Chris Compton1; Terry Grimm1; 1Michigan State University; 2Andrews Study on High Quality Ultra-Fine WC Powder by Turbo-Air Stream 1 1 1 1 University Classifying: Liu Qingcai ; Zheng Yonggang ; Yun Gui Du ; Linyan Dong ; 1 Room temperature creep up to strains near 0.1 occurred below the yield Chongqing University strength in high purity niobium Electron Beam welds (EBW), but not in the Based on the turbo-air stream classifying principle, the quality of superfine polycrystalline parent material, even though they have nearly equal yield WC powder get further improving by means of superfine pulverizing grader. strengths. The strain-time process follows a logarithmic creep process, where Experiments show that the technology of air steam classifying has significant exhaustion occurs, and then restarts after a stress increase or an incubation time effect on increase of the fineness and the particle classification efficiency. By at the same stress. To examine why, orientation imaging microscopy was used comparing different type of air stream equipment, the QYF fluid-bed superfine to determine the orientations of the grains and identify the most highly stressed pulverizing grader was adopted in the experiment that was manufactured slip systems. Selected area channeling patterns (SACPs) were used to orient by KunShan superfine pulverizers factory as well as obtaining high quality the sample to optimal imaging conditions for Electron Channeling Contrast superfine WC powder with high homogeneous. Imaging (ECCI) to identify the morphology of dislocation substructure present in the grains. The dislocation densities were high even in welds in which no measurable strain was induced, indicating that the weld solidification caused a large and apparently unstable dislocation substructure to develop.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 57 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
10:05 AM Invited Optimization of Strength, Ductility and Damage Tolerance in Nano- Structural Materials Division Symposium: structured Metals and Alloys: Subra Suresh1; Ming Dao1; 1Massachusetts Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured Materials, Institute of Technology M in Honor of Carl Koch: Fatigue, and Strengthening This presentation will deal with strategies for optimizing the strength, O Mechanisms at Small Length Scale ductility and damage tolerance of engineering metals and alloys through the use Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, of nanoscale structural features. Experimental results and transmission electron N Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing microscopy observations of deformation mechanisms will first be presented D and Manufacturing Division, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS: to highlight the strength, strain hardening response, strain rate sensitivity, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical ductility, failure mechanisms and activation volume for nanocrystalline metals A Behavior of Materials Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials relative to their microcrystalline counterparts. The effects of the introduction Y Behavior Committee of nano-scale twins of different concentrations in influencing the stress-strain Program Organizers: Xinghang Zhang, Texas A&M University; Yuntian response of polycrystalline fcc metals in enhancing strength without severe Zhu, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Michael Rigsbee, North Carolina loss of ductility will be demonstrated. A quantitative model for this effect A State University; C. Suryanarayana, University of Central Florida; Haiyan Wang, Texas A&M University; C. T. Liu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory will then be presented by recourse to detailed computational simulations of M deformation processes using atomistic as well as crystal plasticity models. Monday AM Room: Asia 5 Attention will then be directed at the effects of grain size, down to the February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel nanocrystalline regime, on the onset and propagation of fatigue cracks from surfaces. A particularly useful outcome of this exercise is the realization of Session Chairs: Michael Rigsbee, North Carolina State University; K. Linga how refinement of grain size in the nanocrystalline regime can have competing Murty, North Carolina State University effects on fatigue crack initiation versus propagation. Experimental results for fatigue of electrodeposited nanocrystalline metals will be compared and contrasted with those of equal-channel-angular-pressed fine-grained metals. 9:00 AM Introductory Comments Overall strategies for enhancing resistance to fatigue through the introduction Welcome and Overview by X. Zhang of controlled surface gradients in grain size will also be discussed. 9:05 AM Keynote 10:25 AM Fatigue at the Nanometer and Submicrometer Scale: Anthony Escuadro1; Interfacial Plasticity in Nanostructured Metals: Ting Zhu1; Ju Li2; Amit Kai Zhang1; Julia Weertman1; 1Northwestern University Samanta2; Hyoung Gyu Kim2; Subra Suresh3; 1Georgia Institute of Technology; While a large number of studies have been carried out on the mechanical 2Ohio State University; 3Massachusetts Institute of Technology behavior of nanocrystalline and submicrometer grain-size (UFG) metals under Nanocrystalline metals with grain size finer than 100 nm routinely exhibit time-independent loading or displacement conditions, comparatively little up to five times higher strength than their coarse-grained counterparts, but research has been done in the case of cyclic deformation. Results of fatigue suffer from greatly diminished ductility. Experiments show that introduction behavior of such materials will be discussed. This research was sponsored by of coherent nano-twins in ultrafine grained copper leads to an unusual the US Department of Energy, Grant DE-FG02-02ER46002. combination of high strength and high ductility, along with increased strain- 9:30 AM Invited rate sensitivity. Here we present a mechanistic framework for rationalizing Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue at the Sub-Micron and Nano-Scale: Oliver this strength versus ductility trade-off in nanostructured metals in terms of Kraft1; Dong Wang1; Daniel Weygand2; Cynthia Volkert1; 1Forschungszentrum the interactions of dislocations with coherent twin boundaries (TBs). Using Karlsruhe; 2Universität Karlsruhe atomistic reaction pathway calculations, we show that TB-mediated slip We are exploring the question whether fatigue is subject to a size effect in transfer reactions are the rate-controlling mechanisms of plastic flow. We the sub-micron and nano-regime by investigating the behavior of Cu thin films attribute the origin of relatively high ductility of nano-twinned copper to the on deformable substrates during repeated cyclic loading. For the films thicker hardenability of TBs as they gradually lose coherency during deformation. than 1 µm, long-range dislocation structures, such as veins, are observed similar These results offer new avenues for tailoring material interfaces for optimized to bulk behavior. With decreasing dimension, the fatigue resistance of the films properties. increases as larger stress amplitudes are required in order to introduce fatigue 10:40 AM Break damage at a given number of cycles. Furthermore, long-range dislocation ordering does not occur. These trends are more accentuated for fatigue of films 10:50 AM Invited with thickness of 100 nm and below. Furthermore, we apply mesoscopic discrete Alloying Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Nanocrystalline Metals: dislocation dynamics simulation studying the influence of the dislocation Ronald Scattergood1; 1North Carolina State University microstructure on the deformation behavior and to predict the plastic response Alloying additions to nanocrystalline (nc) metals can produce solid of small structures. The gained insights provide a basis for understanding cyclic solutions and 2nd phases. At nanoscale grain sizes the effect of these additions deformation of metallic materials at various length scales. on the mechanical behavior will differ from that of conventional grain size metals. Grain boundary interactions and size scaling are two important 9:50 AM considerations. The current state of knowledge on alloying effects in nc An Evaluation of the Creep Characteristics of Electrodeposited Nickel- metals will be reviewed. Recent research results obtained in collaboration Based Nanocomposite: Vaclav Sklenicka1; Kveta Kucharova1; Gabriele with Professor Koch will highlight a number of these effects. Depending on Vidrich2; Milan Svoboda1; Hans Ferkel2; 1Academy of Sciences; 2Clausthal the choice of the system and the processing history, non-equilibrium solid University of Technology solutions with large misfit solutes can produce hardening or softening effects. Particle-reinforced nickel-based composites have extensive potential for Grain boundary interactions appear to play an important role in the behavior. use in structural applications at elevated temperatures.However, any use will 2nd phase particles can also produce hardening or softening effects. The origin require a detailed understanding of the creep characteristics of these composites of these effects is related to size scaling determined by grain size vs. particle and especially the dependence of the measured creep rates on the applied stress size and the relative hardness of the particles with respect to the matrix. and the testing temperatures. This work examines these characteristics with reference to the creep behaviour of the unreinforced electrodeposited nickel. 11:10 AM Samples of each material were tested to failure and the fracture surfaces of Strength of Nanocrystalline Metals: Influence of Recovery and selected specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The Recrystallization: Tong Shen1; John Swadner1; Jian Huang2; Shi Feng1; Ming results show that the creep resistance of the nickel nanocomposite reinforced Tang1; Evan Ma3; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2Boston College; 3Johns by nano-sized SiO2 particles at temperatures in the range from 293 to 573 K Hopkins University may be improved in comparison with the unreinforced nickel. We study the influence of recovery and recrystallization on the hardness of
58 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program nanocrystalline metals. Recovery does not decrease the hardness although 90% 12:15 PM of the total dislocations are removed. Instead, recrystallization significantly Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Nanocrystalline Al-W and Al-Pb lowers the hardness. These behaviors are opposite to what happens in work- Alloys: Koteswararao Rajulapati1; R Scattergood1; K. Linga Murty1; Carl hardened polycrystalline materials. We find that most of the dislocations Koch1; Zenji Horita2; Terence Langdon3; 1North Carolina State University; stored in nanograins take the form of dislocation dipoles, which only generate 2Kyushu University; 3University of Southern California M short-range stress fields and contribute little to the overall strength. In fact, Nanocrystalline materials (grain size < 100 nm) have triggered an enormous recovery anneal even hardens some of our nanocrystalline alloys. Our amount of curiosity in the recent past among the scientific community O results suggest that the strength of nanocrystalline metals depends mainly on because of their novel, superior and unique properties. Many researchers N how dislocations nucleate and emit from grain boundaries. When the grain have demonstrated that the refinement of grain size alone can result in the D boundaries are structurally relaxed, dislocation nucleation and emission from multifold enhancement of mechanical strength. On the other hand, nano the grain boundaries require higher stress. The latter would also be true if there scaled dispersions have a positive effect on the strength of coarse grained A is compositional segregation to the grain boundaries, which could also have materials. However the combined effects of nano sized dispersions and a nano Y consequences in reducing the ductility in some cases. scaled matrix on the mechanical strength of polycrystalline solids are yet to be established in detail. The effect of nano scaled Pb or W dispersions on 11:25 AM Invited A the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Al was investigated and will be Effect of Solute Segregation on the Hardness of Nanocrystalline Alloys: presented here. This paper will cover the different processing methods used M Ricardo Schwarz1; Tong Shen1; John Swadener1; Jian Huang2; Shi Feng1; Ming to synthesize these materials, their microstructural features, the observed Tang1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2Boston College mechanical properties and the governing mechanics of plasticity. This research We used mechanical alloying to prepare single-phase nanocrystalline is supported by NSF-DMR-0201474. powders of elemental Fe, and Fe85Al4Si11, Ni90Fe1 and Ni90Fe10 alloys. We measured the structural and mechanical properties of these powders as a function of isochronal anneals at increasingly higher temperatures. As expected, increasing the annealing temperature decreases the dislocation The Material Recycling Industry: Global Challenges density and increases the grain size in non-linear fashion. The hardness of the pure Fe also decreases monotonically with increasing annealing temperature. and Opportunities: Plenary Session However, the hardness of the alloys first increases, reaching a rather sharp Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee maximum (at a temperature that depends on the partial molar volume of the Program Organizer: Subodh Das, University of Kentucky solute atom), and then decreases. Only after this maximum does the hardness versus grain size follow the Hall-Petch relation. These tests suggest that Monday AM Room: Southern 1 the often observed violations of the Hall-Petch relation in nanocrystalline February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel materials may be caused by a redistribution of solutes at dislocations and grain boundaries. Session Chair: Subodh Das, University of Kentucky 11:45 AM Strengthening in Nanostructured FeAl: David Morris1; Maria Muñoz- 9:00 AM Plenary Morris1; 1CENIM-CSIC Recycling in the Aluminum Industry: Terrance Hogan1; 1Aleris International The strengthening effect of grain boundaries has been extensively studied Inc in Fe-base alloys with grain sizes from the micron level down to the nanoscale Recycling has been practiced in the aluminum industry due to the high value (about 10 nm). A comparison of such hardening in nanostructured ordered of metal. Beginning in the 1970’s the percentage of recycled metal as a feed FeAl and in unalloyed Fe, prepared by mechanical alloying or milling, makes source for North American industry began to grow rapidly. In 2004, recycled it clear that the intermetallic shows much greater hardening over a wide range aluminum made up 30% of the total metal supply in North America. The rate of grain sizes. A possible reason for such hardening may be the difficulty is even higher if you look at just the United States as Primary capacity has of nucleation of superdislocations in the intermetallic, analogous to the declined. As recycling rates have increased, technology has improved to meet difficulties of nucleating pairs of Shockley partial dislocations in nanoscaled the increasing rates of production and to economically process lower quality fcc materials. Evidence for the greater hardening of these intermetallics will scraps and by-products. Good connectivity exists between the aluminum be presented, and the origin of the hardening examined. fabricators/manufacturers and the secondary recycling industry, but less connectivity exists with the post-consumer market. In 2005 over 51 billion 12:00 PM used beverage cans were recycled in the US, but this accounted for just 52% Effect of Laser Shock Compression on Hardness of Nanostructured of the total available cans distributed to consumers. Comparisons with other Metals: Xiaojing Xu1; Yongkang Zhang1; Xudong Ren1; Jinzhong Lu1; countries will be made. 1Jiangsu University The effect of laser shock compression on hardness of nanostructured metals 9:25 AM Plenary was investigated. The used nanostructured metals included nanostructured Environmental Management of Airborne Metal Emissions in the Recycling CP-Ti produced by multi-step compressive deformation at liquid nitrogen Industry: Karen Hagelstein1; John Heinze2; 1Times Limited; 2Environmental temperature (LNT), nanostructured CP-Cu produced by ECAP deformation Health Research Foundation at LNT, nanostructured 2024Al produced by ECAP deformation at room The paper will review current information addressing international air temperature, and ultrafine grained Zn-22Al alloy produced by quenching into quality due to airborne metal emissions from recycling facilities, other human liquid nitrogen. These nanostructured metals were subjected to the laser shock activities, and natural sources. Air quality regulations and health-based data compressive deformation with the strain rate as high as 1000000/second and the will be consolidated to provide perspective regarding major sources of metal pressure of about 5 GPa. Microhardness tests show that the shock deformation emissions, environmental impacts, and health risks. The ambient air metal improved the microhardness very slightly, about 11.1% for nanostructured emissions, point and non point sources, and occupational exposures in the CP-Ti, 5.2 % for nanostructured CP-Cu, 4.4% for nanostructured 2024Al, and recycling industry will be examined Research focusing on environmental 1.7% for ultrafine grained Zn-22Al. A dislocation-based recovery model was management of air pollution such as material substitutions, waste management used to understand the low hardening behaviors during the shock deformation. practices, worker health and safety, environmental and biological monitoring, This theoretical analysis shows that dislocation accumulation cannot easily and best available air pollution control technologies will be presented. Case occur in a grain during the shock compressive deformation. studies and lessons learned from other industries such as coal fired power plants will be examined with respect to managing metal emissions, especially mercury and selenium compounds. A spreadsheet for performing a screening- level environmental audit for industry and/or consultant applications will also be provided.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 59 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
9:50 AM Plenary 11:40 AM Plenary RecycleBank Pays for Recycling: Scott Lamb1; 1RecycleBank Integration between Mining and Smelting Business and Environmental RecycleBank is the inventor and lead implementer of Incentive Based Business: Kazuaki Shimada1; 1Dowa Mining Company, Ltd. Recycling Programs. RecycleBank rewards homeowners for the amount In environmental management and recycling, it is said that there are 3 factors M individual home recycles. RecycleBank provides homes with a 35, 64, to secure; Recovery of Valuables, Emission Control and Reduction of Residue or 96 gallon RecycleBank Container that has an imbedded barcode. The to Landfill. From this point of view, a nonferrous metal industry has a potential O RecycleBank Container is equipped with wheels and a lid. Delivery and to play an important role that is “The Anchor of Recycling” or “The Joint of N service is included. RecycleBank supports a single stream recycling system Recycling Loop” in it. Dowa, one of Japan’s leading producers of nonferrous D that enables households to deposit all of your recyclables (paper, cardboard, metals has been expanding its business field to environmental management plastic, glass, tin, aluminum) in the RecycleBank Container. The amount a and recycling (E&R) business such as Metal Recycling, Waste Treatment A home recycles is translated into RecycleBank Dollars that households can use and Soil Remediation and successfully by means of integration between its Y to shop at over 200 participating stores. RecycleBank was started in 2004 mining and smelting business sector and E&R business sector. It is essential and is headquartered in Philadelphia. RecycleBank currently has operations for it to form the network of the plants based on the various technologies A in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware with plans to launch nationally in of the separation and the recovery. For further expansion of business and 2007. RecycleBank partners with municipalities, waste haulers, businesses and contribution to reducing environmental risk globally, Dowa established the M households in a concerted effort to increase recycling rates across America. plant in Suzhou, China to recover precious metals from e-wastes. 10:15 AM Plenary 12:05 PM Question and Answer Period Improved UBC Melting through Advanced Processing: Thomas Thornton1; Clay Hammond1; Jan Van Linden2; Paul Campbell3; Chris Vild3; 1Wise Alloys LLC; 2Recycling Technology Service Inc; 3Pyrotek Inc Aluminum recycling is undergoing a global boom. In order to survive in Towards Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, this competitive market of high energy and raw material costs, and relatively Characterization, and Applications: Directed Nano low finished goods prices, producers must minimize conversion costs while Fabrication maximizing the recoverable metal units. Wise Alloys LLC has realized Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, significant gains in production and metal recovery while reducing energy Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee usage after converting to a high capacity UBC continuous melting process. Program Organizers: Zhiming Wang, University of Arkansas; Alexander The essential improvements will be discussed. Govorov, Ohio University; Andrey Rogach, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universtität München 10:40 AM Break 10:50 AM Plenary Monday AM Room: Oceanic 5 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Characterizing Sustainable Material Recovery Systems: A Case Study of E-Waste Materials: Jeremy Gregory1; Elisa Alonso1; Frank Field1; Randolph Session Chairs: Samuel Mao, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and 1 1 Kirchain ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of California at Berkeley; Naoki Kishimoto, National Institute for Secondary material streams have become an important component Materials Science of material production and are attractive because of their economic and environmental benefits, which can significantly improve the sustainability outlook of a material system. The global economy and its implications on 9:00 AM Invited material flows has made decisions related to acquisition, disassembly, and Molecular Self-Assembly on Carbon Nanotemplates: Andrew Wee1; Wei material recovery from complex products increasingly difficult. This paper Chen1; Shi Chen1; Xingyu Gao1; 1National University of Singapore describes a method to characterize the pathways and attributes of eco-efficient The ability to fabricate arrays of functional nanostructures with controlled material recovery from engineered products. The method considers material size, shape and stability, is an ongoing challenge in nanotechnology. We recovery effectiveness, environmental impact, and economic cost when present a study of molecular self-assembly on the carbon nanomesh on 6H- determining eco-efficiency. Results are presented as part of a case study SiC(0001). The atomic structure of the carbon nanomesh has been previously on materials systems associated with electronic waste (e-waste), including determined; a carbon nanomesh arises from self-organization of excess carbon leaded glass. Scenarios are evaluated that vary the location of product origin, atoms forming a honeycomb arrangement atop 6H-SiC(0001) after annealing disassembly, material recovery, and end-market. The evaluation criteria are at 1100°C. The carbon nanomesh can be dynamically structured to control assessed at each location to determine the pathways and conditions that create the periodicity and depth of the pores by annealing in vacuum. The diffusion the most eco-efficient solutions. and agglomerization behaviour of cobalt clusters on this nanomesh surface has been previously investigated using in-situ STM. It is found that Co atoms 11:15 AM Plenary prefer to adsorb on the corner sites of this carbon nanomesh at the early stages. Separation and Recycling Technologies of Mixed Al and Mg Scrap: We will report our latest results on molecular adsorption (such as C60, CuPc) Christian Wögerer1; Günther Klammer2; Michael Kettner3; 1ARC Seibersdorf on this nanomesh template, for applications in molecular electronics and Research GmbH; 2Profactor Produktionsforschungs GmbH; 3ARC biosensors. Leichtmetallkompetenzzentrum Ranshofen GmbH The increase in parts manufactured from Al and Mg has been accompanied 9:30 AM Invited by an increase in residues from machining and other production operations. Novel Ion Beam Techniques to Control Nanoparticle Composites for These by-products can be contaminated with lubricants, paint, non metallic Nonlinear Optical Applications: Naoki Kishimoto1; Kenji Saito2; Jin Pan2; materials or other metals. This paper describes a process to separate Al and Mg Haisong Wang1; Yoshihiko Takeda1; 1National Institute for Materials Science; chips for a separate recycling in a fast continuous process. The process chain 2University of Tsukuba is described from pre-treatment and removing lubricants to a new separation Metal nanoparticles are promising for plasmonics associated with surface technology based a wet process as the key process. The challenges of the plasmon resonance, e.g., ultrafast nonlinear optics. Ion implantation is a process are the composition and the kind of the wet phase of the process and promising tool to create/control nanoparticles for future optical devices. parameters of the mechanical equipment like the throughput speed and the Unlike SPM-based nanofabrication, the ion implantation is a robust and duration of stay in the reactor. The theory of the process and the first results efficient method to meet industrial production, having advantages of arbitrary of pilot trails are shown, advantages and disadvantages in comparison with atomic injection and good spatial controllability in depth. However, the commercial sensor based separation methods are also described. lateral control of nanoparticles has been done limitedly with micro-beam- or masked implantation. Here, we introduce a hybrid ion implantation technique combining ion and laser irradiation, to control nanoparticles embedded
in dielectrics. Photons of 2.3 eV or 3.5 eV were irradiated into SiO2, either 60 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program sequentially or simultaneously with ion implantation of 60 keV Cu or 3 The various approaches to the formation of NC-based composite materials MeV Cu2+. Simultaneous photon irradiation of 2.3 eV selectively enhances (colloidal core-shell particles, layer-by-layer assembled films, microcapsules nanoparticle precipitation in SiO2, while sequential photon irradiation tends to etc.) are presented and their possible applications in photonics, optoelectronics dissolve pre-existent nanoparticles. Controlling laser irradiation enables us to and for bio-imaging are discussed. handle nanoparticle assembly as a building block. 11:40 AM Invited M 10:00 AM Invited Large-Scale Ab Initio Study of Size, Shape, and Doping Effects on O DNA-Directed Organization of Nanoparticles: Friedrich Simmel1; Thomas Electronic Structure of Nanocrystals: Jingbo Li1; 1National Renewable N Sobey1; 1Ludwig-Maximillian University-Munich Energy Laboratory The unique molecular recognition properties of DNA in combination with Semiconductor nanocrystals such as quantum dots (QDs) and quantum D powerful biochemical tools can be utilized to produce regular one- and two- wires (QWs) have attracted much attention because the bandgap and optical A dimensional molecular structures. These structures may then be usedas a transitions can be tailored continuously by size or shape. This feature opens Y template for the arrangement of nanoparticles into functional geometries. As up a great potential for novel device applications that require the knowledge one example, we demonstrate how the biochemical procedure of rolling circle of the size/shape-dependence of the nanocrystal’s optical properties and amplificiation can be used to produce one-dimensional chains of nanoparticles electronic structure. Recently we have developed large-scale first-principle A or other nanoscale objects. DNA’s sequence-programmability allows not method to calculate the electronic structure of nanocrystals, which contain M only to generate chains of a single type of nanoparticle, but also chains of tens of thousand atoms. We find that (i)the calculated size-dependent exciton alternating particle types or other objects. Such assemblies may be of interest energies and absorption spectra of QDs and QWs are in good agreement with in photonic or nanoelectronic applications, or for the study of protein-protein experiments; (ii)the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only interactions. by its size, but also by its shape; (iii)the calculated ratios of band gap increases between QWs and QDs are significantly different from 2, which are obtained 10:30 AM from the simple particle-in-a-box effective-mass model; (iv)doping properties Effects of Multiplex Catalyst on the Preparation and Characteristic of of QDs are significantly different from bulk semiconductors. Nano-Sized Alpha-Alumina: Deng Hua1; Xiao Jin1; Li Jie1; Liu YeXiang1; Wan Ye1; 1Central South University 12:10 PM The precursor of ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide was Operation by Nanocomposite Properties by Optical Poling: Ivan Kityk1; synthesized with precipitation method by using aluminum sulfate and 1J.Dlugosz University Czestochowa ammonium carbonate as raw materials. Dispersant and multiplex catalyst Optical bicolour treatment opens a new possibility for flexible operation (MC) were used to prevent agglomeration of powder particles and effects by principal parameters of the nanocomposites, particularly for the of MC on drying and sintering processes were intensively investigated. The semiconducting nanocrystallites incorporated into the polymer matrices, results show that MC can effectively prevents agglomerations of precursor in metallic nanoparticles touched to the dielectric/semiconducting substraters, drying process as well as has great potential synergistic effects on the phase superconducting NC incorporated into the disordered amorphous-like transformation of alumina and reduces the phase transformation temperature background. Optical poling of such kinds of materials opens a possibility to of α−Al2O3, simultaneously maintains the powder particles in a comparatively change the linear and non-linear optical constants, transport properties like dc- dynamic−sintering−state and the trends of necking−formation or other rigid conductivity, thermoconductivity etc. The principal mechanisms are explained agglomerations are remarkably decreased, therefore the dispersion of powder within a framework of the interaction of external bicolor coherent laser light particles is significantly improved. BET and ICP analysis indicate that MC is with the surface plasmon resonances and by creation of additional grating propitious to increase the specific surface area of α−Al2O3 and has no effect similar to photonic crystals. Particular interest is devoted to a possibility of an on the contents of impurities in sintered products and the content of Al2O3 achievement of giant second-order susceptibilities near the tricritical points. reaches 99.97%. 12:25 PM 10:45 AM Biomolecule-Assisted Synthetic Route to Nanostructured Crystals: Qing Synthesis and Ethanol Sensing Properties of Flower-Like ZnO Nano- Yang1; 1University of Science and Technology of China structures: Chen Yujin1; Zhu Chunling1; Xiao Gang1; 1Harbin Engineering The synthesis and assembly of nanostructures with controllable shape and University size is of great interest since that both crystallographic forms and morphologies The ZnO nanostructures were prepared in a basic solution contained Zn2+ are generally responsible for the properties of the nanostructures. Recently, ion and ethylenediamine (EDA) under ultrasonic conditions. Through adjusting many strategies such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, evaporation and various the concentration of EDA, the flower-like ZnO nanorods and nanotubes were template-assisted ones have been intensively employed for the synthesis easily obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that of different nanostructured crystals. In the present presentation, a general the nanorods contacted each other as a bundles, grown radiately and formed biomolecule-assisted synthetic route is presented for the synthesis of several flower-like structures. The diameter and the length of the nanorods in bundles nanostructures which include CdS and PbS dendrites, bundle-like CeOHCO3 were less than 15 nm and ~1.3-1.8 µm, respectively. As for ZnO nanotubes, and blood-shape NdOHCO3 structures. In addition, the biomolecule- they had a hexagonal shape and a diameter of ~250 nm. Compared with the assisted synthetic route is also carried out for the fabrication of several oxide results reported previously, the sensitivity of the flower-like nanorods is near to nanostructures. that of other ZnO nanostructures measured at working temperature of 300°C, 12:40 PM Invited however, the operating temperature sharply decreased by 160°C. Although Fabrication of Nanostructured Materials with Ultrafast Lasers: Samuel the sensitivity of the nanotubes is lower than that of the nanorods, they also Mao1; 1Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California can detect ethanol at ppm level at relatively low temperature. This work at Berkeley was supported from the Basic Research Foundation of Harbin Engineering In this presentation, I will give an overview of recent progress on the University (HEUFT06031). fundamental understanding of ultrafast laser-material interaction and its 11:00 AM Break application to the development of nanostructured materials. While laser ablation is a viable method for thin film fabrication, formation of micron-sized 11:10 AM Invited particulates during conventional nanosecond laser-based deposition process Thiol-Capped Nanocrystals: On the Way from Synthesis to Applications: makes it unsuitable for growing high quality nanoscale materials. Owing Nikolai Gaponik1; 1TU Dresden to nonequilibrium non-thermal ablation mechanisms, ultrafast laser pulses The colloidal synthesis of light-emitting thiol-capped semiconductor characterized by their short pulse duration compared to thermal diffusion time nanocrystals (NCs) is presented. The procedures of post-preparative treatment, are able to produce particulate-free precursor vapor for nanoscale material e.g. size-selective precipitation, photochemical etching and phase transfer deposition. Starting with an introduction of the distinct mechanisms of non- are shown to be powerful tools to achieve a strong luminescence quantum thermal ultrafast laser ablation, I will discuss one dimensional nanomaterial yield, high stability, luminescence colour purity and processability of the NCs.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 61 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
growth using femtosecond laser-based deposition approach. The applications technical and scientific challenges. It will present an overview of the state of of such nanostructures will also be discussed. the art in SiC MEMS technology and indicate technological trends. Selected examples of devices will be shown. M 11:05 AM Break Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Nanostructures: 11:35 AM Invited O Session I Synthesis and Application of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Nanowires: N Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Han-Kyu Sung1; Heon-Jin Choi1; 1Yonsei University D Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Electronic Materials Semiconductor nanowires have great potential in the fabrication of Committee, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee, TMS: Thin Films and electronic-, optoelectronic-, and sensor devices on a nano meter scale. A Interfaces Committee, TMS: Young Leaders Committee This talk will focus on the fabrication and modulation of single crystalline Y Program Organizers: Ashutosh Tiwari, University of Utah; Haiyan Wang, semiconductor nanowires and their feasibility as building blocks for nanoscale Texas A&M; Minseo Park, Auburn University devices. Following a brief introduction, an approach to fabricate nanowires from oxide-, nitride- and carbide semiconductor will be presented. Modulation A Monday AM Room: Oceanic 4 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel of nanowires macroscopically, i.e., aligning and patterning of nanowires, as M well as microscopocally, i.e., doping and creating heterostructures, will be Session Chairs: Ashutosh Tiwari, University of Utah; Minseo Park, Auburn presented for various nanowires. Optical, electrical and/or magnetic properties University of nanowires will be discussed with emphasis on the effect of modulation. To explore the feasibility of nanowire as nanoscale building blocks, the preliminary performance of some nanowire based device structures will be 9:00 AM Introductory Comments discussed. Lastly, the uniqueness and potential of nanowires in electronic- 9:10 AM Keynote , optoelectronic-, electromagnetic-, energy conversion/storage- and bio Opportunities and Challenges in Nanostructured Materials: Jagdish applications will be discussed. 1 1 Narayan ; North Carolina State University 12:10 PM This talk addresses some of the fundamental issues and critical advantages Low Temperature Solution Based Synthesis of Exotic ZnO Nanostructures: in reducing the grain size/feature size to the nanoscale regime. We find that as Michael Snure1; Ashutosh Tiwari1; 1University of Utah the grain size or feature size is reduced, there is a critical size below which the ZnO has rapidly become a material favorite for production of nanostructures defect content can be reduced virtually to zero. This critical size for most defects because it self assembles into a number of different structures, such as, rods, in materials falls in the nanoscale regime. Thus, nanostructured materials offer tubes, spirals, and nails. ZnO also has many desirable optical properties like a a unique opportunity to realize the property of a perfect material. However, wide band gap (3.4eV) and large exciton binding energy (60meV) making it with this opportunity comes a great challenge in terms of engineering a large a good material for UV LEDs and lasers. Most of the production methods for fraction of atoms near the surfaces/interfaces. Since the fraction of atoms making ZnO nanostructures require extreme conditions like high temperatures near the surfaces/interfaces increases inversely with size, this fraction can get and vacuum making them less practical. In our lab we have developed a low closer to unity and determine efficacy of nanostructured materials in terms of temperature solution based technique for growing nano-rods, tubes and a efficiency and stability and reliability of nanostructures. We discuss briefly number of other exotic nanostructures. With this solution technique we can ways to enhance the stability and reliability by controlling the properties control were and what type of structures are deposited by varying a few simple of interfaces. This talk summarizes recent developments in nanocrystalline parameters. structural, magnetic, electronic and photonic materials, pointing out unique and improved properties of nanostructured materials. 12:35 PM Fabrication of High Performance Schottky Rectifiers Based on Bulk 9:55 AM Invited GaN Substrate: Yi Zhou1; Dake Wang1; Claude Ahyi1; Chin-Che Tin1; John 1 1 Chemical Sensing with ZnO Nanorods: David Norton ; L. C. Tien ; H. Williams1; Minseo Park1; N. Williams2; Andrew Hanser2; Edward Preble2; 1 1 1 1 1 1 T. Wang ; P. W. Sadik ; B. S. Kang ; F. Ren ; S. J. Pearton ; University of 1Auburn University; 2Kyma Technologies, Inc. Florida Vertical Schottky rectifiers with and without implanted p-type guard ring Semiconductor nanowires are highly attractive for chemical sensing due edge termination have been fabricated on the Ga-face of a free-standing n- to their high surface-to-volume ratio and the surface sensitivity to chemical GaN substrate. Silicon implant has been performed on the backside of the absorption. Particular applications that are being investigated include chemical substrate to minimize ohmic contact resistance. The device showed almost detection in gas in aqueous environments. In this talk, the properties of ZnO ideal forward current characteristics, with the ideality factor of ~1.1, forward films and nanowires for gas and molecule detection will be considered. In turn-on voltage of ~0.85V and on-state resistance (R ) as low as 1 mΩcm2. particular, hydrogen and ozone detection, measurement of pH, detection of ON The reverse breakdown voltage (VB) was found to decrease with increasing hydrocarbons and biomolecules will be discussed. Devices include single and schottky contact size. High reverse breakdown voltage >450 V has been multiple wire constructs. The application of noble metal nanoparticles to the achieved in rectifiers with a small contact size, producing a figure-of-merit nanowires was investigated as well. 2 -2 (VB /RON) > 200 MWcm . The devices also showed an ultrafast reverse 10:30 AM Invited recovery characteristics with a reverse recovery time <20ns. The effect of Silicon Carbide in Harsh Environment Micro-, Nano and Sensor Systems reducing device structure into nanometer scale will also be discussed. – Applications, Challenges and Technological Trends: F. Solzbacher1; 1University of Utah Microsystems, electronics and sensory applications will continue to see strong double digit percentage growth in the coming decades. 80% of these applications will however require the operation of these devices in harsh environments, i.e. high temperatures and aggressive gas and fluid media, such as e.g. combustion processes. The overwhelming majority of solid state materials used today cannot sustain these environments. Various polytypes of bulk and thin film silicon carbide in single crystal, poly crystalline or amorphous form have shown great promise in these applications, as sensory or electronic functional, substrate or encapsulation materials. Great potential results from merging SiC with existing MEMS technologies. The talk will present applications and market opportunities, identify some of the key
62 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
oxidized to PbO without nano-hole because oxygen diffusion through the oxide layer is the rate determining process in the oxidation of Pb. The comparison 2007 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties and of the former (Cu, Zn, Al) with the latter (Pb) results indicates that nano-hole Applications: Session II is formed as a result of clustering of vacancies which generate due to rapidly Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, outward diffusion of metal ions through oxide layer at oxidation. M Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee Program Organizers: Wonbong Choi, Florida International University; 2:55 PM O Ashutosh Tiwari, University of Utah; Seung Kang, Qualcomm Inc. A New Continuous Manufacturing Technology for Nanoparticles: N Christian Wögerer1; Georg Waldner1; Heinz Dobesberger1; 1ARC Seibersdorf Monday PM Room: Oceanic 3 Research GmbH D February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel The most important challenge is, besides development of new particles A and materials based on “Nano”, to create new “Production methods for a Y Session Chairs: W. Jud Ready, Georgia Tech; Otto Zhou, University of controlled mass production of Nanoparticles. Therefore ARC-sr has recently North Carolina Chapel Hill started the operation of an advanced HPMN- trial plant that enables the synthesis of various types of nanoscaled particles. The goal is establishing a P 2:00 PM Invited proven method for the production of nanoparticles for industries. The paper M Electrostatic Funneling Scheme for Wafer-Scale Fabrication of Nanoscale shows the state of the art of various production methods with it´s advantages Devices: Seong Jin Koh1; 1University of Texas at Arlington and disadvantages and compares these technologies to the HPMN reactor. The The ability to place nanoscale building blocks on the exact substrate locations HPMN reactor is a continuous production method for Nanoparticles with the is one of the key requirements for the fabrication of nanoscale devices and Possibility of functionalsazion and aftertreatment in one step and he will open sensors through the bottom-up approach. In this talk, we will present a scheme the door for the Industries to a cost efficient mass production of functionalized called “electrostatic funneling”, in which charged nanoparticles in a colloidal Nanoparticles and Nanoproducts. The HPMN-reactor combines the flexibility solution are guided by the electrostatic forces onto the targeted locations of precipitiation with the possibilities of controlling the particle characteristics with nanoscale precision. The guiding electrostatic structures are created in and the ability of continuous processing. combination with wet chemistry and current CMOS fabrication technology, 3:10 PM enabling large-scale placement of nanoparticles over an entire wafer. This Environment-Friendly Synthesis of Organic-Soluble Silver Nanoparticles controlled nanoparticle placement will be demonstrated for a variety of toward Inkjet Printing: Kwi Jong Lee1; Byung Ho Jun1; Jaewoo Joung1; geometries created using 200 mm and 300 mm CMOS fabrication lines. The 1Samsung Electro-Mechanics application of the electrostatic funneling scheme to the fabrication of single In this study, we attempted to present an environment-friendly synthesis electron devices and their electrical characteristics will also be presented. of narrowly dispersed silver nanoparticles in highly concentrated organic Supported by ONR (N00014-05-1-0030), NSF CAREER (ECS-0449958), phase. The fully organic phase system contains silver salt as a silver precursor, and THECB ARP (003656-0014-2006). alkanoic acid as a capping molecule, hydrocarbon solvent as a media, and 2:25 PM transition metal salt. Even not using reducing agents such as borohydride or Maghemite Nanoparticles Obtained by Laser Pyrolysis and Their hydrazine, monodispersed silver nanocrystals with size of 5 nm were easily Application as Magnetic Nanofluids: Ion Morjan1; Rodica Alexandrescu1; synthesized at low temperature (< 100°C). This was attributed to the difference Florian Dumitrache1; Ion Voicu1; Lavinia Gavrila1; Iuliana Soare1; Ladislau of electrochemical reduction potential between silver and transition metal and Vekas2; Doina Bica3; George Filoti4; Mircea Morariu4; Victor Kuncser4; resulted in metal-catalyzed synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, the 1National Institute for Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics; 2Centre of silver ink was printed onto plastic substrates and then metallized into electrical Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Romanian Academy - circuits. Timisoara Division; 3University Politehnica Timisoara; 4National Institute of 3:25 PM Break Materials Physics Nano-sized maghemite particles (usually less than 15 nm diameter) have 3:40 PM Invited been directly synthesized by the laser induced pyrolysis of iron pentacarbonyl Intelligent Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Hybrid 1 1 vapors. Ethylene was used as sensitizer of the induced reaction. By the Architectures: Swastik Kar ; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute controlled use of air as oxidizer, iron oxide nanoparticles in the gamma We present some recent demonstrations of clever applications built from phase were obtained. The particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, carbon nanotubes and their hybrid architectures. In the field of electronics, transmission electron microscopy, FTIR and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The semiconducting carbon nanotubes can be used to fabricate field-effect synthesized iron-based nanoparticles were characterized by narrow size transistors, and single charge transistors. Metallic nanotubes turn out to be distributions. Magnetic properties are strongly dependent on the particle size extremely good for gigascale integration of these devices. By growing large- and on the degree of crystallinity. For obtaining samples of magnetic nanofluids scale aligned nanotubes on bulk metallic substrates, one can fabricate double from nano maghemite, a multi-step preparation procedure was used in which layer capacitors (supercapacitors), VIA structures, and integrated field-emission through both dispersion and stabilization the breaking of inter-particle bonds cathodes. By a controlled infiltration of nanotubes with polymers, it is possible and the covering with suitable surfactants of individual nanoparticles are to have sensitive strain and pressure sensors, and achieve extremely enhanced realized. The resulted samples show relatively low saturation magnetization. field-emission properties. Fins of aligned multi-walled nanotube arrays have They prove the viability of the applied procedure and show promising features tremendous applications as heat dissipaters on hot-spots in IC circuits, due to for biological applications. their high thermal conductance and surface area/mass. The engineering and physics of these and other related applications will be presented, along with 2:40 PM possible realistic, immediate applications. Formation of Nano-Scaled Hollow Oxide Particles Using Oxidation Reaction: Ryusuke Nakamura1; Daisuke Tokozakura1; Jung Goo Lee1; 4:05 PM Hirotaro Mori1; Hideo Nakajima1; 1Osaka University Synthesis and Investigation of Thermoelectric Properties of Sodium- 1 1 Formation of hollow oxide nanoparticles through the oxidation of metal Doped V2O5: Monika Marciniak ; University of Washington nanoparticles such as Cu, Zn, Al, and Pb was examined by transmission There is a growing interest in the development of thermoelectric materials electron microscopy. After the oxidation of Cu, Zn, and Al nanoparticles in the due to their potential applications such as thermoelectric power generation, temperature range between 295 and 423 K, solid nanoparticles turned to hollow small-scale refrigeration, decreasing emissions in vehicles and other. Discussed oxides depending on the initial size of metal nanoparticles. Additionally, voids research focuses on investigating thermoelectric properties of vanadium were observed at the interface between inner metal and outer oxide in the pentaoxide (V2O5) - a material that exhibits semiconducting properties and immediate stage of oxidation reaction. On the other hand, Pb nanoparticles which the properties have been enhanced by doping. Systematic synthesis of V2O5 powder with sodium chloride (NaCl) has been achieved and the
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 63 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
effect of doping V2O5 with sodium atoms has been investigated. A series of microstructures will be discussed in terms of the crystallographic orientation X-ray diffraction, X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy tests, conductivity and dependence. Seebeck measurements have been performed. As a result, a sodium-doped 5:05 PM V2O5 solution that exhibits potential for the high thermoelectric efficiency Single-Step, Size-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles has been identified. The newly-developed solution is being currently utilized M Stabilized by Octadecylamine: Gururaj Neelgund1; M.S. Dharmaprakash1; as n-type material in the prototype of a thermoelectric device. The device is S.A. Shivashankar1; 1Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science O at the stage of development and testing and its characterization should be A single step process for the synthesis of size-controlled silver nanoparticles N accomplished soon. has been developed using a bifunctional molecule, octadecylamine (ODA). D 4:20 PM Octadecylamine complexes to Ag+ ions electrostatically, reduces them, and A Synthesis and Study of Organic-Metallic Composite Rods Based on Ionic subsequently stabilizes the nanoparticles thus formed. Hence, octadecylamine Y Liquids for Electronic Applications: Ashavani Kumar1; Victor Pushparaj1; simultaneously functions as both a reducing and a stabilizing agent. The Saravanababu Murugesan1; Caterina Soldano1; Jin Xie1; George John2; amine-capped nanoparticles can be obtained in the form of dry powder, which Omkaram Nalamasu1; Pulickel Ajayan1; Robert Linhardt1; 1Rensselaer is readily redispersible in aqueous and organic solvents. The UV-vis spectra P Polytechnic Institute; 2City College of New York of the nanoparticles prepared with different concentrations of ODA displayed M In recent years, there has been constant effort in utilizing the molecular self well-defined plasmon band with the maximum absorption around 425 nm. assembly technique to the electronic industry. We demonstrate a single step, The formation of silver metallic nanoparticles was confirmed by their XRD scalable method to synthesize the conducting organic – metallic composite pattern. The binding of ODA molecule on the surface of silver has been studied sub micron rods (i.e. gold nanoparticles-embedded organic molecule-based by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The formation of well dispersed spherical hexagonal nanostructures using a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL)). Ag nanoparticles without aggregation has been confirmed by TEM analysis. These rods were obtained simply by dissolving gold chloride in 1-butyl, 4- Open aperture z-scans have been performed to measure the nonlinearity of Ag methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate(RTIL). The hexagonal shaped rods aspect nanoparticles. ratio can be altered by changing the molar ratio of RTIL to gold chloride. XPS, 5:20 PM NMR, FTIR, TEM and FESEM were used to characterize. These hexagonal Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminum-Based Energetic rods were dispersed on the SiO2/Si substrate and the coplanar metal electrodes Nanoparticles: David Reid1; Sudipta Seal1; Eric Petersen1; 1University of were deposited by focused ion beam technique. The current-voltage behavior Central Florida obtained on our device, is similar to the organic memory cell behavior. It A wet chemical method was developed for the synthesis of core/shell- behaves as though the data is written once and can be read many times. (write structured nanoparticles consisting of titania-encapsulated aluminum. once read many times -WORM). Aluminum nanoparticles were prepared by the catalytic decomposition of 4:35 PM a TMEDA-alane adduct in toluene. Following the precipitation of metallic
Asymmetric Properties of Strained SrTiO3 Films on DyScO3 Substrates: aluminum, the particles were suspended in ethanol and passivated with a Susan Trolier-McKinstry1; Michael Biegalski1; Jeff Haeni1; Long-Qing Chen1; surfactant. The aluminum particles were monodisperse with a mean particle Darrell Schlom1; Yulan Li1; Venkat Gopalan1; Dillon Fong2; Stephen Streiffer2; size of 8-10 nm by dynamic light scattering. Work is currently ongoing to Jeff Eastman2; P. Fuoss2; Marilyn Hawley3; A.K. Tagantsev4; R. Uecker5; P. produce the titania coating via a sol-gel reaction with titanium isopropoxide, Reiche5; 1Pennsylvania State University; 2Argonne National Laboratory; 3Los allowing for the preferential growth of titania on the surface of the aluminum Alamos National Laboratory; 4EPFL; 5Institute for Crystal Growth particles. The composition and structure of the core/shell particles will be
Using reactive MBE, strained epitaxial SrTiO3 films were grown on confirmed with XPS, XRD, and TEM characterization.
DyScO3 substrates. Films with thicknesses from 50 Å to 1000 Å were prepared to examine the films above and below the critical thickness. These films have excellent crystalline quality with rocking curve FWHM of 0.002- 0.005°. These films retain excellent crystallinity above the critical thickness. 8th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in One consequence of the strain is that the films experience a ferroelectric Materials and Manufacturing Technologies for transition near room temperature, even though unstrained SrTiO3 is an Energy Production: Plenary incipient ferroelectric. These films also exhibit peak dielectric constants near Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Materials 20,000. The dielectric data shows frequency relaxation that was well fit by Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Global Innovations Committee a Vogel-Fulcher equation over six orders of magnitude in frequency with a Program Organizers: Joy Hines, Ford Motor Company; David Bahr, freezing temperature of 204 K. These films also exhibit clear hysteresis loops Washington State University; John Smugeresky, Sandia National 2 Laboratories below Tmax with an in-plane remanent polarization up to 10 µC/cm at 77 K. Interestingly, the in-plane electrical properties are anisotropic due to the orthorhombicity of the substrate. Monday PM Room: Australia 3 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel 4:50 PM Evolution of Microstructures and Physical Properties during Annealing Session Chair: Joy Hines, Ford Motor Company in Nanostructured Invar: Jeong Ho Seo1; Jong Kweon Kim1; Yong Bum Park1; 1Sunchon National University 2:00 PM Invited Fine metal masks(FMMs) are necessarily used in the process to produce Energy Security for the United States (and the World): Jeffrey Wadsworth1; organic light-emitting displays(OLEDs), and should be made of materials with 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory low thermal expansion in order to guide evaporated luminescent materials into Three closely linked challenges—energy, environment, and national correct positions on glass-substrates. Invar(Fe-36%Ni alloy), whose thermal security—will increasingly dominate national and international agendas, expansion coefficient(TEC) approaches zero, is the most appropriate material and their resolution will demand international cooperation, with science for the application. In the present work, FMMs of nanocrystalline Invar were and technology playing a crucial role. First, the global need for energy is fabricated by using an electroforming method. The present study has been rapidly increasing, with some estimates indicating a doubling of world energy aimed at clarifying correlation between the microstructures and physical consumption by the year 2050. Second, concerns about the environmental properties which evolve during annealing in the nanostructured Invar. The impacts of energy production are increasing the focus on “clean” energy TEC measured about 1.14x10-6/K in the as-deposited sample consisting sources. And third, U.S. dependence on external sources of energy is of nanometer-sized grains. Grain growth took place during annealing at increasingly recognized as a national security issue. New facilities and temperatures higher than 350°C, and the annealed specimen revealed the TEC capabilities for designing, characterizing, and simulating the structure and of conventional Invar, i.e. about 2.01x10-6/K. Mechanical properties also function of materials are becoming available to solve these problems. After significantly changed after annealing. Physical properties depending on the
64 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program a brief review of current and future energy demands and their impacts and for PV cells has been silicon feedstock and byproducts (scrap) from the implications, I will describe several areas of research that offer opportunities semiconductor industry. During the past decade, however, the semiconductor for materials science to provide solutions. industry has not expanded with the same speed as the PV industry. The global PV industry will soon reach a point where it cannot be sustained by these 2:30 PM Invited only these raw material sources. This paper reviews the present situation and Materials for Nuclear Energy Applications: Marius Stan1; 1Los Alamos M the future expectations of availability of high purity solar grade silicon and National Laboratory reviews the manufacturing processes of silicon starting from the natural raw O Nuclear reactor materials are subject to a sever environment where irradiation materials and finishing with the solar cells. Particular emphasis is put on the N continuously alter their thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties. It is chemical steps currently applied in the industry and on the possible routes to difficult and often impossible to perform in-situ measurements to monitor D achieve a technically and economically suitable PV silicon feedstock. the changes in fuel element materials properties. To address these issues, the A concept of models and simulations as integrated experimental, theoretical, Y and computational methods is presented. In this approach, thermodynamic properties of actinide based alloys and ceramics are predicted using a multi- Advanced Metallic Composites and Alloys for High scale method. The method incorporates theory-based atomistic, meso-scale, P Performance Applications: Fe and Ni Alloys and and continuum level models into finite element simulations. At each scale, M the method is illustrated with recent results such as models of free energy and Composites phase stability, predicted defect concentrations in PuO2-x, and simulations of Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, ASM coupled heat transfer and oxygen diffusion in UO2+x. In the second part of the International, TMS Structural Materials Division, ASM Materials Science Critical Technology Sector, TMS/ASM: Composite Materials Committee, talk, a list of grand challenges in the area of materials optimization for nuclear TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee energy applications is proposed and discussed. Program Organizers: Awadh Pandey, Pratt and Whitney Rocketdyne; Kevin 3:00 PM Invited Kendig, Air Force Research Laboratory; John Lewandowski, Case Western Materials Advances for Fuel Cell Applications at the CFCI: Héctor Reserve University Abruña1; Francis DiSalvo1; 1Cornell Fuel Cell Institute, Baker Laboratory, Monday PM Room: Europe 10 Cornell University February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel This presentation will focus on the development of new materials for fuel cell applications with emphasis on ordered intermetallic phases as both bulk Session Chair: Awadh Pandey, Pratt and Whitney Rocketdyne electrodes and nano-particles, the use of conducting non-stoichiometric oxides as supports and cathodes and novel approaches to alkaline membranes. The use of high throughput combinatorial methods and nano-structured integrated 2:00 PM Invited systems will also be discussed. A Cellular Transformation Involving γ (Ni-Al Solid Solution) and γ’ 1 1 1 (Ni3Al): Marta Pozuelo ; Alan Ardell ; University of California 3:30 PM A new, previously unknown, cellular transformation was observed in a Ni- New Low Cost Material Development Technique for Alternate Energy 22.5% Al alloy that was arc-melted, chill cast into a water-cooled Cu crucible, 1 1 1 1 Applications: John Smugeresky ; D. Gill ; Elizabeth Holm ; Sandia National homoge-nized for 74 h in a vacuum of 10-6 torr at 1125 °C and slowly cooled Laboratories inside the vacuum furnace. The cellular transformation was observed in a few A new material synthesis methodology utilizing additive manufacturing isolated grains, within which the transformation was complete, all the lamellae techniques like LENS is being used to develop new production quality having the same orientation. There were no contiguous cellular grains; each materials for alternate energy applications, that may reduce development time was surrounded completely by grains of γ’. SEM and EDS confirmed that and cost. Conventional alloy development requires years, consumes millions the lamellae consist of alternating plates of the γ (Ni-Al solid solution) and γ’ of dollars, and requires large heats of material, which are scrapped at the end (Ni3Al) phases. The interlamellar spacing was ~8 µm, with a γ and γ’ thickness of the development cycle. To reduce the time and cost to evaluate new alloys, ratio of 1/6. We believe that the transformation results either from heating into we are using a laser based additive manufacturing technique to investigate the γ + γ’ field from lower temperatures, or slow cooling into the 2-phase field, entire alloy composition ranges with small numbers of samples in a condensed but the mechanism is not yet known. time frame wasting little material. Using iron-based alloys, we are evaluating new classes of composite materials required to meet material needs for 2:20 PM alternate energy technologies. These consist of graded composition samples, Phasefield Simulations of the Microstructural Evolution in Superalloys, created by mixing different constituents under precise computer control during Directional Solidification and Solution Heat Treatment: Nils that varies the composition on a mm basis while still allowing a complete Warnken1; Dexin Ma2; Anne Drevermann1; Suzana Fries3; Ingo Steinbach1; spectrum of alloy compositions. Materials analysis included various electron- 1Access E.V.; 2Foundry Institute of the RWTH-Aachen; 3SGF Consultancy optic technique evaluations for phase identity, volume fractions, and phase Directionally solidified turbines blades are exposed to highest temperatures. boundaries. An important new feature of this approach is that the resultant Made from Ni-based superalloys, the micostructure consisting of a gamma suitable new compositions can use the same additive manufacturing technique matrix with finely dispersed gamma-prime precipitates. During solidification to make small lot production of the material either as a machining blank or as superalloys form a heavily inhomogenous microstructure, exhibiting strong near net-shape parts. Example materials include steels that do not require heat microsegregation and formation of interdendritic phases. These inhomogenities treatment but have increased corrosion resistance, stiffness features, imbedded are removed by a long solution treatment at high temperatures, a lengthy hollow particles in the matrix creating low density reticulated structural and costly process. Appropriate simulations can help to improve alloys and materials from conventional high density alloys, or hard dispersoids to control processes. We simulate the microstructural evolution during directional grain size and increase wear resistance. Work by Sandia is supported by the U. solidification and solution heat treatment with the phase field method, S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Sandia is a coupled to thermodynamic and kinetic databases. The simulations cover the multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin formation of dendritic structures and interdendritic gamma-prime as functions Company, for the United States Department of Energy. of process parameters. A way to identify potential microstructural instability is presented. Simulations were done with the MICRESS® software package, 4:00 PM Invited for a quinternary model superalloy (Ni-Al-Cr-Ta-W). The simulations show Development of Materials for Solar Energy: The Silicon Case: Bruno good agreement with results from directional solidification and heat treatment Ceccaroli1; 1REC Silicon AS experiments. During the past decade, the global photovoltaic industry has grown significantly. Silicon is the dominating technology for photovoltaics (PV), covering more than 90% of all PV produced. Historically the feedstock
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 65 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
2:40 PM 4:00 PM Post-Fabrication Strengthening of Ni-Based Thermostructural Panels: Interface Reactions and Their Kinetics of Al and Binary Al-Si Alloys to Sara Johnson1; Brian Tryon1; Fang Cao1; Tresa Pollock1; 1University of Mild Steel Substrates: Werner Fragner1; Konrad Papis2; Roman Sonnleitner3; Michigan Peter Uggowitzer2; Jörg Löffler2; 1ARC Leichtmetallkompetenzzentrum M Thermostructural panels for use in emerging hypersonic flight systems Ranshofen GmbH; 2Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule; 3ECHEM require the use of advanced materials which can support substantial loads at To meet the requirements of weight-saving and low-cost production of O elevated temperatures. The major challenge in this advancing technology is components for future transport vehicles, the concept of multi-material mix is N identifying formable structural materials that are both strong and oxidation of increasing importance. In this context aluminum-iron compounds produced D resistant. Presently, a new processing path that begins with sheets of nickel- by means of compound casting are considered to be of particular importance, based alloys has been investigated where these solid-solution strengthened especially for the automotive industry. An essential and critical aspect of such A alloys are formed into panels and subsequently strengthened by vapor phase compound castings is the formation of intermetallic phases (IMP) at the Al- Y aluminization. Microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behavior Fe interface. Both the nature and the kinetics of potential IMPs are not well of these structural elements during processing will be discussed. understood and require a systematic investigation. In this paper we document the interface formation of pure Al and binary Al-Si-alloys on a mild steel substrate in P 3:00 PM non-isothermal experiments. The different phases as well as the reaction kinetics Microcrystalline, Ductile in Room Temperature Ni3Al-Based Strips: M of the IMP formation depending upon different Si content (7%, 12% and 17%) Production and Properties: Pawel Jozwik1; Zbigniew Bojar1; 1Military are investigated using quantitative metallography (LOM, SEM/EDX). University of Technology Results of investigation of Ni3Al-based microcrystalline intermetallic alloy 4:20 PM with zirconium and boron addition was shown in this paper. A selection of Latest Development and Characteristics of Sandwich Structures with strictly given parameters of plastic working and heat treatment allowed us Sheet Metal of CrNi-Steel and Core Layer Made of Different Polymers: to obtained a thin strips with thickness bellow 350micrometers and gamma Heinz Palkowski1; Günther Lange1; 1Tu Clausthal, Institut für Metallurgie, prim grain size from 1,5 to 80 micrometers. A process proposed in the paper Werkstoffumformung makes provision for strictly control of mechanical properties of Ni3Al thin Metal/polymer/metal sandwich materials are finding increasing use in strips via grain boundary strengthening. A wide set of Ni3Al strips mechanical the automotive industry primarily as lightweight alternatives to steel and parameters e.g.: ultimate tensile strength (UTS) from 1100MPa to 1750MPa, aluminium alloys. They offer functional benefits including superior sound and tensile yield strength (TYS) from 300 to 1250MPa and elongation A10 vibration damping, thermal insulation, crash energy absorption and corrosion between 70 and 30% (room temperature, air atmosphere) was obtained. Such resistance by alternative choice of the steel grade. In research projects values of parameters considerably exceed a level of mechanical parameters (promoted by the DFG) different 3-layer sandwich materials were produced. referred in bibliography for similar strips. These materials have sheet metal surface layers (austenitic high-grade steel) and a central polymer layer (also fibre reinforced). Mechanical properties had 3:20 PM been examined and deep drawing test with different simple geometries had Electrodeposition of Ni-P Alloys from a Sulfamate Electrolyte System: been done. By the combination of the qualities of different materials these Relationship between Ph Value and Structural Characteristics: Liuwen sandwich materials won’t replace only monolithic materials but also by Chang1; Chih-Hsiung Chen2; Honda Fang3; 1National Sun Yat-Sen University; requirements of development and construction open up new application fields. 2China Steel Corporation; 3MesoPhase Technologies, Inc. The latest developments at the TU Clausthal are local reinforced sandwich This study describes the effect of pH value of the electrolyte on phosphorus structures. This research work is based within the “Sonderforschungsbereich content and residual stress of Ni-P deposits prepared from a sulfamate bath. In 675” which is promoted by the DFG. general, decreasing pH value results in a decrease of current density no matter if phosphite acid is added in the electrolyte. However, by gradually adding 4:40 PM phosphite acid, the detrimental effect of decreasing pH value on increasing Nano-Particle-Strengthened Martensitic Steels by Conventional residual stress is eliminated, and finally the low pH value bring a beneficial Processing: R. Klueh1; N. Hashimoto2; M. Miller1; 1Oak Ridge National effect on decreasing residual stress in the deposits. Lowering the pH value Laboratory; 2Hokkaido University also results in an increase of the phosphorus content of the deposits. Possible Need exists for elevated-temperature steels with higher maximum operating mechanism between hydrogen evolution and phosphorus incorporation is temperatures than the 550-620ºC of present commercial martensitic steels, addressed and microstructure of the resultant Ni-P deposits is also analyzed such as modified 9Cr-1Mo and NF616. One possibility is oxide dispersion- strengthened (ODS) steels. However, ODS steels are produced by complicated 3:40 PM and expensive mechanical-alloying, powder-metallurgy techniques, as Gas Atomized Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Stainless Steel: opposed to conventional processing (casting followed by rolling, extruding, Joel Rieken1; Iver Anderson2; Robert Terpstra2; Fran Laabs2; 1Iowa State etc.). Based on the science of precipitate strengthening (need for large University; 2Ames Laboratory numbers of small particles) and using thermodynamic modeling to explore A method has been developed to produce an as-atomized oxide dispersion optimum compositions, a thermomechanical treatment (TMT) was developed strengthened ferritic stainless steel powder metal alloy that exhibits competitive that increased yield stress of commercial nitrogen-containing martensitic mechanical properties using a highly simplified processing technique when steels 88% at 700ºC. Creep-rupture tests indicated a commensurate increase compared to mechanically alloyed and deformation processed stainless steel in rupture life. Steels designed and produced specifically for the TMT powder metal alloys. This paper investigates the powder alloy, Fe-12.5Cr- have yield stresses at 700ºC up to 200% greater than conventional steels. 1Y (wt%), that was fully consolidated through hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Characterization of the new steels indicated that precipitates were eight-times Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and x-ray smaller at number densities over three orders of magnitude greater than in diffraction was used for confirmation of different phases within the Fe matrix. A conventional steels they would replace. preliminary heat treatment schedule was devised in order to achieve maximum hardness and allow for further formation of yttrium dispersoids. Hardness and 5:00 PM initial creep testing were performed, along with microstructural analysis in both Enhancing the Toughness of Brazed Joints in Austenitic Steels by as-HIP and heat treated conditions. Transmission electron microscopy with Microstructure Control: Noah Philips1; Anthony Evans1; Carlos Levi1; EDS capabilities verified that yttrium based particles were indeed impeding 1University of California, Santa Barbara dislocation movement. Support from the DOE-FE (ARM program) through Brazing is used as a fabrication technology for lightweight, blast resistant Ames Laboratory contract no. W-7405-Eng-82 is gratefully acknowledged. sandwich panels, especially those based on austenitic stainless steels and quaternary braze alloys. When standard braze protocols are used, structurally robust nodes can only be assured by using close dimensional tolerances. This assessment examines approaches for enhancing the robustness by modifying the microstructure of the braze-affected zone. The approach includes the
66 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program design and analysis of a new test method for measuring the fracture toughness. formation energy in pure Al: 1) the vacancy on the Al layer next to the GPI Toughness was enhanced by implementing thermochemical approaches for has a much higher formation energy; 2) the vacancy on the second nearest Al reducing the intermetallic volumefraction, and by heat treatments that reduce layer to the GPI has much lower formation energy; and 3) the vacancy on the the fracture pathway continuity. middle Al layer in the GPII has the lowest formation energy. Multi-vacancy formation energies and configuration entropies are calculated and estimated. 5:20 PM M These results suggest that the vacancy concentration is enhanced around the Low Thermal Expansion Coefficient Fe-Ni-Co Alloys - Plastic Deformation, GPI and GPII, and one possible theta-prime nucleation process could be that O Alloy Composition and Martensitic Transformation Relationships: Deniz Cu atoms on GPI and GPII jump to the second nearest Al layer, and then order N Sultan Temur1; Ali Arslan Kaya1; Gurler Kaya2; Murat Kurtulus2; 1TUBITAK to form theta-prime nuclei. MRC Materials Institute; 2Roketsan Missiles Industries Inc. D Alloy composition, heat and mechanical treatments are factors affecting 3:10 PM Question and Answer Period A linear thermal expansion coefficient in Fe-Ni-Co alloys. Although deformation 3:15 PM Y lower the expansion coefficients of these alloys, an increasing deformation A Modified Embedded Atom Method Interatomic Potential for the Fe-N leads to partial transformation to martensite upon cooling and increases the System: Byeong-Joo Lee1; 1Pohang University of Science and Technology thermal expansion coefficient. Thus, to obtain a low expansion coefficient, the P A Modified Embedded-Atom Method (MEAM) interatomic potential composition of the alloy, which affects the transformation temperature, has to for the Fe-N binary system has been developed using previously developed M be controlled critically. Alloying elements generally suppresses the martensite MEAM potentials of Fe and N. The potential parameters were determined by start temperature. Carbon, present in the alloy studied, is very effective in fitting to the dilute heat of solution and migration energy of nitrogen atoms, this respect. However, it creates instability in terms of expansion behaviour the vacancy-nitrogen binding energy and its configuration in bcc Fe, and to the and increases linear thermal expansion coefficient. A series of stabilization enthalpy of formation and lattice parameter of Fe4N. The potential reproduces heat treatments hinder this instability problem allowing for controlled use very well the known physical properties of nitrogen as an interstitial solute of carbon in these alloys. This study focuses on the method of obtaining element in bcc and fcc Fe and of various nitrides. The similarity and difference low expansion coefficients by applying plastic deformation in Fe-Ni-Co between nitrogen and carbon as equally important interstitial elements in iron alloys while controlling the partial martensitic transformation as a result of are also examined. The applicability of the potential to atomistic approaches composition and applied deformation. for investigating interactions between nitrogen atoms and other defects such as vacancies, dislocations and grain boundaries, and also for investigating the effects of nitrogen on various deformation and mechanical behaviors of iron Advances in Computational Materials Science and is demonstrated. Engineering Methods: Methods at the Atom Scale II 3:40 PM Question and Answer Period Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS 3:45 PM Break Structural Materials Division, TMS: Biomaterials Committee, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science & Engineering 4:15 PM Invited Program Organizers: Koen Janssens, Paul Scherrer Institute; Veena Tikare, Application of Molecular Theory to Complex Fluid Interfaces: Amalie Sandia National Laboratories; Richard LeSar, Iowa State University Frischknecht1; 1Sandia National Laboratories Modeling complex fluid systems on the nanoscale is challenging because Monday PM Room: Europe 7 these systems often sit on the boundary between length scales easily handled February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel in atomistic simulations and the larger length scales where mesoscopic models Session Chair: Koen Janssens, Paul Scherrer Institute apply. One promising technique to address these systems is classical density functional theory (DFT). DFT describes fluids on the molecular level, while a parallel, 3D implementation of DFT developed at Sandia is capable of 2:00 PM Introductory Comments treating relatively large systems. I will introduce the theory and then describe 2:05 PM Invited our application of it to two problems. First, we have used DFT to study the Grain Boundary Interface Roughening and Its Effect on Grain Boundary properties of phospholipid bilayers and their interactions with alcohol and Mobility: David Olmsted1; Stephen Foiles1; Elizabeth Holm1; 1Sandia intrinsic membrane proteins. Second, I will discuss recent work modeling National Laboratories the properties of polymer/nanoparticle thin films. Sandia is a multiprogram It is well-known that interfaces demonstrate a roughening transition, and laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, probably obvious that grain boundary motion will be different above and below for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security the transition. However, this issue has not often been addressed. We simulated Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. the mobility of three flat Σ5 <100> tiltboundaries in fcc Ni as a function of 4:50 PM Question and Answer Period temperature and driving force using molecular dynamics with an EAM potential and a synthetic driving force.1 We find that there is an interface roughening 4:55 PM temperature specific to each boundary, and grain boundary mobility undergoes Anharmonic Lattice Statics Analysis of Defective Crystals with Many- 1 1 a discontinuity at the transition temperature. This limits the temperature range Body Interactions: Arash Yavari ; Georgia Institute of Technology over which molecular dynamics can provide an estimate of grain boundary The existing treatments of defects in crystalline solids in the lattice scale are mobility. Furthermore, because transition temperature is boundary-specific, mostly numerical and analytic and/or semi-analytic developments are missing. there may be temperatures at which some grain boundaries in a microstructure In this seminar we extend the anharmonic lattice statics technique developed are above their transition temperature (highly mobile), while others are below previously by the author and coworkers to the case of defective crystals it (immobile). 1KGF Janssens et al. Nature Materials 5 (2006) 124. governed by many-body potentials. As examples of many-body potentials, we work with two types of potentials: (i) embedded atom potentials for alloys and 2:40 PM Question and Answer Period (ii) bond valance potentials for ferroelectric perovskites. We show how one 2:45 PM can do semi-analytical lattice calculations for different types of defects in this Calculations of the Vacancy Formation Energy near GP Zones and a Possible general setting. We also show how our lattice statics technique can be used as Nucleation Mechanism of Precipitates in Al-Cu Alloys: Shenyang Hu1; a measure of comparing different interatomic potentials in terms of the defect Michael Baskes1; Srinivasan Srivilliputhur1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory structure ad energetics that they predict. We also address the issue of finite In this work, we calculated the vacancy formation energy around GPI and temperature effects on defect structures. GPII in Al-Cu alloys using both first principles and semi-empirical calculations. 5:20 PM Question and Answer Period The results of both sets of calculations show that compared to the vacancy
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 67 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
DRX model, based on grain boundary-assisted nucleation of non-basal dislocations, is fully coupled to the sub-element deformation. The introduction Advances in Microstructure-Based Modeling and of a length-scale, the capture distance for the boundary-emitted dislocation, Characterization of Deformation Microstructures: determines the DRX grain size. The model is used to simulate DRX kinetics M Modeling of Deformed Structures I for magnesium deformed in plane strain compression. Texture, microstructure O Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, ASM-MSCTS: and flow stress predictions are compared to data from the literature. Texture and Anisotropy Committee, ASM-MSCTS: Texture and Anisotrophy 3:05 PM N Committee Program Organizers: Reza Shahbazian Yassar, Center for Advanced Coupled Simulation of Microstructure and Texture Evolution in D 1 1 1 Vehicular Systems; Sean Agnew, University of Virginia; Jiantao Liu, Alcoa Polycrystals: Bala Radhakrishnan ; Gorti Sarma ; Oak Ridge National A Technical Center Laboratory Y Thermo-mechanical processing to produce optimum grain structure and Monday PM Room: Europe 1 texture is key to the successful utilization of commercial aluminum alloys and February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel steels as sheet products. Several modeling techniques have been developed P in the past with a reasonably good predictive capability for bulk deformation M Session Chairs: Thomas Bieler, Michigan State University; Hasso Weiland, textures. However, prediction of texture evolution during recrystallization Alcoa Technical Center remains very challenging because of the lack of models to fully quantify the heterogeneity at the microstructural length scale of the texture and the stored 2:00 PM energy of deformation that largely determine the orientations and spatial An Analysis of Microstructure Evolution and the Bauschinger Effect at the distribution of nucleation sites. Uncertainties in grain boundary properties, Micron Scale: Amine Benzerga1; P.J. Guruprasad1; 1Texas A&M University especially grain boundary energy and mobility as a function of the boundary Mechanism-based discrete dislocation dynamics is used in structure- misorientation, make it extremely difficult to predict the recrystallization property studies of crystal plasticity under macroscopically homogeneous textures. We present a brief overview of the recent modeling techniques in this deformation. Particular attention is given to the effect of microstructure field, and highlight some of our recent work in thermo-mechanical processing evolution on the enhancement of the Bauschinger effect in single crystal of steel sheet by shear deformation and annealing. specimens with dimensions in the hundreds of nanometers to tens of microns 3:25 PM Invited range. Constitutive rules are used which account for key short-range dislocation Deformation Structures, Properties and Formability of Selected UFG interactions, including junction formation and dynamic source creation. For Aluminium Alloys: Hans Roven1; Manping Liu1; Stephane Dumoulin1; low initial dislocation densities, the behavior is dominated by exhaustion 1Norwegian University of Science and Technology hardening with essentially no dislocation accumulation. Within this regime, Ultrafine grain (UFG)aluminium alloys can be produced by severe the unloading response is purely elastic but the cyclic response occasionally plastic deformation (SPD). The present work focuses on characterization exhibits anasymmetry between tension and compression. By way of contrast, of deformation structures and microstructure development occuring during for high initial dislocation densities the fundamental mechanisms of athermal Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) and High Pressure Torsion (HPT). hardening operate effectively, thus leading to microstructure development and High stacking fault materials such as aluminium, are not expected to form a strong Bauschinger effect. The magnitude of the latter is found to increase defomation twins. However, the present results obtained from high resolution with decreasing specimen size. electron microscopy on a series of alloys show numerous twin orientaion 2:20 PM Invited relationships in the formed nanostructure. Further, post-ECAP annealing A General Microstructural Metal Plasticity Model Applied in Testing, creates improved combinations of strength, ductility and formability. Processing and Forming of Aluminium Alloys: Bjorn Holmedal1; Erik Nes1; 3:50 PM Break 1NTNU In a recently completed EU Framework Program a major effort was launched 4:05 PM with the dedicated objectives of developing comprehensive, microstructurally Modeling the Effects of Mechanical Twinning on the Response of a based, models for casting, fabrication and forming of aluminium alloys. Magnesium Alloy Sheet during Strain Path Changes: Ashutosh Jain1; Collaboration in this project provided an opportunity for further refinements and Gwenaelle Proust2; Carlos Tome2; Sean Agnew1; 1University of Virginia; 2Los expansion of the original Nes-Marthinsen model. This involved the integration Alamos National Laboratory of work hardening and texture models. In addition important aspect such as Textured magnesium sheets exhibit strong tension-compression asymmetry, dynamic strain aging and strain path changes during deformation was included. e.g., the yield strength in compression within the sheet plane can be as little Computer codes have been developed which allow for implementation in FE- as one half that of the yield strength in tension. This behavior has been shown models. The result is a general microstructurally based metal plasticity model to be a direct result of the interaction between the texture and mechanical (the MMP-model) suitable for application in testing, processing and forming twinning. Experiments involving strain path changes have shown that twinning of aluminium alloys. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of can also cause drastic changes in the material response during strain path the MMP-model together with a selection of relevant applications. Further, changes. For example, material which initially exhibits a low yield stress when some of the basic model concepts will be discussed and contrasted in relation strained in compression along the rolling direction can subsequently exhibit a to alternative interpretations in the literature. very low yield stress when compressed along the (initially hard) sheet normal direction. The experimentally observed stress-strain response (including 2:45 PM strain anisotropy) and crystallographic texture evolution of a magnesium Computational Modeling of Continuous Dynamic Recrystallization alloy deformed along non-proportional strain paths are simulated using a in Magnesium: Kevin Boyle1; Elhachmi Essadiqi1; Ravi Verma2; 1Natural new crystal plasticity model which accounts for a wide range of twinning, Resources Canada; 2General Motors Research and Development de-twinning, and secondary twinning phenomena. Magnesium components are increasingly being considered for use in vehicle structures, however, magnesium has poor room temperature ductility 4:25 PM Invited and is consequently processed and shaped at elevated temperatures. Dynamic Modeling the Effect of Microstructural Features on the Nucleation of recrystallization (DRX) is commonly observed during elevated temperature Creep Cavities: Gorti Sarma1; Bala Radhakrishnan1; 1Oak Ridge National deformation and can profoundly influence microstructure evolution and Laboratory macroscopic properties such as flow stress. A microstructural-based approach A crystal plasticity based finite element model has been applied to study for modeling magnesium deformation which includes DRX is developed. A the deformation of metals at the microstructural scale, in order to determine microstructural volume element is discretized with sub-elements and a self- the effect of various microstructural features on the nucleation of creep consistent crystal plasticity approach, which accounts for non-homogeneous cavities. The deformation model captures the non-uniform distributions of intragranular deformation, models the sub-element deformation. A continuous the equivalent plastic strain and the hydrostatic stress within the different 68 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program grains of the microstructure when subjected to cyclic loading conditions. 5:50 PM These results are then coupled with a model to predict the flow of vacancies Annealing Behavior of Wire Drawn and ECAE Deformed OFHC in the microstructure based on the gradients in the hydrostatic stress field. Copper: Daudi Waryoba1; Peter Kalu1; 1Florida Agricultural and Mechanical The influence of various microstructural features such as grain boundaries, University-Florida State University, College of Engineering and National triple points, and second-phase particles, on the nucleation of creep cavities is High Magnetic Field Laboratory M examined through the simulations. The model predictions are compared with Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) has recently received considerable experimental measurements on creep cavitation. attention because of its capability to introduce ultrafine grain structure, down O to submicrometer range, into course grained bulk materials. One of the N 4:50 PM Invited advantages of ECAE is its ability to produce intense and uniform deformation Modeling Recrystallization in Aluminum Using Input from Experimental D by simple shear while retaining the same cross-sectional area. Deformation Observations: Abhijit Brahme1; M. Alvi1; Anthony Rollett1; 1Carnegie Mellon by ECAE is achieved by extruding a billet through two intersecting channels A University of equal cross-section. Repeated passes impart very high strains without Y A model has been constructed for the microstructural evolution that occurs significant reduction in the cross-section area. The aim of this investigation during the annealing of aluminum alloys. Geometric and crystallographic is to study and compared deformation, recrystallization and growth texture in observations from two orthogonal sections through polycrystalline commercial P ECAE and wire drawn OFHC copper. purity aluminum, using automated Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD), M were used as an input to the computer simulations to create a statistically representative three-dimensional model. The microstructure is generated using Voronoi tessellation followed by sampling on a regular grid. Assignment of Aluminum Alloys for Transportation, Packaging, orientations to the grains is controlled to ensure that both texture and nearest neighbor relationships match the observed distributions. The microstructures Aerospace and Other Applications: Aluminum thus obtained are allowed to evolve using a Monte-Carlo simulation. Anisotropic Applications grain boundary properties are used in the simulations. Nucleation is conformed Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light to experimental observations on the likelihood of occurrences in particular Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee Program Organizer: Subodh Das, University of Kentucky neighborhoods. Current results show a good match with the experimentally observed kinetics and texture evolution but also reveal a significant lack of Monday PM Room: Northern A4 understanding and knowledge about grain boundary anisotropy. In this paper February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel we will attempt to define more accurate grain boundary properties based on a survey of the currently available results of both experiments and simulations. Session Chairs: Subodh Das, University of Kentucky; Gyan Jha, ARCO We will also present the impact of the improved anisotropy description in Aluminum Inc relation to the effect of alloy content and temperature on the predicted microstructural evolution during recrystallization. 2:00 PM 5:10 PM Recent Trends in SCC Failures in Aluminum Beverage Cans: Shridas Phase-Field Modeling of Void Evolution under Elastic-Plastic Ningileri1; S.K. (Sandy) DeWeese2; 1Secat Inc; 2Ball Corporation Deformation: Shenyang Hu1; Yulan Li1; Michael Baskes1; 1Los Alamos Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in aluminum alloys have been extensively National Laboratory studied and documented. SCC is occasionally experienced in easy-pour In a deformed solid at a high temperature, atoms or vacancies may move aluminum ends used in beer and beverage cans typically manufactured using along various paths to minimize the total energy of the system, causing pre-coated 5182 – H19 aluminum sheet. SCC failures are seen in beverage the evolution of preexisting voids. The effect of elastic interactions on cans within four days to three weeks after filling and warehousing and are microstructure evolution in many important processes such as precipitation experienced most frequently in summer in hotter, more humid regions of in alloys and ferroelectric transitions in films subjected to substrate elastic North America. This can be avoided by ensuring that the ends stay dry and constraint have been extensively studied using phase-field models. As in minimizing the amount of residual moisture in the packages before palletizing elastic interactions, plastic deformation may also play an important role in and storage. At lower internal stresses, SCC propagates by a transgranular microstructure evolution. In this work, we present a phase-field model to mode (TGSCC). As designs evolve to reduce aluminum usage in cans, study vacancy diffusion and void evolution under elastic-plastic deformation. intergranular SCC (IGSCC) is being seen due to higher residual manufacturing An efficient and accurate method is proposed to solve for the elastic-plastic stresses and operating stresses. Higher-strength AA5182 developed for use at deformation in an elastically inhomogeneous solid. Both the evolution of slip thinner gauges appears more susceptible to SCC. These interacting factors are bands around voids and the effect of plastic deformation on void evolution are presented and discussed in the paper. systematically investigated. 2:25 PM 5:30 PM Investigation of “Wear” During the Processing of Aluminum Sheet Crystal Plasticity in Cubic Metals Using Spectral Methods: Hari Kishore Alloys: Gyan Jha1; Weimin Yin2; Basil Darras3; Marwan Khraisheh3; Shridas Duvvuru1; Surya Kalidindi1; 1Drexel University Ningileri2; 1ARCO Aluminum Inc; 2Secat Inc; 3University of Kentucky Over the last few decades many crystal plasticity models have been The wear properties of aluminum alloys are affected by the processing independently developed to predict the anisotropic stress-strain response and techniques employed during manufacture. The addition of lubricants impacts crystallographic texture evolution during deformations. These models have the wear relationship between aluminum and the related tooling. The enjoyed reasonable success in predicting anisotropic stress-strain response optimized interaction between aluminum sheet, tooling and the lubricant of high stacking fault energy polycrystalline cubic metals together with the should be developed to create efficient manufacturing processes with a high concurrent evolution of the underlying averaged texture. However these finished product quality. A metallurgical investigation into factors affecting the models are computationally intensive and hence are not widely used for various wear behavior of aluminum sheet alloys during processing will be discussed. applications in industry. A new spectral framework that captures efficiently the Results from SEM and Optical Imaging investigations will be presented. predictions for the stresses, the lattice spins, and the strain hardening rates 2:50 PM in individual crystals from the currently used crystal plasticity models as a State-of-the-Art: Aleris Aluminum Recycling and Continuous Casting function of the crystal’s lattice orientation would be presented in this work. at Uhrichsville, Ohio: Zhong Li1; Steve Kirkland1; Dave Thompson1; Paul The advantages of the spectral crystal plasticity constitutive framework will Platek1; 1Aleris International Inc be discussed in detail. Aleris International, Inc. is a vertically integrated major manufacturer of rolled aluminum products and a global leader in aluminum recycling and producer of specification alloys. The Company’s recycling and continuous
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 69 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
casting plant in Uhrichsville, Ohio is a leading player in utilizing aluminum temperature Large Deformation Processing (LDP) combined with a pre-LDP scraps and twin belt continuous caster to make aluminum alloy sheet. The solid-solution treatment plus a post-LDP low-temperature ageing treatment. combination of using various aluminum scraps, providing the molten metal to The present study also found that an enhanced solid-solution treatment prior the continuous caster and making aluminum sheet has the advantages of low to LDP would result in an obviously higher hardness and strength, and little M energy consumption, low conversion cost, high productivity and short lead deterioration to tensile ductility. time. This presentation describes aluminum recycling and continuous casting 5:05 PM O operations at the Uhrichsville, Ohio plant. N Fabrication of Carbon Fibers Reinforced Aluminum Foam: Zhuokun 3:15 PM Cao1; Guangchun Yao1; Yihan Liu1; 1Northeastern University of China D Characterization of Surface Defects Encountered in Twin Roll Cast Carbon fibers reinforced aluminum foam was prepared by adding short A Aluminum Strips: Murat Dundar1; Ozgul Keles1; 1Assan Aluminum copper coated carbon fibers and blowing agent TiH2 in to aluminum melt. Y Solidification mechanism in twin roll casting (TRC) technique provides Influences of fiber content on foaming ability of the melt were discussed. various advantages for the production of aluminum alloys having narrow Microstructure of the cell wall surface and cross section was observed by solidification range. High production volume in casting, reduced costof SEM to analyze the interface wetting ability and distribution of the fibers. P rolling due to the gauge of initial material to be rolled and elimination of Orientation of carbon fibers located in thin cell walls appeared to be parallel M some other intermediate processes are among those. However, alloys having to the cell wall surface, which made reinforcement of the fibers more efficient. wide solidification range is in tendency of creating serious surface defects. And suitable processing parameters, including stirring time, stirring speed and They can readily deteriorate mechanical performance and results in severe holding time were determined. complications not only in demanding applications, but also in ordinary engineering applications. If exposed to a surface treatment, they can be easily revealed by resulting in impairment of the aesthetic appearance. Present study aims microstructural characterization of surface defects created in TRC Aluminum Reduction Technology: Operational and technique and their affects on some critical applications. 5000 and 3000 series Technology Improvements aluminum alloys produced for demanding applications and 8000 series alloys Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light for packaging industry form the subject of this study. Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee Program Organizers: Geoffrey Bearne, Rio Tinto Aluminium Ltd; Stephen 3:40 PM Break Lindsay, Alcoa Inc; Morten Sorlie, Elkem Aluminium ANS 3:50 PM Life Cycle Cost Analysis Methodology: A Case Study of Aluminum Monday PM Room: Southern 2 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Applications in Passenger Cars: Subodh Das1; Adrian Ungureanu2; Ibrahim Jawahir2; 1Secat Inc; 2University of Kentucky Session Chair: Gretta Stephens, Alcoa - Point Henry In light of escalating fuel prices and ongoing climate change discussions, sustainability considerations are taking a more prominent role in material selection decisions for automotive applications. This paper will present a 2:00 PM methodology for studying the total life-cycle cost analysis employing a case The 77 Day Safe Start-Up of ALBA Line-5: Abdul Raoof Abdulla1; 1ALBA study of aluminum products usage in automotive applications. This study In February 2005, Alba successfully launched its bid to set a new world is aimed at developing a new sustainability model to quantify the total cost record for the fastest and safest start up of an aluminium reduction line when encountered over the entire life cycle of a vehicle considering all the four it kicked off its ambitious 100 Days Safe Start-up challenge. At the time, Alba phases of materials life: (1) pre-manufacturing, (2) manufacturing, (3) use was hoping that, by achieving the safe start up of its newest reduction line in and (4) recycling. Additionally, the environmental impact of the vehicle life just 100 days, it would break the current world record by more than 80 days. time can also be quantified. A critical review of key published papers in the The plan was to bring the largest expansion project in Bahrain’s history to a literature will be presented. Some preliminary data will also be presented and glorious end by earning the Kingdom international recognition for its industrial plan for future work will be discussed. development while firmly positioning Alba at the new world aluminium superpower. With initial plans of commissioning an average of four pots a 4:15 PM day, the line 5 operations team soon increased to six pots a day which made a Superplastic Deformation of Warm-Rolled 6013 Al Alloy: Sung Soo Park1; global industrial history by commissioning 336 pots in just 77 days. Hamid Garmestani1; D. Lee1; Nack Kim2; Sooho Kim3; Eui Lee4; 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; 2:25 PM 2Center for Advanced Aerospace Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technical Improvement in Inalum: Dante Sinaga1; Harmon Yunaz1; Syahrul Technology; 3General Motors Research and Development Center, Materials Bice1; M. Kondo1; 1PT INALUM and Processes Laboratory; 4Code 4342, Naval Air Warfare Center PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminium, Inalum, the only aluminum smelter in The 6000 series aluminum alloys have been of great interest in aerospace South East Asia region, is a Sumitomo’s Technology smelter, started up in and automotive industry due to their low cost and balanced properties such as February 1982. Designed at 225,000 t/year,175 kA, 87.5% CE, 14,500 kWh/ medium strength, good weldability, corrosion resistance and immunity to stress- t-Al DC, unit productivity 450 t/pot.year and AE frequency more than 2.5 corrosion cracking. In spite of these advantages, however, few 6000 series times/pot.day, today Inalum has achieved better in performance : productivity alloys have shown superplasticity as compared to other aluminum alloys such as more than 250,000 t/year, 188 kA and 196 kA (21 pots pilot project with 5000 and 7000 series alloys. Until now, various thermo-mechanical treatments booster), 92.5% CE, around 14,000 kWh/t-Al DC,unit productivity 510 t/ have been developed to better enhance the formability of aluminum alloys pot.year, and AE frequency less than 0.8 time/pot.day by total performance using superplasticity. Nevertheless, there seems to be a necessity to come up improvement strategy. The basic concept is best practice approach which with simpler thermo-mechanical processing which can be profitable to practical mainly are optimization of operation parameters and modification of computer manufacturing. In this respect, it is suggested by the authors that warm rolling software with minimum investment, such as higher bath acidity, lower alumina has a great potential to enhance the superplasticity of 6000 series alloys. concentration, higher amperage, modified busbar arrangement, larger anode size and pot design development, lower metal pad, slot anodes, higher anode, 4:40 PM larger anode’s stub and hole, teeth blade, and improve anode quality. Fabrication of Ultrahigh Strength Aluminum Alloy by the Route Consisting of Solid Solution, Large Deformation and Ageing: Xiaojing 2:50 PM Xu1; Xiaonong Cheng1; 1Jiangsu University Operational and Control Improvements in Reduction Lines at Aluminium In present study, a fabrication route of the aluminum alloy with ultrahigh Delfzijl: Marco Stam1; Mark Taylor2; John Chen2; Sikke van Dellen1; strength and moderate tensile ductility has been developed using 2024Al 1Aluminium Delfzijl B.V.; 2University of Auckland alloy as experimental materials. This fabrication route consisted of a low- Nowadays viability of smelters requires operation of cells at or beyond
70 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program known performance limits. At Aldel over the last six years the intensity of 4:45 PM electrical energy dissipation and alumina dissolution per cubic centimetre of Experience and Pitfalls with Amperage Increase in Hydro Aluminum liquid bath have increased by 50% as production (+14%) and specific energy Potlines during the Last Ten Years: Halvor Kvande1; Bjørn Moxnes1; Havard consumption (-5%) have improved. The cell imbalances resulting from this Gikling1; Marvin Bugge1; 1Hydro Aluminium AS increased intensity must be sensed quickly and their causes corrected or Hydro Aluminium has increased the primary metal production in its M removed to maintain the cells in their most efficient operating zone. This Norwegian smelters over the last ten years by 25% by increasing the amperage defines a new control objective for smelting relating to diagnosis of causes of with a very low investment cost. The capacity creep program has been O abnormality in strongly interactive multivariate processes. Timely identification implemented to increase the production of primary metal, reduce the specific N of these causes of variation is linked to operational practice improvement and energy consumption, and increase the manning productivity. Both the energy D better control decisions in reduction lines. This paper describes smelter based and manning costs are high in Norway, so the program has been an important improvement of operational practices and control decisions using the above part to improve the international competitiveness. The capacity creep has A objective. Statistical multivariate control surfaces are presented for operating been achieved by utilizing technical slack in the existing system and by Y cells and identified abnormal behaviours are discussed. introducing some new cell technological elements. To succeed with the future program some valuable lessons have been learned about how to avoid pitfalls. 3:15 PM P Organization of the interaction between operation and R&D and the proper Henan Hongkong Longquan Aluminum Co. Ltd., China-Second Phase: use of booster cells have been and will continue to be important issues. M Haibo She1; Bijun Ren2; Juanzhang Zhang3; 1SAMI; 2Henan Hongkong Longquan Aluminum Company Ltd.; 3Luoyang Longquan Tiansong Carbon 5:10 PM Company Ltd. Production Boost at Alro: Cristian Stanescu1; Gheorghe Dobra1; Satish Henan Hongkong Longquan Aluminum Co. Ltd. (LQAL) and Luoyang Manaktala1; 1ALRO S A Longquan Tiansong Carbon Co.Ltd. (TSC) were put separately into operation At the end of 2002 the Alro smelter in Romania started an ambitious since June 2002 and April 2003. A paper, Henan Hongkong Longquan program to increase its smelter capacity through an amperage increase Aluminum Co. Ltd., China-Growing Up were published about the two program that involved re-design of the anode and cathode configurations and projects in Light Metal 2004. In October 2003, LQAL began to construct the substantially altering the cell heat balance. To manage the potential risks, second SY300 potline with a capacity of 200,000 tpy. In November 2003, a test section was established in order to test all the changes in preparation TSC began to construct the second carbon plant with a capacity of 80,000 for industrial scale application to the potlines. Test section performance and tpy. The second potline produced the first aluminum ingot in November 2004. results were presented in the TMS 2005 proceedings. Subsequently all the The technologies of the second potline and carbon plant were still supplied technical modifications perfected in the test section were implemented in the by Shenyang Aluminum and Magnesium Engineering and Research (SAMI), potlines that led to a 30% increase in smelter capacity at a capital cost of less China, which are improved by SAMI base on those being used in the first. than $500/ton. This paper reports on the industrial scale implementation of Since putting into operation, the second potline and carbon plant show lower the project and the achieved performance as compared to the test section. The investment and better technological indexes than the first. paper further alludes to the stage 2 smelter performance enhancement program currently being evaluated on the test section. 3:40 PM Break 3:55 PM The Latest Developments of Alcan’s AP36 and ALPSYS Technologies: Oliver Martin1; B. Benkahla1; T. Tomasino1; Sylvain Fardeau1; Claude Biological Materials Science: Mechanical Behavior Richard1; Isabelle Hugron1; 1Alcan Inc of Biomaterials The Aluminium Pechiney AP36, 360 kA technology has now been on Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural the market for one year. The economical benefits of AP36 on investment and Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials operation cost have been a key decision factor for new smelter projects that Committee are currently under way. To maintain its technological leadership, Alcan is Program Organizers: Andrea Hodge, Lawrence Livermore National going on with its AP3X HALE development program aiming at continuing Laboratory; Chwee Lim, National University of Singapore; Eduard Artz, the amperage increase while improving the energy performance, maintaining University of Stuttgart; Masaaki Sato, Tohoku University; Marc Meyers, University of California, San Diego benchmark current efficiency and reducing anode effects. This article describes some important steps of the development cycle : cell design, industrial test, but Monday PM Room: Europe 4 also process control support using ALPSYS. It first gives the results achieved February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel in the Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne AP36 booster section. It then shows the benefits of improved process control. And it finally describes the latest AP37 Session Chairs: John Nychka, University of Kentucky; Jikou Zhou, developments. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 4:20 PM The Results of Amperage Increase in Pre-Baked Cells OA-300 M1 from 2:00 PM 300 to 330 KA: Yuri Bogdanov1; Viatcheslav Veselkov1; Aleksei Nadtochy2; Structural and Mechanical Properties of Avian Materials: Sara Bodde1; Vladimir Skornyakov3; 1SibVAMI; 2“Ural Aluminium Smelter” Branch JSC, Yasuaki Seki1; Bimal Kad1; Marc Meyers1; 1University of California “SUAL” JSC; 3“SUAL” JSC The structure and mechanical properties of avian materials including beak, 300 KA Pre-baked cells OA-300 developed by “SibVAMI” JSC were claw, and feather are investigated. The beak structure of selected species of put in operation at the test site of the Ural Aluminium smelter in April-May, Toucan and Hornbill is a sandwich composite with an exterior consisting of 2005. During the operating period all design technical and economic indices staggered keratin tiles and a core consisting of closed-cell foam. Edges of the were obtained in test cells. The measurements executed and the analysis of closed cell foam are bony trabeculae while faces are lipid membranes. Tensile electrical, thermal, magnetohydrodynamic and strength properties showed the and compressive tests on keratinous exterior, foam core, and composite cross correctness of solutions taken during designing. The technology level over sections are performed in order to determine the influence of individual that period can be characterized as stable. The experience of operation and structural elements and the interaction of the two on mechanical properties calculations executed using mathematical models showed that a cell design of the beak. Micro- and nano-hardness testing are performed on keratinous has a potential to amperage increase without any significant design change specimens from claw, feather, and beak under different humidity conditions. and it still has high technical and economic indices. According to that it was Structure of specimens before mechanical testing and fracture patterns after decided to increase amperage in test cells in two stages: stage one – up to 315 mechanical testing are imaged using electron and optical microscopy. This KA, stage two – up to 330 KA. This paper is dedicated to the test results of research is funded by the National Science Foundation, Division of Materials pilot cells to increase amperage. Research, Ceramics Program (Grant DMR 0510138).
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 71 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
2:20 PM Keynote are much different from those of extracellular matrices such as collagen and Mechanical Behavior of Cells on Porous Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: elastin, and such difference causes microscopic residual stress in unloaded Lorna Gibson1; Brendan Harley1; Toby Freyman2; Ioannis Yannas1; tissues. To reveal their mechanical environment, we have been measuring 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2Boston Scientific the mechanical properties and residual strains of smooth muscle cells and M Porous scaffolds are being developed for regenerating damaged or diseased other tissue components isolated from aortic tissues as well as those of whole tissues such as skin, nerve, cartilage and bone in vivo. The microstructure of tissues. In this talk, I would like to introduce our recent approach to estimate O the scaffolds typically resembles that of a low density open-cell foam. The pore the mechanical environment of aortic wall at a cellular level. N size is a critical parameter for bioactivity: the cells must be sufficiently large 4:40 PM Invited for cells to migrate through them but small enough to provide a sufficiently D In Vitro Bioactivity of 45S5 Bioglass as Function of Indentation Load: large specific surface area, and number of binding sites, for large numbers of John Nychka1; Ding Li1; Beth Alexander1; 1University of Kentucky A cells to attach to the scaffold. Scaffolds can also be used in vitro, for studying Many fabrication routes used to process biomaterials result in residual Y cell mechanics. We have developed uniform collagen-glycosaminoglycan stresses. The presence of residual stress can cause failure or even change scaffolds and characterized their mechanical properties. We have used dissolution rates of many materials, in particular biomaterials that are the scaffolds to study the contractile behaviour of fibroblasts, important in P designed to be resorbed. Stored strain energy can add extra thermodynamic understanding wound contraction associated with the formation of scar tissue. driving force for dissolution and result in varied dissolution rates depending M We have also used the scaffolds to study the effect of the pore size and stiffness on the sign of the stress. This work describes in vitro testing in simulated on cell migration speed using confocal microscopy. body fluid after indenting the surface of 45S5 bioglass discs with varying 3:00 PM Invited loads. The local formation and morphology of the hydroxycarbonate apatite Hierarchical Deformation Mechanisms in Tendon and Bone: Peter (HCA) layer at the surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to Fratzl1; Himadri Gupta1; Wolfgang Wagermaier1; Paul Roschger2; 1Max determine effects of local residual stresses on bioactivity. The feasibility to Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; 2Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of adjust residual stresses before implantation to alter formation of the HCA layer Osteology and thus affect bioactivity is discussed as a strategy for creating gradients of Bone and tendon and are hierarchically structured nanocomposite materials, bioactivity on implants. based on collagen type I molecules assembled to fibrils in a parallel and 5:00 PM staggered arrangement. In the case of bone, collagen fibrils are reinforced by Effects of Moisture on the Mechanical Behavior of a Natural Composite nanometer sized mineral particles made of carbonated hydroxyapatite. Both Fiber: Sara Walter1; Mark Johnson1; Brian Flinn1; George Mayer1; 1University types of material, tendon and bone, have remarkable mechanical properties of Washington combining high stiffness and toughness. Recent experiments combining The energies to fracture of sponge spicule fibers and of silica fibers that synchrotron x-ray diffraction and in-situ deformation in native (fully hydrated) had been drawn from the melt were measured after exposure to sea-water and tissue have shown that not only the structure but also the deformation distilled water, and compared to those derived in ambient air environments. processes are hierarchical. In particular, (mineralized) collagen fibrils stretch The mechanical properties in bending were determined using a dynamic less than the overall tissue when tensile force is applied to bone or tendon. This mechanical analysis (DMA) apparatus, operating in the static mode. Energies shows that a very thin (visco-) plastic matrix or “glue” layer joins the elastic for the work of fracture were observed to be diminished for the spicule fibers fibrils and transmits load between them by shear. These findings emphasize and for silica fibers in moist vs. dry environments. The mechanisms for the the importance of the interface layer between fibrils in the design of stiff and influence of moisture on both the natural and synthetic fibers are discussed. tough fibrous composites. 5:20 PM 3:30 PM Time-Dependent Deformation of Prismatic Biological Materials: Jikou Mechanical and Ultra-Structural Analysis of Permanent Attachment Zhou1; Edward Matteo2; Luke Hsiung1; 1Lawrence Livermore National Systems in Plants: Ruth Schwaiger1; Tina Steinbrecher2; Deane Harder2; Laboratory; 2Princeton University 1Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; 2University of Freiburg Recent achievements in science and engineering provide new momentum Permanent attachment structures of plants have already been described for the study of the biological materials. In particular, emerging nano by Darwin. However, neither the interface structure nor the mechanics of technologies make it possible for the first time in the history to explore the attachments have been systematically investigated although their outstanding microstructures and properties of the components of biological materials mechanical performance has been recognized. Clamberers attach within few down to the nanometer. This progress enables us to update our understanding hours after making contact with the substrate. The attachment structures of Prismatic materials in the nature. Prismatic microstructure is frequently become subsequently lignified and stay attached for many years. These natural observed in the surface layers of many biological materials. It is a naturally interfaces between different materials work under extreme conditions and optimized microstructure to bear impact loading and penetration deformation. therefore represent appropriate model systems for new technological concepts. It is generally believed to be a brittle, poorly designed hard tissue. But we Individual attachment structures as well as clusters were tested under natural found that its mechanical behavior at small scale is strongly time-dependent. growth conditions. Attachment organs of climbing plants can be characterized Our new understanding regarding this will be presented in this talk. as composite materials with special adaptations, e.g. different cell layers that partly secrete a strong cementing substance; microscopy revealed cell 5:40 PM diversification and accumulation of biological adhesive. We will discuss Elastic Modulus Variations of Dentin Bonded Interfaces: Grayson the attachment strength in terms of elapsed time since attachment occurred Marshall1; Shabnam Zartoshtimanesh1; Sally Marshall1; 1University of and substrate material. Morphological changes of attached and non-attached California, San Francisco structures will be shown. Dentin forms the bulk of teeth and is capped by harder enamel. Bonding to dentin relies on micromechanical bonding with demineralized dentin 3:50 PM Break infiltrated by bonding agents to form a hybrid layer of resin and dentin 4:10 PM Invited matrix. Despite good initial bond strength and new bonding methods, Multi-Scale Mechanical Analysis of Aortic Tissues: Takeo Matsumoto1; durability remains a problem. The dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) forms a 1Nagoya Institute of Technology linearly varying functionally graded interface that has been evaluated using It is well known that arteries change their dimensions and mechanical nanoindentation and a new method (dynamic stiffness mapping, DSM) to properties adaptively in response to change in their surrounding mechanical image modulus variations (Balooch et al, JBiomech, 2004). We used DSM to environment. Because mechanical adaptation is driven by cells in the tissue, evaluate various methods used to make dentin-resin-composite interfaces to we need to know their mechanical environment to reveal the mechanism determine if these interfaces are similar to the DEJ. Minimum elastic modulus of the adaptation. Stress and strain applied to the cells in the tissue are not occurred at the bonded interface, but values (1-10 GPa) and dimensions varied equal to those applied to the tissue, because mechanical properties of cells widely depending on method. Current resin-dentin bonding systems do not
72 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program approximate the natural DEJ and improvement might result from a biomimetic 3:10 PM Invited approach to such interfaces. Supported by NHI/NIDCRP01DE09859 and Thermomechanical Instability Analysis of Inhomogeneous Deformation R01DE13029. in Amorphous Alloys and Experimental Comparisons: Yanfei Gao1; T. Nieh1; P. Liaw1; 1University of Tennessee Recent experiments have shown that inhomogeneous deformation in M amorphous alloys critically depends on the environmental temperature and Bulk Metallic Glasses IV: Mechanical Properties I the applied strain rate, and the temperature field inside the shear band can O Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural rise up to the glass transition temperature. A thermo-viscoplastic constitutive N Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials law is developed that models both stress-driven and thermally induced strain D Committee softening behavior. A linear stability analysis is carried out to examine the Program Organizers: Peter Liaw, Univ of Tennessee; Raymond Buchanan, conditions for the unstable growth of temperature fluctuations. A deformation A University of Tennessee; Wenhui Jiang, University of Tennessee; Guojiang mechanism map is constructed to delineate the transition of inhomogeneous Y Fan, University of Tennessee; Hahn Choo, University of Tennessee; Yanfei Gao, University of Tennessee deformation from coarse to fine shear-band arrangements. The theoretical results agree well with a nanoindentation experiment with varying applied P Monday PM Room: Asia 1 strain rate and environmental temperature, and with a microindentation February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel experiment in which the shear band spacing can be observed using the bonded M interface technique. Session Chairs: A. S. Argon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Brett 3:30 PM Conner, Air Force Office of Scientific Research Temperature Evolutions of a Zr-Based Bulk-Metallic Glass during Compression: Wenhui Jiang1; Fengxiao Liu1; Hao Hsiang Liao1; Hahn Choo1; 2:00 PM Keynote Peter Liaw1; 1University of Tennessee What Can Plasticity in Amorphous Silicon Tell Us about Plasticity in The plastic deformation of metallic glasses at low temperatures and high Amorphous Metals?: Ali Argon1; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology strain rates is known to be inhomogeneous and localized to narrow shear bands. Amorphous metals exhibit both many desirable characteristics such as very Recent work demonstrated that a substantial temperature rise accompanies high plastic shear resistance and a potential for limitless plastic shear flow, shear banding. The increase in temperature may exert a substantial impact but also some undesirable features such as nxt to no strain hardening and a on the structure and properties of the shear bands. Using an infrared camera, potential for severe embrittlement through structural aging. Recent computer we observed in situ the plastic deformation of the Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10 simulations of plasticity in amorphous silicon have not only shed new light .0Ti5.0 bulk-metallic glass during compression tests at various strain rates. on the fundamental mechanisms of flow by repeated nucleation of thermally The specimens exhibit an inhomogeneous deformation, manifested by the assisted local shear transformations and on the mechanisms of embrittlement serrated plastic flow and shear banding. From the thermographical images, we due to structural aging or of re-juvenation to re-gain ductility through auto- quantified the temperature changes of the specimens during the compression catalytic plastic flow, but also on the potential for shear localization. These have tests and analyzed the temperature rise within the shear bands. The results immediate relevance to understanding corresponding processes in amorphous provide new insights into the temperature evolutions caused by shear banding. metals. There are also new and exciting developments to nurture some This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation. genuine strain hardening in certain amorphous alloys with special crystalline 3:45 PM heterogeneities, imparting resistance to macro mechanical instabilities. These Observation of Deformation Behavior of Metallic Glasses during In developments will be presented and discussed. Situ Straining in Transmission Electron Microscope: H. J. Chang1; E. S. 2:30 PM Invited Park2; W. J. Moon3; Y. J. Kim3; D. H. Kim1; 1Yonsei University, Center for Low-Temperature Anelastic and Viscoelastic Deformation in an Al-Rich Noncrystalline Materials; 2Harvard University; 3Korea Basic Science Institute Metallic Glass: Michael Atzmon1; Amritha Rammohan1; 1University of To understand the deformation mechanism of metallic glass and to make Michigan up for its weakness, particularly brittleness, in the end, propagation of crack In a metallic glass subjected to low stress, the strain consists of three and shear band during in situ straining have been observed using high voltage contributions: elastic, anelastic and viscoelastic. The anelastic strain is transmission electron microscope(HVEM). The metallic glass samples recoverable and time dependent, whereas the viscoelastic strain is permanent investigated include Ti40Zr29Cu9Ni8Be14, Ni60Zr40 and Al87Ni7Gd6. and time dependent. While viscoelastic flow is known to depend strongly on Plastic deformation zone(PDZ) was formed ahead of the crack tip during the relaxation state, it has been suggested that anelastic behavior is not sensitive crack propagation. Ti-based alloy which has been confirmed to exhibit high to prior annealing. In order to characterize the dependence of anelastic strain plasticity in compression mode showed inhomogeneous plastic flow in the on the state of a metallic glass, bend stress relaxation measurements have been PDZ, leading to branching of deformed zone. HREM observation revealed performed at temperatures significantly below the glass transition. Prior to that no crystallization occurred inside the PDZ(or shear band) even in Al-based testing, combinations of cold rolling and annealing were used to modify the alloy which has low crystallization temperature. Since nanocrystallization in relaxation state. The results will be used to discuss the defects responsible for the shear band of Ti- and Al-based metallic glasses has already been reported, each deformation process. this result indicates the thermal or diffusional effects on the structure of shear band under tensile mode can be different with that under compressive mode. 2:50 PM Invited Flow and Fracture Studies on Bulk Metallic Glasses: John Lewandowski1; 4:00 PM Invited 1Case Western Reserve University In-Situ Observations on Fracture Process of Fe-Based Metallic Glass The flow and fracture behavior of various bulk metallic glasses are being Ribbons: Xianghong Xu1; Gang Wang2; Fujiu Ke1; Yilong Bai3; Weihua evaluated over a range of different stress states. Continuing work is investigating Wang2; 1Department of Applied Physics, Beihang University; 2Institute of the effects of superimposed pressure on the flow and fracture behavior at Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 3Institute of Mechanics, Chinese both room temperature and elevated temperature on bulk metallic glasses with Academy of Sciences different glass transition temperatures. In addition, the effects of changes in test The notched crack propagation processes of the Fe78Si9B13 and temperature and strain/loading rate on both the uniaxial tensile behavior and Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 metallic glass ribbons are in-situ observed by a toughness are being determined. Significant effects on the flow and fracture scanning electron microscopy. The Fe78Si9B13 metallic glass ribbon behaves behavior are obtained and will be reviewed in the light of other ongoing work. a shear fracture along the crack plane while the Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 metallic glass ribbon exhibits a flat crack surface with some dimple structure on the crack plane. Furthermore, for the Fe78Si9B13 metallic glass ribbon, the shear direction can change with crack propagating. The plastic strain zones on the crack tips are measured. The different sizes of plastic strain zones for the
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 73 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Fe78Si9B13 and Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 metallic glasses might be the main amorphous composite was similar to that of the amorphous alloy while the reason resulting in the different fracture process. A large plastic strain zone ductility was better than that of the amorphous alloy. Under dynamic loading, could induce the shear deformation along the crack plane and further bring out the maximum shear stress and ductility of the amorphous alloy and composite the shear direction change, while a small plastic strain zone generates the flat were considerably lower than those under quasi-static loading because of M crack plane in microscale and the dimple structure in nanoscale. the decreased resistance to fracture. The deformation and fracture behaviors occurring under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions were explained 4:20 PM Invited O by fracture mechanisms. Deformation under dynamic loading lowered strain Mechanical Properties of Zr-TM-Al (TM: Cu, Ni, Co) Bulk Glassy Alloys: N and compressive strength because of the reduced fracture resistance, and the Yoshihiko Yokoyama1; Akihisa Inoue1; Peter Liaw; 1Institute of Materials composite showed more excellent compressive strength and ductility than D Research the alloy. These findings consequently suggested that applying the evaluation Ternary Zr-TM-Al (TM: Cu, Ni and Co) bulk glassy alloys were fabricated A criteria for mechanical properties measured under quasi-static loading could to clarify the correlations among the volume change, thermal and mechanical Y cause risks when Zr-based amorphous alloys were used under dynamic loading properties. These alloy systems show the distinct ternary eutectic point, and conditions. bulk glassy phase forms around the ternary eutectic composition. We determine P the twelve standard Zr-TM-Al bulk glassy alloys in this study. In the twelve 5:25 PM M standard Zr-TM-Al bulk glassy alloys, glass transition temperature has large Formability of Zr57Nb5Al10Cu15.4Ni12.6 Bulk Metallic Glass: Y. Wang1; positive correlation coefficient with Young’s modulus and Vickers hardness, S. Gorantla1; Rajiv Mishra1; F. Miller1; R. Brow1; Daniel Miracle2; 1University and negative large correlation coefficient with Poisson’s ratio. Melting of Missouri; 2US Air Force temperature has also large negative correlation coefficient with Charpy impact The viscous flow of bulk metallic glasses in the supercooled liquid region is value, fracture strain and volume change. We also tried to enhance the volume considered to have a potential application in forming of complex shapes, but of glassy alloys by using additive elements for each ternary eutectic alloys. the room temperature brittleness of these components limits their application. Only the ternary eutectic Zr50Cu40Al10 glassy alloy shows the unique feature, The high temperature deformation behavior of Zr57Nb5Al10Cu15.4Ni12.6 whose volume is significantly enhanced by addition 3 at% noble metals of Pd, bulk metallic glass and the effect of the high temperature forming on room Ag, Pt and Au. temperature ductility have been investigated. Compression tests were conducted at different temperatures and initial strain rates in the supercooled 4:40 PM liquid region. Samples with different microstructures were obtained, including Characterization of Bulk Metallic Glasses under Static Indentation, fully amorphous, partially devitrified, and fully crystallized. A forming map Dynamic Indentation and Scratch Process: Hongwen Zhang1; Ghatu was established based on the high temperature compressive flow properties and Subhash1; 1Michigan Technological University Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation for viscosity. Room temperature mechanical The current study is devoted to a systematic investigation of shearband properties of the samples with different microstructures were measured by evolution in a Zr-based amorphous alloys subjected to static indentation, compression and tension tests. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support dynamic indentation and rotating single-grit scratch process. Although shear of the Air Force Research Laboratory through contract no. FA8650-04-C-704 bands are identified to evolve for each of the loading scenarios, it was noted (Dr. Mary E. Kinsella, Program Manager). that the structure of the shearband patterns developed in each of the loading processes is considerably different. Under static indentations, three sets of shear bands have been noticed where as in the dynamic indentations, two sets of semi-circular shear bands with different curvatures were evolved. A negative Cast Shop Technology: Cast House Operations and rate sensitivity of hardness was observed. In the scratch process, the shear bands structure is more complex and needs further in-depth study. A model Melting based on Mohr-couloumb criterion for hardness-yield strength relationship is Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee developed and has been shown to be applicable for metallic glasses of various Program Organizers: David DeYoung, Alcoa Inc; Rene Kieft, Corus Group; compositions. Morten Sorlie, Elkem Aluminium ANS 4:55 PM Experiments on High Strain-Rate Compression of Bulk Metallic Glasses: Monday PM Room: Northern E1 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel George Sunny1; Vikas Prakash1; John Lewandowski1; 1Case Western Reserve University Session Chairs: Richard Bruski, Novelis, Inc; Pierre Bouchard, STAS, Inc. Liquidmetal-1 (LM-1) is a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) with both desirable processing (1 K/s critical cooling rate) and mechanical properties (2 GPa quasistatic yield strength, 2% elastic strain). The Split-Hopkinson 2:00 PM Introductory Comments Pressure Bar (SHPB) was employed to investigate the dynamic compressive 2:05 PM behavior of LM-1 for strain rates between 200/s and 3000/s in order to World Class Melting Operations: David White1; 1The Schaefer Group, Inc. investigate the effects of L/D ratio and annealing on peak stress and strain- This presentation will cover the seven basic requirements to become a to-failure, and modified inserts were utilized for the SHPB in order to reduce world class melting operation. It will cover measuring requirements, control the effects of stress concentrations on the behavior of LM-1. To examine requirements, metal melt loss requirements, energy usage requirements, the macroscopic fracture behavior of LM-1, an ultra high-speed camera was safety requirements, energy audits and metal cleanliness requirements. This employed to perform in-situ video of the deformation and failure process of presentation will have pictures of do’s and don’ts in the industry. It will LM-1 at 200,000 frames/sec. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was cover various types of furnaces for melting and holding aluminum as well as performed to investigate effects of L/D ratio and annealing on the failure degassing and filtration systems. A detailed discussion of energy saving myths surface features. Details of SHPB experiments performed on Fe-based BMGs will be presented as well as the best ROI modifications to make to exisitng will also be discussed. equipment. 5:10 PM 2:25 PM Dynamic Compressive Deformation Behavior of Zr-Based Amorphous Technology Trends in the Modern Aluminium Casthouse Furnaces: Mike Alloy and Composite: Yang Gon Kim1; Dong-Geun Lee2; Byoungchul Unitt1; Andrew Haberl1; Barry Houghton1; 1Solios Hwang2; Sunghak Lee1; Nack Kim1; 1Pohang University of Science and The ongoing quest for improvement in metal quality and quantity by the Technology; 2Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials new breed smelters drives the Casthouse Equipment suppliers to higher-level Quasi-static and dynamic compressive deformation behavior of Zr-based technology. This is particularly the case in the supply of cast house furnaces. amorphous alloy and composite was investigated in this study. Quasi-static This paper will reflect on the latest technologies to comply with quality, compressive test results indicated that the compressive strength of the production and safety demands, New advances in electrically heated furnaces,
74 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program electromagnetic stirring, new advances in Refractory materials, types of metal computer model is used to build a pilot-scale cyclone in order to validate the charging and improvements in furnace controls will be discussed. Other results of computer simulations. aspects of these technologies used by Solios Thermal should not only reflect 4:25 PM the on the capital, maintenance and energy cost’s but should also reflect on the Energy Saving Myths in the Industry: David White1; 1The Schaefer Group, environmental impact improvements that can be made. Inc. M 2:45 PM This covers nine different “Energy Saving” concepts and what the miscon- O Optimised Oxy-Fuel Melting Process at Sapa Heat Transfer: Henrik ceptions are about each one. It will cover ways to implement the nine different N Gripenberg1; Anders Johansson2; 1Linde Gas Division; 2Sapa Heat Transfer energy savings ideas cost effectively and give ROI numbers to prove them. Linde Gas has developed a new oxyfuel burner concept for reverbatory This is a must for anyone considering recuperation, regenerative burners and D melting furnaces. The innovative burner design provides lower peak flame or relining furnaces for energy saving purposes. A temperatures and a more uniform heat flux and temperature profile in the Y melting furnace. The objectives with the new technology are to improve melt rates, reduce dross formation and to reduce NOx emissions. Sapa Heat Transfer has ten years experience from oxyfuel melting in a 28 metric ton Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: P reverbatory melting furnace producing rolling mill slabs of mainly AA3003. Characterization of Structure across Length Scales M The melting operation of the furnace was optimised during 2002 and an ABB II electromagnetic stirrer was installed 2005. To further optimise the operations of Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction this high performing furnace, the conventional oxyfuel burners were replaced and Processing Division, TMS: Materials Characterization Committee for the new low temperature oxyfuel technology. The paper will present the Program Organizers: Arun Gokhale, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jian new technology with a focus on the one-year evaluation and results from the Li, Natural Resources Canada; Toru Okabe, University of Tokyo installations at Sapa. Monday PM Room: Oceanic 8 3:05 PM February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Advances in Molten Metal Pump Technology Expand the Capability of Aluminum Reverberatory Furnace Production Rates: Mark Bright1; Session Chairs: Jian Li, Natural Resources Canada; Arun Gokhale, Georgia Richard Chandler1; Richard Henderson1; 1Pyrotek Inc. Institute of Technology Forced circulation in aluminum reverberatory furnaces by molten metal pumps can provide numerous benefits such as higher production rates, reduced 2:00 PM Invited melt loss, increased fuel efficiency and improved metal quality. Up to now, Atomic-Level Characterization of Alloys Using Aberration-Corrected it was assumed to be sufficient if the entire furnace volume was circulated Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: David Williams1; Masashi approximately 4-6 times per hour. However, with recent innovations in molten Watanabe1; 1Lehigh University metal pump technology, Metaullics Systems has been able to deliver furnace Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) involving electron circulation turns in excess of ten times per hour. Advanced design concepts in energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry the new high capacity J-50 circulation pump now permit metal producers to (XEDS) is one of the best approaches to characterize materials. It is now achieve significantly higher melt rates than previously observed in existing possible to identify the nature of individual atomic configurations by STEM reverberatory furnaces. Design features which support such reliable high- with recently developed aberration correctors. The STEM aberration corrector output operation will be reviewed. Laboratory and computer simulations permits to refine incident probes to sub-Ångstrom levels, and hence analysis predicting increased melt rates have been validated by melt rate measurements can be performed on individual atomic columns identified by high-angle in aluminum production facilities, which will be described. annular dark-field (HAADF) imaging. In this study, an L12-ordered Ni3Al 3:25 PM Break based intermetallic compound has been characterized by using two types of aberration corrected STEMs at Lehigh. The dominant face-centered sites 3:45 PM can be easily distinguished from the corner sites by the HAADF imaging. An Update of Twin Chamber Furnace Technology for Recycling of Alumi- According to the results from the atomic-column analysis, Ti (one of alloying nium Scrap: Hans-Walter Graeb1; Jan de Groot1; 1Thermcon Overns B.V. elements) was mainly distributed on the corner sites. Therefore, such site The paper will present an update on the latest Twin Chamber Furnace preferences of alloying or even impurity elements can be determined directly technology for the recycling of (contaminated) aluminium scrap. Based on in the aberration-corrected STEM. a new furnace built in 2005 details of the design including heat transfer, elimination of hazardous fumes from the contamination of the scrap, heat 2:30 PM recovery, utilizing of the energy from the contaminants, but also flexibility in The Impact of Indexing Parameters on the Speed and Accuracy of the operation of the furnace with respect to input materials will be described. Automated Electron Backscatter Diffraction Measurements: Matthew Safety aspects with respect of the operation will be discussed where as the flue Nowell1; Stuart Wright1; John Carpenter1; 1EDAX-TSL gas cleaning meeting the latest clean air regulations are part of the design of Automated Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) or Orientation Imaging such recycling facility and are discussed in depth. An example of running cost Microscopy (OIM) has become widely used in materials science research will be included in the paper. laboratories around the world. As the OIM technology has matured, scanning speeds have increased. Depending on the technology and/or parameters 4:05 PM used in the indexing software, the scanning speeds may be limited by the Computer Simulations of Melt Flow and Particle Removal in the Cyclone: computer processing speed or on the camera speed. The impact of various Andrey Turchin1; Dmitry Eskin1; John Courtenay2; Laurens Katgerman3; indexing and processing parameters on the speed and angular resolution of 1NIMR; 2MQP Ltd; 3TU Delft the measurements are investigated. Strategies for optimizing both speed and A large number of techniques have been used today to purify the melt in accuracy are explored. metallurgical processing operations. The existence of oxides films and other nonmetallic inclusions can dramatically affect the quality and properties of 2:50 PM the final cast and wrought product. The objective of the present work is to A New Scheme to Index Micro-Laue X-Ray Diffraction Patterns: Vipul study the efficiency of the novel system for removal of the particles from the Gupta1; Sean Agnew1; 1University of Virginia melt in a real industrial application. The computer simulations of the particle A new automatic indexing scheme for Micro-Laue diffraction patterns motion with flow performed for a wide range of particle sizes show the high obtained using synchrotron X-rays is implemented as previously done for efficiency of the cyclone system, which gives an opportunity to apply it in micro-beam electron diffraction pattern obtained in a Transmission Electron a wide range of flow velocities typical of industrial melt transfer systems. Microscope. Digital images of experimental Laue diffraction patterns are The principal design of the cyclone with the specific dimensions taken from compared to calculated diffraction patterns or templates. Determination of
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 75 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
crystallographic orientation is based on the degree of matching as defined by 4:40 PM a normalized correlation index. The technique boasts a number of advantages Microstructural Characterization of Ti-Nb Alloys with 2% Al: Sergio over traditional methods: i) no peak search analysis is required; ii) the algorithm Monteiro1; Lioudmila Matlakhova1; Anatoly Matlakhov1; 1State University of is the same for any crystallography; iii) superimposed diffraction patterns, the Northern Rio de Janeiro M obtained from neighboring grain or second phase particles, can be indexed; Quenched alloys from the titanium-niobium system are of considerable and iv) deformed materials with poor quality and streaky Laue patterns can scientific and technological interest due to their special properties suchas O also be indexed. Current indexation statistics and required processor time will superconductivity, shape memory effect and high damping capacity. The N be presented. addition of aluminum tends to accentuate these properties in association with microstructural changes that may occur in an extensive interval of D 3:10 PM temperatures. In the present work the structural transformations taking place 3DAP Study of Alloy Element Effects on the Tempering of Steel: Chen A in Ti based alloys with 2 wt.% of aluminum and Nb content varying from 15 Zhu1; Xiangyuan Xiong2; Alfred Cerezo1; George Krauss3; George Smith1; Y to 40 wt.% were investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermoanalysis and both 1University of Oxford; 2Monash University; 3Colorado School of Mines optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that alloy with It is well known that the addition of alloy elements increases the resistance metastable alpha’ or alpha” martensite transform to metastable beta and then P of carbon-containing martensitic steels to softening during tempering to stable alpha in the 250 to 450°C range. Alloys with greater Nb content, in treatments. In the case of high silicon steels, the rate-controlling process has M that the metastable beta is the initial structure, undergo phase decomposition previously been identified as being the rejection of this element during the below 200°C forming stable beta and then stable alpha at higher temperature. growth and coarsening of cementite. However, the mechanisms of other alloy elements remain obscure. We are studying the tempering of, AISI/SAE4340 5:00 PM (Fe-1.83at%C-0.69Mn -0.83Cr -1.67Ni-0.51Si - 0.15Mo) in the temperature Texture Characterization of Cold-Rolled Ti-6Al-4V Specimens by range 250°C-400°C. We are using 3-D atom probe techniques to map the Thermoelectric Power Measurements: Hector Carreon1; 1Universidad redistribution of all major alloying elements between ferrite and carbide Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo phases as a function of temperature and time. It is remarkable that significant This paper presented experimental data that illustrates the intrinsic retardation of softening rate is observed at tempering temperatures as low as sensitivity of the thermoelectric contact technique based on Seebeck effect 300°C, where substitutional solute redistribution is barely detectable, even by in order to detect the presence of texture induced anisotropy with different the most sophisticated 3DAP data analysis techniques. Possible explanations deformation degrees, 1.6mm, 3.2mm, and 6.4 mm thickness-reduction, in for the observed effects on tempering kinetics will be discussed. cold-rolled Ti-6AL-4V specimens. The results show the thermoelectric power (TEP) coefficient behaviour with respect to the anisotropy and microstructure 3:30 PM in a highly-textured material that presents morphological and crystallographic Characterization of Nano-Scale Compositional Fluctuations in Sm-Ba-Cu- texture. Ultrasonic measurements of shear wave velocities were also conducted O Superconductor by TEM and STEM/EELS: Shih-Yun Chen1; Alexandre in order to obtain a direct correlation between the presence of a significant Gloter2; Christian Colliex2; In-Gann Chen3; Maw-Kuen Wu1; 1Institute of anisotropy in Ti-6Al-4V specimens and the TEP measurements before and Physics, Academia Sinica; 2Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS-UMR after annealing. Thermoelectric power measurements offer a means to 8502; 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng- assess the evolution of texture, which allows for a better correlation between Kung University anisotropy and the material microstructure and properties. Of course, the TEP Sm-Ba-Cu-O materials doped with nano-scale RE2BaCuO5 (nmRE211, values depend on the physical nature and degree of the imperfection to be RE=Y, Sm and Nd) exhibit superior superconductivity in high magnetic fields. characterized. According to the results of transport behavior analysis and the knowledge of growth mechanism, the existence of nano-scale compositional fluctuations 5:20 PM was suggested. To further elucidate the characteristics of the compositional An Electron Microscope Study of Tweed Structure in GdNi Intermetallic fluctuation regions, in this study, microstructure of nmY211 doped SmBCO Alloys: Ozan Ugurlu1; Yaroslav Mudryk2; L. Scott Chumbley1; Vitalij materials were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Pecharsky2; 1Iowa State University; 2Ames Laboratory and electron energy loss spectra (EELS). Lamella structures with width range We describe an extensive microstructure characterization of heat-treated from several to several tens nm were observed throughout the matrix. The GdNi intermetallic alloys using various electron microscopy techniques. chemical distribution, valence structure, thickness, and crystal structure in Previous x-ray diffraction studies of these alloys showed broader peaks these lamella structures were compared with those found in the NEG ((Nd, then what was expected from simulations. Detailed examination of the Eu, Gd)-Ba-Cu-O) materials. In addition, regions with higher content of microstructure using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed a Y with a higher density of defects around were found in the matrix. The tweed structure and High Resolution TEM (HRTEM) images show a highly distribution of Y, lattice distortion, and the ratio of Sm/Ba in these regions strained lattice structure. Streaking seen in Selected Area Diffraction (SAD) were also analyzed. patterns indicate an extremely small size scale structure. In addition to the tweed structure, staking faults have been observed during TEM studies. 3:50 PM Break This paper presents these results coupled with Microprobe, Scanning TEM 4:10 PM Invited (STEM) and Orientation Microscopy (OIM) studies that have been conducted Microstructural Characterization of Snow Firn Using SEM/EDS/EBSP: to reconcile the broad x-ray diffraction peaks observed with direct observation Ian Baker1; R. Obbard1; D. Iliescu1; D. Meese1; 1Dartmouth College of the structure using advanced microscopy techniques. In this paper, we present results of a preliminary microstructural study of 5:40 PM snow firn specimens taken from different depths in cores retrieved at or near Non-Metallic Inclusions in Metals: From Nanometer to Milimeter: Lifeng the South Pole by the U.S International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition. Zhang1; 1Norwegian University of Science and Technology We used techniques that we previously developed to examine ice cores This study aims to characterize the Non-Metallic Inclusions (NMI) in involving controlled sublimation in a cold-stage-equipped SEM. From grain metals, such as steel, aluminum and silicon. Several approaches, such boundary grooves we were able to see where the previously-existing snow as optical microscope, SEM, X-ray, Slime test, etc, are used to detect and crystals were joined, and, hence, could determine grain sizes. Through analysis evaluate NMIs from nanometer to millimeter in these metals. The size of secondary electron images of the firn, the porosity and the internal surface distribution, morphology and composition of inclusions are investigated. A area per unit volume of the pores were determined. Finally, we determined the fundamental model is developed to to predict inclusion composition, quantity microchemistry of impurities in the firn using EDS and demonstrated that the and size distribution evolution during metal processing, including the effects orientations of the firn crystals could be ascertained using EBSP. Supported by of metallurgical thermodynamics, nucleation, growth, collisions, bubble NSF grant OPP 0440523 and ARO contract DAAD 19-03-1-0110. interactions, turbulent flow transport, and entrapment by the solidifying steel. By finding ways to incorporate the microscale model results into the macroscale models, new insights into the relative importance of different mechanisms will
76 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program be developed. The current research will combine the Nano- and Micro-scale of the two lowest-energy pathways and show under which conditions the Inclusion Nucleation and Growth Phenomena with the Macro-scale Flow anisotropic stresses result in a change of transformation pathway. The results Pattern and Inclusion Transport. indicate that the two orientation relationships observed in diamond anvil and shock experiments are caused by different stress conditions. 3:20 PM M Computational Thermodynamics and Phase On Some Aspects of Phase Transitions in Mechanically Driven Alloys: O Jong Lee1; 1Michigan Technological University N Transformations: First Principles and Atomistic An interesting feature observed in mechanical alloying is temporal oscillations Calculations of Phase and Alloy Thermodynamics II in phase fractions. For example, the microstructure of a binary Ni-Zr alloy D Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, ASM is shown to vary cyclically between a crystalline and an amorphous state. In A International, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, our earlier work, such cyclical phase transitions were described in terms of a TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, ASM Materials Y Science Critical Technology Sector, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of thermodynamic model which shows a time-dependent free energy function. In Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science and this work, we present non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) results. Engineering Committee For a model Ni-Zr alloy, both compressive and shearing deformation modes P Program Organizers: Corbett Battaile, Sandia National Laboratories; James are applied to mimic a ball milling process. Atomic interactions are expressed M Morris, Oak Ridge National Laboratory through a many-body, tight-binding as well as a Lennard-Jones potential. Both compressive and shearing deformation modes display amorphization from the Monday PM Room: Europe 11 homogeneous, elastically deformed crystalline state at high strain rates. Shearing February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel deformation, however, is shown to be much more effective for phase transitions, forming a 2-dimensional layered structure at high shear strain rates. Session Chair: Hamish Fraser, Ohio State University; Anton Van der Ven, University of Michigan 3:40 PM Break 4:00 PM Invited 2:00 PM Invited Reliable First-Principles Prediction of Alloy Thermodynamic Characteri- Kinetics of Phase Transformations from First Principles: Anton Van der zation Data via Cluster Expansion Methods: Duane Johnson1; Teck Tan1; Ven1; 1University of Michigan N. Zarkevich1; 1University of Illinois While much progress has been made in the first-principles prediction of Using cluster expansion (CE) techniques and a database of structural the thermodynamics of multi-component solids, predicting the kinetics of formation energies form first-principles electronic-structure calculations, we solid-state phase transformations remains a major challenge. A large class predict phase stability and structural phase transformations in multicomponent of phase transformations in multi-component solids involves a redistribution alloys. We present results from our automated thermodynamic toolkit (TTK) of its constituents, which requires atomic diffusion. First-order phase that controls all facets of the CE fitting and density-functional calculation and transformations also require the passage of interfaces separating new phases includes two methods for constructing CE basis sets: our published optimal from old phases. One approach to simulate first-order diffusional phase truncation method and a genetic algorithm method that uses a niching algorithm transformations from first-principles is through parameter passing, whereby to prevent solution stagnation, where reliability from these approaches can kinetic coefficients describing atomic diffusion and interface mobilities are be estimated. We then show that there are two mean-field limits that permit implemented in a continuum description. In this talk, I will describe first- rapid and accurate estimates of concentration-dependent order-disorder principles approaches to predict diffusion coefficients in multi-component transformations without Monte Carlo, with the appropriate limiting choice solids and focus on a class of first-order phase transformations in intercalation determined a priori by the CE interactions. We exemplify these various results compounds and metal hydrides in which the moving interface is coherent and in a number of alloy systems, including combining defect calculations with migrates through dislocation glide. elasticity theory to establish design maps for improving materials properties. 2:30 PM Invited 4:30 PM Invited Precipitation in Al-Mg-Si from First-Principles: Christopher Wolverton1; The Tensorial Cluster Expansion: Axel van de Walle1; 1California Institute Yi Wang2; Chinnappan Ravi3; Hui Zhang2; Tao Wang2; Long Qing Chen2; of Technology Zi-Kui Liu2; 1Ford Motor Company; 2Pennsylvania State University; 3Indira While the cluster expansion formalism is traditionally used to parametrize Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research the configurational-dependence of scalar properties (such as the total energy), Precipitation in Al-Mg-Si alloys has been extensively studied, since this this talk introduces a generalization of this formalism to tensorial quantities ternary forms the basis of a wide variety of commercial alloys (e.g., 6xxx (such as elastic constants, phase-transformation-induced strains, permanent series alloys). The observed precipitation sequence is complex and involves a dielectric dipoles, etc). This new method generates a suitable orthogonal basis wide variety of metastable phases (e.g., GP zones, β’’, β’). We have undertaken for the space of all mappings from lattice configurations to tensors. It also an extensive first-principles study of many key precipitate properties: T=0 provides symmetry rules to determine which terms in the Tensorial Cluster energetics and crystal structures, vibrational entropies, interfacial structure and Expansion are equivalent by symmetry and must therefore share a common energies, and lattice-mismatch and coherency strain energies. By incorporating coefficient. The proposed framework encompasses, as special cases, a number these first-principles results into CALPHAD databases, we can predict the of existing tools, including the local cluster expansion (used for modeling the metastable phase equilibria and phase fractions of precipitate phases in a wide properties of point defects), the “symmetrized” cluster expansions (used for variety of 6xxx alloys. Interfacial and strain energies can be used to elucidate predicting tensorial properties of disordered phases), and transferable force the key factors in controlling the morphologies of precipitates in this system, constants (used for efficient lattice dynamics calculations). This formalism and we incorporate these energetics in phase-field models and predict the also provides a simple language to describe the coupling between symmetry- resulting precipitate shapes. breaking phase transformations and materials properties. 3:00 PM 5:00 PM Stress Anisotropy Controls Pathway of Martensitic Transformation in Using Multi-Body Energy Expansions from Ab Initio Calculations Titanium: Richard Hennig1; Dallas Trinkle2; 1Cornell University; 2University for Computation of Alloy Phase Structures: Nicholas Zabaras1; Veera of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Sundararaghavan1; 1Cornell University The pressure-driven martensitic phase transformation in titanium from the Cluster expansion methods (CEM) are quite successful for modeling ductile hcp to the brittle omega phase can limit titanium’s mechanical properties. energies of substitutional and interstitial alloys. However, in alloys involving Under hydrostatic stress conditions this phase transition proceeds via a six- constituents with large size differences, structural relaxations play an atom pathway with an energy barrier of 9 meV/atom. Ab-initio calculations important role and convergence properties of the CEM diminish. In such characterize how non-hydrostatic stresses affect the transformation barriers cases, long-ranged and many-body interactions are necessary to model the
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 77 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
energy accurately. We construct such many-body expansion through statistical the nanocrystalline grain structure is thermally unstable. Anneal treatments learning over a very large database of ab-initio energies. Modern regression are used to identify the temperature range of the two dominant diffusion and cross validation techniques allow efficient handling of the continuous mechanisms – bulk and grain boundary. To assess the transition between degrees of freedom in the expression for N-body potentials and ensure optimal mechanisms, the low temperature range for bulk diffusion is established M selection of parameters for convergence of the expansion. This approach utilizing the decay of static concentration waves in composition-modulated provides a more realistic energy functional for use in MC simulations of nanolaminates. A transition in the dominant mechanism for grain growth from O thermodynamic properties of alloy systems. As an improvement over the grain boundary to bulk diffusion occurs with an increase in temperature. The N cluster expansion method, the methodology enables identification of stable activation energy for bulk diffusion is found to be 1.8 eV/atom whereas that D phase structures that do not fall within the superstructures of FCC, HCP or for grain growth at low temperatures is only 0.2 eV/atom. The temperature BCC parent lattices. for transitioning from the dominant mechanism of grain boundary to bulk A diffusion is found to be dependent on composition, generally trending at 57% 5:20 PM Y the alloy melt temperature. Vibrational Thermodynamics of Vanadium Alloys: Oliver Delaire1; Max Kresch1; Matthew Lucas1; Tabitha Swan-Wood1; Brent Fultz1; 1California 2:50 PM P Institute of Technology Modeling of Oxygen Diffusion and Segregation at Interfaces in Ag-MgO M We investigated the effects of alloying on the lattice dynamics and Composites: Thomas Fiedler1; Nilindu Muthubandara2; Andreas Ochsner1; electronic structure of bcc vanadium. Using inelastic neutron scattering, we Irina Belova2; Graeme Murch2; 1University of Aveiro; 2University of have measured the phonon density of states and vibrational entropy of random Newcastle solid solutions of vanadium with transition metal impurities. The effect of The presence of atomic oxygen at internal metal-ceramic oxide interfaces alloying on the phonon DOS is thermodynamically significant, comparable significantly affects the physical properties of the interfaces which inturn in magnitude to the configurational entropy of mixing. A clear trend was affects the bulk properties of the composite (metal+ceramic oxide) material. observed for solutes across the 3d-series, and down the Ti, V and Ni columns. We address this problem for the conditions of a constant source of oxygen at Using density functional theory, we calculated the geometry and electronic the surface(s) and various periodic and random arrangements of ceramic oxide structure for the alloys, and computed the stiffness of certain vibrational inclusions (MgO) embedded in the metal matrix Ag. With experimentally modes. The electronic entropy of alloying was calculated and found to follow determined atomic transport quantities we simulate the concentration depth the same trend as the vibrational entropy, although it is smaller in magnitude. profiles and segregation of oxygen to the interfaces using independent Monte Experimental investigations of the phonon DOS were also conducted on Carlo and Finite Element methods. concentrated V-Cr alloys and A15 V-based compounds. 3:10 PM Stability and Shrinkage by Diffusion of Hollow Nanospheres: Alexander Evteev1; Elena Levchenko1; Irina Belova1; Graeme Murch1; 1University of Diffusion in Advanced Materials and Processing: Newcastle Recently, hollow nanospheres of cobalt selenide and cobalt sulphide have Interfaces, Surfaces and Nanostructures been formed from cobalt nanocrystals in Se or S environments (Y. Yin et al. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Science Vol.304 ,p711 (2004). The process of formation is believed to be Materials Division, ASM Materials Science Critical Technology Sector, TMS: Alloy Phases Committee, TMS: High Temperature Alloys Committee, driven by interdiffusion with an extreme Kirkendall effect as Co is replaced ASM-MSCTS: Atomic Transport Committee, TMS/ASM: Nuclear Materials by incoming vacancies. There has been considerable interest in the stability of Committee, TMS: Solidification Committee hollow nanospheres compared with the corresponding solid nanospheres. Using Program Organizers: Yong-Ho Sohn, University of Central Florida; Carelyn Molecular Dynamics we have analyzed single metallic systems exemplified Campbell, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Daniel Lewis, by Pd. We found that small hollow nanospheres (up to about 10 000 atoms) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Afina Lupulescu, Union College collapsed quickly, but not by classical vacancy-assisted mechanisms, but by mechanisms involving Shockley partial dislocations. For larger systems, too Monday PM Room: Europe 2 much energy appears to be required for such mechanisms, and the collapse is February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel mediated by the usual vacancy mechanism. Session Chairs: Graeme Murch, University of Newcastle; Yuri Mishin, 3:30 PM Break George Mason University 3:50 PM Invited Diffusion along Dislocation Cores in Metals: G. Pun1; Y. Mishin1; 1George 2:00 PM Invited Mason University Growth Kinetics on Nanoscale: Finite Diffusion Permeability of Interfaces: Diffusion along dislocations can control the kinetics of many processes Dezso Beke1; Zoltán Erdélyi1; 1University of Debrecen in materials, including coarsening of disperse particles, dislocation bypass, Growth kinetic is either diffusion or interface reaction controlled process, dynamic strain ageing, creep and sintering. The amount of experimental characterized by parabolic or linear relationships, respectively. The well known data on dislocation diffusion is very limited and theoretical understanding of diffusion paradox, predicting infinitely fast diffusion kinetics at short times the relevant atomic mechanisms is rudimental, if existent. We give a brief (distances) for diffusion control will be discussed and resolved, by showing overview of current knowledge of dislocation diffusion and discuss possible that the diffusion permeability across the interface should be finite at the very approaches to the modeling of this process on the atomic level. Results of beginning of the process. Thus one can arrive at an atomistic interpretation atomistic simulations of dislocation diffusion in Al, Ni, and Ni-Al alloys are of the interface transfer coefficient, K, and at linear growth kinetics even if presented. The simulations reveal the dominant atomic mechanisms and point there is no extra potential barrier present at the interface, usually assumed to the nearly equal role of vacancies and interstitials. The effect of solute in the interpretation of interface reaction control. It is also shown that this interaction with the dislocation core on the rates of solute and solvent diffusion phenomenon is a typical nanoeffect: after a certain diffusion distance (lying is examined for edge, screw and mixed dislocations in Al. The impact of this between 0.01 and 300 nm, depending on the composition dependence of the work on understanding of diffusion kinetics in plastically deformed materials diffusion coefficient) the finite permeability of the interface will not restrict is discussed. the growth and normal diffusion control will be observed. 4:20 PM 2:30 PM Anomalous Diffusion along Interfaces in Crystalline Solids: Raghavan Diffusion Mechanisms in Nanocrystalline and Nanolaminated Au-Cu: Narayanan1; Alexander King1; 1Purdue University Alan Jankowski1; 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory It is often neglected that Fick’s law depends on a particular set of The development of pulsed electro-deposition leads to the synthesis of assumptions concerning the nature of Einstein’s random walk theory. We Au-Cu alloys (0-20 wt.% Cu) with grain sizes less than 5 nm. However, elucidate the conditions under which Fick’s diffusion law can be applied to a
78 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program given problem. Those diffusion processes that do not obey these conditions are utilized in Hugoniot materials descriptions. The determination of Hugoniot called anomalous diffusion processes. We outline arguments which support pressure from interpretation of widely-observed planar deformation features the possibility that grain boundary diffusion might fall under this category. (PDFs) in quartz is of considerable interest. Localization processes restrict We also explain the mathematical methods needed to model such processes second-order interpretation. Recent work on the Bee Bluff Structure of South and we present diffusion profiles corresponding to these anomalous diffusion Texas (The Uvalde Crater) has shown the importance of catastrophic paradigm M processes for both instantaneous source and constant source experimental modeling. The target materials are Eocene Carrizo Formation Sandstone and conditions. It is also pointed out that the formalism can be easily extended to Eocene Indio Formation calcareous siltstone, iron-rich siltstone and shale, O surface diffusion, triple junction diffusion and diffusion through amorphous and loosely lithified calcareous silt. As in other sedimentary target materials, N media. We consider the requirements for making measurements of these types the numbers of quartz grains with PDFs is low relative to crystalline target D of anomaly in interfacial diffusion experiments. Acknowledgment: This work materials. Furthermore, the orientations and numbers of PDF sets differs from A is supported by the National Science Foundation, grant #0504813. crystalline materials. Evidence for hydrodynamic instability is widespread. Y 4:40 PM 2:30 PM Invited Revised Mixing Models for Diffusion in Polycrystals: Ying Chen1; Shear Localization Resistance by Design: Gregory Olson1; 1Northwestern Christopher Schuh1; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology University P Steady-state polycrystalline diffusion can be described by a homogeneous- Multiscale ductile fracture simulation clarifies the importance of microvoid- M medium effective diffusivity comprised of multiple diffusion paths, e.g., bulk, driven shear localization in both fracture toughness and ballistic plugging grain boundaries, dislocation cores and triple junctions. The classic Hart resistance. Under the ONR D3D Digital Structure Consortium initiative, 3D equation for the effective diffusivity is the sum of volume averaged individual simulation of multiparticle interaction at the submicron level demonstrates diffusivities, which implicitly neglects the complex geometrical arrangement the mechanism of terminal shear localization, while computational quantum of these microstructural elements. In this talk we propose an effective- mechanics identifies opportunities to enhance particle interfacial bonding. medium diffusion model that incorporates various short-circuit diffusion Exploiting dispersed-phase transformation plasticity to retard microvoid shear contributions based on realistic topological arrangements. For example, we localization, a martensitic steel designed for blast protection demonstrates account for the grains being enclosed by grain boundary facets, rather than extreme toughness, and precipitation strengthened austenitic TRIP steel assuming that they are parallel elements. This analysis shows that the overall designs show high potential for greatly enhanced dynamic stretch ductility. diffusivity of polycrystals is overestimated by the Hart equation, especially Integrating recent research results, new martensitic steel prototypes for nanocrystalline materials. On the other hand, short-circuit diffusion demonstrate exceptional resistance to ballistic plugging failure. coefficients, inferred by comparing the Hart equation with the effective 2:45 PM diffusivity obtained from diffusant penetration curves, are underestimated. Shearband Patterns under Static and Dynamic Indentations in 5:00 PM Bulk Metallic Glasses: Ghatu Subhash1; Hongwen Zhang1; 1Michigan Diffusion of Mn into Grain Boundaries and Triple Junctions in LiF Thin Technological University Films: Hakkwan Kim1; Alexander King1; 1Purdue University Static and dynamic Vickers indentations were performed on ZrHf-based Diffusion is faster in polycrystalline thin films than bulk materials, and grain bulk amorphous alloys. A negative rate sensitivity of indentation hardness has size distribution plays an important role. Grain boundaries and triple junctions been observed. The slip steps of shear bands evolved beneath and surrounding can act as rapid diffusion paths. The mechanism of manganese diffusion in the dynamic indentations have been characterized and then compared to those polycrystalline lithium fluoride thin films has been studied by doping LiF evolved under static indentations. For equivalent loads, dynamic indentations films with Mn via a diffusion process. Manganese was deposited onto fully- produced more severe deformation pattern on the loading surface than static dense polycrystalline LiF films and heat-treated so as to penetrate into the LiF indentations. Using bonded interface technique, the induced shearband by diffusion. The Mn distribution was investigated using the electron energy patterns beneath the indentations were studied. In static indentations, most of loss image filtering technique in the TEM and the misorientations and the the deformation was primarily accommodated by closely spaced semi-circular grain boundary planes were determined by conventional transmission electron shearbands surrounding the indentation. In dynamic indentations two sets of microscopy and diffraction. It is found that by controlling the diffusion widely spaced semi-circular shearbands with two different curvatures were conditions, Mn can be made to diffuse only into the grain boundaries, and we observed. The observed shearband patterns were rationalized based on the are now working on restricting it to the triple junctions. variations in the confinement pressure and strain rate with in the indentation region during dynamic indentations. 3:00 PM 1 1 Dynamic Behavior of Materials: Deformation II Kinetics Modeling under Shock-Loading Conditions: Steven Valone ; Los Alamos National Laboratory/MST-8 Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Shock loading induces complex kinetic processes leading to such Committee macroscopic phenomena as plastic deformation, phase transformations, and Program Organizers: Marc Meyers, University of California; Ellen Cerreta, spall. The associated rates are typically modeled as first-order processes. Los Alamos National Laboratory; George Gray, Los Alamos National The form of any rate constant is then assumed to be of an Arrhenius form.1 Laboratory; Naresh Thadhani, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kenneth This form of rate law assumes an equilibrium distribution of velocities in the Vecchio, University of California system.2 Clearly, in a shock-loaded system, the velocity distribution needs to 3 be centered on the particle-velocity, up. A revision in the Arrhenius rate model Monday PM Room: Europe 3 leads to up-dependent rate constants. At high shock loading, the rate constant February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel naturally switches to a power-law dependence in keeping with observation. 1D. L. Preston, D. Tonks, and D. C. Wallace, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 211 (2003). Session Chairs: Ronald Armstrong, University of Maryland; Dennis Grady, 2H. A. Kramers, Physica (Amsterdam) 7, 284 (1940). 3S. M. Valone, J. Chem. Applied Research Associates Phys. 118, 9606 (2003). 3:15 PM Break 2:00 PM Invited Energy Localization in Meteoritic Target Materials: Hydrodynamic 3:30 PM Invited Instabilities and Planar Deformation Features (PDFs) in Quartz: Robert Plastic Processes Leading to Damage and Failure: T. Wright1; K. Ramesh2; Graham1; M. Martin2; N. N. Thadhani2; B. Morosin3; 1The Tome Group; 1US Army Research Laboratory; 2Johns Hopkins University 2Georgia Institute of Technology; 3Sandia National Laboratories Damage and failure in ductile materials are often the consequences of Materials at meteoritic impact-sites are complex, but there has been deformation processes that lead first to strain softening, next to material considerable success in first-order modeling based on the idealized conditions instability, and then to localization. Instability and localization produce
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 79 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
extremely inhomogeneous deformation over regions that are too small for deformation at high strain-rates. A systematic evaluation and correlation of direct constitutive measurement so that the state within the localized region the strain-rate sensitivities, microstructural evolution during deformation and can only partially be inferred from external measurements. In this talk it fracture behaviour of the materials are conducted and discussed. The results will be shown that direct physical modeling, using standard mechanics and show that thermo-viscoplastic instabilities of the aluminium-based matrix M constitutive response without resort to postulated damage parameters, can still play a significant role in dynamic deformation and failures of the investigated be applied at the small scales of localization, and lead to useful quantitative materials at high strain-rates. O predictions concerning the morphology and timing of localization. Two 5:00 PM N examples will be discussed; the formation of adiabatic shear bands and the Dislocation Dynamics Simulations of High Strain Rate Deformation of nucleation and growth of voids at high rates. D FCC Cu: Zhiqiang Wang1; Irene Beyerlein1; Richard LeSar2; 1Los Alamos A 4:00 PM National Laboratory; 2Iowa State University Y Dynamic Failure of Silicon Nitride under Combined Pressure and Shear The detailed understanding of high-rate deformation of engineering Impact: George Sunny1; David Nathenson1; Vikas Prakash1; 1Case Western materials is crucial to many applications. We apply a novel Parametric Reserve University Dislocation Dynamics (PDD) method, along with the use of high performance P Plane shock wave experiments inducing compression and simultaneous computing, to simulate material behavior under high-rate loadings. With M compression and shear were performed on a AS800 grade silicon nitride careful analysis of the simulations, we can provide a detailed picture of ceramic. The experiments were conducted using the 82.5 mm single stage microstructural changes, exploring the connection between these changes and gas gun facility at CWRU. A multi-beam VALYN VISAR was used to obtain the macroscopic response for different rates of deformation. Simulation results the free surface velocity time profiles. The results of these experiments were are compared with experimental observations. used to understand the dependence of its spall strength on shock induced 5:15 PM compressive and shear stresses. In addition, a series of shock and reshock Collective Evolution of Dislocations and Voids in the Shock Recovered experiments were conducted to understand the state of damage under planar Metals from Polychromatic Microdiffraction: Rozaliya Barabash1; G. Ice1; shock compression. In the talk the nature of the failure front and the observed W. Liu2; J. Belak3; M. Kumar3; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2Advanced variation in the measured spall strength of SiN will be discussed. Photon Source; 3Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 4:15 PM A 3D spatially resolved X-ray diffraction method - with a sub micrometer- Dynamic Response of 5083-H131 Aluminum Alloy: J. Boteler1; D. resolution together with MD simulations, SEM and OIM analysis are applied Dandekar2; 1NSWC -Indian Head; 2Army Research Laboratory to understand the arrangements of voids, geometrically necessary dislocations The material response of 5083-H131 aluminum alloy subjected to dynamic and strain gradient distributions in samples of (123) Al and (001) Cu single loading has been investigated. In the work reported here we examine the crystal shocked to incipient spallation fracture. Because of strong dislocation- spall strength, Hugoniot EOS, and Hugoniot Elastic Limit (HEL) over the dislocation interactions and because of interaction between dislocations and stress range 1.5-8.0 GPa. Measurement of these dynamic properties provide the elastic waves, an initially random high density dislocation distribution hydrocode modelers with critical information required for accurate modeling becomes unstable. As a result after the shock wave has passed correlated of material response to intense loading. Experiments were performed on the dislocation arrangements with dislocation walls develops. Some fraction of Army Research Laboratory 102 mm bore single-stage light gas gun. Impact the dislocations may remain randomly distributed, and the rest form various conditions were uniaxial and planar to within 1 mrad of tilt. VISAR was correlated groupings and more organised disclination arrangements. Regions used to record particle velocity histories with 0.5 ns temporal resolution. The with geometrically necessary dislocations form causing local lattice curvature. shock Hugoniot for 5083-H131 is extrapolated to 50 GPa and compared to The orientation and density of geometrically necessary dislocations in the the previous high pressure results of Hauver (1973). The dynamic response shock recovered Al and Cu samples are determined. including HEL and spall strength of 5083-H131 is compared to other 5:30 PM commonly used aluminum alloys. Influence of Microstructure on the Spall Failure of Aluminum Materials: 4:30 PM Jonathan Brewer1; Douglas Dalton1; Evan Jackson1; Eric Taleff1; Todd Fragments Produced when Tungsten Penetrates Aluminum: Stephan Ditmire1; 1University of Texas Bless1; 1University of Texas at Austin Laser-shock-induced spall failure has been studied in thin aluminum targets. Tungsten rods were fired at 6061T6 aluminum targets in order to investigate Annealed high-purity aluminum targets, annealed low-purity aluminum the origins of behind-armor debris. Penetrators were L/D = 15 rods made from targets and aluminum-magnesium, both annealed and cold-rolled, targets with 91% W-Ni-Co alloy. Behind the target, there was a witness pack composed thicknesses of 200 µm and 500 µm were subjected to laser shock to induce of five steel plates of increasing thickness. Velocities were 1.7 to 2.6 km/s. spall failures. The effects of material and microstructure on failure morphology Measurements consisted of witness plate perforation patterns and radiographs were investigated. The apparent ductility of spall fractures decreased with of the debris field. It was found that as diameter was increased, there was little increasing hardness for a given shock strain rate. Spall failure character change in the number of debris particles generated, as measured by the number transitioned from ductile transgranular fracture to brittle intergranular failure of perforations in the first witness plate. However, the penetrating power of as hardness increased, with a mixture of failure morphologies observed at the particles strongly increased with rod diameter, as shown by the increased intermediate hardnesses. In low-hardness material containing inclusions, the number of holes in witness plates three through five. The number of particles inclusions appeared to act as nuclei for failure initiation. increased strongly with velocity. 5:45 PM 4:45 PM Effects of Strain Rate and Adiabatic Heating on the Deformation Behavior Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Metal Matrix Composites during of Cold Heading Steels: Jari Rämö1; Veli-Tapani Kuokkala1; Taina Vuoristo1; Dynamic Mechanical Loading: Akindele Odeshi1; Gbadebo Owolabi1; Meera 1Tampere University of Technology Singh1; Nabil Bassim1; 1University of Manitoba Winnipeg In the cold heading process of metals, strain rates in complex parts can vary In order to improve their mechanical properties and enlarge their structural quite much and reach locally very high values. Therefore, when considering applications, many light metals and alloys are usually reinforced with the material’s deformation behavior, both the transient hardening effects at compatible ceramic fibres or particles. Due to their unique combination of high strain rates as well as softening effects due to adiabatic heating should properties, metal matrix composites (MMC) are finding increasing application be accounted for. In this work, a phenomenological material model based on in modern engineering design such as high velocity forming and shaping experiments done at strain rates in the range of 0.001…1000 1/s at temperatures operations as well as military applications. Thus a clear understanding of their extending from -150° to 650° was devised and used in FE simulations of the dynamic mechanical behaviour at extreme conditions of high strain-rates is cold heading process. The model separates yielding, including both the upper very important for an enhanced performance in such applications. In this study, and lower yield point, from strain hardening, which typically depend on strain alumina particle reinforced aluminium-based MMC are subjected to massive rate in a different way because of the adiabatic thermal softening effects at
80 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program higher strains. The simulation results show good agreement with high strain 3:20 PM rate cold heading results obtained using a direct impact Hopkinson split bar New Green Anode Plant at BALCO - Start-Up and Operation in the technique. First Year: Manfred Beilstein1; Shailender Kumar2; K.A. Chowdary2; Anand Pandey3; Rudolf Gemein1; 1Outokumpu Technology GmbH; 2VEDANTA Alumina Ltd.; 3BALCO-Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd. M BALCO-Bharat Aluminium Co., a division of VEDANTA Resources PLC, Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon operated an alumina plant and a 110,000 tpy 100 kA Soederberg smelter with O Technology): Anode Technology and Production a thermal power plant at Korba, Chhattisgarh State, India, since 1975. In 2003, N Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light VEDANTA announced the expansion of the smelter with the installation of a D Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee high amperage prebaked anode potline of 245,000 tpy rated capacity (GAMI Program Organizers: John Johnson, RUSAL Engineering and Technological technology from China), an anode plant of 150,000 tpy capacity, and a captive A Center LLC; Morten Sorlie, Elkem Aluminium ANS power station of an additional 540 MW. Outokumpu Technology GmbH of Y Cologne, Germany, was awarded the contract by BALCO to supply Process Monday PM Room: Southern 3 and Basic Engineering, Detail Engineering for critical areas, site supervision February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel P and commissioning, as well as proprietary process equipment for the new Green Anode Plant, as part of the Korba Smelter Expansion Project. This M Session Chair: David Emerson, Alcoa paper describes the Balco Green Anode Plant, its start-up, early operation and the production results in the first year. 2:00 PM Introductory Comments 3:45 PM 2:05 PM Effect of Vacuum Vibroforming on Porosity Development during Anode Carbon Nanofiber Additions to Electrode Binder Phase for the Aluminium Baking: Michal Tkac1; Trygve Foosnæs1; Harald Øye1; 1Norwegian University Electrolysis: Sten Yngve Larsen1; Shahid Akhtar1; Geir Ausland2; Zhixin Yu1; of Science and Technology Harald A. Øye1; Trygve Foosnæs1; 1Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige The anode porosity and pore development depends on the raw materials Universitet ; 2Elkem Solar AS and on the production process. Thus porosity of the baked anode is summed It is expected that carbon nanofibers and related carbon structures will up from of the coke pores and process pores that are created during the anode become available in large volumes in the near future. One potential application production steps mixing, forming and baking. Pilot-scale work was carried out of such materials is as additives in anodes and cathodes for aluminium in order to determine the effects of five parameters on the resulting porosity electrolysis. Physical and chemical properties of the nanomaterials, i.e., in the baked state. Anode samples were produced from a single source petrol strength, electrical and thermal conductivity may improve the overall coke in a two level, five-factorial experimental design with variable factors electrode performance. In the present work a wide range of fibre types grown pitch content, aggregate size distribution, mixing time, atmospheric pressure catalytically have been studied and added in controlled amounts to laboratory vibroforming, and heating rate. Vacuum vibroforming was found to be an scale electrodes containing petroleum coke fines and pitch. We have studied effective method for porosity reduction. A fully automatic image analysis different manufacturing variables and report detailed investigations of the method (optical microscopy) was utilized in order to determine the porosity microstructure of the electrodes. Both baked and graphitized electrodes were in the baked samples. Reactivity (CO2 and air) and physical anode properties manufactured, and their thermal expansion as well as their mechanical and were also investigated. electrical properties were characterized. 4:10 PM Break 2:30 PM 4:30 PM Problems of the Stub–Anode Connection: Siegfried Wilkening1; Jules Côté2; Alumar Coke Blending Facility Strategy: Francisco Figueiredo1; Aluisio 1VAW Aluminum Technology; 2Aluminerie Alouette Inc. Nascimento1; Vinicius Piffer1; Ciro Kato1; Helio Truci1; 1Consorcio de The significance of the stub-anode connection in the reduction technology of Aluminio do Maranhao (Alumar) aluminium is outlined. Quite a number of measurements were performed on the This paper presents an alternative to the conventional blending facilities stub-anode voltage drop in electrolytic production cells as well as in laboratory commonly used throughout the world. The new concept was created based tests. Various aspects of the stub-anode connection will be addressed, such as on previous Green Mill experiences and lean thinking philosophy and stub-hole design, stub dimensions, treatment of stubs and thimbles, control was projected and implemented by Consórcio de Alumínio do Maranhao procedures, cast iron composition and potential improvements. (ALUMAR) in August 2005. The strategy maximizes the use of Green mill 2:55 PM current assets and minimizes the impact of coke properties variations in Using Troubleshooting Software to Reduce Variation and Improve Anode the process. Conventional strategy used in most plants basically consists in Quality: Barry Sadler1; Jason Govender2; Nicole Ulbricht3; Stephen Scrase3; blending the cokes in natura before any granulometry classification, in order Kevin Viviers3; Tjaart van der Walt4; Simon Frank4; Cobus van Heerden4; to have a homogeneous material used in the production. The new strategy 1Net Carbon Consulting; 2Mozal Aluminium Smelter; 3Hillside Aluminium consists in blending the cokes after classification, choosing coke ratios in each Smelter; 4CSense Systems Pty Ltd granulometry level, therefore using the strong aspects of individual cokes to The use of modern process control and data acquisition systems in Carbon increase the blended material quality. Anodes produced with the new blending Plants makes enormous volumes of data available to Process Engineers. facility have been analyzed and their properties have been compared with Often the challenge they face is to isolate the key parameters that drive plant anodes produced with traditional blending. performance. A lack of “statistical stability” in many Carbon Plants makes 4:55 PM this more difficult as process and product measures frequently contain Review of Coke and Anode Desulfurization: Les Edwards1; Keith Neyrey1; unpredictable variation. This paper describes how commercial troubleshooting Lorentz Lossius2; 1CII Carbon LLC; 2Hydro Aluminium AS software has been successfully applied to large quantities of such Carbon Plant The average sulfur level of petroleum cokes used by the calcining industry data to identify the key drivers of variation in anode quality and improvement is increasing. During calcination, petroleum coke desulfurizes depending on opportunities. An example will be given of how the non-linear multivariate and the nature of the sulfur and final temperature. The main quality challenges for fuzzy logic models constructed in these troubleshooting exercises have been the coke calciner are the negative effects that desulfurization has on properties developed into process control applications which have delivered significant such as real density, porosity, and reactivity. The increase in coke sulfur levels improvements in anode quality and lower costs, e.g. lowering the green anode also creates challenges for the aluminum industry. Although the average reject rate from around 3% to below 1%. sulfur content of cokes used by smelters has not increased significantly due to environmental limits, the difference in sulfur level of cokes used in blends is increasing. Calciners must avoid “over-calcination” of the high sulfur cokes
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 81 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
used in blends since it can negatively affect the physical and mechanical thick 7075-T7 skins. Panel lengths varied from 6 inches to 26 inches covering properties of anodes. This paper presents a review of data and results on elastic and inelastic buckling. Structural tests were conducted to determine desulfurization, along with recommendations on how to best counter the the compressive strength and deformation characteristics of the panels. The problems that can arise from use of higher sulfur cokes. proposed paper will discuss the process parameter development, fixturing and tooling, weld process forces, and the fabrication of the panels. Test results M 5:20 PM will be presented along with the details of initial buckling loads, failure loads, Production and Application of Coal Tar Pitch in China: Fengqin Liu1; O and failure modes of the test panels. Test results will be compared with some 1Zhengzhou Research Institute of Chalco N of the theoretical predictions applicable to riveted compression panels. Static The raw materials, current situations of coal tar pitch production in China structural performance of the FSW skin stiffened panels determined from the D and pitch applications in Chinese aluminum industry are reviewed in this tests was found to be better than the predicted performance. A paper. The properties of coal tar pitch produced by the different Chinese Y manufacturers are analyzed to show the quality characteristics of Chinese pitch. 3:00 PM The quality evaluation system of coal tar pitch in China and the influences of Friction Stir Welding of an Aluminum Coal Hopper Railcar: Casey Allen1; the production technologies on pitch quality are discussed. The development Dana Medlin1; Clark Oberebt1; Haven Mercer1; William Arbegast1; 1South P trend of Chinese coal tar pitch production is outlined. Dakota School of Mines and Technology M The friction stir welding (FSW) process was used to fabricate a subscale section of an aluminum railcar used to ship coal. Coal comprises approximately forty percent by weight of all freight shipped by rail in the United States. Friction Stir Welding and Processing IV: Session I The primary mode of transportation is the open-top hopper car. Traditional Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Materials joining techniques for this type of vehicle include bolting, riveting and fusion Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Shaping and Forming welding. An analysis was performed to evaluate the cost effectiveness of FSW Committee as a joining process. Key elements of analysis included materials selection Program Organizers: Rajiv Mishra, University of Missouri; Murray and availability, preliminary static and fatigue properties, manufacturability Mahoney, Rockwell Scientific Company; Thomas Lienert, Los Alamos and life-cycle cost benefits analysis. Results of this analysis demonstrated a National Laboratory; Kumar Jata, US Air Force potential cost savings of 20 percent while integrating with existing rolling Monday PM Room: Northern E3 structure and maintaining durability of the basic coal hopper design. The February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel successful fabrication of the subscale prototype demonstrated overall feasibility of the concept and generated valuable data concerning joint and Session Chair: Rajiv Mishra, University of Missouri fixturing and tooling requirements. 3:15 PM 2:00 PM Introductory Comments Heat Transfer Considerations for Designing FSW Sandwiched Panel Sturctures for Cryogenic Applications: Michael Langerman1; 1South 2:05 PM Keynote Dakota School of Mines 1 Friction Stir Welding: After a Decade of Development: William Arbegast ; As a result of research investigating “Integrated Thermal Structures”, several 1 South Dakota School of Mines and Technology cryogenic tank wall panel designs consistent with aerospace applications were Friction Stir Welding (FSW) was invented by TWI in 1991 and transitioned analyzed for thermal efficiency under assumed cryogenic, aero-heating, and to the US industries in 1995 with initial applications primarily on metallic flight loading conditions. One wall considered was internally fabricated with propellant tank structures in the aerospace sector. Soon after, Friction Stir aluminum and formed through super-plastic formed (SPF) deformation of Processing (FSP) and Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) of a wide variety friction stir welded (FSW) panels. These designs included both corrugated of metallic materials was developed, followed by Friction Stir Joining (FSJ) and “egg-carton-like” geometries, the cavities of which could be evacuated, of thermoplastics and Friction Stir Reaction Processing (FSRP)of stirred- in filled with air, or filled with a different gas such as argon. One design objective particles to promote thermodynamically favorable surface reactions and create was to minimize heat transfer through the walls including the effects of natural new surface properties. This paper will discuss the state of development of each convection, if applicable. Results from the thermal analysis of the panel walls of these technologies and provide examples of applications currently in use. show that the sandwich structure appear to have advantages over other, 2:30 PM traditional, wall designs, such as conventional wall cavity structures filled with Development of FSW for Thin-Guage 5XXX Extrusions: Kevin Colligan1; foamed materials. Results from the analytical analysis are presented herein. 1 1 Mark Smitherman ; Concurrent Technologies Corporation 3:30 PM Break Industrial application of FSW in the US has not expanded as rapidly as might have been expected based on the intense R&D the process has received 3:45 PM in the last 10 years. One reason for the slow industrialization is the high cost of Static Structural Performance of 7075 Aluminum Friction Stir Welded the equipment required to commercially produce even very simple geometric Helicopter Beams: William Arbegast1; Anil Patnaik2; Bernard Frankl3; shapes, such as integrally stiffened panels, welded from extrusions. The Navy 1Advanced Materials Processing Center - South Dakota School of Mines and Metalworking Center (NMC) has undertaken a program to develop very low Technology; 2South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; 3North Carolina cost friction stir welding equipment for the production of large stiffened State University panels. As part of this effort, the NMC is developing fixed-geometry bobbin Three friction stir welded built-up beams were manufactured for a helicopter and conventional FSW tools and procedures for welding thin gauge 5xxx rotorcraft airframe structure. A 0.125 inch thick 7075-T6 Alclad aluminum aluminum extruded shapes. This paper describes the welding tool development sheet was welded to the stems of 7075-T6511 aluminum “T” extrusions program and the results of joint strength and microstructure characterization using full penetration FSW butt joints to form the I-shaped beams. Structural carried out on the NMC project. design, process parameters, fixturing and tooling were developed to replace the currently used riveted beams and thin walled machined beams. The overall 2:45 PM objective of the project was to demonstrate equivalent static and fatigue Buckling Behavior of Friction Stir Welded 7075 Compression Panels performance of FSW built-up beams at a lower weight ratio and production 1 2 Stiffened with Single Angle Stiffeners: Anil Patnaik ; William Arbegast ; costs. The proposed paper will discuss static structural performance of one 1 1 1 Matthew Heringer ; Karl Koch ; South Dakota School of Mines and of the FSW beams that was tested to failure. Beam analysis was done using 2 Technology; Advanced Materials Processing Center, South Dakota School classical theory and finite element analysis. The test results will be presented of Mines and Technology along with a comparison with the theoretical predictions. Process parameters Friction stir welding (FSW) of skin stiffened compression panels is being and force data for the weld process will also be discussed. developed as a rivet replacement technology. Compression panels were fabricated by lap welding 0.062 inch thick 7075-T6511 angles to 0.080 inch
82 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
4:00 PM 5:00 PM A Study on Friction Stir Welding with Heating of Aluminum Alloy A- Development of Design Curves for Tensile Strength and Fatigue 5052: Susumu Hioki1; Takehiko Takahashi1; Yuuta Kaneko1; Riiti Suszuki1; Characteristics of 7075 T73 Aluminum FSW Butt Joints: Srikanth 1Akita Prefectural University Kandukuri1; William Arbegast1; Anil Patnaik1; Casey Allen1; 1South Dakota Conventional Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is that weld materials are joined School of Mines and Technology M at room temperature by stirring softened materials due to frictional heat of Aluminum 7075-T73 plates of different thickness were welded with varying rotating tool. Therefore, high speed and high efficiency would be expected, as pseudo heat index (PHI). All welds were made under position control. Studies O preheating make weld materials more softened , as well known that yield point indicate that there exits a relationship between PHI and the weld quality N goes lower due to heating. In this study, FSW was done to improve welding for friction stir welded joints. PHI is a measure of heat input into the weld D speed on friction stir welding of aluminum alloy (A5052) for high vacuum process and is dependant on processing parameters like rotation speed, travel vessel for processing of electronics devices. As the result, welding speed was speed and forge force. The joints were evaluated for its strength and also for A 2.0 time to more than 3.0 at 300 degree Celsius comparing with conventional fatigue life to investigate the response of weld quality in relation to PHI. Y FSW at room temperature, using improved a milling machine with heater. Ultimate tensile strengths were plotted against PHI with statistically based lower tolerance bounds (T90 and T99) with 95% confidence intervals using 4:15 PM P the methods mentioned in Military Handbook. The study revealed that the Study of the Effect of Artificial Aging on Microstructural Evolution of ultimate tensile strengths of butt joints decreased with the increase in PHI. M Friction Stir Welded Thin Sheet 2024-T3 Using Transmission Electron The paper describes the statistical design charts for tensile strength and fatigue Microscopy: Alpesh Shukla1; William Baeslack2; 1Rensselaer Polytechnic characteristics of friction stir welded butt welds. Institute; 2Ohio State University The as-welded and post-weld-heat-treated microstructures obtained in 5:15 PM thin sheet aluminum alloys can be considerably different than those obtained Relationships between Process Variables Related to Heat Generation in thick plate welds. As-welded and artificially aged microstructures were in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum: Kevin Colligan1; 1Concurrent studied using TEM in friction stir welds produced in various conditions; and Technologies Corporation the effect of aging time on the microstructure of FS welds was studied. FS Friction stir welding was invented in 1991 by The Welding Institute as welded at low traverse speeds, the welds were characterized by a stir-zone a solid-state method of joining metals which was initially applied to the consisting of low concentration of GPB zones, an over-aged microstructure joining of aluminum alloys. Process improvements have extended the use of near the TMAZ/HAZ boundary consisting of coarse S precipitates and another the technique to other metals, to thicker materials, to higher travel speeds, under-aged region further away in the HAZ consisting of either GPB II zones and to a variety of applications. In addition, detailed study of the process has or fine S phase. This results into an undesirable microstructure, consisting of led to a better understanding of how the process actually works in terms of hard and soft regions. However, with proper selection of welding parameters, material flow produced by different kinds of tools. However, no publications a FS weld with a uniform microstructure can be developed which on aging, have comprehensively described the relationships between the different results into a uniform peak-aged microstructure consisting of fine S phase. processing variables and how these variables affect key process conditions, such as temperature distribution, material conditions at the welding tool, 4:30 PM etc. This paper seeks to describe the relationships between the independent Static Strength Comparison of Discontinuous Friction Stir Welded process variables, such as travel speed, spindle speed, and anvil condition, and Stiffened Panels: Joshua Merry1; Bryan Tweedy1; Christian Widener1; Dwight the dependent process outcomes, such as the spindle torque, heat generation, Burford1; 1Wichita State University and workpiece temperature. A conceptual model is proposed that relates the Recent advancements in friction stir welding (FSW) technology have main processing variables by showing the influence of physical effects on heat potential for applications in aerospace structures. Friction stir spot welds have generation in the workpiece. Case studies are used to confirm and explore the been found in some cases to be much stronger than rivets in the same material relationships expressed in the conceptual model. thickness, while maintaining the discontinuous crack growth path preferred by aircraft designers. In this study, panels with discontinuous welds were prepared which were identical to previously investigated friction stir lap welded and riveted panels. The structures under study were subscale flat stiffened panels. Frontiers in Solidification Science: Atomic Scale The panels were fabricated with two hat-section stiffeners. The sheet was Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, 0.040-in 2024-T3, and the stiffeners were 7075-T6 spaced on 8.0 inch centers, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing which is representative of a transport fuselage design. The 2-ft x 2-ft stiffened and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of Materials panels were statically tested in diagonal tension. The results are compared Committee, TMS: Solidification Committee directly to riveted and continuous friction stir lap welded panels. Program Organizers: Jeffrey Hoyt, Sandia National Laboratories; Mathis Plapp, Ecole Polytechnique; Gabriel Faivre, CNRS; Shan Liu, Iowa State 4:45 PM University Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of Friction Stir Welded 5083-H32 and 6061-T651 Aluminum Alloys: Seongjin Hong1; Sangshik Kim1; Chang Monday PM Room: Northern A3 Gil Lee2; Sung-Joon Kim2; 1Gyeongsang National University; 2Korea Institute February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel of Machinery and Materials Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state joining technique, which Session Chair: To Be Announced offers high joint quality and relatively few defects. In this study, the FCP behavior of FSWed 5083-H32 and 6061-T651 alloys was examined with the 2:00 PM Invited fatigue crack growing either along the dynamically recrystallized zone (DXZ) A Quantitative Parameter-Free Prediction of Simulated Crystal- at variable ∆K or across the weld zone at constant ∆K. The FCP behavior of Nucleation Times: James Morris1; Rachel Aga1; Jeffrey Hoyt2; Mikhail FSWed 5083-H32 and 6061-T651 specimens is substantially influenced by Mendelev3; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2Sandia National Laboratories; the presence of FSW zone. The FCP behavior of both specimens in the DXZ 3Ames Laboratory appeared to be determined by the beneficial compressive residual stress and The applicability of classical nucleation theory to crystal nucleation the detrimental grain refinements. The FCP behavior of FSWed 5083-H32 and from the liquid remains open. We demonstrate that an accurate prediction 6061-T651 specimens is discussed based on residual stress measurement and of crystal-nucleation times obtained from molecular dynamics simulations fractographic observation. can be made in the large undercooling limit, where transient nucleation dominates. All parameters are determined from separate simulations, so there are no fitting parameters in the comparison between theory and simulation. Transient nucleation must be included to explain the simulation results. An
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 83 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
effective temperature dependence of the interfacial free energy is introduced. System size dependence studies show that the occurrence of nucleation in MD simulations is limited by the system size; nucleation is typically observed only Frontiers in Solidification Science: Poster Session if the average expected number of critical nuclei in the simulated system is at Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, M least unity. This research is sponsored by the Division of Materials Science Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing and Engineering, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of Materials O under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR-22725 with UT-Battelle. Committee, TMS: Solidification Committee N Program Organizers: Jeffrey Hoyt, Sandia National Laboratories; Mathis 2:30 PM Invited Plapp, Ecole Polytechnique; Gabriel Faivre, CNRS; Shan Liu, Iowa State D Crystal-Melt Interfacial Free Energies from Computer Simulation: From University A Hard Spheres to Molecules: Brian Laird1; 1University of Kansas Y The crystal-melt interfacial free energ is a primary controlling parameter Monday, 4:20 PM Room: Northern A3 in the morphology and kinetics of crystal growth, In this talk I will review our February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel recent work on the calculation, via MD computer simulation, of the interfacial P free energy for number of model systems ranging from single and binary hard 3D Reconstruction of Coarse Dendritic Microstructures during the M spheres to models of molecular materials, such as succinonitrile. Solidification of Al-Cu Alloys: Demian Ruvalcaba1; Dmitry Eskin1; Laurence 2 1 2 3:00 PM Break Katgerman ; Netherlands Institute for Metals Research; Delft University of Technology 3:20 PM Invited Defects that develop during solidification of aluminium alloys (e.g. hot Atomistic-Simulation Studies of Faceted Crystal-Melt Interfaces: Dorel tearing) depend on the morphology evolution of the microstructure. Quenching Buta1; Mark Asta2; Jeffrey Hoyt3; 1Northwestern University; 2University of (i.e. “freezing”) of the microstructure during solidification may be used as California; 3Sandia National Laboratories a technique for studying the solidification of aluminium alloys, however Solidification morphologies in faceted crystals are often strongly influenced the metallographic examination of the as-quenched structure shows an by the properties of steps at the solid-liquid interface. This talk presents results overestimation of the solid fraction as related to the temperature of quenching. of recent applications of molecular-dynamics simulations to the study of the In the present study, the 3D microstructure reconstruction of as-quenched intrinsic properties of steps at faceted crystal-melt interfaces in two model samples revealed features that showed a coalescence of the finer solid phase systems: the Stillinger-Weber model of elemental Si and a model immiscible that solidifies upon quenching, which may cause the overestimation ofthe alloy system. Both equilibrium and non-equilibrium simulations are employed solid fraction as compared to the lever rule and Scheil. The paper presents in the study of step structure, free energies and mobilities. The simulation observations of the 3D microstructure development during the solidification results highlight important differences between steps at crystal-melt interfaces, of an Al-7 wt% Cu alloy by using the quenching technique and serial relative to those in the more widely studied case of crystal-vapor surfaces. In sectioning. The identification and removal of structure instabilities may help elemental Si the steps are predicted to be highly diffuse in their structure, in reconstructing the microstructure that develops during solidification. and to possess relatively low step free energies and high mobilities. The consequences of these findings for the mechanisms of nanowire growth from Alloy Crystal-Melt Interfacial Properties from Atomistic Simulations: 1 2 3 2 liquid catalysts will be discussed. Chandler Becker ; David Olmsted ; Mark Asta ; Jeffrey Hoyt ; Stephen Foiles2; 1Northwestern University; 2Sandia National Laboratories; 3University 3:50 PM Invited of California Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Solidification and Vitrification in Al Crystal-melt interfacial properties are critical in controlling growth kinetics and Al-Fe Alloys: Mikhail Mendelev1; Cai-Zhuang Wang1; Kai-Ming Ho1; and microstructural morphologies during dendritic solidification. We will James Morris2; 1Ames Laboratory; 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory discuss recent work on crystal-melt interfaces in model Lennard-Jones alloys Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study phase to understand the relative importance of chemical interactions and size effects transformations in supercooled liquid Al and Al-Fe alloys. We found that the in controlling interfacial properties. These include the equilibrium adsorption, Ercolessi-Adams (EA) potential provides vitrification for the cooling rates interface stress, and interfacial free energy. The Monte-Carlo and Molecular- achievable in MD simulation while other Al potentials provide crystallization. Dynamics simulation methods used to create and equilibrate simulation cells The reason for this difference and the features of the vitrification in the EA will be described, along with the calculations of composition, density, and Al is discussed. The simulation of supercooled Al-Fe alloys, using an Al stress profiles. We will also discuss the dependence of the interfacial free potential where nucleation occurs on MD time scales, showed that if the Fe energy and its crystalline anisotropy on composition as calculated with the concentration was less than 5 % the system demonstrated crystallization, capillary fluctuation method. The results will be discussed in the context of while for larger Fe concentration, a vitrification was observed. We analyze the phase-field models of dendritic solidification. thermodynamics of these alloys, the effect of Fe on the kinetic coefficients, and the structural units forming in the supercooled liquid. MIM and JRM Bubble Formation and Solid-Pore Interactions in Directional 1 2 1 acknowledge support from the Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Solidification: Ying Sun ; Christoph Beckermann ; State University of New 2 BES Office, US DOE under Contract No. W-7405-ENG-82 with ISU and No. York-Binghamton; University of Iowa DE-AC05-00OR-22725 with UT-Battelle, respectively. Phase-field simulations are performed of bubble formation and solid- pore interactions during directional solidification. Gas bubbles nucleate and grow in the supersaturated liquid ahead of the solidification front. Flows are induced by the large density contrast between the bubbles and the melt, as well as by interactions of the bubbles with the solid. A phase-field method is used to model interfaces and triple-junction motions in the present solid- liquid-gas system. Flows and species transport in the gas and liquid phases are solved using a diffuse interface model for two-phase flow. Pore growth and topology changes, solid-pore interactions, and the final shape of the pores are investigated as a function of the contact angle at the triple-junction, initial gas concentration, nucleation supersaturation, nuclei density, and important solidification parameters. Interactions of pores with planar, cellular, and dendritic microstructures are examined in detail. The conditions for different bubble growth morphologies are summarized.
84 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
Coherence of Dendritic Sidebranching in Directional Solidification of a taking both temperature and solute composition into account. This approach Dilute Alloy: Alain Pocheau1; Simona Bodéa1; Marc Georgelin1; 1Institut de was carried out on different heats with slightly varying alloy chemistries. The Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre influence of minor variations in solute content on the freezing rate was thus Dendrites are characterized by repetitive emissions of sidebranches examined. on a needle form. They stand as the main solidification structure of dilute Fully Implicit, Adaptive Grid Methods for Phase-Field Simulation of M alloys whose regularity monitors that of the resulting solid. A long-standing Solidification in Pure Metals and Alloys: Jan Rosam1; Andrew Mullis1; Peter question has then referred to the level of regularity of dendritic emissions. We O Jimack1; 1University of Leeds experimentally evidence here, in directional solidification of a succinonitrile N One of the most powerful techniques for modelling dendritic micro dilute alloy, the large coherence of dendritic sidebranching within bursts of structures is the Phase Field method. The resulting governing equations are D about a dozen of branches or less. In particular, correlation functions of the time dependent highly non linear PDEs. Solving these equations numerically signal given by cuts of interface profiles reveal a burst distribution that is A is still a very challenging task. Two techniques permit theses difficulties to uncorrelated in occurrence, length and in phase of sidebranching but which Y be surmounted, mesh adaptivity and fully implicit time integration methods. contrasts with the large coherence of sidebranching inside each burst. The Implicit methods are more expensive per step than explicit ones because the former feature may explain the appearance of uncorrelated sidebranching in intermediate approximations have to be solved from a system of non linear P former experiments. The latter feature reveals a puzzling self-organization of algebraic equations but alloy the use of much larger time steps due to their dendrites till the reset of sidebranch emissions. Both their mechanisms remain M unconditional stability. We combined a variable time stepping method based to be understood. on a second-order fully implicit time integration scheme, in which we use an Columnar to Equiaxed Transition and Fragmentation in Al-Ni and Al-Si non linear Multgrid solver, to demonstrate the superiority of implicit methods Alloys furing Directional Solidification: Hyejin Jung1; Nathalie Mangelinck- in respect to CPU time and accuracy. The method has been applied to Phase Noel1; Henri Nguyen-Thi1; Bernard Billia1; Adeline Buffet2; Jurgen Hartwig2; Field models for pure metals and binary alloy solidification. José Baruchel2; 1L2MP,UMR 6137, University Paul Cezanne Aix-Marseille 3, Influence of Processing Variables on Microporosity Formation in Al-4.5% Faculte de Saint Jerome; 2ESRF-Polygone Scientifique Louis Néel Cu Alloy: Joo Ro Kim1; Reza Abbaschian2; 1University of Florida; 2University The control of the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) is critical to of California Riverside obtain desired final properties of industrial products. To get equiaxed When liquid metal feeding is restricted to the interdendritic areas in a microstructures in aluminium alloys, one method consists in adding particles casting, microporosity occurs because of the solidification shrinkage and gas to provoke nucleation of equiaxed grains in the melt. On the other hand, evolution. The total volume, size and distribution of microporosity have been fragmentation is another mechanism responsible for the formation of an found to depend strongly not only on as well as thermophysical properties equiaxed microstructure as in castings. Our objective is to understand how of the alloys, but also on the mushy zone thickness, interdendritic channel the formation and the evolution of the different microstructures are influenced and hydrostatic pressure. The latter are affected by processing variables such by the temperature gradient, pulling rate, and refiners in Al-Ni3.5wt% and Al- as solidification rate, thermal gradients and alloy composition. The results of Si7.0wt% alloys. First, directional solidification experiments are performed in recent investigation on the influence of processing variables on microporosity a Bridgman furnace in bulk samples where convection and 3D effects can be formation in Al-4.5 wt% Cu alloy are presented. The processing techniques studied. Second, using synchrotron radiation at ESRF we characterise in situ employed consisted of directional solidification and Axial heat Processing. and in real-time the solid-liquid interface during directional solidification of The latter technique provides for controlled thermal gradient and mushy zone thin samples. This technique yields information on the dynamics of CET, the thickness. In addition, reduction of convection can modify the solidification detachment of dendrites side arms and crystallography. structure. A comparison of experimental and calculated results will be presented Dendritic Seaweed Growth and the Relationship to Spontaneous Grain and optimum condition to minimize microporosity will be suggested. Refinement: Andrew Mullis1; 1Leeds University Limits of Stability and Spacing Adjustment Mechanisms of Eutectic Above a critical undercooling a range of metals and alloys undergo Growth: Melis Serefoglu1; Ralph Napolitano1; 1Iowa State University spontaneous grain refinement, accompanied by a discontinuous break in the Stability limits of eutectic growth structures and morphological spacing velocity-undercooling curve. This change in growth morphology is likely adjustment mechanisms are investigated by using the succinonitrile and to be brought about by a transition from dendritic growth to the growth of camphor transparent organic metal analog system. Interrupted directional dendritic seaweed and remelting at elevated undercooling. We have provided growth experiments and uniform undercooling radial growth experiments evidence in support of this model by the direct observation of a frozen in are performed to probe these limits and governing mechanisms. Various 2D seaweed morphology observed in deeply undercooled Cu. Moreover, the specimen thicknesses are used to examine the effect of dimensionality on velocity-undercooling curve for this material shows a discontinuous break spacing limits and adjustment dynamics. Experimental results are compared coincident with the onset of seaweed growth. In this paper we will present with the stability limits suggested by the analyses of Jackson and Hunt, phase-field simulations of the solidification of both pure metals and alloys Seetharaman and Trivedi, and Akamatsu et al. that demonstrate how remelting of a dendritic seaweed structure gives rise to a realistic grain refined microstructure, such that the transition to a dendritic Metastable Phase Formation of Rare-Earth Sesquioxides by Containerless seaweed morphology could explain all of the commonly observed features Process: Atsunobu Masuno1; Yasutomo Arai1; Jianding Yu1; 1Japan Aerospace associated with spontaneous grain refinement. Exploration Agency Containerless processing promotes deeper undercooling in molten materials Determining the Freezing Rate during Final-Stage Solidification of the because of suppressing inhomogeneous nucleation and often brings out a Ni-Base Superalloy IN713LC: Magnus Lekstrom1; Neil D’Souza2; Hongbiao metastable phase. We systematically investigated solidification processes in Dong3; Mahmoud Ardakani1; Barbara Shollock1; 1Imperial College London; undercooled rare-earth oxides and yttrium sesquioxides using an aerodynamic 2Rolls-Royce plc; 3University of Leicester levitation technique because these materials are candidates for high dielectric The evolution of fraction solid and the local freezing rate during solidification insulators instead of SiO . Double recalescence indicative of two successive of the IN713LC superalloy were determined using an enthalpy-based 2 phase transformation was observed for all the oxides. A melting point (T ) method. Enthalpy curves were extracted from Differential Thermal Analysis m1 following the first recalescence was higher than that of the second one (T ) (DTA) experiments and used to calculate the fraction liquid present during m2 for Y O as well as most of the oxides. This means usual transformation from the course of solidification. Solute segregation aspects were incorporated 2 3 a high temperature phase to a low temperature one. For Lu O , however, T into the analysis through selective Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 2 3 m1 was lower than T , suggesting the existence of a metastable phase between (EDS) measurements in the inter-dendritic region of the DTA samples. These m2 the two recalescences. The duration of life of this metastable phase was tens measurements were taken to represent the elemental composition of the liquid of milliseconds. during the last stages of solidification. A multi-component thermodynamic database, JMatPro was used to deduce the solid and liquid enthalpies using input from the compositional measurements. The enthalpy changes were thus
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 85 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Microstructures of Zn-Cd Dilute Alloys Directionally Solidified: Fornaro two-phase flows with surface tension, phase change, and density and viscosity Osvaldo1; Hugo Palacio2; 1IFIMAT-UNICEN, CONICET; 2IFIMAT-UNICEN, differences between the phases. The model is validated for one-dimensional CICPBA density change flow normal to a solidification front. Two-dimensional dendritic Cellular and dendritic growth of HCP Zn-Cd alloys is strongly influenced growth with flow due to a density change is then examined and the results M by crystalline anisotropy, being fundamental in the fixing of the operative are compared to an analytical solution. Finally, the model is used to simulate conditions during dendritic growth, and takes a fundamental role in the concurrent growth and settling of free equiaxed dendrites in an undercooled O formation of cellular growth. Also, critical values of velocity and wavelength melt. Flows are induced by buoyancy and shrinkage upon solidification. N for planar to cellular transition changes slightly even for small missorientation Melt convection, settling velocity, crystal rotation, and tip operating state D between growth and preferential growth directions. In this work, directional are investigated as a function of the shrinkage, equiaxed grain density, and solidification of HCP Zn-Cd dilute alloys were developed, for different relevant solidification parameters. A solidification conditions, in oerder to obtain morphologies from planar to Phase-Field Simulations of Buoyancy-Driven Convective Effects on Y cellular and dendritic structures. Dendritic Growth of Binary Alloys: Juan Ramirez1; Sharen Cummins1; 1Los Modeling of Microstructure Evolution from Liquid State to Room Alamos National Laboratory P Temperature in Steels: Adrian Catalina1; Doru Stefanescu2; Leo Chuzhoy1; We couple a quantitative 2D phase-field model for binary alloy solidification M Michael Johnson1; 1Caterpillar Inc.; 2Ohio State University with a fluid flow solver to examine the effects of natural thermal and solutal Modeling of solidification microstructure for alloys undergoing solid-state convection during equiaxed dendritic growth. The phase-field model employs transformations is only a first step toward obtaining the room-temperature the anti-trapping current concept to eliminate spurious solute trapping and microstructure on which the mechanical properties are strongly dependent. is coupled via a momentum drag term to a diffuse interface version of the Therefore, a previously developed model for microstructure evolution during Navier-Stokes equations. We simulate the growth of dilute succinonitrile- solidification of multicomponent alloys was further enhanced by adding the acetone in a closed container for undercoolings of experimental relevance. capability of describing the solid-state transformations in steels.The proposed Additionally, we examine the effect of initial acetone concentration in the deterministic model describes grain nucleation, growth, and coarsening by melt. We employ an adaptive finite volume discretization for the solution of means of a strong coupling between the thermal and solutal fields at the grain/ the governing equations. matrix interface. This coupling procedure allows relaxing the assumption used Phase-Field Simulations of Rod Eutectic Growth: Andrea Parisi1; Mathis in previously published models that growth is controlled mainly by solute Plapp1; 1Ecole Polytechnique diffusion. It can also account for any number of alloying/impurity elements in The solidification of eutectic alloys is simulated in three dimensions by the alloy chemical composition. Computed evolution of microstructures and means of an efficient phase-field model. In particular, the rod morphology segregation patterns from liquid state to room-temperature will be presented is investigated by calculating steady state solutions for varying spacing and for steels of various chemical compositions emphasizing the influence of composition. It is found that the undercooling versus spacing curves at fixed cooling rate and solidification microstructure on the final room-temperature composition are in good agreement with the Jackson-Hunt theory up to some microstructure. critical spacing which depends on the composition. For intermediate to high Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Intermetallic Compounds in the Ni- volume fractions of the minority phase, at this critical spacing a transition from Al Alloy System: Sven Reutzel1; Helena Hartmann1; Peter Galenko2; Hamid circular to elongated rods occurs. This transition is a bifurcation: for spacings Assadi3; Dieter Herlach2; 1Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; 2German larger than the critical spacing, two different steady states, elongated along Aerospace Center (DLR); 3Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran different axes, exist for the same spacing and composition. In contrast, for Ni-Al alloy system exhibits particular solidification behaviour due to low volume fractions, an oscillatory instability occurs at the critical spacing
chemical long-range order of the intermetallic compounds Ni3Al (L12) and which leads to chaotic dynamics of the rod patterns. The consequences of NiAl (B2). Using rapid solidification technique their slow solidification kinetics these findings for pattern selection in extended systems are discussed. leads to the entrapment of solute atoms and/or disorder, respectively. In the The Effects of Internal Convection on Phase Selection in Undercooled Fe- present work containerless processing by applying electromagnetic levitation Cr-Ni Alloys: Alaina Hanlon1; Douglas Matson2; Robert Hyers1; 1University technique is used to analyse the aspects of dendrite growth, as observed in of Massachusetts; 2Tufts University solidification of undercooled Ni-Al melts. Sharp-interface modelling is used Computational fluid dynamics along with experimental results are used to illustrate the effect of chemical order on the solidification kinetics of to explain the effect induced convection has on metastable phase lifetimes in intermetallic phases. Both experimental results and theoretical work denote solidifying Fe-Cr-Ni alloys. Differences are observed in the transformation the role of chemical order in solidification of Ni-Al intermetallics. time from the metastable to stable phase between electromagnetically levitated Non-Newtonian Behaviour of Liquid Metals: Zhongyun Fan1; Vijay (EML) and electrostatically levitated (ESL) samples. It was hypothesized that Vasarni1; 1Brunel University Magnetohydrodynamic convection within EML samples causes dendritic A long-standing belief is that liquid metals are Newtonian liquids, implying interactions leading to early stable phase nucleation. As the metastable that their viscosities are independent of shear rate. Here we show that liquid dendrites grow into the melt, free-stream flow causes the primary arms to metals are non-Newtonian liquids. We found that at temperatures close to deflect. Secondary arms of adjacent dendrites then collide, triggering stable their melting temperature, the viscosity of liquid metals increases linearly phase nucleation as described by Classical Nucleation Theory. Three alloys at with increasing shear rate, clearly showing a shear thickening behaviour. different undercoolings were tested. For all 5 conditions tested, quantitative The viscosity data obtained by extrapolation to zero shear rate are in good agreement exists between the calculated time required for dendrite collision agreement with the literature values measured at extremely low shear rate. and the experimental metastable phase lifetimes for EML. Internal flow Furthermore, we found that the slope of viscosity against shear rate is within EML samples is strong enough to trigger early stable phase nucleation; proportional to the product of liquid density and square of the atomic diameter explaining the observed difference in metastable phase lifetimes. of the metal. We believe that this discovery will have profound influence on Transition from Cells to Dendrites in a Directional Solidification Process: the future research into the atomic structure of liquid metals, nucleation during Jing Teng1; Shan Liu1; Rohit Trivedi1; 1Iowa State University solidification, glass formation and viscosity measurement. It will provide a Detailed experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the new dynamic approach to the research in such disciplines. transition from cells to dendrites in a directional solidification process of Phase-Field Modeling of Solidification with Density Change and Solid succinonitrile base transparent alloys. This transition is not sharp and is closely Movement: Ying Sun1; Christoph Beckermann2; 1State University of New related with the existence of a range of primary spacings. The critical spacing 2 York-Binghamton; University of Iowa (λcd) where a cell changes to a dendrite is correlated with the alloy composition
A phase-field model has been developed to simulate solidification with Co, temperature gradient G and growth velocity V through the relationship 1/3 density change and solid movement. Treating the solid phase as a very viscous λcd(GV) Co=C, where C is a constant depending on the properties of an fluid, the phase-field equation is coupled with a diffuse interface model for alloy system. Experimental results in succinonitrile-salol and succinonitrile-
86 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program camphor alloys are thoroughly analyzed in order to uncover the fundamental from chloride solutions by neutralization was investigated. Both degree of physics governing the cell-dendrite transition. neutralization and base addition rate proved to be key parameters controlling the formation of crystalline aluminum oxyhydroxide phases. In the aluminum Solidification Behavior of Immiscible Alloy under High Magnetic Field: En- chloride system, several phases including pseudoboehmite, aluminum oxy- Gang Wang1; Xiaowei Zuo1; Lin Zhang1; Jicheng He1; 1Northeastern University hydroxide (AlOOH), and bayerite (Al(OH)3) phases were precipitated under The immiscible alloys in liquid-phase region are characterized by M various experimental conditions. Aging time and washing media were also separation structure in conventional casting method, and thus they have found to have an effect on the degree of crystallinity of the solids produced. The O been considered to be no technical applicability. Much effort has been greatest impact on the solids precipitated from aluminum chloride solutions N made to obtain homogenous microstructure, including casting in space was the addition of magnesium chloride to the mother solution. Preliminary under microgravity condition. In the present study, solidifying behavior of D testwork involving these mixed solutions are also discussed. immiscible alloy, e.g Cu-Pb, Cu-Nb alloy, etc, were investigated under high A magnetic fields (0~12T) or a combined electromagnetic fields with different 3:15 PM Y magnetic conditions. The results show that the separation and coacervation of Effects of Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans on the Electro-Generative liquid droplets in immiscible gap has been partly restrained under magnetic Simultaneous Leaching for Sphalerite-MnO2: Xiao Li1; Jianshe Liu1; field; the Cu-rich phase in the hypermonotectic Cu-Pb alloy has been changed 1Central South University P to spherical particles under high magnetic fields in contrast to the dendrites The electro-generative leaching (EGL) is a new hydrometallurgical M structure without high magnetic field. Moreover; the mechanism of the special technology. The principle for the electro-generative leaching is applied to solidifying structure of immiscible alloy was analyses based on solidification simultaneous leaching of sphalerite-MnO2 in this paper. A galvanic system and the characteristic of high magnetic field. for the bio-electro-generative leaching (BEGL) has been set up. A study has been made of the effects on rate of zinc extraction from sphalerite under the conditions of presence and absence of A. ferrooxidans, respectively. The unreacted shrinking core model is used for describing the reaction-relative and General Abstracts: Extraction and Processing: diffusion-relative phenomena presented in the process of the electro-generative Hydrometallurgy, Metal Recovery leaching with and without bacteria. The activation energies of the anodic Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction reaction for leaching system in the presence and in the absence of bacteria and Processing Division, TMS: Aqueous Processing Committee, TMS: are calculated as 11.97 and 14.39 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that it can Materials Characterization Committee, TMS: Pyrometallurgy Committee decrease by A. ferrooxidans. XRD and SEM were used to study the effect of A. Program Organizers: Boyd Davis, Kingston Process Metallurgy Inc; ferrooxidans on the ores in the electro-generative simultaneous leaching. Michael Free, University of Utah 3:40 PM Break Monday PM Room: Southern 1 4:00 PM February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Chlorine Leaching Technology of Precious Metals in Copper Anode 1 1 1 Session Chair: Michael Free, University of Utah Slimes: Harumasa Kurokawa ; Satoshi Asano ; Koji Sakamoto ; Shinichi Heguri1; Takashi Hashikawa1; 1Sumitomo Metal Mining Company, Ltd. Sumitomo Metal Mining has been recovering the silver contained in the 2:00 PM blister copper , later gold and silver from the copper anode slimes, with the Review of Hydrometallurgical Options to Separate Cobalt and Manganese conventional cupellation for about 400 years. The thorough hydrometallurgical from Acidic Solutions: Cesar Ferron1; 1HydroProc Consultants process for precious metals refining using the chlorine leaching technology Cobalt and manganese are closely associated in nature, and their separation was originated and developed by Sumitomo, thereafter commercialized within acidic leach solutions can represent a challenge for the hydrometallurgist. in 2004 at Toyo copper smelter and refinery. This new process enabled the This paper presents a review of some of the options available to the process shorter term recovery of gold and manpower saving, in addition, the elevation engineers. Processes such as sulphide precipitation, hydroxide precipitation of occupational safety and working condition has been obtained. Superiority and solvent extraction will be discussed, as well as oxidative precipitation, to the existing hydrometallurgical processes was also confirmed, example for with particular emphasis on the selective oxidative precipitation of manganese the achievement of high purity gold and silver production without the electro- using sulphur dioxide-oxygen mixtures. refining process and higher recovery ratio of rhodium and other PGMs. 2:25 PM 4:25 PM Processing of Electroplating Effluent for the Recovery of Zinc and Selective Extraction of Precious Metals with Amide Compounds: Hirokazu Chromium Using Ion Exchange Technique: Manis Kumar Jha1; Vinay Narita1; Mikiya Tanaka1; Kazuko Morisaku1; Ken Tamura2; 1National Institute of Kumar2; Jae-chun Lee1; 1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources; Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; 2Chiba Institute of Technology 2National Metallurgical Laboratory The separation and purification of the precious metals are mainly performed In order to reduce the pollution and conserve the resources, a process has by solvent extraction. Since the development of a successful solvent been proposed to recover zinc and chromium from the electroplating effluent extraction process depends on the choice of the appropriate extractants, the following ion exchange technique. The studies for the extraction of zinc in present authors investigated the solvent extraction of gold, palladium and different contact time, pH of the solution, resin dose, mechanism of adsorption platinum in HCl solutions using amide compounds diluted with n-dodecane etc. were made for the recovery of zinc from the solution using cationic resin, and 2-ethylhexanol, and found that three amide compounds have excellent Lewatit VP OC 1026. The resin, Lewatit VP OC 1026 has been found to be extraction properties: (i) The monodentate N,N-di-n-octyllauramide (DOLA) selective for the extraction of zinc from the effluent leaving total chromium shows a good selectivity for Au(III) under the 0.5 M DOLA - <3.0 M HCl in the raffinate. The zinc was effectively eluted from loaded resin with dilute system. (ii) The tridentate N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-di-n-octyl-thiodiglycolamide sulphuric acid. The mechanism of extraction of zinc was found to follow the (MOTDGA) extracts Pd(II) >50 times faster than the conventional extraction Langmuir isotherm. The chromium was extracted from the raffinate using reagent with a good selectivity, and shows good acid-resistance. (iii) The anionic resin, Amberlite IRA 400 Cl and loaded chromium eluted effectively tridentate N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-di-n-octyl-diglycolamide (MODGA) displays with 15% NaCl / 20% NaOH. a high selectivity for Pt(IV) over some base metals. 2:50 PM 4:50 PM Precipitation of Aluminum from Concentrated Chloride Solutions: Vera Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Porous Fibrous Cobalt Powder: Jing Zhan1; Gella1; George Demopoulos1; 1McGill University Chuanfu Zhang1; Chengyong Dong1; Jianhui Wu1; 1Central South University The effect of several parameters, including temperature, aging time, The fibrous precursor can be obtained by coordination precipitation degree of neutralization (OH/Al ratio) and therefore final pH, base addition process, using oxalate, cobalt chloride and ammonia. The composition and rate, background electrolyte and concentration on precipitation of aluminum morphology of fibrous precursor were characterized by XRD, IR, DTA/TGA
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 87 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
and SEM analysis. The results show that XRD pattern and composition of situations. These situations may include the artificial aging time, artificial aging the precursor with fibrous morphology precipitated at pH=9.0 are different temperature, percentage rolling deformation, deformation rate, solution heat from that of ß-CoC2O4•2H2O precipitated at pH=1.0. The mechanism on the treatment time and solution heat treatment temperature. Grain size, texture, thermal decomposition of fibrous precursor was addressed. The influences of mechanical and other properties are thereafter studied. This research project M various conditions in pyrolysis, including the temperature , time, atmosphere, focuses on aluminum alloy 6061 (AA6061-T651) and investigates its texture and the morphology of the precursor, on the morphology, average size and evolvement after multipass rolling deformation (70% and 80%) followed by O specific surface area of the Co powders were investigated in detailed. The artificial aging at 160°C and 200°C for periods between 30 and 120 minutes. N final product-fibrous cobalt powders with about 0.3~0.5µm in size and 40~60 The correlations between the percentage deformation, artificial aging time D in aspect ratio were produced by thermal decomposition at 400~500°C in and artificial aging temperature are looked into. Texture evolution and tensile the weak reducing atmosphere. The structure of pores in cobalt powders is response in alloy are also investigated. The texture was studied using an x- A capillary tube with open ports and the majority is mesoporous. ray machine with texture goniometer attached, while the tensile response was Y examined by the use of an ATS machine. Results indicate there are variations in the texture and tensile response of the materials with respect to aging time, P percentage deformation and artificial aging temperature. General Abstracts: Light Metals Division: Session II M 3:00 PM Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light 1 1 Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee, TMS: Reactive Metals Al-Al and Al-Mg Compound Casting: Konrad Papis ; Peter Uggowitzer ; 1 Committee, TMS: Recycling Committee Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-Zurich Program Organizers: Neale Neelameggham, US Magnesium LLC; Anne ‘Compound casting’ is a process where a melt is cast onto or around a solid Kvithyld, Norwegian University of Science and Technology metallic ‘insert’. The advantages of this process are the possibility of multi-step casting (facilitated by perfect joining) and weight-saving construction (i.e., Monday PM Room: Pacific Hall B Al-Mg compound structures). Inherent difficulties when joining aluminium February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel are the natural oxide layer and the formation of intermetallic phases (IMPs). In this project, the solid substrate used is an aluminium alloy, and the melt Session Chair: Konrad Papis, ETH Zurich is either aluminium or magnesium, containing various alloying elements (Cu, Si, Zn). Compounds with flawless (oxide-, IMP-less) interfaces were 2:00 PM produced successfully by replacing the oxide layer with a zinc layer. This was Mechanical Deformation of Nanostructured Magnesium Alloy and Its accomplished by pickling the substrate in a solution containing zincate-ions, Modelling: Yujie Wei1; Lallit Anand2; 1Brown University; 2Massachusetts and subsequent zinc galvanizing. Composition and mechanical properties Institute of Technology were investigated by SEM/EDX and microhardness measurements after the Impressive properties have recently been reported for powder-consolidated ‘compound casting’ process and after successive heat treatments. nanocrystalline Mg-based materials by Lu et al. (Rev Adv Mat Sci 2004;6:28). 3:20 PM Break We have conducted TEM microscopy, performed standard tension and compression, 3-point bending, notched-bar tension experiments on this 3:30 PM material. The strength level is 400 MPa and there is a very small tension- Adaptive Control of Database Based Low Pressure Al Die Casting compression asymmetry; also, while the tensile ductility is at a respectable Machine with Acquisition of the Dynamic Dispersion of the Metal Front level of approximately 9%, the ductility in compression is substantially within the Die: Christian Wögerer1; Dedinak Andreas1; Richard Kretz2; higher, approaching levels greater than 35% at low strain rates. Further, the Peter Schuldenzucker2; 1ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH; 2LKR ARC material shows strain-softening in both tension and compression and exhibited Leichtmetallkompetenzzentrum Ranshofen GmbH pronounced strain-rate sensitivity. In order to develop a simulation capability The quality of castings significantly depends on the constancy of optimal for the engineering design of structural components made from such materials, cast parameters for the specific die and alloy. This paper presents the we have formulated continuum-level constitutive equations which could modifications of an existing die casting machine guarantying a constant quality faithfully model the complicated experimentally-observed pressure and of the cast process by automatically adapting the optimal parameters even strain-rate sensitive response of such a material. We will present in detail the during variations of alloy compositions and temperature of the melt. Therefore experiments and the model in the talk. the control implies a database based model of the fluidity of certain alloys and their variations. The optimal casting parameters are often identified by 2:20 PM simulation. These simulations are hard to verify, habitually in time consuming Simulation for Loss of Electromagnetic Stirring Force Due to the fill-and-stop casts with partial fillings. Against, the described control system Penetrated Aluminum into the Furnace Lining: Koichi Takahashi1; allows the acquisition of the dynamic dispersion of the metal front within the Makoto Maruyama1; Nobuhito Ishikawa1; Mitsuhiro Otaki1; 1Furukawa-Sky die for every cast enabling a fast analysis of actual casting parameters or a Aluminum Corporation quick verification of the simulation. The required combined metal-front and Electromagnetic stirrer (EMS) has been practically used in aluminum temperature sensors have been developed ad hoc for this control system. melting and/or holding furnace in order to enhance melting rate of scrap aluminum and mixing speed of molten aluminum. However, the stirring effect 3:50 PM of EMS decreased in case of a long period manufacturing without changing Comparison of the Corrosion Behaviors of Twin-Roll Cast and DC the furnace lining. In this paper the electromagnetic analysis on the basis of Cast AA 6016 and AA6082 for Automotive Applications: Aziz Dursun1; the Maxwell equation and thermal fluid dynamics analysis taking into account Beril Dilsizoglu1; Mustafa Ürgen2; Köksal Kurt2; Gerhard Anger3; 1Assan aluminum ingot melting were developed. As a result of the electromagnetic Aluminium; 2Istanbul Technical University; 3AMAG Automotive GmbH field analysis, it turned out that the refractory brick penetrated by molten Recent studies conducted on continuosly cast 6000 series alloys showed aluminum shielded against the alternating magnetic field. Theoretical results that microstructural features and mechanical performances of these materials of magnetic density at the bottom of furnace showed a good agreement of exhibit very satisfactory results. These features have to be supported by other the actual measurement. Thermal fluid dynamics analysis indicated a delay of material characteristics, such as general corrosion behavior and corrosion of aluminum melting due to the loss of the electromagnetic stirring force in case welded parts in order to be competitive against steel and even the DC cast- of the penetration of aluminum into the furnace lining. hot rolled equivalents. In the present study we aimed to study and make comparison between the corrosion behaviors of DC and TRC cast 6000 series 2:40 PM aluminum alloys. Pitting and micro galvanic corrosion of TIG welded DC and Effect of Rolling Deformation and Aging on the Texture and Tensile TRC cast samples were tested and evaluated. CV experiments and salt spray Behavior of AA6061: Samuel Adedokun1; 1FAMU-FSU College of Engineering tests were employed to determine their pitting and micro galvanic corrosion Works have been reported by various authors on heat treatment and rolling behaviors. The corrosion behavior is discussed by considering the surface deformation to study the behavior of various metals and alloys at different 88 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program macro and microstructural features of the samples. The results revealed and an appreciable mismatch (Ni-Pt vs, CuAu). We have also explored the the importance of surface segregation and welding electrode selection on O-vacancy-induced modulations in YBCO and the rapidly diffusing Au in Pb, corrosion performance. all variants on the same theme of “size.” *Supported by the DOE/BES, NSF/ DMR, and the State of Texas. 4:10 PM Heat Distribution Characterization of Thermal Insulating Coatings: 3:00 PM Invited M Christopher Wilhelm1; Eui Lee2; David Piatkowski2; Omar S. Es-Said1; Neutron Scattering Studies of Short-Range Order, Atomic Displacements, O Alex Chi3; 1Loyola Marymount University; 2Naval Air Systems Command; and Effective Pair Interactions in a Null Matrix 62Ni0.52Pt0.48 Crystal: N 3Demeton Inc. Jose Rodriguez1; S. C. Moss2; J. L. Robertson3; J. R. D. Copley1; D. A. New coatings were developed for the Marine Corps AM2 6061-T6 aluminum Neumann1; J. Major4; 1National Institute of Standards and Technology; D alloy mats to produce a durable long lasting nonskid coating that could 2University of Houston; 3Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 4Max Planck A withstand the heat from the vertical exhaust. The purpose of the experiments Institute fuer Metallforschung Y performed in this project was to test the heat resistance of these new coatings The best known exception to the Heine-Samson and Bieber-Gautier in six different combinations with a base coat and nonskid top coat. These arguments for ordering effects in transition metal alloys (similar to the Hume- combinations are a mixture of NiAl, NiCr-SiC, Al2O3 and ZrO2. Each of the Rothery rules) is a NiPt alloy. Using the Disk Chopper Spectrometer (DCS) at P combinations of coatings was exposed directly to the flame of three torches NIST, we have investigated a Null-Matrix Crystal 62Ni0.52Pt0.48, (62Ni has M for different periods of time, with a constant distance, to simulate exhaust a negative scattering length, nearly equal in magnitude to Pt). Its composition plume from the take-off/vertical landing air craft. Tensile, conductivity, and has therefore been chosen whereby all effects depending on the average lattice hardness tests were conducted. Optical microscopy samples were taken to scattering vanish. The only remaining contributions to the diffuse scattering are inspect coating integrity and the microstructure of each plate after exposure. the Short Range Order (SRO) and Size Effect (SE) terms. Such data permit the The data was compiled to determine which combination of coatings had the extraction of the SRO parameters (concentration-concentration correlations) as best heat resistant qualities. well as the displacement parameters (concentration-displacement correlations). Using the Krivoglaz-Clapp-Moss theory, we obtained the Effective Pair 4:30 PM Interactions (EPI). The results can be used to model the alloy in the context Property Investigation of Ti-Al6-V4 Produced by Additive Manufacturing: of electronic theory of alloy phase stability, including an evaluation of the Johannes Vlcek1; 1European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company potentially important aspect of charge transfer and ionicity. Additive manufacturing is an interesting process technology for structural repair or overhaul of engine components. In order to evaluate the technology 3:30 PM Break for repair or direct component manufacturing the properties under dynamic 3:50 PM Invited loading and fracture toughness values are of interest. Ti-Al6-V4 material was Ordered and Disordered Surface Phases of Bi on Cu (111): Elias Vlieg1; produced in selective laser melting, selective electron beam melting and fused 1Radboud University Nijmegen metal deposition by laser nozzle deposition. The materials were tested in high Bi layers on Cu(111) show a ‘rich’ phase diagram. At room temperature, cycle fatigue tests in the as melted, mill annealed 850°C/2h condition and after three ordered phases are found. Going from low to high coverages, first a hot isostatic pressing. Maximum ultimate tensile strength was measured to be substitutional surface alloy is formed, followed by an overlayer structure 1100 MPa with an elongation greater than 12%. The fatigue resistance at 10^7 (thus de-alloying occurs) and finally leading to a uniaxial-incommensurate load cycles for the material deposited by laser nozzle and the one produced phase. The atomic structure of these phases has been determined using X- by electron beam melting + HIP can be assumed around 600 MPa. Different ray diffraction, while their formation has been observed in real-time using surface conditions – machined and condition after SLM – were evaluated. The low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). The overlayer phase melts around paper discusses micro-structural features. 260°C. We have found that the ‘liquid’ Bi shows considerable order that depends strongly on coverage. At a coverage above 0.5 monolayer, the liquid has local ordering properties that resemble the room temperature structure. Hume-Rothery Symposium: Scattering Studies and Despite the hexagonal symmetry of the substrate, we find that the liquid Bi does not show hexatic order, but has an orthorhombic orientational order that the Fundamental Properties of Materials: Session I occurs in three domains. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Alloy Phases Committee 4:20 PM Invited Program Organizers: Patrice Turchi, Lawrence Livermore National First-Principles Theory of Short- and Long-Range Order in Ultrathin Laboratory; Wolfgang Donner, University of Houston; J. Robertson, Oak Surface Alloy Films of Bulk-Immiscible Metals: Tejodher Muppidi1; Bo Ridge National Laboratory Yang2; Mark Asta2; Vidvuds Ozolins1; 1University of California, Los Angeles; 2University of California, Davis Monday PM Room: Oceanic 7 Formation of two-dimensional (2D) nanoscale patterns (stripes and February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel disks) has been observed in several surface alloy systems composed of bulk- Session Chairs: David Price, Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée; immiscible species. These 2D structures occur due to competition between Didier de Fontaine, University of California Berkeley short-range chemical bonds favoring phase separation and long-range elastic forces favoring intermixing. Long-range oscillations in the short-range order parameters have also been predicted to occur above the ordering transition. 2:00 PM Introductory Comments We present an accurate theoretical framework that incorporates interatomic 2:10 PM Keynote interactions obtained from first-principles electron-structure methods. The How Big is an Atom: Simon Moss1; 1University of Houston central role in this formalism belongs to a Fourier transform of long-ranged While atomic size mismatch and electron/atom ratio (e/a) are determinants pair interactions, which include both alloying and elastic strain effects. in phase stability, experimental, theoretical and computational methods, Applications to several metallic alloy systems on isotropic Ru(0001) and unavailable in Hume-Rothery’s day, have made enormous progress possible. anisotropic Mo(110) substrates will be shown, and implications for achieving We discuss atom size in a material and its determination, along with standard highly ordered stripe patterns will be discussed. crystallography, through diffuse scattering at the national synchrotron and neutron scattering facilities, and our in-house x-ray lab. The topics cover metallic alloys, semiconductor III-V films and multilayers, oxides, and glasses, where local size plays an often non-intuitive role. Studies range from the Fe-C dipole distortion in martensite, to the interfacial strain in thin III-V multilayers, to local size effects in alloys with a very small mismatch (Fe-Cr)
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 89 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
3:10 PM Synthesis and Enrichment of Titanium Subchlorides in Molten Salts: Innovations in Titanium Technology Symposium: Osamu Takeda1; Toru Okabe1; 1University of Tokyo Novel Materials and Processes I With the purpose of establishing a new (semi-) continuous/high-speed M Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural titanium production process based on the magnesiothermic reduction of Materials Division, TMS: Titanium Committee titanium subchlorides (TiCl , x = 2, 3) referred to as the subhalide reduction O x Program Organizers: Mehmet Gungor, Concurrent Technologies process, a novel synthetic process of TiClx by using molten salts as the reaction Corporation; M. Ashraf Imam, Naval Research Laboratory; F. H. (Sam) N medium was investigated. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), supplied by a D Froes, University of Idaho peristaltic pump at the rate of 0.13~0.72 g/min, was reacted with feed titanium sponge immersed in molten magnesium chloride (MgCl ) at 1273 K under Monday PM Room: Asia 3 2 A argon atmosphere. It was demonstrated that the efficiency of the formation of February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Y TiClx was drastically improved by using molten salts as the reaction medium Session Chairs: Francis Froes, University of Idaho; James Sears, South as compared with that of the synthesis by employing the direct reaction of TiCl gas with solid titanium. Some results regarding the enrichment of TiCl P Dakota School of Mines and Technology 4 x M in molten salts will also be shown. 2:00 PM Keynote 3:30 PM Break Development of the FFC Cambridge Process for the Production of 3:45 PM Keynote Titanium and Its Alloys: Richard Dashwood1; Martin Jackson1; Kevin Thermodynamic, Kinetic, and Microstructural Aspects in the Dring2; Kartik Rao1; Rohit Bhagat1; Daniel Brett1; Douglas Inman1; 1Imperial Electrochemical Reduction of Titanium Dioxide in Molten Calcium 2 College London; Norsk Titanium AS Chloride: Carsten Schwandt1; Duncan Alexander2; Derek Fray1; 1University The FFC Cambridge process involves the electrodeoxidation of TiO2 in a of Cambridge; 2Arizona State University molten CaCl2 electrolyte to yield titanium metal. This process has attracted An investigation into the fundamentals of the electrochemical reduction of significant interest as a potential alternative to the Kroll process for the primary titanium dioxide to titanium metal in molten calcium chloride is presented. production of titanium or, when a mixed oxide precursor is used, as a low- Partially and fully reduced samples were prepared by terminating the cost method for producing alloy powder. For the last five years researchers reduction process after different reaction times and characterised by means at Imperial College London have been conducting fundamental studies to of X-ray diffraction analysis. Based on the observed time-dependent changes ascertain the electrochemical mechanisms involved in the process as well as in phase composition as well as thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, evaluating the potential of the process to produce titanium alloys. This paper the reaction path has been derived. The key result is that the reduction will demonstrate how electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry proceeds through several well-defined stages and involves the formation and and AC impedance have been used to elucidate the key thermodynamic and decomposition of titanium sub-oxides and calcium-containing compounds. kinetic aspects of the process. The paper will also present the results obtained Some of the partially-reduced samples were examined further through light from the production of a number of alloys highlighting the capability of the optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X- process to produce novel and complex alloys. ray analysis. This has revealed that the electrochemical conversion of titanium 2:30 PM Invited dioxide to titanium metal is accompanied by substantial changes in the Operation of Electrolysis Cells for the Direct Production of Titanium from microstructure. Implications of the results obtained on the up-scaling of the Solid Oxide Precursors: Kevin Dring1; Odd-Arne Lorentsen2; Eirik Hagen2; process will also be discussed. Christian Rosenkilde2; 1Norsk Titanium AS; 2Norsk Hydro ASA 4:10 PM Norsk Titanium, in collaboration with Hydro Oil & Energy, has investigated Production of Ti-Al Alloys Using Ionic Liquid Electrolytes at Low the direct electrochemical electrolysis for the production of titanium from Temperatures: Debabrata Pradhan1; Ramana Reddy1; 1University of Alabama its oxides. While immersed in a molten CaCl2-based electrolyte, titanium- Ionic liquids are novel low temperature salts and their application in extraction oxygen compounds were cathodically polarized against anodes of various of metals was investigated. Present study is focused on the production of Ti- compositions. The use of graphitic anodes resulted in the formation of molten Al alloys from AlCl3-1-Methyl-3-butylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl)-TiCl4 carbonates, carbon scum on the electrolyte surface, and carbide contamination ionic melt at low temperatures. Titanium was used as the anode. Very fine of the cathode product, which led to significant reductions in current efficiency. Al-Ti alloy particles were deposited on copper substrate at 2.5 V and 100°C Consequently, a variety of inert anode candidates have been evaluated, all using the above melt at a molar ratio of 2:1:0.009 (AlCl3: BmimCl: TiCl4). of which feature the additional benefit of oxygen evolution as the anodic Morphology of the produced Al-Ti alloy was investigated using SEM-EDS electrolysis product. The formation of titanium occurred in a sequential manner, and XRD. The Ti-Al alloys containing up to 20 wt % Ti was produced. with the lower oxides of titanium, in conjunction with calcium titanate species, forming at intermediate reduction times. Titanium metal was only produced 4:30 PM during the final stages of electrolysis, and the diffusion of oxygen out of the Precipitation of Rutile Nano-Sized Particles via Forced Hydrolysis Ti-O solid solution was rate determining. of a Titanium Tetrachloride Solution: Cecile Charbonneau1; George P. Demopoulos1; 1McGill University 2:50 PM This study investigates the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-sized Electrochemical Reduction of Titanium Oxide from CaCl2 Melts particles for advanced technological applications including solar cells. During Saturated with CaO: Joel Katz1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory the preliminary phase of this project, the hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride Titanium oxide was electrochemically reduced to titanium in a calcium (TiCl4) solution by heating under atmospheric pressure conditions has been chloride melt saturated with calcium oxide. The process is repeatable and examined. Monitoring of solution composition changes was accomplished reproducible. Several samples underwent reduction for periods of up to two by Inducted Coupled Plasma (ICP) and acid titration measurements. The weeks in the melts, which were held between 930 and 950°C. Cells were precipitates were submitted to X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses and Electron maintained between 2.6 and 3.2 V, which is sufficient to allow the electrolysis Microscopy observations. Agglomerates of crystalline nano-sized particles of of calcium oxide to occur as follows. CaO = Ca2+ + O2- The calcium ions are rutile were formed. This paper will examine the influence of experimental thought to be responsible for the actual reduction. Reduction was performed parameters such as the temperature at which forced hydrolysis is carried out as both under conditions of carbon saturation, i.e., graphite crucible and anode, well as the concentration of the TiCl4 solution on the kinetics of the hydrolysis and under carbon free conditions. When a graphite anode is used the overall reaction and the characteristics of the solid products. reaction is thought to be: TiO2 + C = Ti + CO2 and for the carbon free process: TiO2 = Ti + O2 Information on impurity levels of the as reduced titanium will be discussed.
90 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
4:50 PM 2:40 PM Producing Titamium by Titania Electrolysis in a 5KA Cell: Huimin Lu1; Development of Enabling Technologies for Magnesium Automotive Body Huanqing Han1; 1Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Applications: Alan Luo1; Anil Sachdev; 1General Motors Corporation In this paper, the theoretical energy consumption of TiO2 electrolysis Magnesium is making inroads in automotive body applications for mass is calculated and the real energy consumption of TiO2 electrolysis is reduction and vehicle performance improvement; however, there are significant M measured in a 5kA electrolysis cell. In the experiments of TiO2 electrolysis, challenges for the lightweight magnesium alloys to meet the demanding some important measures like the modification of cell design and ultrasonic requirements of automotive body structures, such as stiffness, crashworthiness, O electrolytic technology are adopted for improving the current efficiency. This durability as well as noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). This talk will N process produces titanium with 0.38%O, 0.032%C, 0.0090H, 0.061N and outline the development of enabling technologies of high-integrity casting, D 0.12%Fe, the current efficiency range is 70%~82%, the energy consumption extrusion, sheet forming, corrosion protection, and joining and assembly. is 7.984kWh/kg Ti and carbon dioxide is discharged on carbon anode. This Current and future magnesium body applications will be discussed. A new technique has low energy consumption, high current efficiency and less Y 3:00 PM pollution for the environment. The reduction mechanism of TiO2 to Ti was Ultra-Large Castings for Lightweight Vehicle Structures: Mike Maj1; also studied. Randy Beals2; 1Ford Motor Company; 2DaimlerChrysler P The Ultra Large Casting (ULC) project undertaken by the U. S. Automotive M Materials Partnership (USAMP) with the support of the U.S. Department of Magnesium Technology 2007: Automotive Energy will assess the manufacturing feasibility, economics and mass reduction potential of thin wall structural castings of aluminum and magnesium applied Applications and USAMP Programs to automotive weight reduction. The ULC project will establish a rationale for Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light using light metal castings in place of conventional stamped and welded steel Metals Division, TMS: Magnesium Committee automotive primary body structures to reduce vehicle weight. The ULC project Program Organizers: Randy Beals, DaimlerChrysler; Neale Neelameggham, US Magnesium LLC; Mihriban Pekguleryuz, McGill University; Alan Luo, will be executed in two concurrent phases: Phase I will focus on evaluating the General Motors Corporation capabilities of emerging new casting processes that show promise to improve the quality, consistency and mechanical properties of cast components vs. Monday PM Room: Southern 5 conventional casting processes. Phase II will focus on the design, analysis, February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel production and testing a “real-world” vehicle application meeting the ULC Team’s criteria for mass reduction, cost and performance. Session Chairs: Randy Beals, DaimlerChrysler; Bob Powell, General Motors Research and Development Center 3:20 PM Thin-Wall Molding of Magnesium Alloys: Frank Czerwinski1; 1Husky Injection Molding Systems 2:00 PM The paper describes technical aspects of manufacturing thin wall Summary of “Magnesium Vision 2020: A North American Automotive components using magnesium injection molding. The conventional and novel Strategic Vision for Magnesium”: Gerald Cole1; 1LightWeight Strategies LLC processing routes, taking advantage of controlling the melt temperature and This paper summarizes the monograph, “Magnesium Vision 2020. A its flow into the mold, are analyzed along with requirements imposed on alloy North American Automotive Strategic Vision for Magnesium”1 prepared properties both in the molten state and after solidification. Some directions under the auspices of the United States Automotive Materials Partnership The for alloy development are defined. The processing details are accompanied by objective was to understand the infrastructural and technical challenge that recent advances in hardware design, aimed to optimize injection parameters can increase the use of magnesium in the automotive industry. One hundred and alloy distribution systems (hot runners). sixty three (163) Research and Technology Development Themes (RTDTs), or RTD projects were developed that addressed issues of corrosion, fastening, 3:40 PM Break and processing-other-than-high pressure die casting to produce automotive 4:00 PM magnesium parts. A major problem identified in the study is the limited A Lightweight Automobile Body Concept Featuring Ultra-Large, Thin- ability of the current magnesium industrial infrastructure to supply RTD and Wall Structural Magnesium Castings: Stephen Logan1; 1DaimlerChrysler implementation-ready automotive magnesium components. One solution is to This paper describes a lightweight automobile body structure concept create a magnesium cyber center where globally networked experts would be developed at DaimlerChrysler to support a high fuel-efficiency vehicle project. able to innovate in process and product development, model metalworking and This concept incorporated ultra-large thin-wall magnesium castings for most non-HPDC foundry processes, and integrate theoretical predictions/models of of the structure to achieve more than 40% weight reduction with a minimal metallurgical structure with component function. cost increase over a conventional steel structure while achieving significantly 2:20 PM improved structural performance as evaluated through CAE simulations. A USAMP High Integrity Magnesium Automotive Components Project business case analysis was conducted and one concept vehicle was built for the (HIMAC): Bruce Cox1; Randy Beals1; Larry Ouimet2; Richard Osborne2; purpose of demonstrating concept feasibility. The paper also describes several Alan Luo2; Naiyi Li3; Jacob Zindel3; 1Daimler Chrysler; 2General Motors large thin-wall die casting body applications that are in current production or Corporation; 3Ford Motor Company have been used in recent production automotive applications and identifies The US Automotive Materials Partnership (USAMP) and the Department areas where further development could improve the likelihood of a magnesium of Energy launched the High Integrity Magnesium Automotive Components intensive body structure becoming a production reality at a later time. Project (HIMAC) in 2006 to determine the feasibility of producing magnesium 4:25 PM control arms. Vehicle weight reduction is a key enabler to meet future stringent Casting and Testing of the USAMP Magnesium Intensive Powertrain: Joy CAFÉ requirements, and this can best be achieved by the use of more light Hines1; Robert McCune1; John Allison1; Bob Powell2; Larry Ouimet3; William weight materials such as magnesium. The purpose of this project is to develop Miller3; Randy Beals4; Lawrence Kopka4; Peter Ried5; 1Ford Motor Company; (existing and new) metal casting process technologies and tools required to 2General Motors Research and Development Center; 3General Motors manufacture cost effective high integrity cast magnesium automotive chassis Powertrain; 4Daimler Chrysler Corporation; 5Ried and Associates LLC components and increase production of magnesium components requiring The US Automotive Materials Partnership (USAMP) and the US Department geometries and properties not possible with existing high pressure die casting of Energy launched the Magnesium Powertrain Cast Components Project (HPDC) process limitations. This project will develop existing aluminum low (MPCC) in 2001 to determine the feasibility and desirability of producing a pressure permanent mold and squeeze casting processes for the production magnesium-intensive engine. The Engine consists of a V6 engine with a low of magnesium structural castings. Processing costs as well as technical and pressure sand cast magnesium engine block with a thermal spray cylinder liner, manufacturing issues for each process will be developed and validated. die cast structural oil pan, die cast front engine cover and a thixomolded rear oil
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 91 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
seal carrier. These components were redesigned using extensive Finite Element 2:20 PM Analysis (FEA) and manufactured using newly developed magnesium alloys Mechanical Behavior of Wrought AM50 at Room and Elevated suitable for powertrain applications. The components were then assembled in Temperature: Paul Krajewski1; Amir Eliezer2; 1General Motors Corporation; a series of engine builds. The engines were put through a number of controlled 2Sumi Shumoon College of Engineering M durability tests using engine dynamometers. This presentation will focus on The mechanical behavior of AM50 magnesium sheet was evaluated at both the testing results and lessons-learned in this program. 25C and 450C. The AM50 sheet was produced by rolling both ingot cast and O die cast slabs via unidirectional and bidirectional (cross rolling). The die cast 4:50 PM N material had a significantly finer grain size than the ingot cast material. Room Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Magnesium Alloys for Automotive temperature tensile testing of the AM50 showed comparable strength values D Applications: Frank Hunt1; Harsha Badarinarayan1; Kazutaka Okamoto1; between the as-cast and die cast materials, but poorer elongation in the die cast Diana Platt2; 1Hitachi America, Ltd; 2University of Michigan A material. Similarly, elevated temperature testing of the AM50 sheet showed Friction stir welding (FSW) shows advantages for joining magnesium Y that despite the finer grain size, the die cast material had significantly poorer alloys for automotive applications. In this research, the feasibility of FSW ductility, which was attributed to the early onset of cavitation. The cavitation dissimilar magnesium alloys was studied. Die cast magnesium MRI-153 and and fracture behavior of these materials will be discussed. P AZ31 (plate) were butt-welded using the FSW technique. Coupons were M prepared under various weld conditions such as; tool rotation speed (rpm) and 2:40 PM weld speed. The effects of weld parameters on the alloys have been quantified Hot Deformation Mechanisms in Mg-1%Zn Alloys: Geoff Seale1; Jon in terms of hardness profile across the weld as well as tensile strength. Other Carter2; Ravi Verma3; Paul Krajewski2; Elhachmi Essadiqi4; Faramarz key characteristics of the weld were analyzed including: macrostructure, weld Zarandi1; Stephen Yue1; 1McGill University; 2General Motors Corporation; surface and cross section. 3General Motors Research and Development Center; 4CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory 5:15 PM To investigate the hot deformation and fracture characteristics of Mg-1wt% Microstructure and Creep of Die-Cast Magnesium Alloys: Jessica Zn alloys containing a range of Al levels, rolled specimens were tensile tested TerBush1; Akane Suzuki1; Nicholas Saddock1; J. Jones1; Tresa Pollock1; over a range of strain rates and elevated temperatures. Strain rate versus flow 1University of Michigan stress was plotted on log-log scales to reveal the transition in deformation The microstructure of crept samples of die-cast AXJ530, MRI153M, and mechanisms as a change in the slope of these curves. The mechanism changes MRI230D has been examined via transmission electron microscopy. Creep in going from low to high strain rates, are one with uniform elongation failure properties were characterized by USAMP, as part of the Magnesium Powertrain to one with necking behavior. This change in deformation mechanism is Cast Components (MPCC) program. Samples were crept in tension at 70 or reinforced by fractography analysis. The fracture surfaces show two separate 110 MPa at temperatures of 398 and 453 K for approximately 500 hours or deformation mechanisms along with what appears to be a transition fracture until rupture. At 70 MPa/398 K (low stress/low temp condition), minimum surface combining the features of both necking and cavitation. There does not creep rates varied from ~1×10-11 s-1 for AXJ530 and MRI230D to ~1×10-10 s-1 appear to be an effect of Al on this deformation transition. Mn does appear to for MRI153M. At 110 MPa/453 K (high stress/high temp condition), minimum favor the uniform elongation regime where it begins at lower strains than the creep rates varied from ~3×10-8 s-1 for AXJ530 and MRI230D to ~1×10-6 s-1 for alloys without Mn. MRI153M. Dislocations present in the α-Mg matrix were studied in order to gain further information on mechanisms of creep deformation of these die-cast 3:00 PM alloys. The dislocation substructures present in both the grain interiors and in Texture Evolution in AM30 Mg Alloy Deformed along Different Strain the vicinity of the intermetallic-containing eutectic will be discussed. Paths: Lan Jiang1; John Jonas1; Raj Mishra2; Alan Luo2; Anil Sachdev2; Stéphane Godet3; 1McGill University; 2General Motors; 3Université Catholique de Louvain The evolution of texture in an AM30 Mg alloy was examined after Magnesium Technology 2007: Wrought Alloys and deformation by uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression and ring hoop tension Forming Processes I: Deformation testing (RHTT). Temperatures from ambient to 200°C were covered at a Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light strain rate of 0.1/s. The samples were cut from extruded AM30 Mg alloy Metals Division, TMS: Magnesium Committee tubes. Specimens deformed to various strain levels were examined by optical Program Organizers: Randy Beals, DaimlerChrysler; Neale Neelameggham, microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The US Magnesium LLC; Mihriban Pekguleryuz, McGill University; Alan Luo, results indicate that the initial extrusion texture and strain path together play General Motors Corporation important roles in the formation of different types of twins, which in turn significantly influence the evolution of the deformation texture. Contraction Monday PM Room: Southern 4 and double twinning are the dominant twinning mechanisms in uniaxial February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel tension, while extension twinning prevails in uniaxial compression and RHTT. Session Chairs: Mihriban Pekguleryuz, McGill University; Xiaoqin Zeng, In addition, the deformation textures indicate that the active twinning planes Shanghai Jiao Tong University are the ones with the highest Schmid factors. 3:20 PM 2:00 PM Nucleation and Growth Phenomena during Recrystallization of Numerical Modelling of Large Strain Deformation in Magnesium Magnesium - Rare Earth Metal Alloys: Jeremy Senn1; Sean Agnew1; 1 1 Alloy AM30: Julie Levesque1; Kaan Inal2; Kenneth Neale1; Alan Luo3; Raja Ashutosh Jain ; University of Virginia Mishra3; Lan Jiang4; Stephane Godet5; 1University of Sherbrooke; 2University Traditional Mg sheet alloys develop a strong basal fiber texture during rolling of Waterloo; 3General Motors Research and Development Center; 4McGill which is not significantly altered by annealing. This texture is responsible for University; 5Université catholique de Louvain the anisotropy and tension-compression strength asymmetry of the alloys, In this paper, a new constitutive framework based on a ratedependent crystal which contributes to their poor sheet formability. Recent studies have shown plasticity theory is presented to simulate large strain deformation phenomena that recrystallization of alloys containing rare earth elements can dramatically in HCP metals such as magnesium. The new framework is incorporated into alter and/or weaken the deformation texture. A number of alloys containing Y in-house codes. The simulations are performed using a crystal plasticity and/or Nd are deformed in plane strain compression and then annealed. The model in which crystallographic slip and deformation twinning are the distinct roles of nucleation and growth during recrystallization are explored. principal deformation mechanisms. Simulations of various stress states For e.g., it is of interest to know whether particle stimulated nucleation is an (uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression and the ring hoop tension test) for important contributing mechanism. The present results highlight two facts: the magnesium alloy AM30 are performed and the results are compared with i) texture alteration is most effective during super-solvus anneals after grain experimental observations of specimens deformed at 200°C. boundary pinning particles have dissolved, and ii) the weak texture component 92 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program that persists after recrystallization is typical of shear band in the deformation 5:20 PM microstructure. Explanation on the Elongation Variation of AZ31 Alloy at the Elevated Temperature: Yong Nam Kwon1; Y.-S. Lee1; J.-H. Lee1; 1Korea Institute of 3:40 PM Break Machinery and Materials 4:00 PM In the present study, the commercially rolled AZ31 alloy sheets with the grain M In-Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of Mechanical Twinning in a Textured size of ranging from 6 to 150 µm were used for tensile tests. For all grain sizes, Magnesium Alloy during Strain Path Changes: Ashutosh Jain1; Donald elongation increased with temperature increment. However, the differences in O Brown2; Bjorn Clausen2; Sean Agnew1; 1University of Virginia; 2Los Alamos grain size did not give a larger elongation differences even at the temperature N National Laboratory range where superplastic deformation behavior might be operating for the D Experiments involving non-proportional loading have been conducted to small grained alloy. This trend was also found in biaxial bulging test. Results study the role of twinning in the deformation of textured magnesium alloy sheet, indicated that different deformation mechanisms were operating with grain A plate and extruded samples loaded in tension and compression along different size variation even though elongation was recorded similarly. Microstructural Y directions (e.g., sheet rolling, transverse, and normal directions.) Changes observation showed that grain boundary sliding occurs in the case of smaller of strain path are imposed by uniaxial loading in one direction followed by grained alloy while dislocation slip is operating for larger grains. However, very P loading along another direction, including full strain reversal. A range of fast grain made dislocation slip as the operating deformation mechanism after twinning, de-twinning, and secondary twinning phenomena are thus explored. a certain amount of strain in fine grained alloy. Also, dynamic recrystallization M In-situ neutron diffraction experiments show that twinning is preceded by slip made an important role for ductility of AZ31 alloy. in the twinning grains. Furthermore, the diffraction data are used to determine the stress levels within the grains as they are twinning, as well as the stresses within the twins that appear. The role of twinning during non-monotonic strain paths, such as compression along RD followed by compression along ND or Materials in Clean Power Systems II: Fuel Cells, TD is thus investigated through mechanical behavior and evolution of texture, Solar, and Hydrogen-Based Technologies: PEMFCs and internal strains. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, ASM International, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Corrosion and 4:20 PM Environmental Effects Committee Relation between Deformation Twin and Deformation-Induced Surface Program Organizers: Zhenguo “Gary” Yang, Pacific Northwest National Relief in AZ31 Mg Alloy Sheets: Daisuke Ando1; Takeo Miyamura1; Junichi Laboratory; Michael Brady, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; K. Scott Weil, Koike1; 1Department of Materials Science, Tohoku University Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Yong-Ho Sohn, University of Central Deformation twins are frequently observed in Mg alloys at room Florida temperature. Twins of the {1012} type have been known to be an important deformation mechanism. Though other types of deformation twins were Monday PM Room: Asia 2 reported in the past, the twin types have been in dispute and their roles on February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel deformation mechanisms have not been well understood. In this work, we performed tensile test of rolled sheets of AZ31 Mg alloys at room temperature. Session Chairs: Ali R-Raissi, University of Central Florida; Eve Steigerwalt, Dana Corporation A number of large surface relief were observed in a region near a fractured edge. TEM observation showed the formation of twins under the large surface relief. Crystallographic analysis indicated that the basal planes of the twins 2:00 PM Invited were tilted by approximately 37o with respect to the matrix. This is considered Membrane Degradation Mechanisms in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane to make basal dislocations highly active within the twins. The localized Fuel Cells: James Fenton1; Vishal Mittal1; Russ Kunz2; 1University of Central deformation may lead to the formation of crack-like faults and to failure in a Florida; 2University of Connecticut macroscopically brittle manner. Membrane degradation mechanisms in PEMFCs were studied using an in-situ and nondestructive technique, which relies on the measurement of the 4:40 PM membrane degradation rate in a fuel cell. Degradation of Nafion membranes Twinning and Ductile Failure of Mg-3Al-1Zn: Matthew Barnett1; 1Deakin were studied and the fluoride emission rate (FER) as measured from the University fuel cell effluent water analysis was used as a quantitative indicator of the In general, magnesium alloys display lower ductilities than other metal membrane degradation rate. The degradation mechanisms as proposed in the systems that display equivalent strength. Some authors have suggested that literature and the ones hypothesized from the experimental findings will be twinning plays a role in this phenomenon. In the present work two series of discussed. samples cut in different directions from an extruded bar are examined to test this idea. One series was cut to favour {2110}twinning, the other to suppress 2:35 PM Invited it. The reduction in area measured in tensile tests performed at temperatures Overview of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Sealing: Eve between room temperature and 250° showed negligible difference between the Steigerwalt1; Mike Anderson1; Jacob Meyer1; 1Dana Corporation two series of samples. The series in which {2110}twinning was not favoured An overview of the function and types of sealing manufacturing methods displayed copious amounts of twinning that was assumed, based on EBSD (including liquid injection molding, high-consistency rubber molding, cure- analysis, to be on the {1110} plane. These twins were associated with flow in-place gaskets, screen-printing, and others) will be presented, along with localization and void formation and are thus likely to play an important role the necessary product and material parameters necessary to design a gasket in ductile failure. profile. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is widely used to derive theload versus deflection curve of a gasket profile. FEA examples will be presented on 5:00 PM different types of gasket designs and parameters. Finally, the advantages and On the Post Superplastic Forming Properties of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy: disadvantages of a new sealing solution will be presented. Marwan Khraisheh1; Fadi Abu-Farha1; 1University of Kentucky It is evident that cavitation develops during Superplastic forming of 3:10 PM AZ31 magnesium alloy. The level of cavitation depends on different process Modeling Platinum Loss in PEM Fuel Cell Cathodes: Edward Holby1; parameters including temperature, strain and strain rate. Large amount of Dane Morgan1; Yang Shao-Horn2; 1University of Wisconsin-Madison; cavitation may have detrimental effects on the mechanical properties of the 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology formed components. In this work, we examine the post Superplastic forming Loss of electrochemically active surface area (ECASA) in the carbon- mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloys under various process supported platinum electrocatalyst cathode is a key issue in meeting automotive parameters and correlate the results with the level of cavitation achieved cost efficiency and durability standards for polymer electrolyte membrane during Superplastic forming. fuel cells (PEMFCs). Recent work has suggested that Ostwald ripening of platinum nanoparticles, dissolution and precipitation of aqueous platinum ions
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 93 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
off of the carbon support, and carbon corrosion are all significant mechanisms next stage of development, which will be discussed in this presentation, has for ECASA loss. By adapting a numerical model put forth by Darling and been to optimize the design of the material for low-cost sheet manufacture, Meyers,1 the time evolution of particle size distributions (PSDs) and their examine the resulting formability properties as they relate to bipolar plate associated ECASAs under PEMFC conditions are simulated. These results stamping, and investigate the subsequent corrosion properties of stamped M indicate that the initial Pt PSD can have an important impact on the long-term parts under prototypic stack operating conditions. durability of PEMFCs. The effects of Pt surface diffusion and corrosion of the 5:30 PM O carbon support on ECSA are currently being integrated into the model. 1R. M. Effects of PdO Distributions over TiO2 Particles on Its Chemochromic N Darling and J. P. Meyers, J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, A1523-A1527 (2003). Behaviors for Hydrogen Detection: Nahid Mohajeri1; Ali T-Raissi1; D 3:35 PM Gary Bokerman1; Janine Captain2; Barbara Peterson3; Mary Whitten4; A Study on the Proton Conduction Mechanism in Proton Exchange Steve Trigwell3; Cristina Berger4; 1Florida Solar Energy Center; 2National Y Membranes Using AC Impedance Technique: Jinjun Shi1; Bor Jang1; Aeronautics and Space Administration; 3Arctic Slope Regional Corporation 1Wright State University Aerospace-Kennedy Space Center; 4University of Central Florida AC impedance technique is used to explore the proton conduction Safety is one of the major concerns associated with the use of hydrogen P mechanism in proton exchange membranes. This study can be used to prove in industries and with a future hydrogen economy. The reasons for these M or invalid the two proton conduction mechanisms, Grotthuss mechanism and concerns are that hydrogen leaks are invisible and odorless. In addition, the vehicle mechanism, which are widely adopted to explain the proton conduction placing of any additives or odorants in hydrogen, such as done in natural in proton exchange membranes. The proton conduction mechanism will be gas, is prohibited due to stringent requirements of fuel cells for an extremely explained at different hydration levels of the membrane. This study helps pure hydrogen source. To solve this problem, an irreversible chemochromic understand the proton conduction mechanism in PEM fuel cells and be used to sensor, based on PdO/TiO2 pigments encapsulated within a silicone matrix design new proton exchange materials as well. has been developed. In this paper, the TEM studies of PdO distributions over TiO2 particles are presented and its effects on overall pigment chemochromic 3:55 PM Break behavior for hydrogen leak detection will be discussed. 4:05 PM Invited 5:55 PM Materials and Catalysis Aspects of Hydrogen Generation from Amine Electrochemical Study of Cobalt Phthalocyanine/Platinum as DMFC Borane Complexes – A Review: Ali T-Raissi1; Nahid Mohajeri1; Olawale Anodic Catalyst: Yuhao Lu1; Ramana Reddy1; 1University of Alabama Adebiyi1; Karthikeyan Ramasamy1; 1University of Central Florida A new carbon-supported Cobalt Phthalocyanine Platinum (CoPc-Pt/C) anodic Ammonia-borane complex has very high hydrogen content of 19.6 wt% catalyst for DMFC was developed by chemical deposition and heat treatment. and hence, is a promising material as a hydrogen carrier for proton exchange The catalytic activity of CoPc-Pt/C for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Release of hydrogen in the AB complex was studied in the solution containing 0.5M H SO and 1M methanol. The can occur by either thermolysis or hydrolysis. In this paper, we present a 2 4 polarization curves showed that CoPc-Pt/C heat-treated at higher temperatures review of the state-of-the-art with respect to the hydrogen generation via (HT) accelerates MOR and gives a higher oxidation current than pure platinum. catalytic reactions of ammonia-borane and other amine borane complexes. In However, CoPc-P/C heat treated at lower temperatures exhibited negligible particular, we will discuss the materials aspects and role of transition metal activity for MOR. Cyclic voltammogram results displayed a higher forward and other catalysts in facilitating hydrogen release as well as the reaction current and lower reverse current for CoPc-Pt/C (HT) than CoPt/C and Pt/C. mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we will consider the conditions under Hence CoPc-Pt/C (HT) is more effective in oxidizing methanol to CO and which, in addition to hydrogen, other species such as borazine, monomeric 2 decreases the formation of byproduct in MOR. It can be concluded from this aminoborane, and diborane, etc. that have adverse effect on the PEMFC study that the presence of Pc and metallic Co in CoPc-Pt/C (HT) increases the operation do evolve. The review includes our own new data obtained using in electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation. situ 11B-NMR spectroscopy and other techniques as well other researchers. 4:40 PM A Novel Contact Element for PEM Fuel Cells: Mahmoud Abd Elhamid1; Gayatri Vyas1; Mark Mathias1; Youssef Mikhail1; 1General Motors, Fuel Cell Materials Issues for Advanced Nuclear Systems: Activities Material Characterization Issues A novel approach has been used to reduce the contact resistance between Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural the gas diffusion medium “GDM” and stainless steel bipolar plates in PEM Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Corrosion and Environmental Effects fuel cells. The current approach relies on coating the GDM with a thin layer Committee, TMS/ASM: Nuclear Materials Committee of gold. The gold was deposited on the paper using physical vapor deposition Program Organizers: Raul Rebak, Lawrence Livermore National “PVD” or any other means. Through a detailed analysis, it was found that the Laboratory; Robert Hanrahan, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Yi-Ming passive oxide film on the stainless steel surface has a minimum bulk resistance Pan, Southwest Research Institute and it is mainly the contact between the GDM and the passive oxide film that Monday PM Room: Europe 5 creates a significant contact resistance. By depositing, for example, gold, on February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel the GDM surface, it was found that the contact resistance on the stainless steel surface with the gold coated GDM was reduced to the same values obtained Session Chairs: Robert Hanrahan, National Nuclear Security when using gold coated stainless steel and a blank “uncoated” GDM. Administration; Raul Rebak, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 5:05 PM The Effects of Mechanical Forming on the Use of Clad Metals in PEM 2:00 PM Introductory Comments Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates: K. Scott Weil1; Sung Tae Hong1; Zhenguo “Gary” Yang1; Gordon Xia1; Jin Kim1; 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 2:05 PM Clad metal sheet product is currently being developed for use as bipolar Creep Behavior of Grain Boundary Engineered Ferritic-Martensitic 1 1 1 plate material in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The Alloy T91: Gaurav Gupta ; Gary Was ; University of Michigan concept is to incorporate a thin passivation layer, such as niobium or Ni-B, Ferritic-martensitic (F-M) alloys are expected to play a major role as over an inexpensive mechanical support substrate, such as carbon steel, via structural components in Generation IV systems, where their application at roll bonding. The resulting material should afford the many advantages that high temperature is limited by loss of strength. The focus of this investigation is metal interconnects have to offer, while mitigating the surface corrosion to understand the role of grain boundary engineering on the creep resistance of problems that typically plague many metallic bipolar plate candidate materials. F-M alloy T91. Grain boundary engineered T91 has exhibited improved creep In a series of out-of-stack feasibility tests, a recently developed Nb-clad steel strength at 500-600°C in argon environment. Deterioration of creep strength is displayed excellent promise as a potential PEMFC bipolar plate material. The accompanied by the loss of dislocation density and coarsening of precipitates
94 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program and subgrains. Reduced coarsening of subgrains and precipitates was observed protons at temperatures of 400 and 500°C to doses between 3 – 10 dpa. in the coincident site lattice (CSL)-enhanced condition as compared to the as- Samples were analyzed in HR-STEM to measure the grain boundary RIS for received (AR) condition after creep tests. The role of misorientation angle each dose and temperature. Zr additions reduced the amount of RIS at low of subgrain boundaries as sources and sinks for dislocations is evaluated for doses, but the effect disappeared by higher doses, while Hf appeared to have its effect on creep strength. The effectiveness of CSL-enhancement in creep only a small effect on RIS even at low dose. Resistance to RIS is believed to be M resistance of T91 will be presented and discussed. due to vacancy trapping which is analyzed by kinetic rate-theory modeling. O 2:25 PM 3:45 PM Break N An Analytical Model for the Amoeba Effect in UO Fuel Pellets: Yong Choi1; 2 4:05 PM Jong Lee2; 1Sun Moon University; 2Michigan Technological University D Microstructure Evolution during Recrystallization of MoNiCr Alloy: Significant temperature gradients are present across the fuel particles when Libor Kraus1; Jozef Zrnik1; 1COMTES FHT Sro A a nuclear reactor is producing power. If local temperatures are sufficiently This research provides an attempt to achieve uniform grain structure by Y high, nuclear fuel kernels can migrate up the thermal gradient. During this recrystallization process from different hot and cold-working conditions process, the barrier retaining fission product is progressively damaged. The followed by various annealing in NiMoCr alloy. The different structure damage in turn can lead to complete failure of the coating system. This P would result in high temperature mechanical properties such as ductility, phenomenon is called the Amoeba effect. The Amoeba effect is analyzed in fatigue, and creep strength. The microstructural changes results from all tested M terms of an interactive transport phenomenon between the solid-state diffusion programs were investigated by an optical microscope. The results showed the of oxygen ions and the flow of CO gas molecules. For mathematical simplicity, uniformity of the recrystallized structure strongly relating to the amount of a cylindrically-shaped kernel is assumed to treat the flow behavior of CO gas reduction during hot working and period of annealing time. It was found that molecules through the buffer layer packed with pyrolytic carbon atoms. The the uniformity of recrystallized structure increased with a higher amount of results show that not only a concentration gradient in oxygen ions but also a deformation and longer annealing time. Furthermore, the results illustrated temperature gradient with a negative heat of transport for oxygen ions can that the recrystallized structure on the surface layer was finer than the interior cause the Amoeba effect in UO fuel particles. 2 of the sample. This could be due to the recrystallization occurring close to 2:45 PM the specimen surface, which was influenced by a much higher degree of Effect of Microstructural Heterogeneity on Stress Variability in ZrN deformation and heat lost. Pellets: Manuel Parra Garcia1; Ajit Batwal1; Pedro Peralta1; 1Arizona State 4:25 PM University Corrosion Behavior of Alloy 617 in Impure Helium Environment: Deepak Two-dimensional finite element models based on actual pellet microstructure Kumar1; Gary Was1; 1University of Michigan can provide valuable information on effects of porosity and local density The reactive impurities, H2, H2O, CO, CO2 and CH4 in the coolant variations on mechanical behavior of actual fuels. Simplified 2-D models based helium in the very high temperature gas reactor (VHTR) can cause oxidation, on the actual microstructure of sintered ZrN pellets, surrogate for actinide carburization and decarburization of the metallic components. A simplified nitrides, sintered at 1300C and 1600C in Argon have been fully formulated helium gas chemistry with only CO and CO2 (ppm levels) was selected for in order to determine the overall mechanical response and its variability due corrosion experiments with alloy 617 at 900, 950 and 1000°C. Corrosion to microstructural heterogeneity. The 2-D models created fully account for behavior was studied as a function of oxidation and carburization potentials, variability in grain, pore and phase shape and size, as well as the orientation of which are controlled by the partial pressure ratio of (CO)/(CO2). Corrosion individual grains; this makes it possible to include effects of anisotropy on the coupons were exposed up to 1000 hrs in a helium flow system built to control mechanical behavior of sintered nitride fuels. The variability on the stresses the impurity levels throughout the entire exposure. Corrosion kinetics, was studied to examine possible correlations between microstructure and local measured by weight change, and activation energy are coupled with analysis fracture. Results indicate that pore shape and size, along with crystallographic of the structure and composition of the oxide to determine the corrosion texture, can affect the overall elastic constants as a function of direction. mechanism. 3:05 PM 4:45 PM In-Situ Neutron-Diffraction Measurements of Intergranular Strains in a Strain Hardening and Plastic Instability in Structural Alloys for Advanced Zircaloy-4 Alloy: Elena Garlea1; Hahn Choo1; Peter Liaw1; Edward Oliver2; Nuclear Systems: Xianglin Wu1; Xiao Pan1; James Stubbins1; 1University of Javier Santisteban2; Camden Hubbard3; 1University of Tennessee; 2ISIS, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; 3Oak Ridge National Laboratory Austenitic stainless steel has been widely used as structure materials in The evolution of intergranular strains in a hexagonal-close-packed Zircaloy- current light water reactors and continuing of interest in advanced nuclear 4 was investigated in-situ, using neutron diffraction. First, a series of uniaxial systems. The flow localization process is particularly troublesome for the tensile loads was applied to round-bar tensile specimens up to 500 MPa and the materials exposed in high fluence irradiation and intermediate temperature intergranular (hkl-specific) strains, parallel and perpendicular to the loading environments. Recent work shows that this process can be characterized by a direction, were studied. The results provide a fundamental understanding critical stress: necking always occurs at the same value of true stress regardless of the anisotropic elastic-plastic deformation of the zirconium alloy under of the level of irradiation hardening. In several FCC materials, twinning, applied stresses at the microscopic length scale. Second, spatially-resolved particularly for materials with lower stacking fault energies controls the large- internal-strain mapping was performed on a fatigue pre-cracked compact- strain deformation processes. High work-hardening is related to the stacking tension specimens using in-situ neutron diffraction under applied loads of 667 fault energy (SFE) of the material and the magnitude of SFE controls the ease and 4,444 N, to determine the in-plane and through–thickness lattice-strain of cross-slip and thus, different deformation mechanisms can be activated profiles around the crack tip. An increase in elastic lattice strains near the crack at different stages of deformation. The competing mechanism between the tip was observed with the increase in the applied stresses. Finally, the localized mechanical twinning and dislocation-based planar slip is examined by the stress distribution near the crack tip in a compact-tension specimen will be electron backscattered diffraction. discussed in the context of the elastic-plastic anisotropy. 5:05 PM 3:25 PM Synchrotron X-Rays for Microstructural Investigations of Advanced The Mechanism of Zr and Hf in Reducing Radiation-Induced Segregation Reactor Materials: Wolfgang Hoffelner1; Annick Froideval1; Manuel in 316 Stainless Steel: Micah Hackett1; Gary Was1; 1University of Michigan Pouchon1; Jiachao Chen1; Maria Samaras1; 1Paul Scherrer Institute The addition of oversized solutes has the potential to reduce the effects X-rays from synchrotron beamlines provide a powerful tool for materials of radiation-induced segregation (RIS) in austenitic alloys. RIS has been analyses. Particularly under conditions where long term materials degradation implicated as one of several factors in enhancing stress corrosion cracking under complex loading conditions (e.g. temperature, irradiation, stress) become (SCC) under irradiation, so oversized solute additions could promote SCC important synchrotron X-rays can help to improve lifetime assessments. The resistance. Zr or Hf were added to 316 steels and then irradiated with 3 MeV paper summarizes recent results on materials for advanced GenIV reactors.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 95 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels, nano-crystalline zircaloy and 2:25 PM FeCr model alloys were taken as examples. Properties of yttria dispersoids A Non-Linear Intermediate Viscoplastic Model for Large Deformation in differently pre-treated PM2000 were studied with EXAFS. Magnetic Behaviour and Texture Evolution in Polycrystals: Said Ahzi1; 1University properties of FeCr model alloys were analyzed for experimental validation of Louis Pästeur M multscale modeling results. The significance of the use of magnetic interatomic The aim of this work is to propose a new non linear intermediate model for potentials for different FeCr alloys is of particular interest. large viscoplastic deformations that could predict the texture transition and O stress-strain behaviour in a range that spans from the upper bound (Taylor) to the 5:25 PM N lower bound (Sachs) estimates. In this model, we introduced a single parameter Stable Nanoclusters in MA/ODS Ferritic Alloys: Michael Miller1; David as a weight function to formulate the proposed intermediate approach which D Hoelzer1; James Bentley1; C. L. Fu1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory combines both the lower and the upper bound estimates. For the applications, Advanced oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic alloys containing A we focus on the FCC polycrystals with an initially random texture and subject high number densities of nanoclusters are attractive structural materials for Y to different loading conditions. The results for texture evolution show that a advanced nuclear energy concepts because of their increased creep performance transition between the copper type and brass type textures can be obtained and tolerance to neutron irradiation damage. Microstructural characterization by the proposed intermediate model. The predicted stress-strain curves and P with the local electrode atom probe and spectrum imaging in the transmission textures will be shown and discussed shown in comparison to those of the electron microscope together with first principle calculations have established M viscoplastic Taylor, Sachs an self-consistent models. that 2-4-nm-diameter Ti-, Y- and O-enriched nanoclusters are stable up to at least 0.9 of the melting point of the alloy. Preliminary experiments indicate 2:50 PM that these nanoclusters appear to be stable under irradiation. These alloys are Crystal Plasticity Models with Multi-Time Scaling for Cyclic Deformation attractive for fusion reactor applications because of their potential for higher of Polycrystalline Metals: Somnath Ghosh1; Sivom Manchiraju1; 1Ohio State operating temperatures. The dispersed oxide particles also provide a method to University trap point defects and helium. Research at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory The mechanical behavior and fatigue failure response are governed by SHaRE User Facility was sponsored by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, microstructural features that include morphological and crystallographic U.S. Department of Energy, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT- characteristics. This paper will discuss methods of creating microstructural Battelle, LLC. image-based finite element models for simulating the behavior of polycrystalline materials subjected to cyclic loading. It will present a methodology for creating a FE model of the polycrystalline microstructure, accounting for both morphology and crystallographic orientations. The microstructure simulation Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division process involves serial sectioning together with orientation imaging Symposium: Mechanics and Materials Modeling microscopy. This is followed by a CAD based grain generation process to and Materials Design Methodologies, in the Honor construct the 3D polycrystalline microstructure. Subsequently FEM analysis of Dr. Craig Hartley’s 40 Years of Contributions of the polycrystalline microstructure is done for cyclic loading for a large to the Field of Mechanics and Materials Science: number of cycles. A multi-time scaling formulation involving a long time Homogenization/Constitutive Behavior I scale problem for describing the smooth averaged solution and an oscillatory portion will be conducted. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Shaping and Forming 3:15 PM Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee Cyclic Behaviour of High-Density Polyethylene Used in Pipe Manufactur- Program Organizers: Brent Adams, Brigham Young University; Hamid ing: S. Sezer1; Senol Ataoglu1; A. Gulluoglu1; 1Istanbul Technical University Garmestani, Georgia Institute of Technology High-density polyethylene has become the crucial material for the piping industry, owing to its physical and chemical properties. However, though the Monday PM Room: Northern A1 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel properties of HDPE are sufficient for underground piping applications, one must still pay considerable attention to the design steps and conditions. One Session Chairs: Anthony Rollett, Carnegie Mellon University; Nasr of the most relevant specifications of a product for underground application Ghoniem, University of California is its fatigue properties. This is straightforward from the fact that most of the underground piping follows the course of the streets in cities. This means that the pipes will undergo serious cyclic stresses of erratic nature. Therefore it is 2:00 PM crucial for an engineer to understand and reproduce the conditions the pipe A Micromechanical Continuum Model for the Tensile Behavior of Shape will be subjected to and comprehend and express the results in a mathematical 1 1 1 Memory Metal Nanowires: Wuwei Liang ; Min Zhou ; Georgia Institute of fashion. This research aims to meet these requirements and provide a Technology successful mathematical model. Thus, a square dynamic stress test, can be We have previously reported the discovery and characterization of a extended to other different types of loadings, was conducted on samples, on novel shape memory behavior in metal nanowires. This behavior only exists a cyclic loading mechanism. Then a mathematical model was derived and at the nanoscale and is associated with a reversible lattice reorientation. simulated using appropriate software. The simulation results are compared A micromechanical continuum model for the unique tensile behavior of with the experimental results. The outcome is impressive in that the simulation these wires due to lattice reorientation is presented. Specifically, the lattice results are mostly successful in predicting the actual behaviour of the sample reorientation process is decomposed into two parts: a reversible smooth under cyclic stresses. transition between phase-equilibrium states superimposed with an irreversible, dissipative twin boundary propagation process. The reversible part is modeled 3:40 PM within the framework of strain energy functions with multiple local minima. Dislocation Modeling of Localized Plasticity in Persistent Slip Bands: The irreversible, dissipative nature of the twin boundary propagation is due to Nasr Ghoniem1; Hael Mughrabi2; Jaafar El-Awady; 1University of California; the ruggedness of strain energy curves associated with dislocation nucleation, 2University of Erlangen gliding, and annihilation. The model captures the major characteristics of We present models of localized plastic deformation inside Persistent the unique behavior due to lattice reorientation and accounts for the size and Slip Band channels, and for the deformation of the channel walls. First, we temperature effects, yielding results in excellent agreement with the molecular investigate the interaction between screw dislocations as they pass one another dynamics simulation results. inside channel walls in copper. The model shows the mechanims of dislocation bowing, dipole formation and binding, and finally dipole destruction as screw dislocations pass one another. The mechanism of (dipole passing) is assessed and interpreted in terms of the fatigue saturation stress. We present results for the effects of the wall dipole structure on the dipole passing mechanism,
96 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program taking into consideration wall destabilization and penetration of expanding are highlighted. A probabilistic framework for simulating microstructural loops from one PSB cell to the next. PSB walls are generally rigid, but they variations is presented. The predicting fatigue life scatter is then utilized in maz emit dislocation loops into adjacent cells. We present studies for the conjunction with a probabilistic code, named DARWIN, for predicting the conditions appropriate for the limited plasticitz of the walls themselves as they probability of failure of a Ti component. Finally, limitations and possible act as sources of glide dislocations. future directions for extending this methodology are discussed. M 4:05 PM O Effect of the Grain Boundary Character Distribution on Yield Strength: 1 1 1 N Bradley Fromm ; Brent Adams ; Brigham Young University Materials Processing Fundamentals: Process During the past two decades new insights into the role of grain boundary D character in relation to grain boundary strength have emerged. TEM studies Modeling A reveal the importance of crystallographic misorientation and boundary Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction and Processing Division, TMS: Process Technology and Modeling Y inclination, as well as local elastic properties, in the selection of dislocation Committee, TMS: EMPMD Council, TMS: EPD Council slip transmission at grain boundaries. Ex-situ studies by fine-scale Orientation Program Organizer: Princewill Anyalebechi, Grand Valley State University Imaging Microscopy and nano-indentation have revealed complex spatial P (excess and defect) patterns of lattice curvature and strength near grain Monday PM Room: Northern A2 M boundaries at moderate levels of plastic strain. In this paper the focus is on February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel how this recent experimental evidence can be incorporated into new models for the yield strength of single-phase polycrystals. Models that use the Grain Session Chair: Adam Powell, Veryst Engineering LLC Boundary Character Distribution, in connection with the physics supported by the experimental evidence, are introduced. 2:00 PM 4:30 PM CFD Modelling of Heat Transfer in Supersonic Nozzles for Magnesium Experimental Micromechanics Study of Lamellar TiAl: Fu-pen Chiang1; Production: Peter Witt1; Hasan Khan1; Geoff Brooks2; 1CSIRO Minerals; Gunes Uzer1; Yi Ding1; Andrew H. Rosenberger2; 1Stony Brook University; 2Swinburne University of Technology 2Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate An important step in developing new processes is scaling between laboratory A unique micro-scale full field deformation measurement technique is operation, pilot scale and commercial scale plant. Scaling heat transfer is non- employed to map the deformation mechanism of lamellar TiAl with grain size trivial and computational fluid dynamics allows prediction of scaling effects of about 450µm. We find the size effect on the determination of mechanical and aids understanding of the process. CFD modelling has been undertaken properties. The strain distribution inside the grain is highly heterogeneous. of a process being developed by CSIRO for the carbothermic reduction of The grain boundary is much stiffer than the interior of the grain. We also magnesia. This work outlines CFD validation of heat transfer predictions observe several interesting phenomena of the material when a crack is present. between a supersonic gas stream and the nozzle wall and the impingement Crack speed tends to slow down when crack approaches a grain boundary. of the supersonic jet onto a collector plate normal to the flow. Heat transfer Within a grain the slowest propagation speed is when the lamellar layers are to the nozzle wall is well predicted by the k-w turbulence model. Predictions perpendicular to the crack. Crack may jump across a grain boundary and its of heat transfer for the impinging jet are less satisfactory with significant propagation direction can be predicted by the strain concentration congregated variation in heat flux predictions with changes in geometry, mesh resolution near the grain boundary. By mapping the deformation field surrounding the and turbulence model. For the later case the shear stress transport (SST) model crack tip, we can evaluate the mode mixity from the speckle results at different gave the best predictions of heat flux and Nusselt number. stages of crack propagation. 2:15 PM 4:55 PM Numerical Modeling of 3-Dimensional Thin Slab Casting Process with Exploration of the Effect of Polycrystal Microstructure on Strain EMBR(Electro-Magnetic Brake): Kee-Hyeon Cho1; Byung-Moon Kim2; Localization with a Fourier Transform Viscoplastic Model: Anthony 1Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology; 2GyeongBuk Rollett1; Sukbin Lee1; Stephen Sintay1; Ricardo Lebensohn2; 1Carnegie Mellon Regional Stragetic Agency for Innovation University; 2Los Alamos National Laboratory The purpose of this study is to develop a coupled turbulent fluid flow and The application of a novel model of viscoplastic deformation is reported. solidification model for numerical analysis of thin slab casting with Electro- The model discretizes the strain-strain behavior on a regular grid and magnetic brake(EMBR) system. The enthalpy-porosity relation was employed employs Fourier transforms. Two examples are given. The first takes as input to suppress the velocity within a mushy region. The electro-magnetic field microstructures derived from a liquid phase sintering model that represent a was described by Maxwell equations. The application of EMBR to the mold metal matrix composite. The main interest is in the concentration of strain region results in the decrease of the transfer of superheat to the narrow face, (rate) in the softer matrix phase. The second example models single-phase the increase of temperature in free surface region and most liquid of submold aerospace aluminum alloys with constituent particles. The input for this region, and the higher temperature gradient near the solidifying shell. The model is derived from statistically reconstructed 3D microstructures based on increasing magnetic flux density effects mainly to the surface temperature of orthogonal EBSD cross-sections. In this case the focus is on quantifying the the solidifying shell of narrow face, hardly to the one of wide face. It is shown extent to which strain localizes at particles as a precursor to particle cracking that in case of EMBR a thicker solidifying shell is obtained at the narrow face that in turn leads to fatigue crack initiation. Such an approach permits the of the thin slab. materials engineer to explore materials design variations and their effects on 2:30 PM mechanical properties. Process Design of Alloys to Achieve Desired Properties by Inverse 5:20 PM Materials Design: Dongsheng Li1; Hamid Garmestani1; 1Georgia Institute Fatigue Life Variability: Modeling, Simulation, and Application: Kwai of Technology Chan1; Michael Enright1; 1Southwest Research Institute Inverse materials design is used in process design on mechanical Variations in microstructure can lead to significant variability in fatigue life deformation of polycrystalline materials. This work studies how to predict the due to differences in resistance against crack initiation and growth at various mechanical response and microstructure evolution of polycrystalline materials levels of microstructural features. In this paper, a fatigue life-prediction during large plastic deformation using statistical continuum mechanics. The methodology, developed under the AFOSR MEANS program, for predicting crystal orientation distribution is presented by an n-point probability function fatigue life variability originated from microstructural variations is summarized that describes the corresponding probability functions. A Green’s function with illustrative examples for Ti-6Al-4V. First, a series of microstructure- was introduced to calculate the equations of equilibrium for the constitutive based fatigue crack initiation and growth models are summarized and law in the polycrystalline materials. To find out optimized process to satisfy important random variables describing the relevant microstructural variations properties requirement, the relationship among process, microstructure and
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 97 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
properties are investigated in the framework of an inverse materials design. 4:00 PM An example of application in titanium alloy is used to demonstrate how the Properties of Carbonized Corn Straw as Thermal Insulating Agent of optimized properties can be achieved by process design. Liquid Metal: Nan Wang1; 1Northeastern University The properties of carbonized corn straw were investigated for the purpose 2:45 PM to substitute carbonized husk as thermal insulating agent of liquid metal due to M Spout Formation in a Gas-Stirred Ladle – Experimental Results: the price elevation constantly in recent years. By characterizing the properties Krishnakumar Krishnapisharody1; Gordon Irons1; 1Steel Research Centre, O (including chemical composition, microstructure, flow property) of the obtained McMaster University N corn straw carbonized under different conditions, the optimal carbonation Model experiments simulating the spout formation in a gas-stirred ladle condition was determined. The carbonized corn straw has higher fixed carbon D were performed with and without a slag-simulating phase (oil) above the bulk content, lager resting angel and smaller coefficient of thermal conductivity liquid (water). The height and width of the spout region were obtained by A compared to carbonized husk, and thus which is considered suitable to be used means of a digital video technique over a wide range of operating conditions. Y as thermal insulating agent of liquid metal. The development and application A dimensional analysis of the experimental data was employed to correlate of carbonized corn straw as thermal insulating agent of liquid metal not only the characteristic dimensions of the spout region to the operating variables decrease the production cost of metallurgical industries, but also develop a P of the system and the predicted results match with the available data from newly valuable way to use corn straw that was usually used as feedstuff and other works. This analysis reveals that the ladle diameter, size and type of gas M burning materials in village and thus the environment could be protected. injector and physical properties of gas-liquid system do not significantly affect the spout formation. Further, the spout size information have been used to 4:15 PM quantitatively characterize gas-liquid plumes in a companion paper. Preparation of Vanadium Thin Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition: Masakazu Mukaida1; Misaki Ishitsuka1; Shigeki Hara1; Hiroyuki Suda1; Kenji 3:00 PM Haraya1; 1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Spout Formation in a Gas-Stirred Ladle – The Key to Plume Dynamics: Vanadium-base alloys are expected as hydrogen separation materials Krishnakumar Krishnapisharody1; Gordon Irons1; 1Steel Research Centre, because they have higher hydrogen permeability and good workability. In the McMaster University present work, vanadium thin films were prepared on porous sintered stainless Experimental data on the characteristic spout dimensions and the widths steel substrates by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to approach the thermal of gas-liquid plumes in vessels simulating Argon-stirred Ladles have been expansion coefficient of films and substrates. Organometallic compounds combined to derive a macroscopic model for unconfined two-phase plumes. were used as source materials. The films were deposited under controlled The model reveals that, beyond the vicinity of the gas injector, various plume conditions, which were substrate temperatures, pressures of CVD chamber and parameters in different gas-liquid systems can be expressed in an unified manner flow rates of carrier gas (Ar) for source material. The morphologies of films using the two variables of the system viz., the gas flow rate and the axial height. were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the elements in Further, expressions have been obtained for the average gas fractions and the the films were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX). area-averaged gas and liquid velocities in the plume. These model expressions are independent of the size of the gas injector as well as the physical properties of the gas-liquid system and thus have wider applicability. 3:15 PM Materials Processing under the Influence of Laser Surface Modification of AISI 316L Stainless Steel with WC-Si- External Fields: Session II Ni: D. Sastikumar1; A. Viswanathan1; Kumar Harish2; A.K. Nath2; 1National Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS: Aluminum Institute of Technology; 2Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology Committee, TMS: Magnesium Committee, TMS: Solidification Committee The study deals with laser surface modification of AISI 316L stainless steel Program Organizers: Qingyou Han, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Gerard with WC-Si-Ni (40-40-20 and 80-10-10 wt. %) under different laser processing Ludtka, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Qijie Zhai, Shanghai University parameters. The laser irradiated specimens are characterized by Optical and SEM micrograph, Microhardness, X-ray diffraction and chemical composition Monday PM Room: America’s Seminar February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel analyses. The results show the formation of a thick layer (300 µm) over the substrate with strong adhesion when the coating composition is 40-40-20 wt. Session Chairs: Qi-Jie Zhai, Shanghai University; Ke Han, National High % (WC-Si-Ni). For the scan speed of 2.0 m/min. and 1.5 kW laser power, a Magnetic Field Laboratory layer with uniform thickness and smooth surface morphology is observed. The hardness is in the range of 800-900 HV. When the composition is 80-10-10 wt. %, coated materials get mixed into the substrate. The microstructure exhibits 2:00 PM Introductory Comments flower like dendtritic growth structure. The bonding strength between the layer 2:05 PM Invited and the substrate is examined by the hardness study with various loads. Metals Solidification under the Influence of External Fields: Research 3:30 PM Break Status in Shanghai University: Qi-Jie Zhai1; Yu-Lai Gao1; 1Shanghai University 3:45 PM In the present study the research status of metals solidification under the Evolution of the Tecnored Process – From Pilot Plant to Industrial Scale: influence of external fields in Shanghai University, which is one of the main 1 2 3 1 Jose Noldin ; Jose D’Abreu ; Ian Cox ; Catholic University/Tecnored; academic institutions in China, was introduced. The special self-developed 2 3 Catholic University; Tecnored equipments to produce external fields were presented. At present, many kind The Tecnored process is a new ironmaking technology that has been of external fields have been developed in Shanghai University, including developed combining empirical and theoretical fundamentals, backed by ultrastrong magnetostatic field, ultrasonic, electric current pulse, pulsed extensive tests in a dedicated pilot-plant and with close support of universities magnetic field, and magneto oscillation etc. Also, the research interests in the and research centers. The campaigns in the pilot-plant focused on understand, metals solidification under external fields were systematically illuminated. simulate and operate the furnace using different reactor sizes including a full Besides, the application prospect of these techniques was reviewed, especially size modular slice of the industrial furnace, which provided real-life conditions in the metallurgy industry. to develop the main features of the process such as internal dimensions, thermal and gaseous profiles and melting zone formation, shape and maintenance. 2:35 PM This paper describes the different phases of the technology development with Study on the Pulse Magneto Oscillation Solidification Technique and Its respective goals and achievements including the construction of the first full Mechanism for Grain Refinement: Yong-Yong Gong1; Jin-Xian Jing1; Zan- scale industrial plant. Qi Xia1; Yu-Lai Gao1; Qi-Jie Zhai1; 1Shanghai University In this paper, a novel pulse magnetic field that can be effectively used for grain refinement was proposed, which was defined as Pulse Magneto
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Oscillation (PMO). The PMO physical field possesses the advantages such shape of magnetite product. The particles grow along its easy-magnetization to as non-contacting, no melt splashing and flexibility for its application. It was form acicular magnetite. The acicular magnetite has a saturation magnetization found that the pure Al could be distinctly refined after treated by the self- of 85emu/g and a coercivity of 380 Oe. developed PMO. Based on the “crystal rain” experiments, the mechanism 4:55 PM for grain refinement of PMO was analyzed. It was deemed that structure Rapid Ceramic Processing by Field-Assisted Sintering Technique: Dat M refinement rooted in the fall of the heterogeneous nucleus from the mould Quach1; Veaceslav Zestrea2; Vladimir Kodash1; Gregory Toguyeni3; Joanna wall under the effect of PMO. O Groza1; 1University of California; 2Academy of Sciences of Moldova; 3Ecole N 3:00 PM Polytechnique de l’Universite de Nantes Effect of Pulsed Magnetic Field on the Solidified Structure of Pure Al Melt: The novel field-assisted sintering technique (FAST) has been successfully D Yu-Lai Gao1; Qiu-Shu Li1; Hai-Bin Li1; Qi-Jie Zhai1; 1Shanghai University used to form and consolidate a number of chalcogenide spinels and tialite. For A A comparative study was made of the effect of pulsed magnetic field on the first time the ternary magnetic sulfide compound FeCr S was prepared 2 4 Y the solidification structure of pure aluminum by employing the self-developed from a mixture of commercially available FeS and Cr S powders using 2 3 high voltage pulsed power source at several solidification stages. It has been FAST. A one-step complete reaction sintering to form FeCr2S4 was done at shown that the solidified structure was remarkably refined with applied pulsed 1000°C in 10 minutes. ZnCr2S4 and some ternary magnetic oxide compounds P magnetic field during or in the overall solidification process. In contrast, no (CoAl2O4 and Co2AlO4) were also prepared using the same technique. The M significant difference in the solidification structure of aluminum was observed high homogeneity of the composition of the prepared samples was confirmed also with pulsed magnetic field prior to the stage of nucleation. As a result, it by XRD analysis. In addition the hard-to-form-and-sinter tialite, Al2TiO5, can was convincing that the structure refinement arises from the pulsed magnetic also be FAST-synthesized from regular Al2O3 and TiO2 powders. Compared to field at the stage of nucleation and growth, yet the incubation effect was conventional methods where the same reaction sintering step may take hours negligible. or days, current FAST-reaction sintering experiments demonstrate the ability of this novel technique to rapidly form and consolidate different ceramic 3:25 PM compounds. Controlling Semiconductor Growth Using Magnetic Fields and Rotation: Baskar Ganapathysubramanian1; Nicholas Zabaras1; 1Cornell University 5:20 PM The application of a time varying magnetic field has been shown to affect Computer-Aided Processing of Advanced Dielectric Composites via Self- the properties of the semiconductor single crystal achieved through growth Assembly of Arbitrary-Shaped Ferro-Colloidal Particles in External from the melt. The application of a time dependent rotation of the crucible Field: Yu Wang1; 1Virginia Tech affects the flow pattern in the melt resulting in enhanced distribution of thermal Ferro-colloidal processing under external field is investigated for effects. We will discuss a complete three dimensional simulator of the crystal fabrication of advanced dielectric composites by using computer modeling growth process in the presence of a magnetic field and imposed rotation. We and simulation. Our study focuses on the self-assembly of dipolar interacting will investigate the three dimensional coupled effects of an externally applied particles, its effects on composite microstructure and dielectric properties, magnetic field and a time varying rotation imposed on the solidifying melt. and the underlying mechanisms. Computational model is developed based on A three dimensional optimization problem will then be posed to design the diffuse interface field approach. It explicitly treats particle microstructure and temporal variation of the magnetic field and/or the rate of rotation to achieve its evolution during self-assembly and accounts for accurate long-range and certain goals. These goals include maximizing the pulling rate, minimizing the short-range interaction forces among multiple particles of arbitrary shapes and thermal gradient imposed, as well as controlling the shape of the melt-solid sizes (the conventional point-dipole approximation is not applicable in particle interface. self-assembly process because of non-spherical particle shapes and small inter- particle distances). External field is used to tune the self-assembling forces 3:50 PM Break and control particle microstructures. The model takes into account the particle 4:00 PM Invited size and shape polydispersities and their effects on microstructure control and High Magnetic Field Influences on Fabrication of Materials with Magnetic property optimization. As application example, computer-aided design and Phases: Ke Han1; Bao Zhi Cui1; 1National High Magnetic Field Laboratory processing of ceramic-filler polymer-matrix nanocomposites for high-energy- This paper describes annealing experiment we have undertaken in a large density capacitors is presented. bore high field magnet. The magnet annealing temperatures were carefully 5:45 PM selected so that a reaction occurs at the annealing temperature and one or more Magnetic Alignment of Nanotubes: Ben Wang1; Richard Liang1; Chuck components are ferro-magnetic phase at the chosen temperatures. Magnetic Zhang1; 1Florida A&M University-Florida State University, Engineering field has an impact on both nucleation and growth of the phases formed College during the reactions. The paper reviews the effects and relevant mechanism We will present two separate but related projects, both involving the use of of magnetic annealing on microstructures, crystallographic textures, exchange magnetic forces to align nanotubes at Florida Advanced Center for Composite coupling, magnetic anisotropy, and hard magnetic properties for magnet Technologies: (1) alignment of nanotubes in aqueous solution before the materials. Magnetic annealing was found to promote the phase transformation formation of BuckyPapers, and (2) alignment of nanotubes in epoxy resin. and increases the nucleation sites for the formation of magnetic phases so BuckyPapers are thin films (about 15 microns in thickness) of nanotubes held that refinement of the microstructure is achieved. Magnetic annealing was together by their own interdigitation and van der Waals forces. In the case where also found to manipulate the texture of the materials. The refinement of the the application calls for individual nanotubes being “organized” in the same microstructure and the optimization of the texture result in the improvements direction, the nanotubes are aligned in a magnetic field before the BuckyPaper of magnetic properties. is formed. With the advances of carbon fibers as composite reinforcements, 4:30 PM the in-plane strength of composite laminates has demonstrated substantial Synthesis of Acicular Magnetite Using Coprecipitation Method under improvement. The shear strength, however, has shown little progress. We Magnetic Field: Yang XiYun1; Chen Baizhen1; Xu Hui1; Shi Xichang1; developed a process by which nanotubes are aligned in the z direction while in 1Central South University epoxy resin, which is simultaneously reinforced with regular carbon fibers. Acicular magnetite was synthesized by coprecipitation of ferrous and ferric mixed salt solution with urea in the temperature range from 90-95°C in reflux condition for 12h. The magnetite particles were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and magnetization measurements. XRD showed that the mole ratio of Fe3+/Fe2+ and concentration of urea have great effects on the composition of the product. SEM showed that the type of anion and surfactant have not been able to obviously affect the shape of magnetite product. In contrary, the magnetic field has remarkable effect on the
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 99 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
3:00 PM Phase Transformation of Graphite Irradiated by High-Intensity Pulsed Microstructural Processes in Irradiated Materials: Ion Beams: X. Han1; S. Miao1; X. Zhu1; M. Lei1; 1Dalian University of Irradiation Effects in Ceramics Technology M Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural The microstructure and morphology of graphite irradiated by high-intensity Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Nuclear Materials Committee pulsed ion beams (HIPIB) has been studied by varying the ion current density O Program Organizers: Charlotte Becquart, University of Lille; Gary Was, as 200, 350 and 1500 A/cm2 with 1-5 shots. Phase transformation from N University of Michigan; Brian Wirth, University of California graphite to diamond-like-carbon (DLC) on HIPIB-irradiated graphite was D confirmed by Raman analysis where a typical broadened asymmetric peak Monday PM Room: Europe 8 appeared in the range of 1100-1700 cm-1. Formation of DLC on the irradiated February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel A graphite strongly depended on the HIPIB parameters and preferably took place Y at 350 A/cm2 up to 5 shots. Numerical simulation of ablation process was Session Chairs: Steven Zinkle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Lance Snead, Oak Ridge National Laboratory performed to explore the transformation mechanism of DLC from graphite. P The calculation showed a different temperature profile or ablation depth of graphite irradiated at 350 A/cm2, as compared to that of 200 and 1500 A/cm2. M 2:00 PM The experimental and numerical results indicate that a proper temperature and Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Defect Production and Retention in pressure front repetitively created in the top layer of ablated graphite facilitates Ceramics: Steven Zinkle1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory the phase transformation. Various ceramic specimens (including SiC, Al2O3, MgAl2O4, Si3N4 and AlN) were irradiated with ion beams ranging from 1 MeV H+ to 710 MeV 3:20 PM Bi+. The specimens were subsequently examined in either plan view or cross- Formation and Distribution of Defect Clusters in SrTiO3 Bi-Crystals 1 1 1 section using transmission electron microscopy. The oxides and Si3N4 were Implanted with Xe Ions: Minghui Song ; Xingjian Guo ; Nobuo Ishikawa ; 1 1 1 1 found to be susceptible to ionization-induced diffusion. In these materials, Masaki Takeguchi ; Kazutaka Mitsuishi ; Miyoko Tanaka ; Kazuo Furuya ; 1 high fluxes of ionizing radiation produced coarsening of dislocation loops National Institute for Materials Science and cavities, and inhibited low-temperature amorphization. At high electronic Formation and distribution of defect clusters in SrTiO3 bi-crystals implanted stopping powers, displacement damage was produced in the ion tracks in with 100 keV Xe ions, and behavior of the implanted Xe ions near the boundary the oxides and Si3N4 that could not be attributed to normal elastic collision of the bi-crystal were studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). processes. AlN and SiC showed the highest resistance to ionizing radiation, The ion implantation was conducted in a transmission electron microscope with regard to both ionization-induced diffusion and swift-heavy-ion-track (TEM) at 673 K. TEM observation was performed in [001] direction, which displacement damage. was parallel to the boundary. Bubble-like contrasts in nanometer scale were observed in the ion implanted samples. During an annealing for 10800 s. at 2:20 PM 1073 K, the bubbles grew to about 5 nm with sphere like shapes. It was found Thermal Properties of MgO and Nd2Zr2O7 for Inert Matrix Fuel that there were fewer bubbles in a band in width of about 10 nm near the bi- Applications by MD Simulation: Priyank Shukla1; Taku Watanabe1; Juan crystal boundary than in the area far away from the boundary. Detailed results Nino1; Simon Phillpot1; James Tulenko1; 1University of Florida on the formation and distribution of bubbles, and their relation to the bi-crystal The thermal-transport properties are a key performance metric for any boundary are reported and discussed. potential candidate of Inert Matrix Fuel (IMF) that might be an alternative to 3:40 PM Break conventional UO2. Recently, an MgO-pyrochlore cercer composite has been proposed as a potential inert matrix. We have performed molecular dynamics 3:55 PM simulations of the thermal properties of the pyrochlore Nd2Zr2O7 (NDZ). Defect Microstructures in Silicon Carbide after Irradiation Creep Our results for thermal expansion coefficient and conductivity values agree Deformation at Elevated Temperatures: Yutai Katoh1; Sosuke Kondo1; well with experiment. The thermal conductivity of NDZ is 2.09W/m-K at Lance Snead1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1473K, compared to 2.25 W/m-K for UO2. Similarly, simulations on MgO Creep deformation and rupture are among the major failure modes of gave a thermal expansion of 12.2x10-6/K, which compares well with the concern for high temperature structural materials. On the other hand, limited experimental value of 13.5x10-6/K. The simulated thermal conductivity of 8.2 creep deformation may be favored in structural ceramics and composites, as W/m-K at 1473K is only two-thirds of the experimental value of 12W/m-K, a it mitigates internal stress. In nuclear environments, irradiation-induced creep discrepancy whose origin we are exploring. In addition, a polycrystal of MgO is added to thermally activated creep deformation. In many cases, irradiation has been generated, and its thermal transport properties are determined. This creep is caused by the preferred nucleation of planar defect clusters and/or work was funded by DOE-NERI Award DE-FC07-05ID14649. preferred absorption of supersaturated point defects at edge dislocations. 2:40 PM Recently, irradiation creep of chemically vapor-deposited silicon carbide was Changes in the Mechanical Properties of Irradiated Ceramics Investigated studied by the authors employing the bend stress relaxation method to an in- by Nanoindentation and Computer Simulation: Asta Richter1; Roger pile experiment. In this experiment, thin strip samples of silicon carbide were Smith2; Steven Kenny2; Bodo Wolf3; James Valdez4; Kurt Sickafus4; Ismail neutron-irradiated under elastic constraint at 450 – 1000°C. This paper reports Gheewala2; 1University of Applied Sciences Wildau; 2Loughborough the result of microstructural examination of the crept samples. University; 3University of Applied Sciences Lausitz; 4Los Alamos National 4:15 PM Laboratory Properties of Structures, Host Atoms and Implanted Species in Ion This paper presents a nanoindentation study of both magnesia and yttrium Irradiated SiC: Weilin Jiang1; Yanwen Zhang1; Vaithiyalingam Shutthanandan1; stabilised zirconium oxide before and after Ar irradiation up to a fluence of Mark Engelhard1; William Weber1; Suntharampillai Thevuthasan1; Exarhos 1020 Ar+ m-2. The materials are compared both before and after irradiation Gregory1; Jie Lian2; Rodney Ewing2; 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; using multi-cycling nanoindentation indicating an increase in hardness but 2University of Michigan not indentation modulus with increasing dose. The results also indicate that Single crystal 6H-SiC wafers were fully amorphized using ion irradiation. radiation induced defect pinning decreases the dislocation mobility to increase The microstructural evolution and depth profiles of the host atoms and hardness and cause the material to become less brittle. Simulation studies implanted species in the amorphized SiC have been studied using a variety of confirm the experimental observation for magnesia that slip occurs in the experimental methods. Neither Si nor C sublattice exhibits a significant mass (110) planes which can result in piling up patterns after indentation which are transport by diffusion during the ion irradiation at room temperature. Au and dependent on crystal orientation. Ag implants in SiC are found to be immobile at high temperatures. The Si-Si bonds are not observed on the Ar+ sputtered SiC surface, but they exist in the bulk amorphized SiC. The absence of the Si-Si bonds is primarily due to the
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preferential sputtering. In addition, thermal behavior of the implanted 13C in SiC also has been studied. Significant 13C diffusion in the amorphized SiC does not occur up to 1000 K. The results suggest that the implanted 13C atoms Outreach Programs in Materials Science and are readily trapped in the amorphized SiC. Engineering: Outreach Programs in Industry and 4:35 PM Government Laboratories M Microstructural Defects in Neutron Irradiated SiC at Very High Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS: Public and Governmental Affairs Committee O Temperatures: Sosuke Kondo1; Yutai Katoh1; Lance Snead1; 1Oak Ridge Program Organizers: Dan Thoma, Los Alamos National Laboratory; N National Laboratory Katherine Chen, California Polytechnic State University Swelling and thermo-physical property changes have been of major interest D for silicon carbide (SiC) for applications in radiation services. It is well Monday PM Room: Pacific Hall A A understood that the amorphous phase induced by low-temperature irradiation February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Y (Tirr<~200°C) causes a significant volume expansion. In the medium temperature range of ~1000°C, saturation swelling presumably attributed Session Chair: Katherine Chen, California Polytechnic State University to point defect / cluster accumulation has been observed. There are recent P evidences that irradiation-induced void development occurs in SiC at higher 2:00 PM Invited M temperatures, which may lead to unstable swelling as dose accumulates. Congressional Visit Days: Challenge and Opportunity for the MS&E However, very limited knowledge has been obtained regarding the void Community: Alexander Scott1; 1TMS formation in SiC, such as temperature / fluence dependence, and influence TMS participates through the Federation of Materials Societies (FMS) in of the initial microstructure. In this study, chemically vapor-deposited SiC Congressional Visit Days, an advocacy program to promote federal funding samples were examined following neutron irradiation to the highest dose of for MS&E research, K-12 education and the betterment of the profession. This ~1x1026 n/m2 (E>0.1MeV) at temperatures 600-1600°C in HFIR, Oak Ridge presentation will outline the history, purpose and practical ways for members of National Laboratory. We will report the initial result of transmission electron the MS&E Community to participate in the 2007 CVD Days. The TMS Public microscopy work, and discuss primarily void swelling. and Governmental Affairs Committee is the organizing group within TMS 4:55 PM to develop our delegation, establish the message and invite the participants. Influence of Microstructure on Thermal Defect Resistance of SiC Neutron A special emphasis is placed on having student members participate so they Irradiated up to 1600°C: Lance Snead1; Yutai Katoh1; Sosuke Kondo1; 1Oak are encouraged to attend this presentation. CVD Days is a key component of Ridge National Laboratory TMS’s advocacy program on behalf of the profession so learn how you can be High purity silicon carbide has been neutron irradiated from 200 to 1600°C a part of this vital and vibrant program. over a range of fluences. This temperature range spans the temperature range 2:30 PM Invited from the critical amorphization temperature, through what is generally referred Materials Camps Demonstrate Proven Success and Impact: Charles to as the point-defect swelling regime, well into the void-swelling regime. Hayes1; Lyle Schwartz1; 1ASM Materials Education Foundation This paper will present new data on the swelling, thermal conductivity, and ASM Materials Education Foundation created Materials Camps in 2000 microstructural evolution in the void-swelling regime. Particular focus will be to address the anticipated shortage of materials scientists, engineers and on the relationship between the thermal defect resistance of irradiated SiC on researchers. Central to the camps is the recognition that hands-on exploration the as-irradiated microsctructure. of materials is a superb introduction to science, engineering and materials 5:15 PM careers. Participants include high school students and (separately) high school The Impact of Point Defects and Clusters and on the Thermal science teachers. Formats are residential or non-residential. The program is Conductivity and Dimensional Stability of 3C-SiC: Tjacka Bus1; Brian provided free of charge to all participants. Explosive growth was made possible Wirth1; Yutai Katoh2; Lance Snead2; 1University of California, Berkeley; 2Oak by engaging a small army of volunteers from local communities and utilizing Ridge National Laboratory host University lab facilities. We will describe effective recruitment strategies Silicon carbide has excellent thermal conductivity, good dimensional that resulted in 40 plus geographic locations in 2006, and that have now served stability and high strength for temperatures well above 1200°C, making thousands of students and teachers. A growing list of professional societies it a candidate structural material for advanced fission and fusion reactors. and corporations have joined forces in support of Materials Camps, providing Defects introduced during manufacturing and due to radiation exposure, can expert volunteers, specialized curricular modules, hands-on learning activities, significantly degrade the properties. In particular, the thermal conductivity and financial support. Independent external evaluation and on-going consumer degradation and swelling of neutron irradiated SiC are key issues which may assessments will be described as they drive continuous improvement in limit its application. Recent neutron irradiation experiments suggest that the program quality. Best Practices will be shared, including: utilizing volunteers same type of defects is responsible for both swelling and loss of thermal as faculty, informal mentoring networks, strengthening local Chapters. conductivity, although the responsible defects and their evolution are not Materials Camp has already motivated many high school students to major in well understood. We present molecular dynamics simulations to calculate materials science, enrollment data will be shared. Opportunities for individual the thermal conductivity for both perfect SiC and SiC containing a variety of and organizational involvement will be described. More partners, financial point defect clusters and interstitial dislocation loops by using the Green-Kubo sponsors and volunteers are needed to broaden our reach and expand the approach. The results will be discussed in light of developing models of defect technical scope of the program. evolution under fusion relevant conditions. 3:00 PM Invited Education and Innovation Challenges: National Innovation Institutes as a New Model: Duane Dimos1; Justine Johannes1; Jeffrey Hoyt1; Robert Hwang1; 1Sandia National Laboratories Recent reports, especially from the National Academies, have articulated critical challenges for the country to remain a technical and economic leader: increasing the talent pool through improved K-12 education, strengthening the commitment to long-term research, attracting and retaining top scientists and engineers, and enhancing the innovation environment. The American Competitiveness Initiative provided a response to advance national investments in research and development, math and science education and innovation/entrepreneurship. We will discuss an important role for national laboratories as part of this effort and describe efforts at Sandia National
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 101 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Laboratories to initiate a new construct, Discovery Science and Engineering Innovation Institutes. These institutes would be technology incubators and centers of learning that build off the expertise and facilities resident at the host Pb-Free Electronic Solders: Alloy Design, laboratory and bring together academia, industry and government in powerful Characterization and Service Reliability: M partnerships. An example, the National Institute of Nano-Engineering (NINE), Microstructure and Characterization O will be introduced as a prototype of this idea. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, 3:30 PM Invited Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Electronic Packaging and N 1 Interconnection Materials Committee The COSMOS Program at University of California-Davis: Niels Jensen ; Program Organizers: Fu Guo, Beijing University of Technology; K. D 1 University of California Subramanian, Michigan State University; Sung Kang, IBM Corporation; A We will briefly describe our experiences with the California State Summer Srinivas Chada, Medtronic; Laura Turbini, University of Toronto; Jin Yu, Y School for Mathematics and Science (COSMOS), which is a 4 week program Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology for high school students attending topical clusters in groups of about 20. One cluster, The History of Physics and Technology, is covering the historical Monday PM Room: Oceanic 1 P formulation of equations of motion, electromagnetic fields, and the probing February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel M of materials and atomic structure. We expose the students to industry and National Laboratories of key interest. A core event is Los Alamos National Session Chairs: Laura Turbini, University of Toronto; Sinn-Wen Chen, Laboratory hosting the entire cluster for two days in New Mexico, show- National Tsing Hua University casing the history and impact of the Laboratory through the Bradbury Science Museum together with contemporary research facilities and opportunities at 2:00 PM all levels of a scientific career. It is our aim to present the students with a Asymetrical Solder Microstructure in Ni/Sn/Cu Solder Joint: Shen-njie relationship between contemporary applied science and the world they live in; Wang1; Cheng-Yi Liu1; 1National Central University thereby emphasizing the impact a career in science can have. Asymmetrical solder microstructure was observed in the Ni/Sn/Cu solder 4:00 PM Invited joint. The asymmetrical solder microstructure was resulted from the Cu The Los Alamos Institutes a Model for National Laboratory - University concentration gradient along the Ni/Sn/Cu solder joint. The mechanical test Collaborations: Charles Farrar1; Gyuhae Park1; Matthew Bement1; Michael shows that mechanical property of the Ni/Sn/Cu solder joint highly correlated Todd2; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2University of California, San Diego with the asymmetrical solder microstructure. The newly formed Los Alamos Institutes represents a substantial Los Alamos 2:20 PM National Laboratory investment dedicated to developing the next generation Extensive Electrical Measurement in Lead-Free Solder Assembly after of scientists and engineers, revitalizing current LANL staff and retaining these Environmental Tests by SEM Internal Probing Technique: Toung-Yi Shih1; staff. Components that are, or will be, common to all of the Institutes include: Tom Hsu1; Yung-Chi Lin1; Jenq-Gong Duh1; 1National Tsing Hua University Summer schools aimed at undergraduate US-citizen student recruitment Electrical characterization for lead-free materials in the bump technology into the graduate school programs. A graduate school fellowship program was developed. Joint assemblies were thermally treated under various through which laboratory/campus collaborative research is accomplished. environmental tests, including highly-accelerated stress test, temperature Multidisciplinary curriculum development and delivery using both campus cycling test, and high temperature storage test. Measurements of sheet faculty and LANL staff as instructors. The degree programs are made available resistivity and contact resistance of IMCs in solder joints were conducted to both LANL staff and traditional on-campus students through distance under different thermal treatments. Quantitative analysis and elemental learning infrastructure. Short courses designed to transfer new technology to redistribution of IMCs were obtained by FE-EPMA. Various types of IMC, industry. Annual workshops involving students, faculty, LANL staff, industry such as (Cu,Ni)6Sn5, (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 and (Sn,Ag,Cu)3Sn were revealed. SEM and other government lab staff that attempt to summarize the state-of-the-art internal probing system was introduced to evaluate electric characteristics and research needs in various emerging technologies. in IMC after thermal treatments. To accurately determine the resistivity 4:30 PM Break performance of IMC, a novel method incorporated with SELA-EM2 and FIB was developed to prepare the joint sample. It was demonstrated that more 4:45 PM Panel Discussion accurate evaluation of resistivity in IMCs could be achieved by this innovative Collaboration on Outreach Programs for the Benefit of the Materials technique. Community 2:40 PM Microstructure Evolution of SnAgCuEr Lead-Free Solders under High Temperature Aging: Hu Hao1; Yaowu Shi1; Zhidong Xia1; Yongping Lei1; Fu Guo1; 1Beijing University of Technology The evolution of microstructure especially the IMC under high temperature aging process have been systematically investigated and the effects of trace amount of rare earth element Er have also been studied. The results showed that diffusion and reassemble occur in the constituent phase of solder alloy during aging process. At the same time, newly formed sphere shaped IMCs were dispersedly separated out accompanied with the dissolution of eutectic phase. Thick IMCs, which were produced at initial crystallization stage and presented a special shape, gradually became separated. ß-Sn dendrite was gradually eroded in place of eutectic phase and the composition of the constituent phases was continuously changing with the aging time. 3:00 PM A Study of Multi-Reflowed Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints: Huann-Wu Chiang1; Ting-Yu Liu1; Yi-Shao Lai2; 1I-Shou University; 2Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc. In this work, we studied interfacial reactions of multi-reflowed Sn-Pb and Sn-Ag-Cu ball grid array (BGA) solder joints of various Ag contents bonded on electroplated Ni/Au Cu pads. Metallurgical evolutions of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were scrutinized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
102 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that Ni3Sn4 4:30 PM and (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 IMC layers were developed for Sn-Pb and Sn-Ag-Cu solder Experimental Wettability Study of Lead-Free Solder on Cu Substrate alloys, respectively, on the interface between solder and pad after reflow. For with Varying Fluxes and Temperatures: Dongxia Xu1; Yongping Lei1; Sn-Ag-Cu solder joints, the thickness of the IMC layer increases as the reflow Zhidong Xia1; Fu Guo1; 1Beijing University of Technology cycle increases, and part of the layer spalls from the interface subsequently. The selection of soldering flux plays a critical role in promoting wetting M However, for Sn-Pb solder joints, the interfacial IMC layer does not apparently and product reliability of printed circuit board assemblies. In this study, the change its thickness and morphology during multi-reflow. Ball shear and ball effects of fluxes on the wetting characteristics of the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder O impact tests (BIT) were also performed to examine strengths of these solder alloy on Cu substrate have been researched by using various flux systems at N joints. different environmental temperatures. According to the distinct characteristic D of the lead-free solder—poor wettability, three kinds of fluxes (RMA flux, no- 3:20 PM clean flux with high solid content and water-soluble flux) were chosed in the A Kinetic and Microstructure Analysis of SAC+X Solders: Jason Walleser1; wetting experiments. The wetting angle and spreadability were the evaluating Y Iver Anderson1; Joel Harringa1; Alfred Kracher1; 1Iowa State University indicators. The experimental observations indicated that the wettability clearly Joint strength and reliability concerns about lead-free solders, e.g., Sn-Ag- depended on soldering temperature and flux system when using the same Cu (SAC), arise from several microstructural factors. In Sn-Pb solders, Pb P solder. Also the corrosion potential of flux residues was measured by surface effectively retards diffusion and consequent intermetallic compound (IMC) insulation resistance (SIR) testing.Samples tested with water-soluble flux had M growth. However, in SAC solders, solid-state diffusion during aging can cause SIR readings above 1011 Ω while the other two fluxes had readings averaged IMC layer growth and potential Kirkendall voids. By small substitutional around 108 Ω. addition of a fourth element in place of Cu, microstructural control during solidification and aging is possible. In prior experiments, some fourth element 4:50 PM atoms, e.g., Zn, segregate to the IMC/Cu interface. The extent to which a Demonstration and Characterization of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Sn57Bi1Ag fourth element segregates to the interface and how this affects relative interface Combination Solder for 3-D Multi-Stacking: Yun Hwan Jo1; Joo Won motion will be investigated in solder joints with inert Mo markers, SEM, and Lee1; Sun-Kyoung Seo1; Hun Han2; Sang Won Han1; Hyuck Mo Lee1; 1Korea electron microprobe measurements. Test alloys include Sn-3.5 Ag-(0.95 – y) Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 2Samgsung Electronics Cu – (y) X, where X = {Zn, Ni, Co, Fe} and y = {0.05, 0.10, 0.15}, in wt%. Company Supported by Iowa State University Research Foundation and Nihon-Superior A combination solder of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu wrapped by Sn-57Bi-1Ag was Co., Ltd. through Ames Lab contract no. W-7405-Eng-82. tested to apply to the 3-D multi stacking packaging. Experimental variables were chosen as follows: reflow peak temperatures (170, 185, 200 and 230°C), 3:40 PM Break reflow cycles (up to 4 times) and two kinds of the mask size that control the 3:50 PM amount of the Sn-57Bi-1Ag solder paste. We demonstrated and evaluated the Microstructure of Metallic Particles Reinforced Composite Solder Joints: combination solder structure, focusing on the micro-structural change and the Peng Liu1; Yuan Gao1; Jianping Liu1; Zhidong Xia1; Fu Guo1; 1Beijing shear strength.The degree of mixing in the combination solder was enhanced University of Technology with an increase in the reflow temperature, but it was independent of reflow Composite solders have attracted much attention of the “second generation” cycles. The intermetallic phase formed between the combination solder and solder researchers because of the improved properties and reliability. Study the under bump metallurgy (UBM: Au/Ni/Cu) was (Ni,Cu)3Sn4.The ball shear on the morphology of microconstituents in composite solder offers further test and lab shear test were performed. The shear strength increased with understanding of strengthening mechanisms. SnAg based composite solder reflow temperatures, but there was little change in terms of reflow cycles. joints with micron-sized Ni, Cu particle additions were prepared with Cu 5:10 PM substrate. Microstructure of three different composite solders, Ni, Cu, and both The Effects of Rare Earth Addition on Properties and Microstructure Ni and Cu being reinforcement, were investigated. As a comparison, joints of Lead-Free Solder Balls: Yang Yu1; Zhidong Xia1; Fu Guo1; Yaowu Shi1; with eutectic SnAg and SnAgCu solder, commonly used in microelectronics, 1Beijing University of Technology were fabricated under the same processes. Experimental results showed that Lead-free solder balls were prepared by using Uniform Droplet Spray the morphology of the interfacial intermetallic compounds at the interface (UDS) method. Minute amount of cerium-based mixed rare earth (RE) was was scalloped Cu6Sn5 in the SnAg, SnAgCu, and Cu reinforced composite added into solder alloy, aiming at examining the effects of different amount solders, while composite solders with Ni particles had great difference. of RE on the physical properties, spreading property, and microstructure of Detailed microstructural morphology descriptions of each composite solder the solder balls. Results showed that RE had no obvious effect on the melting and explanations of the formation mechanisms are provided in this research temperature, but it improved the surface condition and melt property of solder effort based on phase diagrams and atomic solubility theory. balls. According to the examination on the microstructure of the solder balls, 4:10 PM RE could affect the solidification behavior of the solder balls, which resulted Processing and Material Issues Related to Lead-Free Soldering: Laura in a smoother surface and better spread property. Turbini1; 1University of Toronto The European requirement for lead-free electronics has resulted in higher soldering temperatures and material and process changes. While tin-lead solder melts at 183°C, the common lead-free alternatives have much higher melting temperatures. These have challenged the ingenuity of the materials and process engineers. In the lead-free era, we see changes in printed wiring board substrates designed for lower soldering temperatures being replaced by newer materials. Factors such as glass transition temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature (Td) and coefficient of thermal expansion must be considered. Many electronic components are made for lower peak temperatures than those required by the new solders. Solder flux chemistries are changing to meet the needs of the new metal systems, and cleaning is becoming more of a challenge. Finally, there is a reliability problem – an increased potential for the growth of conductive anodic filament, an electrochemical failure mechanism that occurs in the use environment.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 103 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
model solidification paths and effects of impurities, and to understand the interactions between solder and substrate. The database is the result of critical Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and assessment of experimental data produced within the action augmented by Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VI: data for binary and ternary systems taken from the literature. It has been M Session I tested using MTDATA, Thermo-Calc and Pandat. The database covers the Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, system Ag-Au-Bi-Cu-In-Ni-Pb-Pd-Sb-Sn-Zn and contains thermodynamic O Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Alloy Phases Committee descriptions for 55 binary and 11 ternary systems. Its construction is on-going. N Program Organizers: Sinn-Wen Chen, National Tsing Hua University; This action is supported by the European Science Foundation. D Srinivas Chada, Medtronic; Chih-ming Chen, National Chung Hsing University; Young-Chang Joo, Seoul National University; A. Lindsay Greer, 3:15 PM A University of Cambridge; Hyuck Lee, Korea Advanced Institute of Science Thermodynamic Assessment of the Bi-Ni System and Phase Equilibria Y and Technology; Daniel Lewis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Katsuaki of the Sn-Bi-Ni System: Sun-Kyoung Seo1; Moon Gi Cho1; Sung Hoon Lee1; Suganuma, Osaka University Jong Hoon Kim2; Hyuck Mo Lee1; 1Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 2Hynix Semiconductor P Monday PM Room: Oceanic 2 The phase equilibria study of the Sn-Bi-Ni system is necessary to analyze M February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel the reaction of the Sn-based solders containing Bi with the Ni UBM during soldering. We reassessed the thermodynamic parameters of the Bi-Ni system Session Chairs: Daniel Lewis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Young with a goal to extend to the phase equilibria of the Sn-Bi-Ni system. In order Chang Joo, Seoul National University to obtain the experimental data of NiBi, we synthesized the NiBi compound phase and measured the compositional range of the stable NiBi phase with 2:00 PM Introductory Comments temperature using an electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). In addition, the X-ray peaks of the NiBi phase were confirmed through the powder X- 2:05 PM Invited ray diffraction (XRD) method. In this way, we obtained the ternary Sn-Bi-Ni Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Equilibria in the Sn-Ag-Cu-Ni- phase diagram using previously reported Sn-Ni and Sn-Bi systems as well as Au System: Xing Jun Liu1; Cui Ping Wang1; Feng Gao1; Yuan Yuan Li1; Ikuo the Bi-Ni system reassessed in this work. Finally, it was compared with the Ohnuma2; Kiyohito Ishida2; 1Xiamen University; 2Tohoku University previous experimental data regarding the interfacial reaction between the Sn- Sn-Ag-Cu base solders have been considered as the most potential solders Bi solder and the Ni UBM. to instead of Sn-Pb eutectic solder. Gold (Au) coatings have been used for a long time to protect conductor surface from oxidation and thereby to 3:35 PM Break promote the solderability, and Nickel (Ni) often used as a diffusion barrier 3:50 PM layer between lead-free solders and substrates to restrict the growing of Inhibiting the AuSn Formation by Controlling the Interfacial Reaction intermetallic compound layers. Therefore the thermodynamic calculation 4 in Solder Joints: Li-Yin Hsiao1; Guh Yaw Jang1; Jenq-Gong Duh1; 1National of phase equilibria in the Sn-Ag-Cu-Ni-Au system, which is very important Tsing Hua University for developing lead-free solders, has been developed using the CALPHAD Au is used in electronic package to protect conductor from oxidation. method. Substitutional solution model and sublattice model are respectively However, Au dissolved into solders and reacted with Sn-rich phase to form used to describe the solution phases and intermediate phases in this study. The AuSn during soldering. After aging, Au diffused from AuSn toward solder/ calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data. Base on the 4 4 metallization interface. If Ni Sn formed at soldering interface, a layer of AuSn present calculations, information on phase diagrams, liquidus projection, and 3 4 4 was re-deposited on Ni Sn . In contrast, Au dissolved into Cu Sn -based IMCs thermodynamic properties are predicted. 3 4 6 5 to produce (Cu,Au)6Sn5 or (Cu,Ni,Au)6Sn5, as Cu6Sn5 or (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 formed
2:30 PM Invited at soldering interface. Gibbs energy evaluation revealed that both (Ni,Au)3Sn4
Lead-Free Solders: Phase Relationships and Thermochemistry of Ag-Ni- and (Cu,Au)6Sn5 were more thermodynamically stable than AuSn4. Maximum 1 1 1 1 Sn: Hans Flandorfer ; Clemens Schmetterer ; Usman Saeed ; Herbert Ipser ; amount of Au dissolved in Ni3Sn4 was 4.6at.%, while maximum dissolution of 1 University of Vienna Au in Cu6Sn5 was 24.3at.% at 150°C. Thus, dissolution of Au in Ni3Sn4 was
For a comprehensive understanding of solidification behavior and interfacial limited. Residual Au re-reacted with Sn to form layer-type AuSn4. If Cu6Sn5
reactions in solder joints a deeper insight in the phase relationships and formed at interface, most of Au in AuSn4 dissolved in Cu6Sn5. Consequently,
thermochemistry of solder alloy systems is indispensable. We are currently AuSn4 formation could be inhibited by controlling formation of Cu6Sn5 and
investigating the quaternary system Ag-Cu-Ni-Sn which is a key system Ni3Sn4 in solder/UBM assemblies. for lead-free soldering. Experiments are mainly focused on the constituent 4:10 PM binary and ternary systems. The phase diagram of the system Ag-Ni-Sn was Interfacial Reactions in the Sn-8Zn-3Bi/Cu and Sn-8Zn-3Bi/Ni Couples: established based on XRD-, thermal analyses- and metallographic results. We Ching-feng Yang1; Sinn-wen Chen1; 1National Tsing-Hua University present four isothermal sections, several vertical sections, a liquidus surface Sn-Zn-Bi alloys are promising Pb-free solders. Interfacial reactions projection and a reaction diagram. The enthalpy of mixing of liquid alloys has between the eutectic Sn-8wt%Zn-3wt%Bi alloy and the Cu and Ni substrates been determined by means of drop calorimetry for the ternary system Ag-Ni-Sn are examined. Two different kinds of substrates, the bulk plate and the as well as for the quaternary system Ag-Cu-Ni-Sn. The experimental integral electroplating film, are used in this study. The reactions are carried outat enthalpy values have been fitted to a modified Redlich-Kister polynomial. Our 250°C. Although the Zn content is only 8wt%, the Zn-Cu compounds, γ- results have been compared to results from well known extrapolation models Cu5Zn8 and e-CuZn5 phase layers, are formed at the interface of Sn-8Zn-3Bi/ e.g. the Toop model. Cu couples. The e-CuZn5 phase is of scallop-shape morphology, and the other 2:55 PM phase, γ-Cu5Zn8, is a planar layer. In the Sn-8Zn-3Bi/Ni couples, a Zn-Ni The COST 531 Lead-Free Solders Thermodynamic Database: Andy compound, Ni5Zn21 phase, is formed. Similar results are found in the couples Watson1; Ales Kroupa2; Alan Dinsdale3; Adéla Zemanová2; Jirí Vízdal2; Jan where the substrates are electroplating film: the reaction phases are the same, Vrešt’ál4; 1University of Leeds; 2Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; while the growth rates are different. 3National Physical Laboratory; 4Masaryk University 4:30 PM Owing to new legislation, lead can no longer be used in electrical and Effects of Minor Addition of Zn on Interfacial Reactions of Sn-Ag-Cu and electronic equipment within Europe. COST 531 is a European action on Sn-Cu Solders on Various Cu Substrates during Thermal Aging: Moon Gi the study of new lead-free materials for use in the electronics industry. One Cho1; Hyuck Mo Lee1; Sung K. Kang2; Da-Yuan Shih2; 1KAIST; 2IBM T.J. objective is to provide a self-consistent thermodynamic database for lead-free Watson Research Center solder materials and substrates. With appropriate software this may be used to The effects of Zn addition to Sn-0.7Cu and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu on the calculate phase equilibria and liquidus surfaces for multicomponent solders, interfacial reaction with Cu were investigated, focusing on the intermetallic
104 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program compound (IMC) growth, Cu consumption and void formation as functions of at.% Phosphorous. First results in this system can be presented. The wetting aging and solder compositions. Four different Cu substrates (high purity Cu, behaviour and interlayer formation of 16 Ag-Cu-Sn solder alloys on Ni was oxygen free Cu, sputtered Cu, and electroplated Cu) were prepared. Growth of also studied. These results are compared to data using Cu as a substrate.
IMCs (Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn) in Zn-added solders was slower than those without Zn. On the electroplated Cu, numerous voids were observed in the Cu Sn 3 M phase when reacted and aged with Sn-Cu and Sn-Ag-Cu solders. However, these voids were largely eliminated in the Zn-added solders. On the other three Plasticity from the Atomic Scale to Constitutive O Cu voids were not found in both solders with and without Zn. Cu consumption Laws: Dislocation Solute, Precipitate and Grain N with Zn-added solders was also lower. The beneficial effects of Zn-addition Boundary Interactions D and the mechanisms in suppressing void formation and Cu consumption with Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural A an effective Zn composition have been investigated and will be discussed. Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science and Engineering Committee Y 4:50 PM Program Organizers: Christopher Woodward, US Air Force; Michael Mills, Cross-Interaction between Ni and Cu across a Lead-Free Solder Joint Ohio State University; Diana Farkas, Virginia Tech with Different Solder Volumes: Chien Wei Chang1; Su Chun Yang1; C. P Robert Kao2; 1National Central University; 2National Taiwan University Monday PM Room: Europe 9 M The Ni/solder/Cu sandwich structure was one of the most common solder February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel joint configurations in microelectronic packages. The spacing between the Ni/solder and solder/Cu interface can range from 700 microns (BGA joints) Session Chairs: Dallas Trinkle, University of Illinois; Satish Rao, UES Inc. to 20 microns (Cu pillar flip-chip joints). Accordingly, the solder volume between these two interfaces can be very different. Yet, the effect of the solder 2:00 PM Invited volume on the cross-interaction between these two interface is still not very Multiscale Modeling of Dynamic Strain Aging in Al-Mg Alloys: W. Curtin1; clear. In this study, the Ni/Sn/Cu ternary diffusion couples will be used to D. Olmsted1; 1Brown University investigate the solder volume effect on the cross-interaction. Experimentally, Dynamic strain aging (DSA) is the phenomenon in which solute atoms a Sn layer with the thickness of 100, 200, 400 microns was electroplated over diffuse around dislocations and retard dislocation motion, leading to negative one Cu foil. A layer of pure Ni was then deposited over the as-deposited Sn. strain-rate-sensitivity (nSRS) and thus to material instabilities during The diffusion couples were aged at 160°C, the solder joints were assembled processing, an important issue in commercial metal alloys. Here, the atomic- without experiencing any high temperature process, such as reflow. The scale mechanism of DSA and nSRS on experimental strain rate, temperature, detailed reaction sequence and the mechanism will be presented. and stress scales for Al-Mg is shown to be single-hop transport of solutes 5:10 PM from the compression to the tension side of a dislocation core. An analytic To Study the Failure Mechanism in Au-Al Ball Bonds for High expression for the strengthening versus strain rate and temperature is derived Temperature Storage Test: Liang Hung1; 1Siliconware Precision Industries that justifies similar ad-hoc forms in the literature, and provides specific Company, Ltd dependencies of the parameters on material properties. Kinetic Monte Carlo Since the application of thermocompression and thermosonic wire simulations support the mechanism and analytic model. Using literature bonding, gold ball lift issue always perplexes fine pitch and higher reliability material properties, the predicted strengthening quantitatively agrees with the requirement and two major theories were proposed to explain the failure of experimentally-derived behavior of Al-2.5% Mg at 300K, and qualitatively Au-Al bonds. First, the formation of Kirkendall porosity in and around the agrees with the strain rate and temperature ranges of DSA and nSRS in Al-Mg ball bonds is the most widely accepted theory. Another, the corrosion of Au- alloys. Al IMC at the interface was pointed out as cause to diminish bond strength 2:30 PM and increase electrical resistivity. The corrosion elements maybe from wafer First Principles Study of Dislocations in Al and Al-Mg: Christopher process and EMC. Two major failure mechanisms can be accelerated with Woodward1; Louis Hector2; Dallas Trinkle3; 1US Air Force; 2General Motors increasing temperature. It is difficult to judge which one is root cause. In this Technical Center; 3University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign study, optimizing wire bonding parameter is controlled to reduce other factor Details of the local dislocation strain field can strongly influence plastic influence (the IMC coverage > 70%). 4N gold wire without EMC is observed deformation in fcc materials. In simple metals the lattice friction stress is Kirkendall void formation during aging test. 4N gold with various EMC is strongly correlated to the splitting distance of the Shockley partials. Also, discussed the corrosion behavior by FIB and SEM/EDS analysis. local solute-dislocation interactions have a role in producing the well known 5:30 PM Portevin-LeChatelier effect. Previous numerical studies of dislocations in Ni as a Contact Material in Lead-Free Soldering: IMC Formation: Aluminum, based on atomistics or Peierls-Nabarro methods, have produced Clemens Schmetterer1; H. Flandorfer1; S. Knott1; H. Ipser1; 1University of a wide range of Shockley-partial splitting distances. Here the equilibrium Vienna dislocation strain fields for isolated ½<110> screw and edge dislocations are In electronics Ni is widely used as a contact material on PCB boards, calculated using a first principles method with flexible boundary conditions. most commonly as a protective layer on Cu. During the soldering process, a Using several numerical techniques the dissociation of the screw (edge) layer of intermetallic compounds (IMC) is formed at the interface between Shockley partial dislocations is found to be in the range of 5.0-7.5 Ang. (7.6- contact material and solder. As soldering is diffusion controlled process, the 8.0 Ang.). Solute (Mg) -dislocation interactions are estimated by coupling phase diagram provides the basic information for the description of interfacial core-volumetric distortions to the size misfit of Mg in Al. These results are reactions between solder and contact material. Several binary and ternary compared with direct first principles calculations of the Mg-dislocation constituents (e.g. Ag-Ni, Ni-Sn, Ag-Ni-Sn, etc.) of the quaternary Ag-Cu- interaction energy. Ni-Sn system, which is the key system for the description of interactions 2:50 PM between widespread Ag-Cu-Sn solder and a Ni containing substrate, were The Vacancy-Edge Dislocation Interaction in fcc Metals: Emmanuel studied. Especially in the Ni-Sn system, which forms the basis of higher order Clouet1; 1SRMP, CEA Saclay systems, uncertainties caused by a number of not fully consistent experimental The interaction between vacancies and edge dislocations is studied in investigations from the 1930ies and 1940ies, could be clarified. In addition a face centered cubic metals (Al, Au, Cu, Ni) at different length scales. Using suggestion for the so far not investigated phase transition in Ni3Sn2 was made. empirical potentials and static relaxation, atomic simulations gives us a precise Based upon our new results a revised version of the Ni-Sn phase diagram can description of this interaction when the separation distance between both be presented. The system Ag-Ni-Sn will be presented in another contribution. defects is small, whereas elasticity theory can be used for larger distances. A The Ni-P-Sn system is another key-system for the description of interactions comparison between both approaches1 shows that isotropic elasticity correctly between solders and Ni-containing substrate. This system has particular predicts this interaction as long as the vacancy lies outside the dislocation core relevance, as Ni-layers deposited by electroless plating always contain some
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 105 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
and the stacking fault ribbon. In addition, the interaction of a vacancy with prime precipitates in Ni-base superalloys, and slip transmission across alpha/ an edge dislocation that contains a jog or a super-jog is discussed. Atomic beta interfaces in Ti alloys. In this presentation we will give a brief review simulations show that jogs are perfect sinks and sources for vacancies even if of these applications and then discuss its most recent development including these jogs are dissociated. 1E. Clouet. Acta Mater., 54:3543, 2006. the extension to a discrete model based on real crystal lattice. The work is supported by AFOSR under the MEANS-2 program. M 3:10 PM O Point-Defect Mediated Dislocation Nucleation in Nanoidentation: Amit Samanta1; 5:00 PM N Ju Li1; Ting Zhu2; 1Ohio State University; 2Georgia Institute of Technology Structures, Energies and Dislocation Nucleation Behaviours of Σ3 We examine the conditions for heterogeneous nucleation of dislocations Asymmetric Tilt Grain Boundaries: Mark Tschopp1; David McDowell1; D beneath an indenter in copper, aided by vacancies and interstitials near the 1Georgia Institute of Technology A surface. Atomistic calculations are performed to assess the stress-dependent Atomistic simulations are employed to investigate the energy and structure Y formation and migration energies of point defects in the bulk and near the of symmetric and asymmetric Σ3 <110> tilt grain boundaries. Simulation surface, which are used to predict the realistic kinetics of point-defect motion results show that the Σ3 <110> asymmetric tilt grain boundaries are composed under the indenter due to the large stress gradient. The reaction pathways and of only structural units of the two Σ3 symmetric tilt grain boundaries. A P activation energy barriers for dislocation nucleation near these point defects structural unit model for Σ3 asymmetric tilt grain boundaries that fits all of M are computed using a modified nudged elastic band method, and compared the calculated asymmetric grain boundary structures is presented along with with those of homogeneous nucleations. The activation volumes of point- a partial dislocation description. The significance of these results is that both defect mediated dislocation nucleations are compared with homogeneous bulk the structural unit and partial dislocation descriptions of all Σ3 asymmetric and surface nucleations. Based on these data, a nucleation mechanism map is tilt grain boundaries may be predicted from the structural units of the Σ3 drawn as a function of temperature and indentation rate. coherent twin and incoherent twin boundaries for both Cu and Al. Atomistic deformation simulations of dislocation nucleation for a wide range of Σ3 3:30 PM <110> tilt boundaries are analyzed to elucidate the relationship between grain Oxygen in Grain Boundaries: A Molecular Dynamics Study: Andreas boundary structure and deformation response for this family of interfaces. Elsener1; Olivier Politano2; Peter Derlet1; Helena Van Swygenhoven1; 1Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland; 2LRRS, UMR 5613 CNRS-Université de 5:20 PM Bourgogne, France The Effect of Grain Boundary Misorientation on Intragranular Slip in One of the important differences between simulation and experiments in Zinc Bicrystals: Askar Sheikh-Ali1; 1Kazakh-British Technical University grain boundary dominated metallic structures is the lack of impurities such Intragranular slip in zinc bicrystals with tilt boundaries of different as oxygen in computational samples. Molecular dynamics simulations are misorientations located in the range of 48°-57° has been studied. All performed to investigate the presence of oxygen in grain boundaries on the investigated boundaries have axis of rotation of <1010>. The amount of internal stress distribution and the resulting plasticity mechanism. A modified intragranular strain has been determined on the basis of the concept of grain variable charge method based on the Streitz and Mintmire (PRB 50, 11996 boundary sliding consisting of two components dependent and independent (1994)) approach that incorporates a local chemical potential is used to on intragranular slip. The distribution of grain boundary sliding along simulate oxidation in a predominantly metallic Al environment. In particular, the boundary has been measured using marker line technique. The result the spatial extent of the charge transfer in the oxide region, the resulting shows a strong dependence of the kinetics of intragranular slip on boundary changes in local stress distribution and how these change under an applied misorientation. It is demonstrated that near coincident misorientation the slip stress will be presented for a number of carefully selected grain boundary does not obey the Schmid’s law. missorientations, and in a nanocrystalline environment. Particular emphasis will be paid to the role oxygen plays in grain boundary sliding and dislocation nucleation at the interface. Properties and Performance of High Temperature 3:50 PM Break Alloys and Coatings: Polycrystalline Alloys 4:10 PM Invited Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Shearing Mechanisms of Gamma’ Precipitates by Single (A/2) <110> Materials Division, TMS: High Temperature Alloys Committee, TMS/ASM: Dissociated Dislocations in Ni-Based Superalloys: Brigitte Decamps1; Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical 1Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Behavior of Materials Committee Shearing of gamma’ precipitates involving superlattice stacking faults Program Organizers: Qiang Feng, Beijing University of Science and (intrinsic (S-ISF) and/or extrinsic (S-ESF)) is one of the important deformation Technology; Timothy Gabb, NASA Glenn Research Center; Doug Konitzer, General Electric Aviation; Roger Reed, Imperial College London; Bruce Pint, modes in Ni-based superalloys containing a high volume fraction of precipitates. Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Sammy Tin, Illinois Institute of Technology; In this work, the combination of transmission electron microscopy techniques Shiela Woodard, Pratt and Whitney (bright-field, weak-beam, high resolution) coupled to bright-field image matching1 has been used to study the shearing configurations depending on Monday PM Room: Asia 4 several parameters such as the mechanical testing or the precipitate distribution February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel and morphology. On this basis, elementary shearing mechanisms involving (i) the crossing of gamma/gamma’ interfaces by a single (a/2) <110> dissociated Session Chairs: James Larsen, US Air Force; Sammy Tin, Illinois Institute matrix dislocation or a single (a/6) <112> decorrelated Shockley partial and of Technology (ii) the nucleation of a Shockley dislocation are proposed and discussed. 1Head A.K., Humble P., Clarebrough L.M., Morton A.J. (1973) ‘Computed Electron 2:00 PM Invited Micrographs and Defect Identification’ (Amsterdam: North-Holland). Evaluation of 3rd Generation Powder Metallurgy Superalloys for High 4:40 PM Temperature Gas Turbine Engine Disk Applications: Randolph Helmink1; Recent Development of Microscopic Phase Field Model of Dislocations: 1Rolls-Royce/LibertyWorks Chen Shen1; Ju Li1; Michael Mills1; Yunzhi Wang1; 1Ohio State University The demand for low cost gas turbine engines with improved performance With Green’s function solution of long-range elastic interactions and ab and durability requires ever increasing compressor exit and turbine inlet initio calculation of the generalized stacking fault (GSF) energy as model temperatures. The primary constraint on compressor exit temperature has inputs, the microscopic phase field model has been shown quantitatively to be been the temperature capability of the materials used in the highly stressed, a 3D generalization of the Peierls-Nabarro model, capable of treating complex high pressure compressor and turbine disks. Over the past decade new, 3rd dislocation structures. The method has been applied successfully to studying generation powder metallurgy superalloys have been developed to address dislocation core structures, structures and energies of small angle grain these needs. These alloys have improved grain boundary structures, which, boundaries consisting of regular arrays of dislocations, shearing of gamma in conjunction with improved powder and component processing techniques,
106 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program provide greater resistance to time dependent material properties, such as creep of metallography (SEM, TEM) and tensile tests are presented for standard heat and dwell fatigue crack growth. Rolls-Royce plc., working with Honeywell -treated as well as over-aged (1400°F / 350 h) material. Phase relations and International under a cooperative arrangement, has evaluated the 3rd their implications for yield strength are discussed. generation PM superalloys developed by the two companies versus some of 3:50 PM the competitive materials. The comparison will include RR1000 developed by Microstructures and Tensile Properties of New Ni-Co-Base Disk M Rolls-Royce, Alloy 10 developed by Honeywell, LSHR developed by NASA Superalloys: Cui Chuanyong1; Gu Yuefeng1; Harada Hiroshi1; Sato Akihiro1; and ME3 developed by NASA/GE/P&WA. O Fujioka Junzo1; 1National Institute of Materials Science N 2:25 PM Invited Recently, we proposed a new concept to design disk alloys, termed as Mechanisms and Modeling of Creep in Polycrystalline Ni-Base TMW alloys. This concept is based on combining the characters of gamma/ D Superalloys: Raymond Unocic1; Peter Sarosi1; Ju Li1; Yunzhi Wang1; Michael gamma prime Ni-base and gamma/gamma prime Co-base (Co-20at.%Ti) A Mills1; 1Ohio State University alloys. Thus, the contents of Co and Ti in these TMW alloys are higher than Y Polycrystalline Ni-base superalloys are used extensively in the hot section those in normal disk alloys. The TMW alloys were hot-rolled at 1120°C to of gas turbine engines because of their inherent elevated temperature strength 12 mm thick plates with 75% reduction. The microstructures were analyzed and creep resistance. These alloys are strengthened by varying populations using optical microscope (OP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The P γ of L12 structure precipitates. Materials with controlled heat treatments are tensile tests were performed at temperatures ranging from room temperature M being quantitatively analyzed for microstructure and chemistry using electron to 850°C. The results show that some of the TMW alloys only consist of microscopy and 3D atom probe techniques. These characterized microstructures gamma/gamma prime phases, and show better phase stability than Ni-base also provide crucial calibrating data for the phase field microstructure modeling superalloy (U720LI). Mechanical properties tests show that the TMW alloys being developed. A variety of operative deformation mechanisms have been possess high tensile ductility and stress than the disk superalloy U720LI. The observed after creep deformation using TEM techniques, depending upon obtained results are very useful for the development of new disk alloys. temperature and stress. These mechanisms include include microtwinning, 4:10 PM Break stacking-fault shearing of γ precipitates, Orowan looping, and dislocation climb/bypass. Developing microstructure-sensitive models for creep requires 4:25 PM Invited an accounting of these transitions in mechanisms. The evaluation of key Multiscale Phase Field Modeling of Phase Transformation and Plastic activation processes, suggested from direct experimental observations of the Deformation in Superalloys: Chen Shen1; Ju Li1; Michael Mills1; Yunzhi deformation mechanisms, is being conducted using a novel combination of Wang1; 1Ohio State University atomic-scale and phase field dislocation modeling. The phase field method at mesoscale has become a widely used technique for modeling complex morphological patterns formed in Ni-base superalloys 2:50 PM and their coatings. Recently, a new microscopic phase field (MPF) model of Long Term Aging of Nickel-Base Superalloys: Anita Garg1; Timothy Gabb2; precipitate-dislocation interactions was developed by using arbitrary inelastic John Gayda2; 1University of Toledo; 2NASA Glenn Research Center strain fields and generalized stacking fault (GSF) energy. In this presentation we The industry is demanding longer term service at high temperatures for nickel-base review formulations and applications of the method in modeling microstructure superalloys in gas turbine engine as well as potential space applications. However, evolution during precipitation, interdiffusion and plastic deformation in Ni- longer term service can severely tax alloy phase stability, to the potential detriment base superalloys. Examples are chosen at both mesoscopic and microscopic of mechanical properties. Cast Mar-M247LC and wrought Haynes 230 super- length scales. At the mesoscopic level we present simulation predictions of alloys were exposed and creep tested for extended times at elevated temperature. various gamma/gamma-prime microstructures and coupled microstructural Microstructure and phase evaluations were then undertaken for comparisons. evolution of precipitates and dislocations during rafting. At the microscopic 3:10 PM level we illustrate the ability of the MPF model in combination with the Effect of a Supersolvus Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and nudged elastic band method to treat shearing of gamma prime without any a Mechanical Properties of a Powder Metallurgy Processed Nickel-Base priori assumptions about dislocation geometry, core structure, and formation Superalloy: D. Stolz1; Gerhard Fuchs1; 1University of Florida of stacking faults. Powder Metallurgy (P/M) processed nickel-base superalloys are used 4:50 PM Invited as turbine disk materials in jet engines. However, the fatigue properties A Novel Philosophy for Worst-Case Fatigue Behavior of Nickel-Base of P/M superalloys in the as-consolidated form have suffered because of Superalloys at Elevated Temperature: James Larsen1; Sushant Jha2; M. J. the defect sensitivity of the as-consolidated microstructure. Expensive, Caton1; A. H. Rosenberger1; R. John1; 1U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory; thermomechanical steps are necessary to break down defects, so that the P/M 2Universal Technology Corporation parts can be considered defect-tolerant. A program was undertaken to examine Long-term performance and capability limits of fracture-critical high- the potential for utilizing an alternate heat treatment with P/M Alloy 720LI to temperature turbine engine materials are typically based largely on the expected generate a potentially defect-tolerant microstructure. This heat treatment had a worst-case total lifetime under fatigue. Recent studies of such lower-bound soak above the γ’ solvus temperature followed by a controlled cool through the behavior in key Ni-base superalloys indicate that the life-limiting mechanisms solvus. This produced γ grains with a regular array of large dendritic-shaped are typically dominated the growth of damage that begins at the scale of secondary γ’ within the grains. Mechanical testing was carried out to fully key microstructural features, while the role of crack nucleation is minimal. evaluate the effect of this alternate heat treatment on the mechanical properties This behavior provides significant insight into options for management of of as-HIP Alloy 720LI. materials lifetime uncertainty in applications requiring damage tolerance. This 3:30 PM presentation overviews relevant worst-case fatigue and outlines alternative Observations on Phase Relations and Mechanical Properties of a V- approaches for improved materials reliability and utilization for facture- Modified Alloy 718: Michael Fahrmann1; Akane Suzuki2; 1Special Metals critical applications. Corporation; 2University of Michigan 5:15 PM One factor limiting the temperature capability of alloy 718 is its propensity Physically-Based Probabilistic Fatigue Lifetime Simulation of a Nickel- for transformation of the meta-stable, strengthening γ” phase (DO22 crystal Based Superalloy: Sushant Jha1; Michael Caton2; James Larsen2; 1Universal structure) to the stable δ phase (DOa crystal structure) at temperatures Technology Corporation; 2U.S. Air Force exceeding 1200°F. Since V forms a stable γ” Ni3V phase in the binary Ni The total lifetime variability at given loading condition is suggested to – V system, it was speculated that partial replacement of Nb by V might be composed of at least two separate responses. These are the extreme, life- enhance the thermodynamic stability of the γ” phase and, thus, inhibit its limiting behavior, and the superimposing mean-lifetime dominating behavior. transformation to δ at elevated temperatures. To this end, a series of small 50 This theory was evaluated with respect to elevated temperature fatigue of a lbs. VIM heats was made with V substituting for Nb up to 50% on an atomic Nickel-Based Superalloy. In this material, the life-limiting (or the worst-case) basis, the baseline being an alloy 718-type chemical composition. The results vs. the mean-lifetime behavior is suggested to occur due to different degree
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 107 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
of heterogeneity in the competing crack initiation mechanisms. The worst- 2:05 PM case behavior was controlled by small + long crack growth and was therefore, Improved Au Schottky Contacts on GaAs Using Cryogenic Metal affected only by the crack growth response to microstructure and loading Deposition: Hung-Ta Wang1; Soohwan Jang1; Travis Anderson1; Jau-Jiun variables. The key microstructural features were simulated in a plate using Chen1; Byoung Sam Kang1; Fan Ren1; Andrew Herrero1; Andrew Gerger1; M 3D Poisson Point Process. Non-overlapping, virtual samples from the plate Brent Gila1; Stephen Pearton1; 1University of Florida were failed according to a criterion that reflected the ranking of mechanisms The use of low temperatures (~77K) during Au Schottky contact deposition O in terms of the heterogeneity in distribution of the crack initiating regions. The onto n-GaAs produces an increase in barrier height from 0.73 eV for room N simulated lifetimes and probabilities of fracture showed reasonable agreement temperature diodes to 0.82 eV. There is no evidence of drift in the forward D with the observed fatigue variability behavior. current in either type of diode and the low temperature deposited samples show smoother Au layers and more abrupt Au/GaAs interfaces as determined 5:30 PM A by X-Ray Reflectivity measurements. Both types of diodes show surface and Effect of Dwell-Loading and Grain Size on the Fatigue Variability Y bulk contributions to the reverse bias current. The diodes with Au deposited Behavior of Nickel-Based Superalloys: M. Caton1; Sushant Jha2; J. Larsen1; at cryogenic temperature did show higher ideality factors, which may result 1US Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; from contaminants gettered to the cold GaAs surface. The enhancement of P 2Universal Technology Corporation ~0.09 eV (a 12% increase) in Schottky barrier height for Au deposited at The worst-case lifetimes in elevated temperature fatigue of a Nickel-Based M cryogenic temperatures on n-type GaAs relative to conventional deposition at superalloy were predominantly controlled by small + long crack growth. The 300K( barrier height 0.73 eV) is shown to persist for annealing temperatures dependence of crack growth, especially the small crack growth variability on up to 200°C. At higher anneal temperatures, both types of diodes show a microstructure and loading variables was therefore critical to understanding severe deterioration in rectifying behavior. The reverse breakdown voltage the life-limiting behavior. The variability in the small crack growth behavior of low temperature deposited diodes was ~50% larger than conventional Au/ was studied with respect to the γ grain size, both in pure-fatigue and dwell- GaAs diodes. This simple process method has potential for improving output loading condition. For a given grain size, while dwell-loading had minimal resistance and power gain and lowering gate leakage current and noise in influence on the long crack growth behavior, the small crack growth rates GaAs metal-semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs). were significantly affected. A critical crack length (that scaled with grain size) could be identified, above which the variability in growth rates was reduced 2:30 PM to similar level as in the long crack growth. The role of small-crack growth Formation of Ag-Si Contact in Fire-through Metallization for Solar Cells: variability in the total lifetime variability and the life-limiting behavior was Experimental Studies: Vishal Mehta1; Bhushan Sopori1; P. Rupnowski1; Jesse determined. The findings in this study are shown to have very significant Appel1; Aziz Shaikh2; Nazrali Merchant2; Dave Carlson3; N. M. Ravindra4; implications for damage prognosis and life-management of fracture critical 1National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2Ferro Electronic Materials; 3BP components. Solar; 4New Jersey Institute of Technology Silicon solar cell metallization uses a fire-through process in which the 5:45 PM front Ag-based, screen-printed, metallization pattern is fired through a layer Ultrasonic Fatigue Crack Initiation in Nickel-Base Superalloy René 88 DT of SiN:H using an RTP-like process. In this process, SiN:H also acts as an at Elevated Temperature: J. Miao1; T. M. Pollock1; W. Jones1; 1University antireflection coating and helps diffuse hydrogen for passivation of impurities of Michigan, Ann Arbor and defects. Furthermore, in many cases, the front and the back aluminum The fatigue behavior of nickel-base superalloy René 88 DT was examined contact are formed simultaneously in the same firing step. Maximizing cell in the lifetime range of 105~109cycles at 593°C for a load ratio of 0.05 with an performance requires a thorough understanding of all the mechanisms involved ultrasonic fatigue testing apparatus operating at 20 kHz. Fractographic analyses in the fire-through step. We are studying fire-though contact formation using indicated that all the fatigue cracks initiated internally. Crack initiation sites controlled temperature-time profiles to determine kinetics of SiN dissolution, consisted of crystallographic facets formed by cracking large grain or large metallurgy of Ag-Si interactions, and Si-Al alloy formation. Solar cells with grain clusters. Three dimensional reconstruction of fracture surfaces showed screen-printed contacts are fired in an optical processing furnace in which that crack initiation facet orientations are close to the maximum shear stress the light intensity profiles are controlled and actual temperatures under the plane. By using EBSD combined with 3D fracture surface reconstruction metallization pattern and in the nonmetallized regions are monitored. This paper techniques, the crystallographic orientation of crack initiation facets was will discuss experimental results identifying mechanisms of Si-Ag contact identified. Cyclic strain localization in favorably oriented large grains or large formation, kinetics of metallization penetration into Si, and issues pertaining grain clusters is the likely mechanism of internal crack initiation at elevated to optimization of front and back contact formation and hydrogen passivation. temperature and under low loading stress in this alloy. *This work has been authored by employees of the Midwest Research Institute under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting Recent Developments in Semiconductor, Electro the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or Optic and Radio Frequency Materials: Progress in reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for United Semiconductor Optoelectronics and Beyond States Government purposes. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Thin Films and Interfaces 2:55 PM Committee Microwave Performance of AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Program Organizers: Nuggehalli Ravindra, New Jersey Institute of Transistors on Si/SiO2/Poly-SiC Substrates: Travis Anderson1; Fan Ren1; Technology; Narsingh Singh, Northrop Grumman Corporation, ES; Aris Lance Covert1; Jenshan Lin1; Steve Pearton1; Julien Thuret2; P. Bove2; H. Christou, University of Maryland; Nancy Michael, University of Texas; Lahreche2; 1University of Florida; 2Picogiga International Bhushan Sopori, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; John Parsey, On A key aspect for widespread applications of GaN-based HEMTs is the Semiconductor need for low-cost, high thermal conductivity substrates. The use of Silicon-on- Monday PM Room: Oceanic 6 Polycrystalline Silicon carbide (SopSiC) is a possible alternative by combining February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel the low cost approach of the Silicon and poly-SiC bulk with improved thermal dissipation. This work reports the rf performance of AlGaN/GaN High Electron Session Chairs: Nancy Michael, University of Texas; Dia-Eddin Arafah, Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) grown on Si-on-poly-SiC (SopSiC) substrates University of Jordan formed by the Smart CutTM process. HEMTs with 0.3 µm gate length show cutoff frequencies (fT) of 18-27 GHz for gate-to-drain distances of 3-32 µm and maximum frequency of oscillation (f-MAX) of 43-47 GHz. The fMAX- 2:00 PM Introductory Comments values are slightly lower than comparable devices on conventional substrates,
108 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program possibly due to additional resistances or capacitances associated with the allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. SopSiC template. While further optimization is required, this approach looks 4:45 PM promising for applications requiring cheap large-area substrates and better Spintronics and Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Based on ZnO: thermal management than provided by pure Si substrates alone. Shivaraman Ramachandran1; John Prater1; J. Narayan1; 1North Carolina State 3:20 PM University M The Performance of Cu (In,Ga)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cell Developed The emerging field of spintronics where the spin as well as the charge of O by Single Step Electrodposition Process: Shyam Kumar1; Bhuwanehwar the carriers are utilized together, promises to revolutionize microelectronics. N Prajapati1; 1National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology In this talk we will address latest developments in the area of wide band gap The CIGS solar cell is the promising candidate for converting solar energy semiconductor materials which have the potential to be synthesized as Diluted D to electricity with efficiency more than 18%. In the present work, CIGS Magnetic Semiconductors(DMS) for use to fabricate spintronic devices. A thin film was electrodeposited on Mo substrate using AR grade CuCl2, KI, We will specifically focus on the present status of zinc oxide based DMS Y TEA, Na3C6H5O7.2H2O, SeO2, InCl3, GaCl3 and EDTA in mill molar materials that have been proven to ferromagnetic at room temperature. Various concentration in the electrolyte. Cathodic polarization characteristics have aspects, including thin film growth and atomic scale characterization would been carried out and it is observed that at -0.70V (SCE), co deposition of all be discussed. In addition, spin polarized injection into semiconductors using P the elements takes place. The CdS film was deposited over the annealed CIGS DMS materials will also be address. M thin film by chemical bath deposition. The stacked Mo/CIGS/CdS film was 5:10 PM Invited annealed in air at 4000C to form CIGS solar cell. The prominent peak of (112) Modeling of Magnetic Field Assisted Assembly of Semiconductor Devices: plane in XRD spectra of CIGS thin film at 27.90 indicate the crystalline nature Nuggehalli Ravindra1; Sudhakar Shet1; Rene Rivero1; Michael Booty1; of the film. The Voc , Jsc, fill factor and efficiency are observed to be 550mV, Anthony Fiory1; Martin Lepselter1; 1New Jersey Institute of Technology 8 mA/cm2 , 0.50 and 12% respectively. Massively parallel micro-assembly of heterogeneous devices on to the same 3:45 PM Break substrate is an efficient, low-cost alternative to the conventional pick-and-place assembly of semiconductor devices. A brief explanation of the magnetic field 3:55 PM assisted assembly (MFAA) technique is presented. A model for the magnetic Passivation of Silicon Solar Cells by Hydrogen-Rich Silicon Nitride forces required to efficiently place a device in a pre-determined location on the Layer: Nuggehalli Ravindra1; Chuan Li1; Bhushan Sopori2; Rene Rivero2; substrate for the magnetic field assisted assembly of semiconductor devices Anthony Fiory1; 1New Jersey Institute of Technology; 2National Renewable is presented. The strong close-range attractive magnetic forces that govern Energy Laboratory magnetic field assisted assembly technique are approximated using a simple Surface passivtion of silicon solar cells by hydrogen-rich silicon nitride geometric argument that employs relative size, distance, mass and energy (SiN:H) layers has been observed and exhaustively investigated for decades. considerations. The results of the model are plotted as function of various However, a complete model, which can successfully explain the experimental physical parameters. The predictions of the model are examined and briefly results of the surface recombination velocity on injection level, is lacking. In discussed with respect to magnetic field assisted assembly. this paper, a review of the model calculations of the surface recombination velocities (SRV) at the Si-SiN:H interface, by considering both the Shockley- 5:35 PM Read-Hall(SRH) mechanism and the recombination at space charge region Self Assembly of Au Nanodots in ZnO Matrix: Growth, Physical Properties (scr), is presented. Bulk passivation is also important for improving the and Challenges: Nori Sudhakar1; Chunming Jin1; Wei Wei1; Jagdish Narayan1; performance of photovoltaic (PV) cells, especially the cells fabricated from 1North Carolina State University low-grade starting materials. The mechanism of bulk passivation is not very Recently, self assembled metal embedded nanoparticles in wide bandgap well known. In this paper, a semi-qualitative model for H evolution, mediated semiconductor systems have been attracting the scientific community owing to by SiN:H layer based on the theory of H transport across SiN:H medium and their interesting optical, electrical and mechanical properties. More often than the theory of H trapping-detrapping mechanisms, is proposed. It is possible to not some of the physical properties exhibited in certain systems at nanometer achieve optimum passivation by process control. length scales (<10 nm) are hard to conceptualize and quite controversial. Optical absorption properties can be modified by the size profile of the metal 4:20 PM Invited nanodots. We have used a pulsed laser deposition technique to grow Au Light Trapping in Solar Cells: Theory and Practical Implementation: nanoparticles with a concentration gradient embedded in ZnO as the matrix Bhushan Sopori1; 1National Renewable Energy Laboratory layers. ZnO was deposited on Si(111) substrate at 400°C followed by gold Light trapping is a mechanism for creating enhanced absorption in a material, deposition and repeated this process several times. The size of the Au nanodots beyond that of a parallel polished wafer of the same material and the same embedded was controlled by the thickness of the Au layer. It is envisaged that thickness. Light trapping is an important feature of all solar cells, because it Au islands or nanodots at very low concentrations of the order of a monolayer allows the use of thinner cells that perform equally or better than thick cells. A show evidence for enhanced electrical and optical properties. thinner cell leads to lower-volume recombination of photogenerated carriers, leading to higher cell performance. Thinner wafers can also help minimize the use of semiconducting material, therefore lowering the energy cost further. Light trapping in a wafer or a solar cell requires rough or textured surface(s); hence the detailed optics of light trapping is somewhat difficult to carry out. We have developed a software package, PV Optics, which performs light-trapping calculations for solar cell applications. It determines optical absorption for a given structure and calculates photocurrent available from a given solar cell structure for many cases, such as when the cell is placed directly in the sun or encapsulated in a module. The cell can have a single- or multiple-junction configuration. This paper will review the principles of light trapping and practical approaches to incorporate effective light trapping in silicon solar cells. We will demonstrate typical use of PV Optics for the design of crystalline and amorphous silicon solar cells. *This work has been authored by employees of the Midwest Research Institute under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 109 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
4:20 PM Use of Ammonia/Ammonium Carbonate Solutions for the Recovery of Recycling and Waste Processing: Batteries and Co/Ni Metals: Faustino Prado1; 1Prado Technology Corporation Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction For more than a century, the AAC (ammonia/ammonium carbonate) process, M and Processing Division, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Recycling and has been applied to the recovery of non-ferrous metals. Initially the Caron Environmental Technologies Committee process as it was called was used in the early 1940’s in Cuba for the extraction O Program Organizers: Mark Schlesinger, University of Missouri; Robert of nickel from laterites. Since then it has been used for other nickel plants, N Stephens, Teckcominco, Inc.; Donald Stewart, Alcoa Technology; Ray including one in Greenvale, Australia. The Cuban and Australian plants have Peterson, Aleris International; Jan van Linden, Recycling Technology been in continuous operation since their construction. More recently, AAC D Services, Inc.; Subodh Das, SECAT; Abdel Serna-Vasquez, Aleris A International; Cynthia Belt, Aleris International Inc; John Pickens, solutions have been applied to the recovery of primary zinc as well as secondary Alumitech/Aleris International; John Hryn, Praxair; Richard Kunter, Richard zinc/copper. More specifically, two temporary recovery facilities were built in Y S. Kunter and Associates; Andreas Siegmund, Quemetco Metals Inc.; Masao the USA for reprocessing zinc/copper residues, and a plant was built in Japan Suzuki, AI Tech Associates for recovery of zinc oxide from Electric Arc Furnace Dusts (EAFD). A primary P zinc project is currently being planned in the Middle east and two EAFD Monday PM Room: Australia 2 recovery plants, one in the Middle East and another in the USA. M February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel
Session Chair: Mark Schlesinger, University of Missouri Refractory Metals 2007: Oxidation and Thin Films 2:00 PM Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Recycling of Cadmium from Domestic Sealed NiCd Batteries by Use Materials Division, TMS: Refractory Metals Committee of Chlorine/Air Mixtures: Derek Fray1; Antony Cox1; 1University of Program Organizers: Gary Rozak, HC Starck Inc; Todd Leonhardt, Rhenium Alloys Inc Cambridge Small domestic nickel cadmium batteries are difficult to recycle. However, Monday PM Room: Europe 6 by the use of a chlorinating agent and air, it is possible to chlorinate the February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel cadmium to cadmium chlorie gas whilst negligible chlorination of the nickel occurs. Furthermore, the chlorinating agent can be obtained by controlled Session Chairs: Gary Rozak, HC Starck Inc; Brian Cockeram, Bechtel combustion of PVC scrap, thereby, using two waste materials to create useful Bettis Inc products. 2:30 PM 2:00 PM Development of a Recycling Process for Batteries Used in Hybrid and Effects of Cr and Ti Contents on the Oxidation Behavior of V-Cr-Ti Alloys: Electric Vehicles: Masao Miyake1; Yu Hosokawa1; Hisao Kimura1; Masafumi Mehmet Uz1; K. Natesan2; 1Lafayette College; 2Argonne National Laboratory Maeda1; 1University of Tokyo Oxidation studies were carried out on V and V-base alloys containing A recycling process was developed for nickel-metal hydride batteries used in (in wt.%) 4Cr-4Ti, 5Cr-5Ti, 10Cr, 10Cr-5Ti, and 15Cr-5Ti. Experiments were hybrid and electric vehicles. By physical selection, powder containing mainly performed in environments containing 760, 160, 0.1, 5 x 10-4 and 5 x 10-6
hydrogen storage alloy (Mm(Ni-Co-Mn-Al)5; Mm: mischmetal) of negative Torr oxygen at three or more temperatures ranging from about 350 to 700°C. electrode material can be recovered from the spent batteries. However, the Oxidation behavior of each alloy was modeled using the data of weight change powder is contaminated with Ni hydroxide of positive electrode material. with time. Microstructural features including grain size, and scale thickness Hydrogen reduction treatment was performed to reduce the Ni hydroxide and morphology were determined from metallographic examination of the in the recovered powder without oxidizing rare earth elements in the alloy cross-sectional area of each sample. Microhardness profiles across the sample as much as possible. The powder after the treatment was melted with argon thickness were used to determine the depth of oxygen penetration. These results plasma arc to separate metal and slag phases. This process produced an alloy will be presented, and the effects of oxygen pressure on the oxidation kinetics ingot containing rare earth elements, which can be used as a raw material for and microstructure of V and V-Cr-Ti alloys will be compared. Work supported negative electrodes of the batteries. by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fusion Energy Research, under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38. 3:00 PM Recycling Cobalt from Spent Lithium Ion Battery: Zhidong Xia1; 2:25 PM Xiaoqian Xie1; Yaowu Shi1; Yongping Lei1; Fu Guo1; 1Beijing University of Alloys from Nb-W-Cr System for High Temperature Applications: Abdul Technology Bhuiya1; Purushotham Kakarlapudi1; Shailendra Varma1; Ken Natesan2; Spent lithium ion battery is a useful resource of cobalt. Based upon the 1University of Texas at El Paso; 2Argonne National Laboratory analysis of the structure and composition of the battery, cobalt was recovered by Alloys from Nb-W-Cr system have been explored for possible high wet process. X ray diffraction results showed that cobaltous oxalate and cobalt temperature applications. Oxidation resistance of the alloys from this system sulfate with high purity have been obtained in different process. Moreover, has been tested in the range of temperature from 1000 to 1400°C in air. Weight comparing to the cobaltous oxalate process, the cobaltous sulfate process gain per unit area as a function of oxidation time at a given temperature has consumes less chemical substance, therefore, is more efficient and economic. been measured for a period of one week. Activation energy for oxidation will be calculated using such oxidation curves. The oxidized surfaces have been 3:30 PM Break examined by EDS in SEM, XRD, AEM, XPS and optical microscopy and 3:50 PM TEM. The effect of Y addition on the oxidation resistance has been determined. Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt from Magnetic Steel Scrap Containing The aim of the research is to be able to explore the possibility of developing an Nickel and Cobalt: Jing Zhan1; Chuanfu Zhang1; Jianhui Wu1; Meng Bai2; oxidation resistant material using metal-alloy systems. 1Central South University; 2Jiangxi Copper Guixi Smelter Xuaxin Metal 2:50 PM Liabilities Company, Ltd Microstructure and High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Cr-W A flow sheet comprise of acidic leaching, removal of Fe by neutralization, Alloys: Omer Dogan1; 1National Energy Technology Laboratory removal of inpurity of Al, Cu, Mn and Fe, etc by p204 extraction, and p204 Cr alloys containing 0-30%W by weight were investigated for use in elevated extracting to separate and recover nickel and cobalt from magnetic steel scrap temperature applications. The alloys were melted in a water-cooled, copper- has been prosed and tested. The results show that the purity of cobalt and hearth arc furnace. Microstructure of the alloys was characterized using x-ray nickel solution meet the demands of producing nickel and cobalt products. diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy. A pseudo- The recovery of cobalt amounts to 94.2% and that of nickel to 98.18%. cyclic oxidation test was employed to study scale formation at 1000ºC in dry 110 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program air. The scale was predominantly chromia and spalled upon cooling. Alloying with aluminum up to 8 weight percent reduced the spalling drastically. Furthermore, aluminizing the surface of the Cr-W alloys completely stopped Shape Casting: The 2nd International Symposium: the spalling. Liquid Metal/Solidification 3:15 PM Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light M Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee, TMS: Solidification High Temperature Corrosion of Cr-W Alloys in Simulated Syngas: Omer Committee O 1 1 1 1 Dogan ; Sophie Bullard ; Bernie Covino ; National Energy Technology Program Organizers: Paul Crepeau, General Motors Corporation; Murat N Laboratory Tiryakioglu, Robert Morris Univ; John Campbell, University of Birmingham Search for new high temperature materials for energy applications continues. D This presentation will focus on degradation of Cr alloys containing 0-30%W Monday PM Room: Northern E2 A by weight in a flowing gas mixture containing 30%CO, 8%CO2, 20%H2, February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel Y 2%CH4, 0.8%H2S, 0.02%HCl, and 40%N2 by volume at temperatures up to 1000ºC. A pseudo-cyclic test involving heating the specimens, holding them Session Chair: Sumanth Shankar, McMaster University at temperature for varying periods, and cooling them to room temperature was P employed. Mass change of the specimens was determined after each cycle. 2:00 PM Introductory Comments M Corrosion scale on the specimens was characterized using SEM, WDX, and XRD. Various sulfides, oxides, carbides, and nitrides were determined in 2:10 PM different layers of the scale. Preventative Metal Treatment through Advanced Melting System Design: Mark Osborne1; Thomas Meyer2; Mike Kinosz1; C Eckert1; 1Apogee 3:40 PM Break Technology, Inc; 2General Motors Powertrain 3:55 PM Recent technology advances in aluminum melting under a U.S. Department Disordered Interfacial Films and Activated Sintering: Phenomenological of Energy program is changing how melt shops for foundries are designed. Similarities among Ice, Ceramics and Refractory Metals: Jian Luo1; Vivek Metal quality has now become implicitly preventative through the use of an Gupta1; 1Clemson University advanced three-stage process. First, the melting operation (Isothermal Melting) Equilibrium-thickness, intergranular (and surficial) amorphous films have melts aluminum using high flux subsurface conduction, with a maximum metal been widely observed in ceramics since the 1980’s and recently, in a refractory temperature less than 22°C above the mean holding temperature. No products metal system W-Ni (Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 231902 (2005)). Furthermore, of combustion (i.e.: water) are produced. Second, turbulent free metal transfer a series of studies revealed the stabilization of nanometer-thick, “quasi- occurs into integrally heated molten metal delivery ladles that are detained at liquid,” interfacial films well below the bulk solidus temperature, indicating the casting unit for controlled metal dispensation. These vessels functionally a clear analogy to the phenomenon of ice premelting. On the other hand, serve as portable holding furnaces. Finally, molten aluminum is delivered to solid-state activated sintering refers to the phenomenon whereby sintering the casting unit by a new high heat flux launder/trough system design based rates are significantly improved because of solid-state additives. Recent on conduction. Surface heating of metal does not occur and temperature can studies attributed subsolidus accelerated sintering to short-circuit diffusion be closed loop controlled. This paper will describe the system and expected in disordered interfacial films for ZnO-Bi2O3 and W-Ni. Interestingly, metal quality benefits. premelting of ice was also presumed to result in the “activated sintering” of 2:35 PM snow. This presentation critically discusses the phenomenological similarities A Comparison of Methods Used to Assess Aluminium Melt Quality: in disordered interfacial film formation and activated sintering among ice, Derya Dispinar1; John Campbell2; 1University of Istanbul; 2University of oxides and refractory metals. An emphasis is placed on recent results in W-Ni Birmingham and an analysis of other binary refractory metals. This study reviews and compares the techniques such as LIMCA, PoDFA, 4:20 PM Prefil, LIAS and RPT that are used to quantify defects in liquid aluminium Properties of Nickel Film Prepared by Electrochemical Deposition under alloys. In general, it is found that most of the current techniques are not fully Super-Gravity Condition: Zhancheng Guo1; Zhangfu Yuan2; 1Metallurgical satisfactory. Only the Reduced Pressure Test (RPT) appears to give reliable Engineering School, University of Science and Technology of Beijing, China; results of the number and size of bifilms (and sometimes, but not infallibly, an 2Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences indication of hydrogen content). The number and size are both quantifiable, The experimental results reveal that the nickel film prepared by electro- and are recommended as the major quality indicators. deposition in the super-gravity field is observed with high properties. The SEM 3:00 PM pictures show that surface structure of nickel film deposited under the super- Initial Filtration Behaviour of Liquid Aluminium Alloys: Xinjin Cao1; gravity condition seems to be more uniform compared with that in normal 1Institute for Aerospace Research gravity condition, and crystal grains diminish with the increase of super- There has been an increasing tendency to detect liquid metal quality using gravity coefficient. The XRD patterns indicate that arrangement of crystal the pressure filtration methods in metallurgical and manufacturing industries. grains of nickel film deposited under the super-gravity field is more regular Recently with the introduction of derivative methods and the classification of and orderly. Toughness and tensile stress of nickel film are raised markedly, three flow states (i.e. initial transient, steady and terminal transient), some new content of hydrogen decreases. From the polarization curves of hydrogen insights into pressure filtration behavior of liquid aluminum alloys have been evolution reaction under the super-gravity field, a significant lowering of obtained. However, the initial transient stage occurring during the pressure over-potential in nickel electrode was found when current density increased. filtration tests has not been well understood. Occasionally, the initial transient The process of hydrogen evolution reaction was accelerated under the super- state might disappear or even last the whole period of the filtration operation. gravity field, which was proved by the analysis of formation and outflow Clearly, this stage is important for the investigation of filtration behavior as a process of bubbles. whole because it appears prior to the establishment of cake mode filtration, and thereby it has significant influences on the cake structure formed and the properties, the filtration behavior and the detection of liquid metal quality. This work discusses some fundamental aspects occurring in this stage.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 111 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
3:25 PM 5:20 PM Radioactively Labelled Particle Tracking in Steel Castings: Youssef Unintentional Effects of Sr Additions in Al-Si Foundry Alloys: Stuart Beshay1; William Griffiths1; David Parker1; Xianfeng Fan1; 1University of McDonald1; Matthew Dargusch1; David StJohn1; 1CAST Cooperative Birmingham Research Centre M It is well established that non-metallic inclusions are detrimental to the Strontium additions are commonly made to aluminium-silicon based mechanical properties of metal castings. However, the movement of such foundry alloys to promote a fibrous eutectic silicon morphology. Although this O inclusions during filling and solidification of the casting is unknown. This structural modification is the primary goal, it has become apparent that there N paper describes the development of an experimental technique by which the are several concomitant changes. This paper examines this issue, reviewing D movement of inclusions can be tracked in castings. Alumina inclusions of size the well-known alterations in porosity distribution and eutectic grain size that 355-425 µm were radioactively labelled using the Birmingham University accompany strontium additions and introducing new research on the effects A cyclotron and placed at a known position in a ceramic shell mould upon a of strontium on corrosion resistance and as-cast surface finish. It is shown Y steel mesh. EN3B steel was cast into the moulds and, after the casting had that strontium additions significantly affect both surface finish and corrosion solidified, the position of the radioactive particle was determined using a γ- resistance, through a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. It P Ray positron camera. The co-ordinates of the particle within the casting were is concluded that despite being present at only trace levels, strontium has obtained and it was successfully relocated using SEM and EDX identification. a powerful effect on a variety of casting properties that extends beyond a M This technique is a valuable tool for any application where the presence of transition in the morphology of the eutectic silicon phase. inclusions is critical. 3:50 PM Break 4:05 PM Structural Materials Division Symposium: The Effect of Holding Time on Double Oxide Film Defects in Al Castings: Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured William Griffiths1; Ahmed Omotunde1; Ramin Raiszadeh2; 1University of Materials, in Honor of Carl Koch: Processing and Birmingham; 2Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Characterization of Materials Subjected to Severe Once double oxide film defects have formed in liquid Al, it is anticipated Plastic Deformation that they should undergo further development due to interaction with the bulk Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, liquid metal. This may modify their effect on the mechanical properties of Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing a casting, and therefore requires further study. The experiments reported in and Manufacturing Division, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS: this paper involved casting into ceramic investment moulds, which were then Chemistry and Physics of Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical held in the liquid state for different periods of time before solidification. As Behavior of Materials Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials a result, the interior atmosphere trapped within the double oxide film defects Behavior Committee was allowed to interact with the surrounding melt for up to 40 minutes. Program Organizers: Xinghang Zhang, Texas A&M University; Yuntian Examination of the oxide films found on the fracture surfaces of tensile test Zhu, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Michael Rigsbee, North Carolina State University; C. Suryanarayana, University of Central Florida; Haiyan bars from these castings showed changes in structure of the defect with time Wang, Texas A&M University; C. T. Liu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory which can be interpreted to gain a better understanding of the effect of double oxide film defects on casting properties. Monday PM Room: Asia 5 4:30 PM February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel How to Measure Viscosity of Liquid Aluminum Alloy: Minhajuddin Malik1; Guillaume Lambotte2; Mohamed Hamed1; Sumanth Shankar1; 1McMaster Session Chairs: Yuntian Zhu, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Tong Shen, Los Alamos National Laboratory University; 2CRCT - Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Viscosity of liquid Al and Al-Si alloys are critical to better understand the solidification and porosity formation in the mushy zone towards the end of 2:00 PM Invited solidification of the alloy. In this paper, viscosity data from the literature for Al Achieving Superplastic Behavior in F.C.C. and H.C.P. Metals Processed and Al-Si alloys are presented along with the drawbacks of the most prevalent by ECAP: Roberto Figueiredo1; Megumi Kawasaki1; Cheng Xu1; Terence technique used to evaluate viscosity – the oscillating vessel viscometer. Langdon1; 1University of Southern California Experimental techniques using an alternative rotational rheometer equipped Processing by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) provides the with a cone and plate measuring geometry are presented along with results capability of producing ultrafine submicrometer grain sizes in a wide range of of flow characterization of molten Zn and Al-Si alloys. The results show materials. If these grains are reasonably stable at elevated temperatures, there that molten Zn exhibits Newtonian flow characteristics and molten Al-Si is an opportunity for achieving high superplastic ductilities in materials that eutecticalloy exhibits a non-Newtonian behavior at various melt superheats are nominally not superplastic. This paper describes recent investigations on and low shear rate regimes. representative f.c.c. and h.c.p. alloys where excellent superplastic properties are attained after processing by ECAP. 4:55 PM New Approaches to Understanding Modification and Nucleation 2:20 PM Mechanisms in Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloys: Kazuhiro Nogita1; Arne Dahle2; Development of Ultrafine Grained Structure in Low Carbon Steel 1ARC Centre of Excellence for Design in Light Metals, University of by ECAP at Increased Temperatures: Jozef Zrnik1; Sergey Dobatkin2; Queensland; 2University of Queensland 1COMTES FHT Sro; 2Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science The demands for the performance of cast aluminium alloys continue to The paper describes the refinement process of AISI 10 steel coarse grained increase while, at least with respect to current knowledge, Al-Si alloys are microstructure by applying a high strain plastic deformation. The steel was already on their performance limit. Solidification of the eutectic is one of the subjected to ECAP in temperature range of 150 - 300°C with N = 3 passes last reactions to occur and this is where most casting defects, such as porosity at each selected temperature. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hot-tears are formed. Although it is frequently acknowledged that the was used to study the formation and stability of newly born ultrafine grain solidification of the eutectic is critical for porosity formation, currently there is structure.The TEM of thin foils revealed that at already the lowest deformation a lack of understanding regarding how the eutectic evolves and how it can be temperature of 150°C accidentally scattered polygonized subgrains were controlled. Recent developments in the understanding of eutectic solidification present in deformed grained structure. As temperature of ECAP deformation in hypoeutectic Al-Si foundry alloys will be discussed. Techniques such as was increasing the process of dynamic polygonization and recrystallization EBSD/SEM, FIB/FE-TEM and micro-XRF/Synchrotron radiation have been contributed to formation of submicrocrystalline grains embedded within applied. The engineering of eutectic solidification is likely to form the basis ferrite elongated grains. Tensile test results showed that formation of advanced for future step improvements in the metallurgy of Al-Si foundry alloys. microcrystalline structure resulted in significant increase of yield stress and
112 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program tensile strength of steel. The strain hardening region was extended prior the and ductility as well as enhanced superplasticity at low temperatures and high softening with increasing ECAP temperature. strain rates in various UFG metals and alloys. The origin of these phenomena is discussed on the basis of the results of microstructural studies and observations 2:35 PM of deformation mechanisms. Comparison of ECAP and Plane-Strain Machining: Terry McNelley1; Srinivasan Swaminathan1; Alexander Zhilyaev2; Srinivasan Chandrasekar3; 3:55 PM M W. Dale Compton3; Alexander King3; Kevin Trumble3; 1Naval Postgraduate Deformation Behavior Modeling of Nanostructured CP TI: Igor O School; 2Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalurgicas; 3Purdue Alexandrov1; Roza Chembarisova1; Vil Sitdikov1; 1Ufa State Aviation N University Technical University The shear strain during a single ECAP pass is determined mainly by the Recent years investigations have convincingly demonstrated wide D angle between die channels and is 2.0 for a 90° die with sharp corners. A billet capabilities of the severe deformation (SPD) method applied to form A can be subjected to repetitive ECAP and thereby experience large cumulative nanostructured states in bulk billets of different metallic materials. It has Y strains through a series of deformation stages leading to microstructure been shown, that a small grain size, non-equilibrium grain boundary state refinement down to the nano-scale. In contrast, by controlling the tool rake and crystallographic texture determine the character of specific deformation angle and depth of cut during plane-strain machining the resulting chip behavior of SPD nanostructured billets, characterized as by high strength P may experience shear strains varying from ~1.0 to 10 in a single stage of as well as by considerably high ductility, with the simultaneous lack of M deformation. The mechanics, microstructure, microtexture and mechanical strain hardening or even with the presence of strain weakening. The current properties of materials processed by both ECAP and plane-strain machining report presents the results of kinetic modeling, used to analyze features of are compared. deformation behavior of nanostructured CP Ti during tensile tests. As a result of the conducted investigations we evaluated possible contribution of 2:50 PM Invited different potential deformation mechanisms into formation of corresponded The Nature and Importance of Vacancy Type Defects in SPD Nanometals: experimental “stress-strain” curves. Michael Zehetbauer1; Daria Setman1; Elena Korznikova2; Erhard Schafler1; 1University of Vienna; 2Ufa State Aviation Technical University 4:10 PM Invited Recently, excessive concentrations of deformation induced vacancy type High Strength and Ductile Bulk Nanostructured Titanium Alloys: Jurgen defects have been found in SPD processed nanometals but not in others which Eckert1; 1Darmstadt University of Technology suggests them to be responsible for SPD specific properties i.e. considerable To circumvent the ductility limitations of bulk nanostructured metals ductility, and marked shifts of phase existencies. Among the methods for and alloys, heterogeneous materials with different type and length-scale of vacancy analysis, that of annealing calorimetry appears advantageous because heterogeneities (bimodal grain size distributions, micrometer-sized second of its high speed and good reproducibility. Activation enthalpy data derived phases, phase separation etc.) have been developed to control the mechanical from rate-dependent peak temperature shifts inform on both the defect type properties. As examples, results obtained for Ti-base bulk nanostructured alloys and the actual diffusion mechanism, although for identification of complex with heterogeneous microstructure will be presented. This type of material vacancy defects, comparisons with XRD dislocation density measurements are exhibits high strength together with pronounced work hardening and large indispensable. The activation enthalpy for single/double vacancy migration in ductility by controlling the instabilities otherwise responsible for early failure. SPD nanometals turns out to be about one halfth of that measured in quenched/ Due to the coexistence of different phases with different intrinsic properties irradiated materials. Simultaneous systematic investigations of ductility and and length scale rather complex combinations of deformation mechanisms vacancy concentration are introduced in order to ascribe the ductility to either occur that can include dislocation slip, twinning, martensitic transformation the load releases occurring after SPD, or to grain boundary sliding occurring and shear banding. We will illustrate the possibilities to manipulate such during ductility testing. microstructures and their impact on the deformation behavior in favor of either strength and ductility, or a combination of both for a series of titanium alloys. 3:10 PM Characterization of Nanostructured Pure Aluminium with Different 4:30 PM Invited Grain Size Distributions Synthesised Using Back Pressure Equal Channel A Mechanistic Model for Shear Bands in Nanostructured Materials: Angular Consolidation: Xiaolin Wu1; Wei Xu1; Kenong Xia1; 1University of Shailendra Joshi1; K.T. Ramesh1; 1Johns Hopkins University Melbourne The impressive mechanical strengthening in nanostructured (NS) materials Back pressure equal channel angular consolidation (BP-ECAC) was used is juxtaposed with novel microscopic deformation mechanisms, which to synthesise bulk materials from particles. In the present study, bulk pure determine their post-yield response. An important macroscopic characteristic aluminium was consolidated from nano particles and mixtures of nano and observed in some NS materials is the propensity to plastic instability; e.g. micro particles in varying proportions to obtain different grain size distributions. quasistatic compression experiments on NS-Fe1, 2 indicate inhomogeneous These materials were processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for plastic flow that develops through shear banding, while CG-Fe exhibits 4 passes at 400ºC with the application of a constant back pressure of 200 homogeneous response. Unlike adiabatic shear bands at high rates, shear bands MPa. Full density was achieved in all the materials. Mechanical tests showed at quasistatic rates have been attributed to likely geometric softening due to that hardness and strength increased significantly with increasing volume novel mechanisms (e.g. grain rotation) triggered by grain size refinement.1 fraction of the nano particles while ductility decreased. The grain structures We present a model for shear band development in NS metals at quasistatic were characterised by XRD and TEM. Microstructures before and after rates. The model predicts nucleation and growth of shear bands and considers deformation were examined using TEM. The effects of nano-scale and micro- evolution of geometric softening due to grain rotation as an important scale structures on mechanical behaviour were analysed. mechanism. 1Jia, D et al. (2003) Acta Mater. 51, 3495-3509. 2Carsley, JE et al. (1998) Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 29A, 2261-2271. 3:25 PM Break 4:50 PM 3:35 PM Invited Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Ultrafine Grained and Nanocrystalline Grain Boundaries Engineering of UFG Metals for Advanced Properties: bcc Metals: Qiuming Wei1; Kaliat Ramesh2; Evan Ma2; Brian Schuster3; Laszlo Ruslan Valiev1; 1UFA State Aviation Technical University Kecskes3; Robert Dowding3; 1University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Grain boundaries (GBs) engineering is concerned with tailoring different 2Johns Hopkins University; 3US Army Research Laboratory GBs (low angle and high angle ones, special and random, equilibrium and Recent experimental results have uncovered some novel behavior of non-equilibrium) in ultrafine -grained metals by severe plastic deformation metals with ultrafine grain (UFG, grain size d below 500 but above 100 nm) (SPD) processsing. Using various regimes and routes of SPD processing we and nanocrystalline (NC, d<100 nm) microstructures. Apart from the much show the ability to produce UFG materials with different grain boundaries, increased strength of UFG/NC metals, it has been observed that strain rate and this can have a dramatical effect on mechanical behaviour of the processed dependence of UFG/NC metals is a function of lattice structure. For example, materials, particular, on their strength and ductility, fatigue or superplasticity. in the UFG/NC regime face-centered cubic (FCC) metals have enhanced strain We demonstrate several examples of this approach for attaining high strength
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 113 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
rate sensitivity, while body-centered cubic (BCC) metals exhibit reduced strain constant one can tune the electronic band structure as well as the density of rate sensitivity. Such behavior imparts strong influence on some constitutive states at the Fermi level, therefore change correspondingly all the physical response. We have investigated the dynamic mechanical behavior of UFG/NC and chemical properties. In this work, by using the “composition wedge” BCC metals. The UFG/NC microstructures have been obtained by either top- and “lattice-constant wedge” techniques with molecular beam epitaxy, we M down method (such as severe plastic deformation) or bottom-up method (such show that one can manipulate independently the surface chemistry and lattice as nano-powder compaction). Uni-axial dynamic testing using compressive constant of a single crystal substrate. Applying them to ultrathin Fe and Ni O Kolsky bar technique of the UFG/NC BCC metals show that adiabatic shear on Cu(001), two of the most important yet still controversial nanomagnetic N localization is the predominant deformation mode in such metals. systems, we show how to manipulate their magnetic properties including magnetic ordering and anisotropy in a well controlled way which is helpful to D 5:05 PM clarify some longstanding critical issues of the systems. A Scale up and Applications of Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) Y for the Electronic and Aerospace Industries: Stephane Ferrasse1; Frank 2:30 PM Invited Alford1; Susan Strothers1; Janine Kardokus1; 1Honeywell International Inc Tuning Properties of Functional Iron Nanoparticles in Sonochemistry: ECAE is a promising method to produce bulk pieces of materials with Elena Guliants1; Christopher Bunker2; 1University of Dayton Research P submicron grain size. Two areas are critical to promote ECAE beyond the Institute; 2Air Force Research Laboratory M stage of a laboratory curiosity: (i) die design and scale up; (ii) understanding Recent advances in the science of nanostructured materials have resulted in of the mechanical properties of submicron-grained materials. Those lines of new types of nanoparticles displaying novel, unique, and potentially valuable development are pursued at Honeywell. A first case is the successful scale properties. The sonochemical processes based on acoustic cavitation of a liquid up and commercialization of ECAE for the production of Al and Cu alloy medium were shown to promote ultra-fast reactions inside the bubbles formed sputtering targets for the electronic industry. Blank dimensions are about 20 as a result of alternating compression and rarefaction regions in the liquid. times bigger than those reported in the literature. Examples of the superior Sonication of iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO)5, a commonly used iron precursor, sputtering performance of ECAE targets are presented. Other reported resulted in essentially different reaction products depending on the use of applications include the increase in tensile strength, high cycle fatigue and certain solvents and coating agents to prevent agglomeration. The presence toughness in medium-to-heavily alloyed Al materials used in aerospace. In of hydrocarbon solvents during the reaction has led to the formation of zero- alloys, reaching optimal properties requires a better understanding of the valent iron (Fe0) nanoparticles, whereas the water-based sonochemistry interplay between plastic deformation and precipitation mechanisms. produced various iron oxide phases. Studying the effect of carboxylic acid coatings on properties of Fe0 nanoparticles allowed tuning of the thermal 5:20 PM stability of the particles. Addition of proteins to water sonochemistry of The Effect of Geometrically-Necessary Dislocations on Grain Refinement Fe(CO)5 was observed to control magnetic phases of iron oxide. and Mechanical Properties of an Al-7si Composite Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation: Maria Muñoz-Morris1; Ivan Gutierrez1; David Morris1; 3:00 PM 1CENIM-CSIC First-Principles Studies of Ferroelectric Nanodomains: Bo-Kuai Lai1; Inna The effect of severe plastic deformation by equal channel angular pressing Ponomareva1; Ivan Naumov1; Igor Kornev1; Huaxiang Fu1; Laurent Bellaiche1; (ECAP) on microstructure refinement and changes of mechanical properties Greg Salamo1; 1University of Arkansas has been examined on an Al-7%Si composite and an Al-0.5%Si monolithic Ferroelectric materials have attracted considerable research interest in alloy. The coarse Si particles of the Al-7Si composite are broken into much the past decade because of their applications in non-volatile random access finer equiaxed particles distributed in a banded structure at the same time memories, microactuators, and radio frequency and microwave devices. As as grain refinement of the Al matrix occurs, reaching sizes below 200 nm. technology is leading toward to smaller devices, our fundamental understating Faster grain size refinement is observed in the composite, not only during on ferroelectric thin films and their domain structures is extremely critical the initial stages but also after much higher strain levels. The ECAP process to push forward the existing technology and could lead to new applications. leads to an increase in yield stress of almost a factor of three in the Al-7Si The motivation of this report is to use first-principles method to study the composite which has been described by three contributions: the undeformed/ finite size effect on the formation of nanostripe domains in ferroelectric solute strengthened matrix term, significant hardening by the high density of Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 and BaTiO3 ultrathin films and how the nanostripes evolve dislocations inside the grains, and significant hardening by the extremely fine under applied electric fields. The atomistic details of the nanostripes and their grain sizes achieved in the composite. unique electric-field induced evolution sequence through the formation of nanobubbles (i.e., nanostripes -> nanobubbles -> monodomain) are revealed. The comparison between Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 films and BaTiO3 ultrathin films is also provided. Towards Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, 3:15 PM Characterization, and Applications: Nano Synthesis and Characterization of Periodic Magnetic Nanostructures: Magnetism, Ferroelectric, Mechanics, and Other Raju Ramanujan1; Akhilesh Srivastava1; 1Nanyang Technological University Properties Magnetic nanostructures have novel applications as biosensors, plasmonic Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, and photonic devices and as information storage media. Chemical synthesis Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee methods were employed to prepare periodic arrays of nanowires and nanobowls Program Organizers: Zhiming Wang, University of Arkansas; Alexander in lithographically patterned, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and polystyrene Govorov, Ohio University; Andrey Rogach, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universtität München spheres (PS) templates. Magnetic nanoparticles of cobalt and cobalt ferrite were synthesized using the reverse micelle technique in the presence of Monday PM Room: Oceanic 5 an external magnetic field, these nanoparticles were then infiltrated inthe February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel interstitials of the templates. Interconnected periodic nanobowl arrays were synthesized, the reaction conditions and annealing environment were used to Session Chairs: Xiangcheng Sun, University of Western Ontario; Elena alter the morphology, crystal structure and properties. Nanowires of cobalt and Guliants, University of Dayton Research Institute cobalt ferrite were also synthesized within AAO templates. The morphology and periodicity was varied by changing the template geometry and pore dimensions, the samples were annealed in order to produce nanowires with the 2:00 PM Invited hcp crystal structure. The effect of shape and magnetocrystalline anisotropy Nanomagnetism by Surface Manipulation: Xiaofeng Jin1; 1Fudan on properties was studied. University The lattice-constant of a solid-state material is certainly a key parameter in determining its physical and chemical properties. By varying the lattice
114 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
3:30 PM size (several to tens nanometers) but is close to the theory predicted. High The Application of Arrays of Nickel Nanobars: The Underlying Magnetic resolution lattice fringe images show the BST/Pt interfacial strain of BST film. Properties: Prabeer Barpanda1; 1Rutgers University This is a visual representation for characterization of interfacial stress and is Owing to its robustness and higher coercivity, nickel (Ni) nanobars are helpful for understanding of ferroelectricity in thin films. quite promising for MRAM application. An array of interacting nanobars with 4:55 PM M large shape anisotropy leads to a special domain structure known as ‘inversion Optical Studies of ZnO Nanocrystals: Effect of Morphology and Surface symmetry feature’. Upon application of exernal field, the magnetization O States: Yinyan Gong1; Tamar Andelman1; Stephen O’Brien1; Igor Kuskovsky2; reversal occurs by movement and breaking of this inversion symmetry. This N 1Columbia University; 2Queens College of CUNY high-energy process leads to higher coercivity. The current work studies the ZnO is a promising candidate for optoelectronics owing to its direct wide D effect of inversion symmetry (in Ni nanobars) on the magnetisation behaviour bandgap and large exciton binding energy. Currently, ZnO nanocrystals are of an array of closely-spaced nanobars. Arrays of Ni-nanobars (spaced 10 nm A being extensive studied, for device performance is often improved by the use apart) of varying length (20~200 nm) and diameter (10~50 nm) are probed. Y of low-dimensional structures. Here, we present results of photoluminescence The longitudinal magnetisation reversal revealed the formation of symmetric (PL) and optical absorption measurements of ZnO nanocrystals of various inversion state, which gradually formed a Neel wall at the central cross section morphologies: nano-particles, nano-triangles, and nano-rods with differently P of nanobars before switching to the other direction. This was true both for modified surfaces. Although the PL of all nanocrystals is dominated by the UV single domain and vortex state bearing Ni nanobars. M emission, we found that the intensity of the green luminescence is strongly 3:45 PM Break depends on morphology and the surface passivation. For nanocrystals of the same morphology, the green emission can be largely suppressed by modifying 3:55 PM Invited surfaces states, by varying the solvent. Experimental Mechanics of Nanostructures - Challenges and Opportunities: Xiaodong Li1; 1University of South Carolina 5:10 PM Although much work has been focused on synthesis of nanostructures, Directed Growth of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles by Means of the mechanical property measurements of nanostructures have been largely an “All-Laser” Processing for Nanoelectronic Device Applications: M.A. ignored. We have extended applications of traditional nanoindentation and El Khakani1; B. Aïssa1; E. Champagne1; 1Institut National de la Recherche atomic force microscopy (AFM) approaches to zero- and one-dimensional Scientifique, INRS-EMT nanostructures for directly measuring their mechanical properties. Hardness The directed growth of single wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) has been and elastic modulus of Cu2O nanocubes, silver nanowires, gold nanowires, achieved by means of an “all-laser” synthesis approach, which uses the same ZnO and ZnS nanobelts, and amorphous and crystalline boron nanobelts UV laser, in a first step, to deposit the catalyst nanoparticles(NPs) and, in were measured by directing indenting them with a nanoindenter. Nanoscale a subsequent step, to grow the SWCNTs. The “all-laser” growth process is deformation behavior and fracture mechanisms were studied by post in- shown to permit the lateral bridging of adjacent patterned CoNi NPs. Indeed, situ AFM imaging of the indents. Mechanical properties of SiO2 and GaN random networks of SWNTs were formed on the SiO2 or SiN coated silicon nanowires were obtained by directly bending individual suspended wires using substrates. Atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy observations an AFM tip. Calibration procedures for the AFM mechanical testing have been revealed that the SWCNTs generally self-organize into bundles with diameters established. Another immediate challenge in nanotechnology is manipulation of 10-20 nm which, in turn, interconnect to form random networks. On the and integration of nanostructures into functional, usable structures and other hand, microRaman spectra showed that the SWCNTs present a relatively devices. Experimental mechanics of nanostructures are fundamental aspects narrow radial breathing mode (RBM) absorption band which corresponds to for the commercialization of nanotechnology. a mean nanotube diameter of 1.2 nm. The “all-laser” grown SWCNTs were directly integrated into field-effect transistor (FET) like devices and their 4:25 PM electrical transport propertries investigated both in air and under vacuum. Self-Assembly of Magnetic FePt and FePt(M) Nanoparticles: Xiangcheng The “all-laser”-SWCNTs based devices are found to behave, depending of Sun1; 1University of Western Ontario the nanodevice articheture, either as p type FETs or as ambipolar FETs with Controlled self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles has stimulated great ON/OFF switching ratios in the 104-107. interest as it may offer a convenient tool for magnetic nano- or bio-fabrication. In this study, a series of FePt and FePt(M) nanoparticles has been synthesized by chemically polyol reduction in the presence surfactants of oleic acid and oleyl amine. As-prepared particles have a chemically disordered face-centered Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Nanostructures: cubic crystal with average diameter of 4 nm and are superparamagnetic. These magnetic particles were well dispersed in hydrocarbon solvents and self- Session II assembled into particles arrays with a variety of close-packing arrangements. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Electronic Materials Larger domains of monolayer, two layers and more than five layers of particles Committee, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee, TMS: Thin Films and arrays are easily fabricated. It is worthy to note that van der Waals forces, Interfaces Committee, TMS: Young Leaders Committee magnetic dipoles and steric repulsion among magnetic particles have been Program Organizers: Ashutosh Tiwari, University of Utah; Haiyan Wang, responsible for this self-assembly process. Eventually controlling preparation Texas A&M; Minseo Park, Auburn University conditions is crucial to obtain the controlled magnetic particle arrays (or self- assembly) with uniform size and composition distributions. Monday PM Room: Oceanic 4 February 26, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel 4:40 PM Interfacial Strain and Nanoferroelectric Domain of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 Films Session Chair: Dhananjay Kumar, North Carolina A&T University on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si Substrate: Jihua Zhang1; Chuanren Yang1; Hongwei Chen1; 1University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Stimulated by the trend of miniaturization of electronic devices, the issue 2:00 PM Introductory Comments D. Kumar of the size effect on ferroelectricity has been of high interest during the past 2:10 PM Invited years. Generally, interfacial strain and fine grain size have a dominant effect Wide Band Gap Based Semiconductor Micro- and Nanoresonators for on ferroelectricity for thin films. In this paper, High Resolution Transmission Sensor Applications: Oliver Ambacher1; K. Tonisch1; F. Will1; V. Cimalla1; K. Electron Microscope (HRTEM) was used to characterize the microstructure Brueckner1; R. Stephan1; M. Hein1; 1Technical University Ilmenau of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) thin films prepared by radio frequency magnetron Due to the combination of mechanical structures with electrically sputtering. A periodic nanoscale ferroelectric multidomain structure is active elements for actuation and sensing, the technology of micro- and observed in the BST thin film. The domains have a width of 11.11 Å (4 unit nanoelectromechanical systems bears a huge potential for sensing applications. cells of the BST phase), which is much less than previous reports of critical Reported resonant frequencies up to 1 GHz and quality factors of several
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 115 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
10000 of ultra sensitive MEMS/NEMS are achieved at low temperatures and One-dimensional (1-D) zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap semiconductor, ultra high vacuum. For sensing applications, especially biological ones, it is and has been considered as an excellent semiconducting metal oxide material necessary to work under ambient conditions or even in liquids. In this work we for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) application. The nanostructures provide will demonstrate MEMS/NEMS resonators which are driven by a magneto- large surface-to-volume ratio and can also supply more efficient direct path M motive actuation under ambient conditions. We describe the fabrication of AlN for electrons from the dye to the conducting electrode. The ZnO samples and SiC micro- and nanoelectromechanical resonators of different design. We were produced via thermal chemical vapor deposition (thermal-CVD) and a O have analyzed resonators with fundamental mechanical resonant frequencies variety of ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by adjusting the processing N between 2 kHz and 2 MHz and quality factors in excess of 30000 in vacuum parameters during the growth process. The ZnO samples were successfully D and 350 in air. Finally, results of sensitivity experiments and examples of synthesized at a relatively low growth temperature (>500°C) on an indium tin biological and chemical sensor applications are presented. oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. The light harvesting capability and overall A efficiency can be greatly enhanced by using 1-D ZnO nanostructures (such as 2:45 PM Invited Y dendritic structures). The electrical characteristics of the DSSC is now being Zinc Oxide Thin Films and Nanostructures: Physical Vapor Synthesis and investigated. Integration into Flexible Electronics Platforms: Renato Camata1; Masashi P Matsumura1; Mevlut Bulut1; Jonathan Williams1; 1University of Alabama, 5:10 PM M Birmingham Effect of Annealing and Growth Conditions on Electrical, Magnetic and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a multifunctional material with a suite of desirable Magnetoresistance Properties of Manganite Thin Films: Nori Sudhakar1; properties. Its wide direct bandgap and large exciton binding energy make V. Bhosle1; G. Trichy1; Jagdish Narayan1; 1North Carolina State University it attractive for UV LEDs, lasers, and sensors. Nanostructures exhibiting Manganites have emerged as one of the widely studied materials belonging strong piezoelectricity have great potential for applications in biosensors to the important class of transitions metal oxides having perovskite structure. and nanoactuators. Biologically safe, polycrystalline films with good The physical properties of manganese oxide are highly sensitive to the growth crystal quality, ductility, and moderate Hall mobilities, can be grown at low conditions such as oxygen stoichiometry, choice of the substrate, growth temperatures, making it compatible with low-cost and flexible substrates. ZnO temperature and growth time. Here we present a detailed study of structural, is also a promising host for metal ions that can act as optical centers in the mid- electrical transport and magnetic properties of the epitaxial thin films of
infrared. In this talk we show how we have used Nanoparticle Beam Pulsed cubic manganite system La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 grown on MgO (100) single crystal Laser Deposition, a novel technique, to produce nanostructured ZnO films that substrates. Several films were grown at different oxygen partial pressures at are integrated with flexible polyimide substrates. We discuss the challenges 700°C using pulsed laser deposition technique. Temperature dependence of involved in the synthesis of ZnO uniformly doped with transition metal ions electrical resistivity shows a sharp metal-insulator transition (MIT) typical of in relation to other II-VI semiconductors (e.g., ZnSe) and their application in manganites. For the as-deposited film the transition occurs at about 62 K and tunable mid-infrared laser sources. annealing the film in oxygen increased the transition temperature to 210 K. The values are compared to the bulk T value. The magnetic measurements 3:20 PM p corroborate and complement the transport data. ZnO Based Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors and Spin Polarized Injection into ZnO: Shivaraman Ramachandran1; John Prater1; Jagdish 5:35 PM Narayan1; 1North Carolina State University Characterization of Nanostructure ZnO Thin Film Grown by Pulsed Here we will discuss the various aspects of diluted magnetic semiconductor Laser Deposition: Wonwoo Lee1; 1University of Alabama at Birmingham thin film growth and characterization. ZnO based DMS materials have gained Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is one of promising wide bandgap semiconductor materials attention in the last few years as the possibility of realizing room temperature because of their unique and novel applications in laser, piezoelectricity, ferromagnetism has been realized with consistency in Co-ZnO and Mn-ZnO. and optoelectronics. Nanostructure ZnO thin film on Si substrate was In addition, we have been able to tune the ferromagnetism in these systems as grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for solar cell application. X-ray a function of carrier concentration. We have done extensive characterization diffraction spectroscopy is used to confirm the crystalline orientation of on these films including magnetic, microstrucural, electronic and optical nanostructure ZnO thin film. Optical properties are also investigated using properties. From these experiments, we have been able to deduce the by photoluminescence (PL). A strong PL peak located at 374 nm is attributed mechanism causing magnetic ordering in these materials. We will also discuss to the free-exciton recombination, while a broad emission peak near at 2.8 spin polarized injection into semiconductors using these DMS materials by eV may be corresponded to the defect level, such as zinc vacancy, oxygen making device heterostructures which would ultimately help in realizing novel vacancy, or interstitials. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) functional devices like spin transistors and other spintronic devices. is used as supplementary tool to support the defects of nanostructure ZnO thin film as shown in PL measurements. The vibrational properties of the 3:50 PM Break nanostructure ZnO films are investigated by Raman scattering spectroscopy. 4:20 PM Electrical and Optical Properties of Ga Doped ZnO Thin Films Grown Using PLD: Michael Snure1; Minseo Park2; Ashutosh Tiwari1; 1University of Utah; 2Auburn University Transparent conducting oxides (TCO) have recently gained much attention due to a number of exciting applications. ZnO has shown to be one of the most promising materials for use in TCOs because of its attractive optical and electronic properties, which are greatly enhanced when dimensions are reduced to the nanometer scale. Here, we report on a systematic study of the optical and electrical properties of Znx-1GaxO, x = 0,…,5 atomic %, thin films grown using pulse laser deposition (PLD). These films that were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates are highly transparent in the visible spectrum and show a decrease in resistance with the addition of Ga dopent. Work has also been done to see how nitrogen annealing effects the optical and electronic properties of these films. 4:45 PM One-Dimensional ZnO Nanostructures for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Application: An-Jen Cheng1; William Ward1; Dake Wang1; Curtis Shannon1; Minseo Park1; Yonhua Tzeng1; Wonwoo Lee2; 1Auburn University; 2University of Alabama, Birmingham
116 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program
However, they decreased with further addition of the additive. We will discuss
the effects of Al2O3 additions on the sintering behavior of Sm2O3-doped CeO2, General Poster Session with particular emphasis being placed on the variation in the sintered density Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society and microstructure. Program Organizer: James Foley, Los Alamos National Laboratory Effects of CaO and Ca on Oxidation and Ignition Resistance of Pure Mg: Mon PM-Wed PM Room: Northern Hemisphere Foyer Seong-Ho Ha1; Jin Kyu Lee1; Hyung-Ho Jo1; Shae K. Kim1; 1Korea Institute February 26-28, 2007 Location: Dolphin Hotel of Industrial Technology The applications of Mg alloys are increasing due to their good properties such as low density, good castability and high specific strength. However, Al-Cu Joining: Influence of Various Surface Treatments of Al by Laser: molten Mg and Mg alloys are easily ignited and oxidized due to their high 1 1 1 Vamsi Balla ; Amit Bandyopadhyay ; Washington State University reactivity. Many researchers have performed studies to improve ignition and Al-Cu combination is incompatible because they have high affinity to oxidation resistance of Mg through alloying to Mg alloys. It is well known that each other at high temperatures and produce brittle, low strength and high Ca, though its high cost, is used to improve ignition and oxidation resistance electrical resistance intermetallics at the interface during fusion joining. This of Mg. However, Ca is difficult to handle due to its high reactivity. It has been preliminary work explores the influence of various surface treatments in attempted to improve ignition resistance of Mg alloys through CaO addition. successfully modifying the Al surface for joining with Cu structures, using The aim of this study is to investigate ignition and oxidation behaviors of CaO laser in Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS). Among the various surface or Ca added pure Mg. Pure Mg was used instead of Mg alloys to minimize the treatments studied, heat treatment at 150°C, 1h resulted in sound interfacial effects of other elements. bond between Al and Cu-38wt%Ni coating at 500W laser power – lowest power reported so far for Al laser processing. Other treatments such as Effects of MgO-Na2O-P2O5 Doping on Flexural Properties of Beta- anodising and 550°C, 1h before Ni coating revealed excessive intermetallics Tricalcium Phosphate (ß-TCP) Bioceramics: Robert Fleming1; Samar and large pores at the interface. Finally an attempt has been made to evaluate Kalita1; 1University of Central Florida solderability/brazability of coated Al with Cu structures. It is concluded that by Biomedical engineering has been advanced by the discoveries of emerging suitably modifying the surface characteristics, the metallurgical compatibility biomaterials. ß-TCP is an exciting material in this category. The possibility of of Al and Cu can be ensured. tailoring its resorption rate, through doping shows promise of using it creating viable controlled strength-loss osteogenic bone-grafts. It has been shown that Deformation Behavior of 7075 Al Wrought Alloy in the Semi-Solid State: ß-TCP doped with MgO-Na2O-P2O5, can help control its resorption as well as 1 1 1 Young-Ok Yoon ; Shae K. Kim ; Korea Institute of Industrial Technology enhance sintered density by 9%, hardness by 40% and compression strength 7075 Al wrought alloy with good mechanical properties has been used by 38%. To further explore the benefits of these sintering additives, biaxial with tendency to obtain weight-saving in aerospace, shipbuilding and flex tests (ASTM F-394) were performed on uniaxially compacted MgO- transport industries. However, it generally allows low extrusion speed and Na2O-P2O5 doped ß-TCP structures. The results demonstrated as much as a low extrudability index and also causes rather high extrusion pressure when 200% improvement in flexural strength over pure ß-TCP. This is a surprising extruded conventionally. Thixoextrusion, one of the thixoforming processes, and fantastic improvement on the flexural strength over pure ß-TCP. XRD has advantages of high productivity, reduction of the extrusion pressure, analyses, performed on powdered sintered structures, showed no alteration in extension of the die life and cost saving due to low energy consumption phase purity. Biodegradation and bioactivity were assessed in simulated body compared with conventional extrusion processes. Especially, thixoextrusion fluid. This presentation will present our findings. G process is expected to be very effective for hard-to-form materials with high strength. The aim of this study is to investigate the deformation behavior of Examination of Thiol Adsorption on Zn-Terminated and O-Terminated E 7075 Al wrought alloy for thixoextrusion through simple compression test in ZnO Substrates: Patrick Sadik1; David Norton1; 1University of Florida N the semisolid state. ZnO has been widely studied for a myriad of uses as a transparent semiconductor, as a blue/UV LED, and as a chemical sensor for both gas E Development of Trivalent Chromium Plating Electrolyte and Plating and liquid phase applications. The ability to grow ZnO high surface area R 1 1 Process for Automotive Parts: Beomsuck Han ; Korea Automotive phases including nanowires, nanorods, and nanobelts among other has greatly A Technology Institute increased the prospects off achieving single molecule detection. For this reason L Every year, end of life vehicles generate between 8 and 9 million tonnes the adsorption of dodecanethiol on both Zn-terminated and O-terminated ZnO of waste in the Community. The European Commission adopted a Proposal substrates has been examined using RHEED and XPS measurements for for a Directive which aims at making vehicle dismantling and recycling more temperature increments between 25°C and 500°C. We found that on both Zn- P environmentally friendly, sets clear quantified targets for reuse, recycling and terminated and O-terminated ZnO substrates, dodecanethiol readily adheres O recovery of vehicles and their components. Hexavalent chromium is a main to the surface at temperatures in excess of 400°C with the Zn surface having substance of regulated element.Trivalent chromium baths have numerous the greater thiol adsorption. On both surfaces the XPS analysis shows that the S environmental and health advantages. We are developing a functional trivalent thiol (-SH) moiety seemed to be largely responsible for surface adsorption. T chromium plating bath using a chromium chloride(CrCl3) as a replacement for commercial hexavalent chromium plating bath. We investigate a functional Fabrication and Reliability Evaluation of Au-Sn Flip Chip Solder Joint: E chromium plating process using a non-toxic trivalent chromium. We compare Jeong-Won Yoon1; Hyun-Suk Chun1; Ja-Myeong Koo1; Seung-Boo Jung1; R the chromium coatings fabricated with trivalent chromium plating process 1Sungkyunkwan University S with a state of art hexavalent chromium plating process. In recent years, the use of optoelectronic packages is increasing rapidly. In these packages, solder alloys are commonly employed for mounting active Effects of Alumina Additions on Sintering Behavior of Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 devices, such as laser diodes, on the substrate of the package. Solders for 1 Ceramics Synthesized by Pechini Method: Joo-Sin Lee ; Kwang-Hoon bonding applications in microelectronic/optoelectronic packages are classified 1 2 2 2 1 Choi ; Dat Quach ; Vladimir Kodash ; Joanna Groza ; Kyungsung University; as soft solders and hard solders. Especially, among hard solders, eutectic Au- 2 University of California 20wt.% Sn is the preferred alloy because of its relatively low melting point, low Ceria-based ceramics are difficult to be densified below 1550°C. In order elastic modulus, high thermal conductivity, and high strength compared with to lower the sintering temperature, other methods such as the use of fine the other solders. In addition, the flip-chip technology is generally considered powders and the use of additives should be exploited. The preparation of the ultimate first level connection because the highest density can be achieved ultrafine powder has been studied by many investigators. Only limited reports, and the path length is shortest so that optimal electrical characteristics are however, are available on the densification of ceria-based ceramics by using achieved. The objective of this research is to evaluate the interfacial reactions sintering additives. In the present study the effects of alumina additions on and mechanical reliability of the electroplated Au-Sn flip-chip solder bump. the sintering behavior of Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 ceramics was investigated by the use of The results on the electroplating, reflowing and bump shear testing will be powders synthesized by Pechini method. Both sintered density and grain size presented in more detail. increased with increasing additive content up to 1 mol% for Al2O3 addition. Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 359 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Fabrication of Fe Nanoparticles by Direct Electrochemical Reduction results show that the liquid fraction and average grain size were almost uniform from Fe2O3 Nanoparticles: Won-Kyu Han1; Jung Ho Baik1; So Jin Kim1; with respect to isothermal holding temperature and time. It is considered very Chung Man Choi1; Sung Goon Kang1; 1Hanyang University useful for thixoextrusion in terms of process control such as billet temperature In this report, Fe nano particles have been prepared by direct electrochemical control and actual extrusion time. Microstructural control of 7075 Al wrought reduction from Fe2O3 nano particles and the reduction mechanism was alloy both before and after homogenization could be possible and thixotropic investigated. To investigate the reduction mechanism, Fe2O3 has been microstructures were obtained in both specimens. deposited on the AISI 430 by magnetron sputtering in various Ar/O2 ratio and Notch Toughness of a Cu-Based Bulk Metallic Glass: Matthew Freels1; the cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed in 0.5 M NaCl solution at 300 K. Peter Liaw1; Gongyao Wang1; 1University of Tennessee, Knoxville This result indicated that the oxygen from the Fe2O3 was ionized at -1.30 V Cu-based bulk-metallic glasses (BMGs) have received much interest of (versus SCE) and reduced to Fe. The structure of the films were analyzed by late due to their high strength and low cost compared to the widely studied XRD, SEM/EDS and XPS. Zr-based BMGs. Consequently, it is important that Cu-based BMG systems Laser Surface Modifications of Alumina Ceramic for Applications in be further studied and developed. In this study, the fracture toughness of Precision Grinding of Materials: Sandip Harimkar1; Narendra Dahotre1; (Cu60Zr30Ti10)99Sn1 BMG was examined using the three-point bending 1University of Tennessee method. Notch toughness tests were performed on an MTS servohydraulic Laser Surface modification of the ceramics is a novel technique for testing machine under constant displacement rates ranging from .1mm/min. achieving improved surface properties. The high cooling rates associated Notch radii ranged from 150 µm to 300 µm. Notch depth was kept constant with the laser surface processing results in the formation of various novel at .45W (2.15 mm). Load versus displacement was monitored during testing. phases and morphology. The present study deals with the tailoring the surface Preliminary results indicate notch toughness values calculated from the morphology of the alumina ceramic with a potential application in micro-scale maximum load at fracture range from 35 MPa√m up to 65Mpa√m. Fracture material removal during surface grinding of materials. Thermal effects during surface characteristics, as well reasons for the large variability in the data will laser surface processing are correlated with subsequent development of the be explored. microstructural features such as crystallographic and morphological textures, On the Phase Diagram and Thermodynamics of the Al-Nd-Ni System: grain size, depth of melting etc. Also, results of the effects of microstructure A Combined Approach of Experiments, CALPHAD and First-Principles development on the grinding performance are presented. Calculations: Michael Gao1; Michael Widom1; Gary Shiflet2; Marek Metal Ion Doped Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Bioceramic with Improved Mihalkovic1; 1Carnegie Mellon University; 2University of Virginia Properties: Alton Davenport1; Samar Kalita1; 1University of Central Florida A novel approach that combines critical experiments, CALPHAD modeling Recent years have seen a quest for new bioresorbable biomaterials. Beta- and first principles (FP) calculations is used to study the Al-Nd-Ni ternary phase tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) with excellent biocompatibility is ideal for diagram and the underlying thermodynamics. Two new ternary compounds are bone-grafting. However, β-TCP suffers from poor flexural strength, poor experimentally identified, i.e. Al19Nd3Ni5 and Al5NdNi2. Based on our FP densification and rapid in vivo degradation. In our research, we improved calculations, they are suggested to be isostructural with Al19Gd3Ni5 (Pearson densification and flexural strength of β-TCP by introducing small quantities symbol oC108) and Al5CeNi2 (oI16) respectively. Other compounds that are of divalent metal ions coupled with material-specific sintering which also likely stable include Al4NdNi, Al3NdNi2, Al2NdNi, AlNdNi, AlNd2Ni2 and controlled its degradation rate in vitro. High purity metal ions, known to be AlNd3Ni8, whose crystal structures are suggested with FP calculations. Several prevalent in the bone mineral, were introduced into β-TCP powder via ball compounds exhibit compositional homogeneity range via Al/Ni substitution G milling. Dense structures were prepared by uniaxial pressing with green that are measured experimentally at 773 K: Al2Nd (~3 at% Ni); Al3NdNi2 E density of 1.7 g/cc and sintered at 1250°C, in air. Results showed 5-12% (46-52 at% Al); Al5NdNi2 (25-28 at% Al). Based on the present experimental increase in density, 50-120% increase in microhardness and 30-100% increase data and FP calculations, the complete phase diagram and the thermodynamic N in biaxial flexural strength. XRD analysis confirmed no alteration in phase descriptions are determined via CALPHAD modeling. Application to glass E purity. Biodegradation study was performed in dynamic SBF. In vitro assay formation is discussed in light of present study. performed, using prostate cancer cells confirmed that these materials were R Phase Equilibria Study and Thermodynamic Assessment of the Al-Ce-Co non-toxic. A System Assisted by First-Principles Energy Calculations: Michael Gao1; L Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Necip Unlu2; Marek Mihalkovic1; Michael Widom1; Gary Shiflet2; 1Carnegie Thixoextruded 2024 Al Wrought Alloy: Dong-In Jang1; Young-Ok Yoon1; Mellon University; 2University of Virginia Shae K. Kim1; Hyung-Ho Jo1; 1Korea Institute of Industrial Technology This study investigates the phase equilibria of the Al-rich Al-Ce-Co system P The 2024 Al wrought alloy has been used for a wide range of applications using a range of experimental techniques including melt spinning, TEM, O such as automobile and aircraft. However, extrusion process for the 2024 Al EPMA, XRD and DTA. The glass formation range in the Al-rich corner is wrought alloy was not easy due to its low extrudability.Thixoextrusion, one of determined, and a partial 773 K isotherm is constructed. Three stable ternary S the thixoforming processes, has advantages of high productivity, reduction of phases are confirmed, namely, Al8CeCo2, Al4CeCo and AlCeCo, while a T the extrusion pressure and cost saving due to low energy consumption compared metastable phase, Al5CeCo2, was discovered. Also confirmed are our previous E with conventional extrusion processes. Especially, thixoextrusion process was results [Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2005;36A:3269.] that a polymorphous expected to be very effective for hard-to-form materials with high strength. transformation of α/βAl3Ce exists in the Al-Ce binary system, and that the R In this paper, effects of extrusion parameter, such as extrusion temperature, transformation between Al11Ce3.oI28 and Al4Ce.tI10 can’t be polymorphous. S speed and die bearing length, on the microstructure and mechanical properties The equilibrium and metastable phases identified by the present and earlier of 2024 Al wrought alloy were interested. The thixoextrusion was carried out reported experiments are further studied by first-principles calculations. Based at 607’ and 631’ with extrusion speeds of 10’/sec, 20’/sec and 30’/sec. The die on new experimental data and FP calculations, the thermodynamics of the Al- bearing lengths were 7’ and 15’. The results of thixoextrusion experiments Co-Ce system is optimized using the CALPHAD method. Model calculated were compared with conventional extrusion results. phase equilibria and phase boundaries conform with the present experimental results. Microstructural Evolution of 7075 Al Wrought Alloy for Thixoextrusion Process: Young-Ok Yoon1; Dong-In Jang1; Shae K. Kim1; Hyung-Ho Jo1; Porous Titanium Electrodes for Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Applications: 1Korea Institute of Industrial Technology David Beeler1; Leroy Long1; Emily Henderson1; Daniel Young1; Raghavan The study for thixoextrusion of 7075 Al wrought alloy was carried out Srinivasan1; 1Wright State University with respect to reheating rate, isothermal holding temperature and time with Microbial fuel cells (MFC) work on the principle that during metabolism an emphasis to the effect of homogenization on thixotropic microstructures certain bacteria produce electrons which can be harnessed as a source of during the partial remelting. The main emphasis of this study was to investigate electrical energy. This paper presents the results of a study on the production feasibility of microstructural control in the low liquid fraction (fL<0.3) for the and use of porous titanium electrodes in MFC. Electrodes were produced by thixoextrusion of 7075 Al wrought alloy without additional pretreatment. The powder metallurgy (PM) techniques using 20 micrometer CP titanium powder,
360 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program and powders of another material as place holders. Mixtures with different Study of Hot Deformation Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Widmanstätten titanium to place holder material ratios were cold compacted use to produce Microstructure by Artificial Neural Networks: N. Reddy1; Chan Hee Park1; green bodies from which the place holder material was etched out. The porous 1Pohang University of Science and Technology compact was then sintered to produce electrodes for the MFC. Results to The present work demonstrates the use of an artificial neural networks be presented include characterization of the titanium electrodes in terms of (ANN) model in generating processing maps for hot working processes for Ti- microstructure, specific surface area, and permeability. Results from the use of 6Al-4V alloy with widmanstätten microstructure. The flow stress data for ANN the electrodes in MFC will also be presented. model training was obtained from continuous compression tests performed on a thermo-mechanical simulator over a wide range of temperatures (700- Reaction of Co Phase in the WC-Co Coatings with Molten Zinc: Byeog- 1100°C) with the strain rates of 0.0001-100 s-1 and true strains of 0.1 to 0.6. Geun Seong1; Sung-Hee Kwon2; Kyoo-Young Kim3; Kee-Ahn Lee2; 1Research It has been found that the flow stress values predicted by the ANN model Institute Science and Technology; 2Andong National University; 3POSTECH agree closely with actual experimental values, thus indicating the possibility The main objective of this study is to investigate the detailed reaction of using neural networks approach to tackle hot deformation problems. The mechanism of Co phase with molten zinc. Pure Co, Co-W alloys specimens specimen failures at various instances have been predicted and metallurgical were used to understand role of the phase and alloying effect. These specimens explanations had been presented. The flow stress predicted at finer intervals were immersion tested in Zn bath. After immersion of Co in a pure molten zinc of temperature and strain rate regions and subsequently processing maps were bath at 460oC to 520oC four kinds of Co-Zn intermetallic compound layers, developed. The safe domains of hot working of alloy were identified and β1, γ, γ1, and γ2 were formed on the Co matrix. Rate controlling step for this validated through microstructural investigations. reaction was diffusion through β1 compound layer and the activation energy was calculated to be 214.9 kJ/mole. Co-10%W alloy showed no W alloying The Effect of Composition of Carbon Fibre on the Mechanical and effect on the reaction rate in a molten zinc bath but the reaction rates increased Morphological Properties of PA6/Carbon Composite: Albert Ude1; Husna as W contents increase to 20% and 30%. β1 layer was not formed on Co- Azhari1; 1National University of Malaysia Bangi 20%W alloy and no stable Co-Zn intermetallic compound layer was found on A study to investigate the mechanical property-morphology relationship the Co-30% alloy. of polyamide 6 reinforced carbon fibre composites has been carried out. The composites were prepared by melt mixing, in a composition of wt% Recovery of Pd(II) and Pt(IV) Ions by Introducing SCN- Soft Ligand with PA6/wt%CF; 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, 80/20 respectively. The length of the fibre Tannin Gel: Yoshio Nakano1; Yeon Ho Kim1; 1Tokyo Institute of Technology was 500µm. The mechanical properties were measured. These properties We have developed a new Pd(II) and Pt(IV) recovery process from were correlated to the morphology. The mechanical properties suggest that wastes such as spent catalysts or scraps, which is simple and generates little carbon fiber has the potentials to reinforce polyamide 6; hence an increase secondary waste, using tannin gel particles synthesized from condensed- in strength recorded, displaying that strength is a function of the volume of tannin, ubiquitous and inexpensive natural material. We have reported that the reinforcement (fibre).Morphological study of the tensile fractured surface in chloride solution, Pd(II) ionic species are adsorbed onto the tannin gel showed the mechanism of failure to be the dispersed domain pulling out of particles through inner-sphere redox reaction mechanism: two-electron a continuous matrix, leaving voids in their alert. The size of the voids seems transfer from tannin gel to chloro-palladium(II) complexes, accompanied by to correspond with the size of the fibrils, making the inference that the voids ligand substitution between chloro-palladium(II) complexes and hydroxyl observed were space left by the pulled-out fibre distributed in different groups of tannin gel. In the present investigation, The intermediate step direction apparently reasonable. (ligand substitution) plays an essential role in the Pd(II) and Pt(IV) adsorption, because the ligand substitution rate is increased by introducing a soft ligand X-Ray Absorption near Edge Structure Analysis of Chromium G (SCN-). Addition of SCN- ion to chloride solution leads to the formation of Oxynitride Thin Films: Jun Inoue1; Tadachika Nakayama1; Tsuneo Suzuki1; E chlorothiocyanocomplexes which is more favourable for the ligand substitution Hisayuki Suematsu1; Weihua Jiang1; Koichi Niihara1; 1Nagaoka University with tannin gel than chlorocomplexes because of the trans-effect. of Technology N We have already reported the hardening in Cr(N,O) thin films by the increase Reprocessing of Silicon Carbide-Based Inert Matrix Fuels: Soraya E in the oxygen content (x). X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in Benitez1; Ronald Baney1; James Tulenko1; 1University of Florida R the thin films was observed to clarify electronic structure change associated Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the prime candidates for the fabrication of with the hardening. The Cr(N,O) thin films were prepared by PLD method. The A ceramic based inert matrix fuels (IMF) for the burning of plutonium and for beam line BL-12C of PF in High Energy Accelerator Research Organization L the transmutation of long-lived actinides. However, reprocessing of SiC-based was used for XANES measurements. It was found that the ionicity between IMF to separate transuranic species for both spent and unspent nuclear fuel metal and nonmetal atoms has increased by replacing nitrogen atoms in CrN by from the SiC matrix is not well defined. A potential reprocessing method under oxygen atoms, since the Cr-K edge peak shift to higher energy was observed P investigation is the use of alkali and alkali earth molten salt baths to dissolve with increasing x. Furthermore, the peak attributed to the electronic transition O the SiC matrix. SiC samples with and without ceria will be reprocessed using from 1s to band that formed by 3deg of metal atom and 2p of nonmetal atoms the molten salt method to determinate ease of separation, dissolution rates, S decreased with x increases. It can be understood the reason for this result is and resulting compounds. Ceria is used as a surrogate for plutonium and for T that the total valence electron density increased gradually with increasing x. the transuranic species. E In-Situ Chemical Oxidation of Soil Contaminated by Benzene, Lead Stress Rupture Property of Inconel 718 Alloy: Ji Soo Kim1; Chong Soo and Cadmium: Marcia Bragato1; Jorge Tenorio1; 1Escola Politecnica- R Lee1; 1Pohang University of Science and Technology Universidade de Sao Paulo S Stress rupture properties of base metal and weldment of Inconel 718 Alloy Soil contamination by oil and its derivatives is found at many sites in Sao for aerospace applications were examined in the present study. The specimens Paulo, Brazil. In this research, the chemical oxidation was used as remediation were solution heat treated according to the specification of ASM 5596, i.e., method for soil contaminated simultaneously by benzene, lead and cadmium heating to a temperature of 980°C, holding at the temperature for an hour simulating in-situ conditions. Tests were carried out under laboratory and air cooled. Afterward, precipitation heat treatment was done by heating to conditions. In the oxidation tests the efficiency of Fenton’s reagent (H O / 720°C for 8 hours, furnace cooled to 621°C, holding at 621°C for 8 hours and 2 2 Fe+2) on the benzene oxidation was performed. Under the imposed oxidizing furnace cooled. The test temperatures were varied from 649°C to 760°C. With conditions lead in the lecheate increased in TLCP tests. Using the Fenton’s the increase of test temperature, stress rupture life was shortened at the same reagent the increase of lead concentration in the lecheate was 4 times greater stress ratio. The weldement was more fragile than the base metal. Detailed under natural conditions. On the other hand, cadmium presented the opposite microstructures and fracture surfaces after the rupture test were investigated behavior, e.g., Cadmium concentration in the lecheate was decreased 50% for by the optical microscope and SEM. the oxidizing conditions.
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 361 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Development and Validation of High Performance Thick Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) for Application on Turbine Components: Gabriele Rizzi1; A. Scrivani1; 1Turbocoating This paper addresses the development of thick TBC (with thickness in the range of 1.5 - 2 mm), focusing attention on the microstructure and the porosity of the Yttria Partially Stabilised Zirconia (YPSZ) coating, in relation to its resistance to thermal cycling fatigue (TCF). TBC coatings have been produced by means of a NiCoCrAlY bond coat and Yttria Partially Stabilised Zirconia top coat, both sprayed by Air Plasma Spray. The obtained samples have been characterized from the metallographic point of view in order to determine the structure and the porosity of the coating. Finally the samples have been submitted to TCF test, according to the procedure of two important OEMs. The study enabled determination of a good microstructure of the TBC coating with high TCF resistance independent of the porosity of the coating itself. Development of CVD Overaluminising Method on Different Conicraly Bond Coats Deposited by Low Pressure Plasma Spray (LPPS), High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) and Air Plasma Spray (APS): Gabriele Rizzi1; A. Scrivani1; 1Turbocoating This paper addresses the study of Aluminium coatings deposited by CVD on CoNiCrAlY bond coats deposited by three thermal spray techniques. The different CoNiCrAlY coatings structure obtained by these three techniques (Low Pressure Plasma Spray or Vacuum Plasma Spray, High Velocity Oxygen Fuel and Air Plasma Spray) with different content of oxides and porosity could affect the deposition rate and quality of the Al coatings. The obtained samples have been characterized from the metallographic point of view (porosity, thickness and structure). Al coating thickness has been taken as parameter in order to define the Al coating deposition rate on the three different CoNiCrAlY coatings. Oxidation test has been performed in order to evaluate and compare the oxidation resistance of this three different coatings. Self-Organized Periodic Array of Single Crystal Oxide Nano Islands: L. Zimmerman1; Michael Rauscher1; S. Dregia1; J. Lee1; S. Akbar1; 1Ohio State University We have deposited a gadolinium doped ceria thin film on an yttria-stabilized zirconia substrate using RF magnetron sputtering. Subsequent spalling of the G thin film and a high temperature anneal combine to create a periodic array of E single crystal islands with regular size, shape, and distance from their nearest neighbors. The features can be used as a template to transfer the pattern to N other materials of interest, with the high strength of the material allowing E for superior durability and fidelity of pattern transfer. In its current form, R the nanostructure may find use in manipulation of single proteins and single molecules of DNA, as well as in nanoscale analytics. We predict the ability A to establish long-range periodicity in the alignment of the islands creating a L regular 2D network of nanochannels. These structures represent a tunable, self-assembling, low-cost, non-cleanroom means of producing nanoscale features suitable for nanofluidic channel fabrication and numerous other P applications. In this work, we discuss the conditions necessary to create the O novel nanostructure, and highlight the influence of annealing on the structure S features. We have performed preliminary characterization of the system to T determine its intrinsic usefulness for a range of optical, electronic, magnetic, and biological nanofluidic applications. We also discuss early efforts to create E nanofluidic devices based on the pattern. R S
362 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
A Akogwu, O...... 22 Arai, M ...... 208 Alaradi, E...... 123 Arai, Y ...... 85 Abbaschian, R...... 85 Alba Baena, N...... 185 Arakawa, K...... 355 Abdel, E...... 250 Albers, R...... 189 Arbegast, W...... 82, 83, 134, 135, 137, Abd Elhamid, M...... 94 Alcorn, T...... 30, 31 ...... 187, 248, 298, 299, 342 Abdelrahman, M...... 143 Aldabergenova, S...... 220 Archbold, G...... 30 Abduev, A...... 221 Alexander, B...... 72 Ardakani, M...... 85 Abdulla, A...... 70 Alexander, D...... 90 Ardell, A...... 65 Abe, H ...... 253 Alexandrescu, R...... 63 Arenholz, E...... 146 Abe, T ...... 209 Alexandrov, I...... 113 Ares, A ...... 45, 289 Abedrabbo, S...... 55 Alford, F...... 114 Argon, A...... 73 Abelev, G...... 142, 193 Ali, A ...... 306 Arias, A ...... 215 Abolmaali, A...... 249 Alihossieni, H...... 279 Arin, M ...... 234 Abramson, A...... 219 Allahverdi, K...... 350 Arkhipov, G...... 174 Abreu, A...... 232 Allard, L...... 282 Armstrong, L...... 281 Abruña, H...... 65 Allen, C ...... 82, 83, 134, 187, 248, 298, 341, 342 Armstrong, R...... 29, 79 Abu-Dheir, N...... 262 Allen, T ...... 49, 151, 314 Arnaboldi, S...... 217 Abu-Farha, F...... 93 Allison, J...... 91, 255, 288, 292, 307, 324 Arnaud, W...... 38 Abu Al-Rub, R...... 261 Alman, D...... 192, 193, 198 Arnold, W...... 29 Abu Leil, T...... 257 Almasri, A...... 261 Arnon, A...... 194, 257 AbuOmar, O...... 120 Almazouzi, A...... 263 Arroyave, R...... 28 Acharya, A...... 44, 266, 320 Almer, J ...... 121 Arsenault, S...... 224 Acharya, S...... 291 Alonso, E...... 60 Arsenlis, T...... 207 Acoff, V...... 50, 225, 317 Alpas, A ...... 240 Artemev, A...... 239 Adam, G...... 39, 255 Altenhof, W...... 240 Artemyev, M...... 161 Adams, B...... 44, 96, 97, 146, 147, 199, 260, 312 Alven, D...... 57 Artyukhin, A...... 22 Adams, J...... 192 Alvi, M ...... 69 Artz, E ...... 22, 23, 71, 124, Adams, T...... 167 Alyousif, O...... 129 ...... 175, 176, 233, 284, 330 Adapa, R...... 347 Amancherla, S...... 169 Arunkumar, S...... 301 Addessio, F...... 133 Ambacher, O...... 115 Asahi, R...... 252 Adebiyi, O...... 94 Ambrová, M...... 173 Asano, S...... 87 Adedokun, S...... 88 Amirthalingam, M...... 346 Asay, J ...... 132, 243, 244 Adharapurapu, R...... 133, 233, 243, 339 An, K ...... 134, 200 Ashby, M...... 38 Afanasyev, K...... 155 An, Q ...... 294 Asp, K ...... 239 Aga, R ...... 83, 235 Anand, L...... 88 Aspandiar, R...... 34 Agarwal, A...... 223, 274, 275 Andelman, T...... 115 Assadi, H...... 86 Ager, J ...... 125 Anderoglu, O...... 211 Asta, M ...... 84, 89, 137 Aggarwal, G...... 227 Anderson, I...... 66, 103, 142, 166, 264, 290 Asvarov, A...... 221 Aghion, E...... 194, 257 Anderson, M...... 93 Aswath, P...... 125, 249, 285 Agnew, S...... 19, 68, 75, 92, 93, Anderson, P...... 168 Ataoglu, S...... 96 ...... 120, 144, 169, 170, 228, 279 Anderson, S...... 248 Atar, E ...... 348 Agrawal, D...... 354 Anderson, T...... 33, 55, 108, 353 Athreya, B...... 32 Agren, J ...... 239, 293 Ando, D ...... 93 Atwell, D...... 195 Ahluwalia, R...... 240, 249 Ando, T ...... 250 Atwood, R...... 270 Ahluwalia, S...... 331 André, J ...... 341 Atzmon, M...... 73 Ahmad, Z...... 274 Andre, S...... 174 Aude, M...... 17 Ahn, B ...... 215 Andreas, D...... 88 Ausland, G...... 81 Ahn, I ...... 276 Andrieux, J...... 182 Austin, R...... 295 Ahn, J ...... 34, 56, 137, 148, 334, 335, 346 Andrus, M...... 197 Averback, R...... 201, 207 Ahn, S ...... 144, 145, 190, 292 Ang, J ...... 131, 208 Avila-Davila, E...... 336 Ahrenkiel, R...... 149 Anger, G...... 88 Avraham, S...... 257 Ahsan, M...... 274 Angerer, P...... 18 Awakura, Y...... 334 Ahyi, C ...... 62, 221 Aning, A...... 302 Awang, M...... 298 Ahzi, S ...... 96 Ankem, S...... 348 Aydin, S ...... 35 Aindow, M...... 301 Annamaneni, S...... 187 Aydiner, C...... 121 Aïssa, B ...... 115 Anopuo, O...... 350, 353 Ayer, R ...... 248 Ajayan, P...... 64 Anselmi-Tamburini, U...... 358 Azevedo, K...... 216 Ajayi, O ...... 351 Antille, J...... 283 Azhari, H...... 361 Ajdelsztajn, L...... 214, 358 Antipov, E...... 283 Ajideh, H...... 347 Antoun, B...... 294 B Akahori, T...... 306 Antrekowitsch, H...... 138, 148 Akamatsu, S...... 135, 188 Anyalebechi, P...... 45, 46, 97, 148, 200 Baars, D ...... 57 Akarca, S...... 240 Aoki, Y ...... 208 Babu, S ...... 292 Akbar, S...... 162, 362 Apel, M ...... 240 Bach, F ...... 166 Akhmedov, A...... 221 Apisarov, A...... 283, 329 Backman, D...... 256 Akhtar, S...... 81 Appel, F...... 169, 212 Bacon, D...... 48, 201, 203 Akihiro, S...... 107 Appel, J ...... 108, 150 Badarinarayan, H...... 92, 297 Akin, I ...... 234, 302 Aprigliano, L...... 43 Badillo, A...... 188, 201 Akinc, M...... 321 Aquino, R...... 129 Bae, D ...... 277 Akli, L ...... 307 Arafah, D...... 55, 108, 149 Bae, G ...... 145
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 363 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Bae, J ...... 50, 333, 335 Baxter, G...... 322 Bhowmick, S...... 234 Bae, S ...... 276 Baxter, J...... 125 Bhuiya, A...... 110 Baek, E ...... 223 Baydogan, M...... 351 Bialiauskaya, V...... 250 Baer, D ...... 275 Bayles, R...... 247 Bianhua, H...... 167 Baeslack, W...... 83 Beals, R ...... 40, 41, 91, 92, 143, 144, 194, Biava, D...... 192 Bagnall, S...... 156 ...... 195, 257, 258, 307, 309, 350, 352 Bica, D ...... 63 Bahia, H...... 347 Bearne, G...... 21, 70, 123, 124, 173, Bice, S ...... 70 Bahr, D ...... 49, 64, 166, 325, 326 ...... 174, 231, 232, 283, 329 Biegalski, M...... 64 Bai, J ...... 170 Beauchemin, S...... 238 Bieler, T ...... 45, 57, 68, 228 Bai, M ...... 110 Beaudoin, A...... 29, 280 Biener, J...... 224 Bai, Y ...... 73, 133, 295, 313 Bebelaar, D...... 157 Bigot, J ...... 245 Baik, J ...... 360 Becherer, G...... 323 Bijun, R ...... 175, 232, 340 Baik, S ...... 290 Becker, C...... 84 Bilgram, J...... 188 Baird, J ...... 20 Becker, J...... 244 Billia, B ...... 85, 188 Baizhen, C...... 99 Beckermann, C...... 84, 86, 188 Billinge, S...... 139 Bakajin, O...... 22 Becquart, C...... 48, 100, 150, 201, 202, Bilodeau, J...... 296 Baker, I ...... 76, 343 ...... 263, 314, 315, 316, 355 Bin, Z ...... 282 Baker, S ...... 160 Becze, L...... 34 Binci, M...... 199 Bakshi, S...... 275 Beeler, D...... 360 Bing, L ...... 46, 217, 349 Balani, K...... 275 Beer, A ...... 353 Bingert, J...... 26, 57 Balk, T ...... 160, 326 Behrani, V...... 269 Birol, Y ...... 172 Balla, V ...... 193, 250, 268, 359 Behrens, B...... 166 Birtcher, R...... 356 Ballato, J...... 55 Behrens, C...... 245 Biswas, K...... 264 Balogh, L...... 212 Beilstein, M...... 81 Björkas, C...... 150 Balooch, G...... 125 Beke, D ...... 78 Black, W...... 273 Bamberger, M...... 257, 308 Belak, J ...... 80, 336 Blanchard, P...... 194 Bammann, D...... 261 Bele, E ...... 348 Blandin, J...... 257, 288, 331 Ban, Y ...... 258, 284, 340 Bellaiche, L...... 114 Blawert, C...... 257, 259, 350 Bandar, A...... 170 Bellis, S ...... 176 Bleda, E ...... 19 Bandyopadhyay, A...... 193, 250, 268, 359 Bellon, P...... 201, 207 Bless, S ...... 80 Bandyopadhyay, P...... 268 Belova, I...... 78, 293 Bletchly, P...... 122 Banerjee, R...... 18, 25, 126, 226, 234 Belt, C ...... 55, 56, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 Bley, F ...... 322 Baney, R...... 361 Beltran, E...... 280 Bligh, R ...... 171 Bang, W...... 144, 145, 149, 150, 196, 205 Bement, M...... 102 Blue, C ...... 39 Banovic, S...... 19, 140 Ben-Artzy, A...... 309 Blumenthal, B...... 30 Bantounas, I...... 349 Ben-Hamu, G...... 195, 308 Blumenthal, W...... 244 Bao, Y ...... 351 Benitez, S...... 361 Bobrovnitchii, G...... 129, 290 Barabash, O...... 247, 262 Benito, J...... 219 Bocher, F...... 43 Barabash, R...... 80, 191, 253 Benkahla, B...... 71 Bocquet, J...... 202 Barajas, A...... 342 Bennett, M...... 254 Bodde, S...... 71 Baranov, A...... 161 Benson, D...... 295 Bodéa, S...... 85 Barashev, A...... 201, 203 Benson, M...... 180 Boehlert, C...... 17, 49, 226, 255, 308 Barbu, A...... 202, 263, 264 Bentley, J...... 96 Boehner, A...... 267 Barlat, F ...... 253 Benzerga, A...... 68, 267, 312 Boettinger, W...... 181 Barnard, B...... 332 Bera, S ...... 178 Bogdan, S...... 286 Barnett, M...... 93, 195, 353 Berezin, A...... 329 Bogdanov, Y...... 71 Barney, I...... 16 Berger, C...... 94 Boggess, T...... 269 Barpanda, P...... 115, 164, 279 Berghmans, A...... 54 Bohlen, J...... 145, 258 Barrera, E...... 117 Berglin, R...... 244 Boileau, J...... 279 Barresi, J...... 179 Bergman, L...... 163 Boin, U ...... 259 Barrett, C...... 156, 269 Bergmann, A...... 252 Bojar, Z ...... 18, 66 Barron, M...... 180, 227 Bernard, D...... 53, 228 Bokerman, G...... 94 Barry, E ...... 26, 121, 312 Berndt, G...... 296 Boldsaikhan, E...... 134, 135 Bartolo, L...... 40 Bertram, M...... 333 Bolduc, S...... 237 Bartsch, A...... 293 Beshay, Y...... 112 Bonade, R...... 48 Baruchel, J...... 85, 188 Bet, S ...... 163 Bondarenko, V...... 274 Basaran, B...... 299 Bettge, D...... 226 Bondarev, I...... 220 Baskes, M...... 19, 27, 67, 69, 132, 151, 316, 356 Betzwar-Kotas, A...... 318 Bonnier, M...... 21 Basoalto, H...... 156 Bewerse, C...... 249, 300 Boom, R...... 259 Bass, M ...... 55 Bewlay, B...... 169, 322 Boone, S...... 345 Bassani, J...... 51 Beyerlein, I...... 80, 170, 228 Booty, M...... 109 Bassani, P...... 217 Bhagat, R...... 90 Borg, J ...... 183 Bassim, N...... 80 Bhandari, Y...... 44, 130 Borgenstam, A...... 240 Bassler, K...... 140 Bhanumurthy, K...... 131, 298 Borlini, M...... 180 Batista, E...... 231 Bharathula, A...... 126, 177 Borzenko, M...... 283 Battaile, C...... 26, 77, 130, 181, Bhattacharya, S...... 172, 302 Bose, S ...... 193, 250, 268 ...... 239, 291, 327, 335, 337 Bhattacharyya, D...... 320 Bosselet, F...... 182 Battle, T ...... 323 Bhide, R...... 349 Boteler, J...... 80 Batwal, A...... 95, 250 Bholoa, A...... 202 Bothara, M...... 236 Baumann, J...... 135 Bhosle, V...... 116, 163, 222 Bottin-Rousseau, S...... 135
364 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Bouchard, P...... 74 C Chada, S...... 50, 102, 104, 151, 153, Bourke, M...... 299 ...... 204, 205, 264, 265, 317, 318 Bourne, N...... 243, 294, 295 Cabibbo, M...... 352 Chakraborti, D...... 163 Bouville, M...... 240, 249, 291 Cabrera, J...... 219 Chakravarthy, S...... 36 Bouwhuis, B...... 17, 254 Caceres, C...... 210, 352 Chaldyshev, V...... 217 Bove, P ...... 108 Caceres-Valencia, P...... 129 Champagne, E...... 115 Bower, A...... 228, 229 Cady, C ...... 133, 243, 251 Chan, C ...... 22, 181 Boyanov, B...... 238 Cai, L ...... 170 Chan, K ...... 28, 97, 306 Boyce, B...... 160, 244 Cai, M ...... 254 Chan, L ...... 349 Boyle, K...... 68, 228 Cai, S ...... 20 Chan, P ...... 32 Bradshaw, R...... 235 Cai, W ...... 161, 344 Chandler, R...... 75 Brady, M...... 41, 93, 131, 145, 197, Cai, Z ...... 335 Chandra, D...... 43, 348 ...... 198, 259, 260, 310, 323, 353 Calder, A...... 201 Chandrasekar, S...... 113, 272 Braga, C...... 231 Calin, M...... 216 Chang, A...... 169 Braga, R...... 21 Calinas, R...... 275 Chang, C...... 50, 105, 154, 297, 345, 353 Bragato, M...... 361 Camacho, Á...... 273 Chang, E...... 319 Brahme, A...... 69 Camacho, R...... 16 Chang, H...... 73, 177 Branagan, D...... 358 Camata, R...... 116, 163, 164, 176, 221, 285, 330 Chang, J...... 282 Brandimarte, G...... 339 Camel, D...... 332 Chang, L...... 66, 319 Brandstetter, S...... 154 Campbell, C...... 28, 78, 131, 182, 241, 293 Chang, R...... 49 Brannon, R...... 338 Campbell, G...... 30, 278 Chang, Y...... 152, 196, 296, 310, 322, 332, 336 Brenner, D...... 216, 219, 357, 358 Campbell, J...... 111, 158, 159, 210, 270, 324 Chang-Chien, P...... 154 Brett, D ...... 90 Campbell, P...... 60, 347 Chan Gyung, P...... 191 Brewer, J...... 80 Canales, A...... 210 Chanturiya, V...... 239 Brewer, R...... 333 Cañas, R...... 122 Chao, H ...... 170 Briceno, M...... 48 Cannova, F...... 341 Charbonneau, C...... 90 Bright, M...... 75, 323 Cao, B ...... 28, 29 Charit, I ...... 260, 315 Bringa, E...... 29, 184, 357 Cao, D ...... 233 Chartrand, P...... 283, 329 Brinley, E...... 149 Cao, F ...... 66 Chatterjee, U...... 241 Brinson, C...... 248, 299 Cao, G ...... 144, 310, 350 Chaubal, M...... 171 Brito, M ...... 260 Cao, H ...... 310 Chawla, N...... 18, 50, 204 Brockdorf, K...... 25 Cao, J ...... 217 Chelikowsky, J...... 291 Brody, H...... 211 Cao, W ...... 230, 281, 336 Chellappa, R...... 43 Brooks, C...... 178 Cao, X ...... 111, 186, 187, 238 Chembarisova, R...... 113 Brooks, G...... 97, 185 Cao, Z ...... 70, 129, 204, 276, 277 Chen, B ...... 213 Brooks, J...... 156 Captain, J...... 94 Chen, C ...... 51, 66, 104, 151, 152, 153, 204, Brow, R ...... 24, 74 Cardello, J...... 176 ....205, 206, 246, 265, 296, 318, 330, 345 Brown, C...... 290 Cardoso, M...... 210 Chen, D ...... 223 Brown, D...... 30, 93, 121, 134, Cargill, G...... 246 Chen, G ...... 178, 236, 321 ...... 169, 178, 207, 248, 249 Caris, J ...... 250, 251 Chen, H ...... 51, 115, 319, 344 Brown, E...... 183, 251 Carlberg, T...... 179 Chen, I ...... 76 Browning, N...... 212 Carlson, D...... 108 Chen, J ...... 54, 70, 95, 108, 173, 232, 344 Brueckner, K...... 115 Carlton, C...... 224 Chen, K ...... 49, 101 Bruski, R...... 74 Caro, A ...... 150, 151, 154 Chen, L ...28, 32, 64, 77, 119, 149, 181, 198, 246, Bryant, G...... 162 Caro, M ...... 150, 151 ....260, 290, 296, 297, 318, 342, 343, 344 Buchanan, R...... 23, 73, 126, 177, Caron, P ...... 155, 208 Chen, M...... 152, 200, 288 ...... 178, 235, 286, 331, 332 Carpenter, J...... 75 Chen, P ...... 22, 176, 204 Buchheit, T...... 183 Carreon, H...... 76 Chen, Q ...... 276, 281, 282 Buczek, M...... 256 Carrier, J...... 341 Chen, R ...... 204, 308 Budhani, R...... 164 Carter, E...... 29, 268 Chen, S ...... 50, 60, 76, 102, 104, Buffet, A...... 85, 188 Carter, J ...... 92, 144, 258, 300 ...... 133, 153, 205, 232, 243, Bugge, M...... 71 Caruso, L...... 31 ...... 246, 264, 265, 296, 297, 318, 342 Buha, J ...... 308 Casem, D...... 141, 304 Chen, T ...... 238, 289, 317 Bullard, S...... 111 Castro-Colin, M...... 303 Chen, W...... 60, 140, 141, 206, 294, 345 Bulut, M...... 116, 163 Castro-Román, M...... 159 Chen, X ...... 31 Bunin, I ...... 239 Catalina, A...... 86 Chen, Y ...... 38, 79, 186, 187, 298, 331 Bunker, C...... 114 Caton, M...... 107, 108 Chen, Z ...... 50, 169, 326 Burford, D...... 83, 298, 342 Catoor, D...... 251 Cheney, J...... 133, 243 Burkins, M...... 196 Caturla, M...... 203, 314 Cheng, A...... 116, 221 Burris, B...... 347 Cavin, O...... 47 Cheng, C...... 212, 349 Burton, C...... 121 Cazacu, O...... 147, 243 Cheng, J...... 354 Bus, T ...... 101 Ceccaroli, B...... 65 Cheng, M...... 227 Busby, J ...... 48, 151, 263, 315 Celik, O ...... 138 Cheng, S...... 215 Busch, R...... 235, 236, 287 Cerezo, A...... 76 Cheng, T...... 342 Bush, J ...... 269 Cerreta, E...... 29, 30, 79, 132, 133, 138, 183, Cheng, X...... 70 Buta, D ...... 84 ...... 190, 243, 250, 294, 301, 338, 348 Chenggui, M...... 233, 296 Butler, J ...... 168 Cetinel, S...... 125 Cheong, S...... 349 Butu, M ...... 238 Ceyhan, U...... 280 Cheong, Y...... 292 Buzunov, V...... 244 Cha, P ...... 169, 287 Cherukuri, B...... 254 Byczynski, G...... 210 Chabinyc, M...... 215 Chesonis, D...... 179
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 365 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Chhabildas, L...... 338 Clausen, B...... 30, 93, 134, 169, Cutler, E...... 322 Chi, A ...... 89 ...... 178, 207, 228, 248, 299 Czerwinski, F...... 91 Chi, D ...... 291 Clements, B...... 133 Czyryca, E...... 306, 339 Chiang, C...... 288 Clifton, R...... 294 Chiang, F...... 97 Clouet, E...... 105 D Chiang, H...... 102 Cluff, D ...... 230 Chiang, K...... 43 Cochran, J...... 118 D’Abreu, J...... 98 Chiang, L...... 259 Cockcroft, S...... 136 d’Almeida, J...... 129, 181 Chiarbonello, M...... 180 Cocke, D...... 35 D’Armas, H...... 340 Chien, W...... 348 Cockeram, B...... 57, 110, 315 D’Souza, N...... 85 Chimbli, S...... 135 Cohea, B...... 122 Daehn, G...... 320 Chintalapati, P...... 159 Cole, B ...... 354 Dahle, A ...... 112, 179, 194, 237, 264, 265 Chiu, C ...... 50, 265 Cole, G ...... 91, 143 Dahotre, N...... 360 Chiu, S ...... 152 Coleman, P...... 208 Dai, C ...... 183 Cho, H ...... 56, 137, 276, 328, 334 Colliex, C...... 76 Dai, K ...... 271 Cho, J ...... 319, 335 Colligan, K...... 82, 83, 341 Dai, L ...... 133 Cho, K ...... 97, 334 Collins, P...... 26, 121, 130, 229, 255, 306, 312 Dai, S ...... 175, 232, 340 Cho, M ...... 104 Colon, J ...... 286 Dakshinamurthy, V...... 170 Cho, W ...... 257 Colvin, J...... 295 Dalmijn, W...... 157 Cho, Y ...... 273 Compton, C...... 57 Dalton, D...... 80 Choate, W...... 276 Compton, W...... 113 Damm, E...... 190 Choi, C ...... 223, 360 Comstock, R...... 295 Dan, X ...... 330 Choi, H ...... 62, 277 Conner, B...... 73 Dandekar, D...... 80 Choi, J ...... 119, 146, 225 Conte, F ...... 346 Dando, N...... 21 Choi, K ...... 359 Contreras, S...... 328 Danielewski, M...... 28, 241, 242 Choi, W ...... 16, 63, 117, 164, 165, 223, 274 Converse, G...... 124, 234 Daniels, E...... 158 Choi, Y ...... 95, 224, 225, 320 Conway, P...... 119 Danks, D...... 37 Choo, D ...... 144, 145 Cooksey, M...... 173, 174, 232 Dantzig, J...... 32 Choo, H ...... 23, 24, 73, 95, 126, 127, 134, Coombe, V...... 324 Dao, M ...... 58 ...... 177, 180, 189, 200, 212, 213, 215, Cooper, R...... 194 Dargusch, M...... 112 ...... 235, 236, 286, 287, 302, 331, 358 Copland, E...... 131 Darras, B...... 69 Chou, H ...... 342 Copley, J...... 89 Das, A ...... 195, 314, 324 Chou, K ...... 304 Cordero, N...... 160 Das, D ...... 157 Chou, Y ...... 145 Cordill, M...... 160, 207 Das, K ...... 241 Choudhuri, D...... 151, 153, 204 Corine, G...... 17 Das, S ...... 55, 59, 69, 70, 110, 122, 123, 157, Chowdary, K...... 81 Cortes, V...... 180 ....172, 209, 230, 269, 270, 282, 323, 327 Chrisey, D...... 284 Corwin, D...... 229 Dashwood, R...... 90, 192, 321 Christensen, M...... 28 Corwin, E...... 134, 135 da Silva, A...... 259 Christodoulou, J...... 240, 292, 307 Costanza, G...... 339 Dassylva-Raymond, V...... 134 Christou, A...... 54, 108 Costello, A...... 299, 302 Datta, M...... 351 Chrzan, D...... 52, 207, 327 Côté, J ...... 81 Datta Roy, A...... 165 Chu, H ...... 319 Cotten, W...... 329 Dauskardt, R...... 125 Chu, J ...... 266, 287, 288 Cotton, J...... 18 Davenport, A...... 360 Chu, M ...... 288 Coughlin, J...... 50 David, S...... 134, 247, 262 Chuang, H...... 206 Coulombe, P...... 22 Davidson, C...... 237 Chuang, T...... 305 Counter, J...... 281 Davies, R...... 327, 328 Chuang, Y...... 152 Courtenay, J...... 75 Davis, B...... 34, 35, 87, 137 Chuanyong, C...... 107 Coventry, G...... 156 Davis, C...... 247 Chuikin, A...... 173 Covert, L...... 108 Davisson, T...... 238 Chumbley, L...... 76, 290 Covino, B...... 111 Daw, M ...... 19, 207, 327 Chumbley, S...... 290 Cowan, K...... 18 Dawson, P...... 147, 199, 321 Chumlyakov, Y...... 299 Cowen, C...... 255 Dawson, R...... 349 Chun, H ...... 359 Cox, A ...... 110 Day, K ...... 242 Chung, H...... 148 Cox, B ...... 91 Day, S ...... 43 Chung, K...... 186, 247 Cox, I ...... 98 Dayananda, M...... 182, 242, 293 Chung, S...... 259 Craviso, G...... 233 Daymond, M...... 20, 120 Chung Ho, W...... 202 Crenshaw, T...... 244 deBoer, D...... 229 Chunling, Z...... 61 Crepeau, P...... 111, 158, 210, 270, 324 Decamps, B...... 106 Churbaev, R...... 218 Crimp, M...... 45 de Carvalho, E...... 180 Churi, N...... 262 Crosby, C...... 346 de Castro Neto, E...... 340 Chuzhoy, L...... 86 Cross, C ...... 260 Decker, R...... 195 Chwa, E ...... 326 Croy, J ...... 311 Deem, N...... 323 Çiftja, A ...... 323 Csoke, B...... 56 de Fontaine, D...... 89, 192 Cimalla, V...... 115 Cuenya, B...... 353 Degen, C...... 259 Cimenoglu, H...... 138, 270, 348, 351 Cui, B ...... 99 DeGraef, M...... 25, 189, 327 Clark, B ...... 48 Cui, J ...... 31, 197, 238 de Groot, J...... 75 Clark, C ...... 345 Cummins, S...... 86 Dehghani, K...... 279 Clark, R ...... 156 Currie, K...... 143 Deibert, M...... 198 Clarke, A...... 190, 249 Curtin, W...... 51, 105 de Jong, T...... 158 Clarke, K...... 190, 295 Curtis, C...... 300 Delaire, O...... 78, 303
366 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index del Campo, A...... 23 Dogo, H ...... 150 E DeLorme, R...... 196 Doherty, R...... 121, 241, 280, 282, 328 Delos-Reyes, M...... 304 Domain, C...... 201, 202, 263, 315, 355 Eakins, D...... 183, 295, 312 Delzer, K...... 244 Donegan, J...... 220 Earthman, J...... 177, 249, 275, 347 Demchak, M...... 354 Dong, C ...... 87 Eastman, J...... 64 Demeri, M...... 253 Dong, H ...... 39, 85, 305 Easton, M...... 179 Demirkiran, H...... 125 Dong, J ...... 47, 217, 221, 309, 353 Eaton, B ...... 285 Demkowicz, M...... 326, 356 Dong, L ...... 57 Eberl, C ...... 208 Demopoulos, G...... 34, 87, 90 Dong, P ...... 311 Ebrahimi, F...... 156, 225, 358 Deng, J ...... 267 Dong, Y ...... 56 Eckert, C...... 111 Deng, X ...... 338 Dong, Z ...... 172, 275, 283 Eckert, J ...... 113, 177, 178, 216 Den Hond, R...... 171 Donner, W...... 89, 139, 191, 252, 303 Edmonds, D...... 190 Denisov, V...... 283 Donohue, A...... 160 Edwards, B...... 287 Dennis, K...... 166 Doraiswamy, A...... 163, 284, 285 Edwards, D...... 315 de Nora, V...... 283 Dorin, R...... 304 Edwards, H...... 171 Denton, M...... 249 Dosch, H...... 252 Edwards, L...... 81 Deo, C ...... 316 dos Santos, J...... 134, 259 Edwards, M...... 229 Deppisch, C...... 205 dos Santos, L...... 290 Egami, T...... 126, 235 Derlet, P...... 106 Doty, H ...... 25, 328 Eggeler, G...... 320 DeRushie, C...... 292 Doucet, J...... 122, 171, 229, 280 Eick, I ...... 296 Desai, T ...... 234 Doucette, R...... 224 Eiken, J ...... 32 Desai, V ...... 268 Dougherty, L...... 30, 133, 138 Eisinger, N...... 17 Deschamps, A...... 322 Dougherty, S...... 165 Ekenes, M...... 333 Deschamps, J...... 136 Douglas, J...... 32 Ekpenuma, S...... 317 Deshpande, S...... 292 Dowding, R...... 113 El-Ashry, M...... 117, 345 Deslippe, J...... 207 Downs, T...... 248 El-Awady, J...... 96 DeSouza, E...... 23 Doye, J ...... 291 El-Azab, A...... 267, 320 Detor, A ...... 212, 291 Doyle, F...... 165 El-Bealy, M...... 289 Deuerling, J...... 234 Drautz, R...... 27 El-Emairy, H...... 289 Deutscher, R...... 304 Dregia, S...... 162, 362 Elbaccouch, M...... 276 Devincre, B...... 206, 266 Drevermann, A...... 65, 135 Elbarawy, K...... 250 De Vries, P...... 128 Drevet, B...... 332 Elboujdaini, M...... 292 DeWeese, S...... 69 Dring, K...... 90 Elder, K ...... 181 Dewit, R...... 38 Drozdz, D...... 286 El Ghaoui, Y...... 245 De Yoreo, J...... 23 Drukteinis, S...... 330 Elias, C ...... 233 DeYoung, D...... 74, 127, 179, 237, 288, 333 Du, N ...... 229 Eliezer, A...... 92, 309 Dezellus, O...... 182, 226 Du, W ...... 287, 313 Eliezer, D...... 195, 258, 308 Dharmaprakash, M...... 64 Du, Y ...... 57 El Kadiri, H...... 280 Dhere, N...... 33 Duda, A ...... 150 Elkadiri, H...... 312 Dias, C ...... 56 Dudarev, S...... 27, 52, 202 El Khakani, M...... 115 Dick, R ...... 121 Duerig, T...... 249 Elle, J ...... 178 Dickinson, J...... 254 Dufour, G...... 341 Ellendt, N...... 37 Didier, R...... 17 Duh, J ...... 102, 104, 182, 266 Elliott, A...... 53 Didier, T...... 17 Dumitrache, F...... 63 ElMehtedi, M...... 352 Diercks, D...... 18, 189 Dumoulin, S...... 68 Elmustafa, A...... 135 Dieringa, H...... 257, 352 Dunand, D...... 282 Elsener, A...... 106 Dieumegard, D...... 117 Dundar, M...... 70 Eltgroth, M...... 234 DiGiacomo, S...... 340 Dupas, N...... 21 Elwazri, A...... 144 Dilsizoglu, B...... 88 DuPont, J...... 182 Emamian, A...... 277, 347 Dimas, P...... 229 Dupont, V...... 155, 211 Emanetoglu, N...... 55 Dimiduk, D...... 26, 44, 130, 160, 225, 266, 320 Dupuis, C...... 127 Embree, T...... 34 Dimos, D...... 101 Durnford, A...... 278 Emerson, D...... 81 Ding, F ...... 233 Durst, K ...... 23, 267 Engberg, G...... 228 Ding, W ...... 47, 195, 196, 309, 353 Dursun, A...... 88 Engelberg, D...... 129 Ding, Y ...... 97 Durut, L ...... 328 Engelhard, M...... 100 Dinh, L ...... 214 Duszczyk, J...... 310 Engh, A ...... 323 Dinsdale, A...... 104 Dutrizac, J...... 238 Engler-Pinto Jr, C...... 292 Dinwiddie, R...... 143 Dutta, I ...... 317 Enright, M...... 97 Di Sabatino, M...... 166 Dutton, R...... 138, 190, 250, 301, 348 Eppich, B...... 25 DiSalvo, F...... 65 Duval, H...... 128 Epstein, S...... 333 Dispinar, D...... 111 Duvvuru, H...... 69, 199 Erdélyi, Z...... 78 Ditenberg, I...... 215, 218 Duygulu, O...... 176 Erdemir, A...... 351 Ditmire, T...... 80 Duz, V ...... 192 Erdmann, R...... 324 Divakaran, P...... 232 Dvorak, J...... 146 Ergun, N...... 302 Do, E ...... 33 Dwivedi, D...... 328 Erie, J ...... 344 Dobatkin, S...... 112 Dye, D ...... 321, 349 Ertekin, E...... 327 Dobesberger, H...... 63 Dymek, S...... 173 Es-Said, O...... 89 Dobra, G...... 71, 238 Escobar de Obaldia, E...... 270 Dogan, B...... 280 Escobedo B, J...... 159 Dogan, O...... 57, 110, 111, 335 Escuadro, A...... 58
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 367 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Eskin, D...... 75, 84, 237 Fernando, G...... 274 Fratzl, P ...... 72, 175 Esmaeili, S...... 230 Ferranti, L...... 244 Fray, D ...... 57, 90, 110 Espana, F...... 193 Ferrasse, S...... 114 Frazer, E...... 304 Espeland, O...... 245 Ferreira, A...... 21, 129 Frear, D ...... 151, 317 Espinoza Orías, A...... 234 Ferreira, P...... 224, 275 Frederick, A...... 298 Essa, M ...... 123 Ferri, E ...... 185 Free, M ...... 34, 35, 87, 137, 166, 303, 349 Essadiqi, E...... 68, 92, 144, 258 Ferron, C...... 87 Freels, M...... 24, 178, 360 Estrada-Mateos, B...... 35 Fertig, R...... 160 Freeman, A...... 51, 302 Estrin, Y...... 178, 272 Fiedler, T...... 78 Freeney, T...... 298, 342 Eugene, Z...... 30 Field, A ...... 240 Fréty, N ...... 180, 182 Euh, K ...... 118 Field, D ...... 20, 149, 170, 228, 244 Frew, D ...... 294 Evangelista, E...... 352 Field, F ...... 60 Freyman, T...... 72 Evans, A...... 66, 184, 185, 294 Field, R ...... 190, 243, 249 Fridy, J ...... 121 Evans, J ...... 179 Fielden, D...... 219 Friedman, L...... 273 Evers, F ...... 337 Fields, R...... 38, 140, 304 Fries, S ...... 65 Evteev, A...... 78 Figueiredo, F...... 81 Frischknecht, A...... 67 Ewing, R...... 100 Figueiredo, R...... 112 Froes, F ...... 39, 90, 141, 192, 254, 305, 349 Eylon, D...... 254 Fikar, J ...... 202 Frohberg, G...... 293 Filatov, A...... 283 Froideval, A...... 95 F Filliben, J...... 140 Frolov, A...... 329 Filoti, G ...... 63 Fromm, B...... 97 Fafard, M...... 296 Fine, M ...... 138, 282 Frommeyer, G...... 18, 306, 322 Fagan, R...... 223 Finel, A ...... 191 Fu, C ...... 27, 96, 190, 202, 344, 356 Fahrmann, M...... 107 Finlayson, T...... 136, 210 Fu, E ...... 215 Faivre, G...... 31, 83, 84, 135, 188 Finnigan, P...... 256 Fu, H ...... 114, 313 Fan, C ...... 236 Finstad, T...... 17 Fu, L ...... 212 Fan, G ...... 23, 24, 73, 126, 177, Fiory, A ...... 54, 55, 109, 149 Fu, N ...... 334 ...... 212, 235, 286, 287, 331 Firrao, D...... 180, 339 Fu, X ...... 322 Fan, X ...... 112 Fischer, J...... 352 Fu, Y ...... 166 Fan, Y ...... 335 Fischer, R...... 322 Fuchs, G...... 49, 107, 322 Fan, Z ...... 86, 195, 239, 313, 314, 324 Fischer, W...... 123 Fuentes, A...... 125 Fang, H ...... 66 Fisher, J 342 Fujiwara, S...... 349 Fang, J ...... 211, 319 Fitzgerald, T...... 205 Fuller, C...... 341 Fang, X ...... 324 Fitzner, K...... 209 Fuller, E ...... 278 Fang, Y ...... 354 Fitzpatrick, M...... 210 Fuloria, D...... 228 Fang, Z ...... 118, 197, 224, 225, 276 Fjær, H ...... 172, 237 Fultz, B ...... 78, 303 Fantin, D...... 245 Flandorfer, H...... 104, 105 Funato, M...... 162 Fardeau, S...... 71 Flaud, V ...... 180 Funkhouser, C...... 168 Farias, E...... 280 Fleck, C ...... 258, 351 Fuoss, P ...... 64 Farias, S...... 22 Fleck, N ...... 38 Fuqiang, A...... 224 Farid, M...... 232 Fleming, R...... 359 Furnish, M...... 338 Farkas, D...... 51, 105, 154, 155, 206, Flicker, J...... 16 Furuya, K...... 100 ...... 260, 266, 271, 320, 337 Flinn, B ...... 72 Farmer, J...... 43 Florando, J...... 320 G Farrar, C...... 102 Flores, K...... 126, 156, 177, 187, 331 Faruqi, M...... 300 Floro, J ...... 338 Gabb, T ...... 52, 106, 107, 155, 156, 208, 268, 321 Faulkner, R...... 203, 315 Focht, E ...... 339 Gabbitas, B...... 255 Faupel, F...... 293 Foecke, T...... 19, 140 Gaboury, A...... 22 Fechner, D...... 259 Foiles, S...... 67, 84, 130, 338 Gadalla, M...... 300 Fecht, H ...... 235, 286, 306, 358 Foley, J ...... 38, 359 Gadd, D ...... 124 Felderman, E...... 119 Follstaedt, D...... 130, 357 Gagne, J ...... 341 Feldman, A...... 354 Foltz, J ...... 300, 346 Gaies, J ...... 240 Felicelli, S...... 46, 270, 280 Fonda, R...... 247, 248 Gajbhiye, N...... 164, 222 Fellner, P...... 173 Fong, D ...... 64 Galarraga, R...... 122 Feng, C ...... 36, 247, 248 Fong, H ...... 125 Galenko, P...... 86 Feng, G ...... 53 Fong, J ...... 140, 253 Gall, K ...... 160, 161, 299 Feng, Q ...... 52, 106, 155, 156, 208, 268, 321 Foosnæs, T...... 30, 81, 340 Gallardo, E...... 148 Feng, S ...... 58, 59, 203 Forrest, D...... 247 Gallino, I...... 236 Feng, Y ...... 174 Forrest, M...... 184 Gallon, J...... 353 Feng, Z ...... 134, 247, 262, 345 Forté, G ...... 229 Galuszka-Muga, B...... 197 Fenske, G...... 351 Fortin, S...... 229 Galvani, C...... 144 Fenske, J...... 48 Fourment, L...... 134 Gamweger, K...... 128 Fenton, J...... 93 Fox, S ...... 141 Gan, J ...... 151 Fenwick, W...... 345 Fragner, W...... 66 Gan, W ...... 247, 248 Feret, F ...... 173 Frank, I ...... 30 Ganapathysubramanian, B...... 19, 99 Ferguson, I...... 345 Frank, S ...... 81 Gandy, D...... 247, 262 Fergusson, L...... 230 Franke, O...... 23, 267 Gang, X ...... 61 Ferkel, H...... 58 Frankl, B...... 82 Gang, Z ...... 186 Fernandez-Baca, J...... 46 Fraser, H...... 26, 77, 121, 130, 160, 199, Gang-chun, Y...... 46 Fernandez Lisbona, D...... 31 ...... 217, 226, 229, 234, 255, 306, 312 Gangopadhyay, A...... 235
368 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Gannon, P...... 198 Gikling, H...... 71 Graham, W...... 183 Gansemer, T...... 179 Gila, B ...... 108 Granasy, L...... 31 Gao, B ...... 31, 238 Gill, A ...... 129 Gránásy, L...... 32 Gao, D ...... 256 Gill, D ...... 65 Grant, B ...... 322 Gao, F ...... 104, 152, 314, 316 Gilman, J...... 267, 302 Grant, G ...... 187, 298, 327, 328, 342 Gao, H ...... 159 Gimazov, A...... 219 Gravier, S...... 288 Gao, J ...... 28, 214 Glade, S ...... 316 Gray, G ...... 29, 30, 79, 132, 133, 183, Gao, M ...... 26, 27, 227, 354, 360 Glavicic, M...... 212 ...... 243, 244, 251, 294, 295, 338 Gao, P ...... 239 Gleeson, B...... 54, 131, 208, 259, 268 Green, N...... 278 Gao, W ...... 351 Glicksman, M...... 25, 26 Greenfield, S...... 340 Gao, X ...... 60, 311 Glosli, J ...... 336 Greer, A ...... 104, 153, 177, 205, 265, 318 Gao, Y ...23, 73, 98, 99, 103, 126, 177, 197, 207, Gloter, A...... 76 Greer, J ...... 161, 215 ....235, 251, 264, 286, 288, 313, 331, 337 Glotzer, S...... 40 Gregori, F...... 218 Gaponik, N...... 61, 220 Gnaeupel-Herold, T...... 304 Gregory, E...... 100 García-García, O...... 159 Gnauk, J...... 18 Gregory, J...... 60 García-Ramos, E...... 35 Goddard, W...... 227 Greif, R ...... 33 Garg, A ...... 107, 189 Godet, S...... 92 Greiner, C...... 23 Garimella, N...... 131, 242, 260 Goede, F...... 245 Grey, C ...... 26 Garkida, A...... 137 Goeken, M...... 267 Griesche, A...... 293 Garlea, E...... 95 Goesele, U...... 246, 297 Griffin, J...... 159 Garlick, R...... 269 Goettert, J...... 285 Griffin, R...... 351 Garmestani, H...... 44, 70, 96, 97, 146, Göken, M...... 23 Griffiths, J...... 210, 352 ...... 199, 260, 310, 312, 330 Gokhale, A...... 25, 44, 75, 128, 179, Griffiths, .W ...... 112, 324 Garofalini, S...... 18 ...... 238, 254, 277, 289, 309, 334 Grimes, R...... 356 Garvin, J...... 136 Golchert, B...... 56 Grimm, T...... 57 Garza, K...... 176 Goldenfeld, N...... 32 Gripenberg, H...... 75 Gascoin, F...... 335 Goller, G...... 234, 302 Gritsko, V...... 329 Gaustad, G...... 270 Golmakani, H...... 147, 301 Groeber, M...... 44, 130 Gauthier, C...... 288, 341 Golovashchenko, S...... 122, 313 Groebner, J...... 309 Gavrila, L...... 63 Golovin, I...... 276 Groening, O...... 117 Gawde, P...... 131 Golubov, S...... 201, 316 Gröger, R...... 51 Gay, H ...... 245 Gomes, J...... 35 Grong, Ø...... 172 Gayda, J ...... 107 Gómez, A...... 34 Gross, S ...... 145 Gayden, X...... 187, 298 Gomez, G...... 244 Groza, J ...... 99, 182, 251, 359 Gayle, F ...... 140 Gomez, J...... 200 Grummon, D...... 300, 346 Gebelin, J...... 324 Gómez-Briceño, D...... 263 Grundy, A...... 336 Gebhardt, U...... 252 Goncalves, C...... 137 Grunschel, S...... 294 Gecim, K...... 35 Gong, Y ...... 98, 115 Grunspan, J...... 123 Gell, M ...... 223 Gonzalez, A...... 200 Gruss, D...... 37 Gella, V ...... 87 Gonzalez, G...... 180 Gschneidner, K...... 207 Gelse, K ...... 23 Gonzalez, J...... 174, 227 Gu, G ...... 292 Gemein, R...... 81 Gooch, W...... 196 Gu, S ...... 171, 280 Genau, A...... 189 Goodwin, P...... 244 Gu, Y ...... 42 Genc, A ...... 226 Goorsky, M...... 154 Guan, Y ...... 288 Gendre, M...... 245 Gopalan, V...... 64 Guang-Chun, Y...... 349 Gengwei, J...... 355 Goranson, G...... 193 Guang-chun, Y...... 46, 217 George, Y...... 307 Gorantla, M...... 345 Guangchun, Y...... 119, 275, 345 Georgelin, M...... 85, 136 Gorantla, S...... 25, 74 Guangfeng, L...... 165 Gerberich, W...... 154, 160, 207, 325 Gordon, B...... 167, 168 Guanghui, L...... 142 Gerdemann, S...... 192, 193, 254 Gordon, P...... 52, 327 Gudbrandsen, H...... 30 Gerger, A...... 108 Goren, T...... 242 Guduru, R...... 317 Gerken, J...... 147 Gornostyrev, Y...... 51 Guenther, B...... 226 German, R...... 19, 142 Gorny, A...... 308 Guerdoux, S...... 134 Gerosa, R...... 180 Gorokhovsky, V...... 198 Guerin, M...... 187 Gertsberg, G...... 194 Gösele, U...... 246, 296 Guillot, J...... 128 Gesing, A...... 158 Goswami, R...... 17 Guimazov, A...... 273 Ghali, E ...... 292 Goto, M ...... 252 Guliants, E...... 114 Gharghouri, M...... 309 Gouda, K...... 117 Gul Karaguler, N...... 125 Gheewala, I...... 100 Gough, N...... 307 Gulluoglu, A...... 96 Gheorghe, I...... 172 Gourlay, C...... 194, 264, 265 Gun’ko, Y...... 220 Ghicov, A...... 220 Gouttebroze, S...... 172 Gunderov, D...... 213, 215 Ghidini, A...... 180 Govender, J...... 81 Gungor, M...... 39, 90, 141, 192, 254, 305, 349 Ghoniem, N...... 96 Govier, B...... 244 Gungormus, M...... 125 Ghosh, A...... 195, 279 Govorov, A...... 60, 114, 161, 162, 220, 273 Gunnarson, A...... 254 Ghosh, D...... 339 Goyal, D...... 331 Gunyuz, M...... 351 Ghosh, K...... 241 Grabis, J...... 252 Guo, D ...... 239 Ghosh, S...... 44, 96, 130, 170, 199 Graczyk, D...... 284 Guo, F ...... 50, 102, 103, 110, Giannuzzi, L...... 25, 26 Grady, D...... 79, 132, 183 ...... 131, 151, 204, 264, 317 Gianola, D...... 211 Graeb, H...... 75 Guo, J ...... 38, 262, 301 Gibson, L...... 72 Graham, R...... 79 Guo, X ...... 28, 100, 118
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 369 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Guo, Y ...... 258 Hao, Y ...... 306 Hennig, R...... 77, 189 Guo, Z ...... 111, 145, 172, 194, 205, 231, 288 Haon, C ...... 332 Henriksen, B...... 237 Guorong, H...... 311 Hara, S ...... 98 Henriksen, P...... 36 Gupta, A...... 163 Harada, H...... 53, 54, 131, 156, 157, 208 Heong Ryeal, Y...... 138 Gupta, G...... 94 Haraya, K...... 98 Her, E ...... 319 Gupta, H...... 72 Harder, D...... 72 Herbert, E...... 129 Gupta, N...... 168 Hardie, G...... 283 Heringer, M...... 82 Gupta, S...... 33, 163, 217, 345 Hardy, J ...... 146 Herlach, D...... 86, 136 Gupta, V...... 75, 111 Hariharan, S...... 164 Herling, D...... 187, 298, 342 Gupta, Y...... 244 Hariharaputran, R...... 120 Hermans, M...... 346 Gurov, A...... 213 Harimkar, S...... 360 Hernández-Mayoral, M...... 203, 263 Guruprasad, P...... 68, 267 Harish, K...... 98 Herrera-Trejo, M...... 159 Guruswamy, S...... 166, 276 Harjunmaa, A...... 355 Herrero, A...... 108 Gusberti, V...... 124, 174 Harley, B...... 72 Heyrman, M...... 283 Gusev, A...... 185, 329 Haro Rodriguez, S...... 328 Hezeltine, W...... 34 Gustafsson, M...... 174 Harper, D...... 39 Hibbard, G...... 17, 254, 348 Guthrie, R...... 288 Harrell, G...... 122 Hickman, Z...... 161 Gutierrez, I...... 114 Harrell, J...... 164 Higashi, K...... 259 Gutierrez-Mendez, M...... 336 Harringa, J...... 103, 264 Higuchi, K...... 306 Harrington, W...... 122 Hilgraf, P...... 22 H Harris, K...... 53 Hin, C ...... 316 Harris, S...... 279 Hines, J ...... 64, 91, 166 Ha, S ...... 258, 319, 359 Harry, P ...... 341 Hioki, S ...... 83 Haarberg, G...... 30 Hart, G ...... 26, 27 Hirai, M ...... 161, 344 Haataja, M...... 131 Hart, J ...... 179 Hiralal, I...... 171 Haberl, A...... 74 Hartley, C...... 44 Hirano, S...... 247 Habermeier, H...... 252 Hartmann, H...... 86 Hirasawa, S...... 297 Habingreither, R...... 300 Hartwig, J...... 85 Hirata, K...... 32, 33 Hackenberg, R...... 137, 249 Härtwig, J...... 188 Hiroshi, H...... 107 Hackett, M...... 95 Hartwig, T...... 57 Hisatsune, K...... 229 Haeni, J ...... 64 Hashikawa, T...... 87 Hiskey, J...... 349 Hafez Haghighat, S...... 202 Hashimoto, N...... 66 Hitchcock, M...... 314 Hafok, M...... 218 Haslam, J...... 43 Hixson, R...... 243 Hagelstein, K...... 59 Hassan, A...... 300 Ho, C ...... 50, 151, 153, 204 Hagen, E...... 90 Hathcock, D...... 292 Ho, K ...... 84 Hagen, M...... 245 Haupt, T...... 256 Ho, P ...... 246 Hagie, S ...... 187 Hawkins, J...... 54 Ho, T ...... 331 Hagiwara, R...... 304 Hawley, M...... 64 Hoagland, R...... 211, 215, 326, 356 Haigang, D...... 142 Hawreliak, J...... 29 Hoang, T...... 148 Haiyan, Y...... 281 Hayes, C...... 101 Hobbs, R...... 53 Haiyan, Z...... 47 Haynes, A...... 209 Hoc, T ...... 206 Hajra, J ...... 291 Hazel, B ...... 209 Hodge, A...... 22, 71, 124, 175, 176, Halley, J ...... 291 He, H ...... 338 ...... 224, 233, 278, 284, 330 Hallstrom, S...... 293 He, J ...... 87 Hodgson, P...... 125, 184 Halsey, C...... 52 He, K ...... 190 Hoelzer, D...... 27, 96, 317 Hamed, M...... 112, 300 He, M ...... 50, 317 Hoffelner, W...... 95 Hamer, S...... 127, 237 He, S ...... 332 Hofman, G...... 132 Hamilton, C...... 173 He, W ...... 20 Hogan, T...... 59 Hammerberg, J...... 244 Hebert, R...... 25, 278 Hoglund, L...... 293 Hammond, C...... 60 Hecht, U...... 135 Hohsen, M...... 143 Hamza, A...... 224 Hector, Jr., L...... 258 Holby, E...... 93 Han, B ...... 218, 272, 359 Hector, L...... 105 Holleis, B...... 138 Han, C ...... 346 Heguri, S...... 87 Holm, E ...... 65, 67, 130 Han, D ...... 34 Heidloff, A...... 54 Holmedal, B...... 68 Han, E ...... 143, 308 Heilmaier, M...... 118 Holmes, D...... 307 Han, G ...... 56, 118, 137, 225, 334 Hein, M ...... 115 Holroyd, J...... 146 Han, H ...... 91, 103, 154, 186, 233 Heinisch, H...... 314 Holt, J ...... 22 Han, K ...... 98, 99, 290, 302 Heinze, J...... 59 Holt, R ...... 20, 120 Han, L ...... 310 Hellmig, R...... 178 Homley, G...... 124 Han, Q ...... 46, 98, 143, 261, 262, 307, 313, 354 Hellstrom, E...... 26 Hon, M ...... 18, 51, 206, 318 Han, S ...... 103, 252, 275 Helmick, D...... 310 Hong, C ...... 272 Han, W ...... 360 Helmink, R...... 106 Hong, K ...... 26, 51 Han, X ...... 100 Hemker, K...... 44, 208, 211, 243, 312 Hong, S ...... 83, 94 Hanbicki, A...... 17 Hemptenmacher, J...... 226 Hong, Y ...... 121 Hanlon, A...... 86 Henderson, E...... 360 Hono, K ...... 352 Hanrahan, R...... 42, 94 Henderson, R...... 75 Hoon, K ...... 138 Hansen, E...... 120 Hendricks, T...... 276 Hopkins, M...... 124, 176 Hansen, N...... 121, 211 Heng, C ...... 17 Horita, T...... 260 Hanser, A...... 62, 221 Hennessy, K...... 176 Horita, Z...... 59, 271 Hao, H ...... 102 Hennet, L...... 303
370 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Horstemeyer, M...... 19, 20, 121, 169, Hui, X ...... 99, 236 Jacobsen, L...... 39, 141 ...... 170, 256, 280, 309, 312 Hulbert, D...... 358 Jacot, A ...... 32 Hort, N ...... 257, 259, 350, 352, 353 Hults, W...... 137 Jagadish, C...... 273 Horton, J...... 247 Hung, F ...... 181, 290 Jahazi, M...... 187 Hosegawa, A...... 38 Hung, L ...... 105 Jain, A ...... 68, 92, 93 Ho Seop, S...... 138 Hunt, F ...... 92, 297 Jain, M ...... 172 Hoshino, S...... 56 Huo, Y ...... 281 Jain, P ...... 321 Höskuldsson, G...... 231 Husseini, N...... 156 Jakobsen, B...... 267 Hosokawa, Y...... 110 Hutchins, C...... 272 Jallu, K ...... 300 Hotaling, N...... 132 Hutchinson, J...... 294 James, A...... 311 Hou, B ...... 221 Hvidsten, R...... 232 James, M...... 316 Hou, G ...... 135 Hvistendal, J...... 237 Jana, S ...... 342 Hou, M ...... 165, 202 Hwan Cha, Y...... 327 Janardhan, G...... 347 Houghton, B...... 74 Hwang, B...... 74, 191, 213 Janes, J ...... 177 Houng, B...... 221 Hwang, D...... 214 Jang, B ...... 94 House, J ...... 243 Hwang, J...... 25, 137, 138, 238, Jang, D ...... 360 Houston, D...... 194 ...... 289, 290, 328, 334, 355 Jang, G ...... 104, 250 Houze, J ...... 19 Hwang, R...... 101 Jang, J ...... 49 Hovanec, C...... 121, 241, 328 Hyers, R...... 86, 235, 255, 302, 307 Jang, S ...... 55, 108, 216, 219 Hovanski, Y...... 39, 141 Hyland, M...... 173 Jang, Y ...... 252 Howard, S...... 187, 248, 299, 302 Jankowski, A...... 78, 295 Hoyer, J ...... 23 I Janssens, K...... 18, 67, 119, 168, 227, 278, 327 Hoyt, J ...... 31, 83, 84, 101, 135, 188, 337 Janz, A ...... 309 Hryn, J ...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 284, 323 Iadicola, M...... 19 Jao, C ...... 153 Hsia, K ...... 159, 208, 268 Ibrahiem, M...... 340 Jaques, A...... 132 Hsiao, C...... 50, 265 Ibrahim, I...... 250 Jaradeh, M...... 179 Hsiao, H...... 206 Ice, G ...... 80, 192, 229, 253 Jaramillo, D...... 191 Hsiao, L ...... 104 Idzerda, Y...... 146, 198 Jaramillo, R...... 46, 47, 262 Hsieh, G...... 34 Ienco, M...... 180, 339 Jarmakani, H...... 357 Hsieh, H...... 331 Iffert, M ...... 231 Jarvis, D...... 158 Hsieh, K...... 153 Ikeda, M...... 255 Jasak, H ...... 307 Hsiung, L...... 30, 72 Ikemoto, Y...... 32, 33 Jasthi, B ...... 248, 299 Hsu, C ...... 153, 297 Iliescu, D...... 76 Jata, K ...... 82, 134, 186, 247, 297, 341 Hsu, E ...... 144, 323 Imai, H ...... 53, 157 Jawahir, I...... 70 Hsu, F ...... 159 Imam, M...... 39, 90, 141, 192, 254, 305, 349 Jayaraman, T...... 166, 276 Hsu, T ...... 102 Inal, K ...... 92 Jee, K ...... 204 Hsu, Y ...... 152 Inman, D...... 90 Jeedigunta, H...... 274 Hu, G ...... 311 Inoue, A ...... 24, 74, 178, 286 Jelinek, B...... 19 Hu, H ...... 143, 172, 281, 310 Inoue, J ...... 361 Jenkins, M...... 151, 202 Hu, J ...... 197, 354 Inoue, K ...... 209 Jensen, M...... 173 Hu, S ...... 27, 67, 69, 343 Inzunza, E...... 296 Jensen, N...... 102 Hu, X ...... 31, 186, 238 Ipser, H ...... 104, 105, 318 Jeon, Y ...... 273 Hu, Z ...... 126, 286 Irons, G ...... 98 Jeong, C...... 335 Hua, D ...... 61 Irving, D...... 216, 219 Jeong, J ...... 34 Hua, F ...... 205, 317 Isac, M ...... 288 Jeong, S ...... 337 Hua, L ...... 355 Isheim, D...... 138 Jeong Hoon, K...... 138 Huang, B...... 332 Ishida, H...... 289 Jha, G ...... 69 Huang, C...... 206, 221, 324, 354 Ishida, K...... 104, 204, 265 Jha, M ...... 34, 87 Huang, E...... 180, 189 Ishikawa, N...... 88, 100 Jha, S ...... 107, 108, 350 Huang, F...... 208, 339 Ishitsuka, M...... 98 Ji, C ...... 296 Huang, H...... 343 Islam, Z ...... 139 Ji, H ...... 144, 194 Huang, J...... 58, 59, 117 Islamgaliev, R...... 218 Ji, L ...... 165 Huang, K...... 337 Ismail, A...... 250 Ji, S ...... 195, 324 Huang, L...... 21 Itapu, S ...... 298 Jia, N ...... 213 Huang, M...... 22 Ito, K ...... 32, 33, 246 Jia, Z ...... 164 Huang, P...... 182 Itoh, Y ...... 306 Jian, L ...... 47 Huang, S...... 22 Ivanisenko, J...... 358 Jiang, D ...... 50, 265, 272, 358 Huang, T...... 227 Ivanov, K...... 213 Jiang, F ...... 127, 133, 243, 287, 331, 339 Huang, X...... 121, 137, 138, 211, 355 Ivanov, M...... 213 Jiang, H ...... 57, 331 Huang, Y...... 153, 257, 290, 353 Ivanov, V...... 283 Jiang, L ...... 92, 215, 242, 273 Huang, Z...... 32, 119 Iyer, A ...... 33 Jiang, W...... 23, 73, 100, 126, 177, Hubbard, C...... 46, 95, 134, 200 Iyoda, M...... 56 ...... 235, 237, 286, 288, 331, 361 Hubbard, F...... 333 Izumi, T ...... 54 Jiang, Y ...... 246, 351 Hubbard, J...... 253 Jianguo, W...... 341 Hudanski, L...... 117 J Jianping, P...... 341 Hudson, L...... 238 Jianzhong, C...... 313 Jablonski, P...... 145, 198, 335 Huey, B ...... 16 Jiao, Z ...... 315 Jackman, J...... 144 Hufnagel, T...... 288 Jie, L ...... 61, 185, 186 Jackson, E...... 80 Hugron, I...... 71 Jihong, M...... 296 Jackson, J...... 167, 225 Huh, J ...... 51 Jimack, P...... 85 Jackson, M...... 90, 321
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 371 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Jin, C ...... 55, 109, 163 Kahler, D...... 54 Kawakita, H...... 209 Jin, H ...... 326 Kai, W ...... 331 Kawasaki, M...... 112 Jin, L ...... 196, 231 Kainer, K.....41, 145, 195, 257, 258, 259, 350, 352 Kaya, A ...... 67, 176, 350 Jin, M ...... 325 Kainuma, R...... 204, 265 Kaya, G ...... 67 Jin, S ...... 117, 175 Kakarlapudi, P...... 110 Kaya, R ...... 176 Jin, X ...... 61, 114 Kakkar, B...... 296 Kayal, S ...... 284 Jin, Y ...... 343, 344 Kalagara, S...... 298 Kayali, E...... 138, 270, 348, 351 Jing, J ...... 98 Kalay, E ...... 290 Kazakov, S...... 283 Jing, P ...... 216 Kale, G ...... 131 Kazakov, V...... 171 Jing, Y ...... 341 Kalgraf, K...... 173 Kazuo, F...... 148 Jinhong, L...... 329 Kalidindi, S...... 69, 121, 199, 200, 280, 328 Kazykhanov, V...... 218 Jintakosol, T...... 17 Kalisvaart, P...... 197 Ke, F ...... 73 Jo, H ...... 196, 258, 328, 359, 360 Kalita, S ...... 124, 176, 346, 359, 360 Kecskes, L...... 113, 243 Jo, Y ...... 103 Kalu, K ...... 20 Keiser, D...... 131, 132 Joannopoulos, J...... 337 Kalu, P ...... 47, 69 Keles, O ...... 70 Jodoin, B...... 358 Kalya, P ...... 135 Kelley, J ...... 37 Jody, B ...... 158 Kamaya, M...... 20 Kelly, R ...... 229 Jog, J ...... 223 Kamikawa, N...... 211 Kelly, S ...... 127 Johannes, J...... 101 Kammer, D...... 189 Kelsall, G...... 349 Johannesson, B...... 210 Kampe, S...... 17, 168, 277, 278, 302 Kelson, I...... 154 Johansson, A...... 75 Kan, H ...... 186, 284, 340 Kelton, K...... 24, 235 John, G ...... 64 Kandukuri, S...... 83 Kendig, K...... 17, 65, 118, 167, 225, 226, 277 John, R ...... 107, 350 Kane, R ...... 124, 234 Kenik, E...... 218 Johnson, C...... 198, 260, 333 Kaneko, Y...... 83 Kennedy, M...... 326 Johnson, D...... 29, 77, 192 Kang, B ...... 54, 62, 108 Kenny, S...... 19, 100, 202 Johnson, J...... 30, 81, 185, 244, 296, 340, 341 Kang, C ...... 150, 205, 335 Keppens, V...... 286 Johnson, M...... 72, 86 Kang, D ...... 145 Ker, M ...... 319 Johnson, S...... 18, 66 Kang, H ...... 50, 118, 194 Kessler, M...... 156 Johnson, W...... 23, 24, 54 Kang, J ...... 172, 190, 227 Kessler, O...... 37 Jolly, M ...... 159, 270, 278 Kang, K ...... 191 Kettner, M...... 60 Joly, L ...... 202 Kang, M...... 257 Khachaturyan, A...... 189 Jonas, J ...... 92 Kang, S ...... 16, 32, 50, 63, 102, 104, 117, Khan, H ...... 97 Jones, H ...... 247 ...... 118, 151, 164, 186, 204, 223, Khomami, B...... 287 Jones, J ...... 92, 156, 292, 307, 348 ...... 264, 274, 317, 319, 343, 344, 360 Khraisheh, M...... 69, 93, 262, 327 Jones, T ...... 196, 277 Kao, C ...... 50, 105, 152, 204, 246, 296, 297 Khramov, A...... 173, 329 Jones, W...... 108, 310, 352 Kaoumi, D...... 356 Khurana, S...... 248 Jong Gu, B...... 191 Kapoor, R...... 285 Kieft, R ...... 74, 127, 179, 237, 288, 333 Jonker, B...... 17 Kapustka, N...... 187 Kiggans, J...... 39 Joo, J ...... 319 Kar, A ...... 163, 233 Kilmametov, A...... 358 Joo, Y ...... 104, 153, 205, 265, 318 Kar, S ...... 63, 169 Kim, B ...... 97, 204, 272, 273 Jordan, E...... 223 Karabelchtchikova, O...... 183, 290 Kim, C ...... 54, 149, 150, 186, 199, 205, 247, 252 Joshi, S ...... 113, 216 Karaca, H...... 299 Kim, D ...... 73, 145, 148, 177, Joung, J ...... 63 Karakoti, A...... 149, 221, 275 ...... 186, 196, 257, 265, 307 Joyce, J ...... 140 Karaman, I...... 119, 193, 228, 272, 299, 300 Kim, H ...... 58, 79, 126, 176, 272, Józef, J ...... 177, 235, 286 Karanjai, M...... 23 ...... 273, 285, 330, 335, 344 Józwiak, S...... 18 Karczewski, K...... 18 Kim, I ...... 144, 145 Jozwik, P...... 66 Kardokus, J...... 114 Kim, J ...... 40, 64, 85, 94, 104, 128, Ju, S ...... 16 Kar Gupta, R...... 278 ...... 146, 148, 154, 169, 180, Juarez, J ...... 180 Karma, A...... 32, 188 ...... 186, 197, 204, 265, 300, 335, 361 Juhas, M...... 342 Karradge, M...... 322 Kim, K ...... 33, 153, 287, 361 Jun, B ...... 63 Karthikeyan, J...... 269 Kim, M ...... 34, 204, 301 Jun, H ...... 248, 332 Kaschner, G...... 170 Kim, N ...... 70, 74, 145, 191 Jung, C ...... 188 Kashyap, B...... 23 Kim, S ...... 16, 19, 70, 83, 138, 186, Jung, G ...... 222 Kasper, N...... 252 ...... 188, 196, 221, 252, 258, 317, Jung, H ...... 85, 143, 188, 319 Kassner, M...... 215, 273, 304 ...... 328, 335, 345, 353, 359, 360 Jung, I ...... 144, 145 Katgerman, L...... 75, 84, 237, 310 Kim, T ...... 333 Jung, S ...... 50, 265, 266, 318, 319, 359 Kato, C ...... 81, 245 Kim, W ...... 145, 177, 188, 202, 257, 307, 353 Junxia, D...... 230 Kato, H ...... 24 Kim, Y ...... 42, 73, 74, 132, 143, 178, 180, Junzo, F ...... 107 Katoh, Y...... 100, 101 ....213, 225, 266, 276, 287, 290, 292, 361 Jurczyk, M...... 224 Katsman, A...... 308 Kimura, A...... 151 Juretzko, F...... 231 Katz, J ...... 90 Kimura, H...... 110, 210, 334 Jurisová, J...... 173 Kaufman, J...... 123, 230, 270 King, A ...... 78, 79, 113 Juslin, N...... 150 Kaufman, M...... 18, 25, 126, 189, 226, 328 King, B ...... 324 Juul Jensen, D...... 20 Kaufmann, H...... 194 Kinosz, M...... 111 Kaul, P ...... 219 Kioseoglou, G...... 17 K Kawabata, K...... 353 Kirchain, R...... 60, 270 Kawabata, T...... 142 Kirchheim, R...... 211 Kacprzak, D...... 174 Kawagishi, K...... 54, 131, 157, 208 Kirishima, A...... 138 Kad, B ...... 71, 218 Kawakami, M...... 142 Kirk, M ...... 151, 202 Kadkhodabeigi, M...... 175 Kawakami, Y...... 162 Kirkland, S...... 69
372 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Kishimoto, H...... 260 Kothari, D...... 231 Kuroda, S...... 209 Kishimoto, N...... 60 Kotov, N...... 161 Kurokawa, H...... 87 Kisner, R...... 46, 47, 262 Kou, S ...... 144, 310 Kurt, K ...... 88 Kiss, L ...... 134, 237, 283 Kouznetsov, D...... 281 Kurtulus, M...... 67 Ki Sub, C...... 138 Kovacevic, R...... 249 Kurtz, R ...... 48, 314, 316 Kitamura, T...... 337 Kovarik, L...... 320 Kusano, H...... 184 Kitashima, T...... 54 Kovrov, V...... 329 Kuskovsky, I...... 115 Kityk, I ...... 61 Koyama, K...... 349 Kuzminova, Z...... 283 Kjar, A ...... 122 Kozlov, A...... 309 Kvande, H...... 71 Klammer, G...... 60 Kracher, A...... 103 Kvithyld, A...... 36, 88 Klarstrom, D...... 180, 271 Krachler, R...... 291 Kwak, C...... 345 Klaver, P...... 27 Kraemer, S...... 268 Kwak, H...... 273 Klett, C ...... 171 Kraft, O ...... 58 Kwak, K...... 50 Klette, H...... 17 Krajewski, P...... 92, 229, 282, 309 Kwayisi, R...... 147, 261 Klimenkov, M...... 315 Kral, M ...... 352 Kweon, S...... 280 Klingensmith, D...... 264, 316 Kramer, D...... 275, 337 Kwon, S...... 180, 361 Klinger, L...... 283 Kramer, L...... 39, 305 Kwon, Y...... 93, 282, 336 Klinov, D...... 161 Kramer, M...... 36, 166, 236, 321, 332 Klose, F ...... 46 Krane, M...... 40, 278, 314 L Klueh, R...... 66, 151 Krasnochtchekov, P...... 201, 207 Klug, K ...... 305 Kraus, L ...... 95 Laabs, F ...... 66 Knap, J ...... 155 Krauss, G...... 76 LaCombe, J...... 132 Knapp, J...... 357 Kräutlein, C...... 128 Laé, E ...... 128 Knepper, R...... 160 Kravchenko, T...... 214 Lahreche, H...... 108 Knezevic, M...... 199, 200 Krcmar, M...... 27, 190 Lai, B ...... 114 Knipling, K...... 248, 282 Kresch, M...... 78, 303 Lai, L ...... 275 Knittel, K...... 308 Kretz, R ...... 88 Lai, Y ...... 102, 152, 204, 233, 284 Knott, S ...... 105, 318 Krishna Moorthy, S...... 16 Laik, A ...... 131 Knuteson, D...... 54 Krishnamurthy, K...... 135 Laird, B ...... 84 Ko, S ...... 294 Krishnamurthy, R...... 330 Lalonde, K...... 232, 329 Ko, Y ...... 214, 218 Krishnan, S...... 303 Lamb, J ...... 348 Kobayashi, T...... 53, 208, 243 Krishnan, V...... 248, 299 Lamb, S ...... 60 Koch, C ...... 59, 272, 358 Krishnapisharody, K...... 98 Lambotte, G...... 112 Koch, K ...... 82, 191, 342 Kristensen, W...... 231 Lambros, J...... 29 Kocharian, A...... 274 Kriz, R ...... 260 Lan, H ...... 305 Kockar, B...... 300 Kroupa, A...... 104 Lan, J ...... 355 Kodash, V...... 99, 182, 251, 359 Krstulich, J...... 209 Lan, K ...... 290 Koduri, S...... 26, 121, 130, 229, 312 Kruzic, J...... 287 Landgraf, F...... 280 Koenigsmann, Z...... 53 Kryukovskii, V...... 173 Landry, P...... 171 Koeplin, H...... 221 Krzysztof, M...... 235 Langdon, T...... 59, 112, 271 Koeppel, B...... 146 Kubin, L...... 206 Lange, G...... 66 Koh, S ...... 63, 223, 274 Kucharova, K...... 58 Langelier, B...... 230 Koike, J ...... 33, 93 Kuchibhatla, S...... 275 Langerman, M...... 82, 187 Koike, M...... 306 Kueper, A...... 166 Larsen, J...... 106, 107, 108, 350 Koizumi, Y...... 53 Kugler, G...... 45 Larsen, S...... 81 Kokawa, H...... 247 Kuhn, T ...... 179 Larson, B...... 304 Kolesnikova, A...... 160, 217 Kulkarni, A...... 337 Larsson, H...... 240 Kolli, P ...... 138, 139 Kumah, D...... 156 Lashley, J...... 136, 137 Kolobov, Y...... 213, 218 Kumar, A...... 50, 56, 64, 161, Lasseigne, A...... 167, 225 Kon Bae, L...... 138 ...... 224, 232, 274, 296, 344 Lassila, D...... 184, 320 Kondo, M...... 70 Kumar, C...... 300 Latysh, V...... 217 Kondo, S...... 100, 101 Kumar, D...... 95, 115, 163, 354 Laube, B...... 224 Kondo, T...... 55 Kumar, K...... 133, 251, 321 Laughlin, J...... 141 Kondoh, K...... 353 Kumar, M...... 80, 133, 278, 295 Launey, M...... 287 Kong, C ...... 272 Kumar, P...... 353 Lavender, C...... 39, 141 Kong, M...... 216 Kumar, S...... 81, 109, 354 Lavernia, E...... 217, 218, 272, 358 Konitzer, D...... 52, 106, 155, 208, 268, 321 Kumar, T...... 275 Lavery, N...... 158 Kontsevoi, O...... 51, 302 Kumar, V...... 87 Lavigne, O...... 208 Koo, J ...... 318, 359 Kumbhar, N...... 298 Lavrentiev, M...... 27, 52 Kooptarnond, K...... 56 Kuncser, V...... 63 Lawn, B ...... 234 Kopka, L...... 91 Kunets, V...... 273 Leach, A...... 161 Koppitz, T...... 145 Kunrath, A...... 354 Lebensohn, R...... 30, 97, 147, 228, 243 Kordesch, M...... 161 Kunter, R...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 LeBlanc, M...... 320 Korinko, P...... 167 Kunz, R ...... 93 Leboeuf, S...... 127 Kornev, I...... 114 Kuo, C ...... 280, 323 Le Bouar, Y...... 191 Korshunov, A...... 214, 216, 217 Kuokkala, V...... 80 Le Brun, P...... 127, 128 Korzekwa, D...... 30, 243 Kuramoto, S...... 52, 325 Leckie, R...... 268 Korznikova, E...... 113, 213 Kurath, P...... 280 Lederich, R...... 187, 235 Koss, D ...... 306 Kuribayashi, K...... 306 Lee, A ...... 151, 153, 204, 308, 317 Kostorz, G...... 191 Kurmanaeva, L...... 218 Lee, B ...... 33, 49, 67, 178
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 373 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Lee, C ...... 40, 83, 139, 153, 186, 190, Li, T ...... 52, 187, 248 Liu, Q ...... 261, 340 ...... 214, 218, 266, 319, 327, 361 Li, W ...... 31, 160, 275 Liu, S ...... 31, 83, 84, 86, 135, 188, 288 Lee, D ...... 70, 74, 120 Li, X ...... 87, 115, 149, 195, Liu, T ...... 102 Lee, E ...... 70, 89 ...... 208, 261, 262, 290, 334 Liu, W ...... 80, 233, 264, 286, 304 Lee, G ...... 273 Li, Y ...... 17, 36, 52, 64, 69, 104, Liu, X ...... 104, 227, 236, 259, 260, 286, 313 Lee, H ...... 103, 104, 153, 154, 196, ...... 125, 126, 127, 169, 184, 204 Liu, Y ...... 70, 129, 167, 172, 184, 185, ...... 203, 205, 216, 223, 265, 318 Li, Z ...... 47, 69, 122, 309, 342 ...... 201, 213, 231, 233, 277, 283, Lee, I ...... 334 Lian, J ...... 100 ...... 284, 311, 328, 330, 332, 346, 353 Lee, J ...... 34, 50, 63, 77, 87, 93, Lian, T ...... 43 Liu, Z ...... 28, 77, 145, 194, 236, ...... 95, 103, 145, 148, 161, 162, Liang, B ...... 273 ...... 256, 309, 332, 343, 351 ...... 196, 204, 222, 250, 257, 258, 266, Liang, C ...... 167, 343 Livescu, V...... 26, 138 ...... 273, 282, 302, 307, 333, 359, 362 Liang, J ...... 165 Livingston, R...... 303 Lee, K ...... 63, 273, 301, 317, 332, 361 Liang, R ...... 99 Lix, S ...... 124 Lee, M ...... 147, 183, 236, 333, 357 Liang, S ...... 118, 152, 206 Lizaur, M...... 55 Lee, N ...... 264 Liang, T ...... 186 Llewellyn, E...... 121 Lee, P ...... 53, 136, 228, 270, 322, 331, 357 Liang, W...... 96 Loehe, D...... 258 Lee, S ...... 32, 33, 74, 97, 104, 130, 154, 176, Liao, C ...... 206 Löffler, J...... 66, 177 ....191, 204, 213, 220, 266, 275, 294, 309 Liao, H ...... 73 Logan, S...... 91 Lee, T ...... 50 Liao, J ...... 231 Logar, A ...... 134, 135 Lee, W ...... 116, 186 Liao, S ...... 22 Lohmueller, A...... 194 Lee, Y ..26, 28, 93, 117, 139, 223, 257, 282, 345 Liao, X ...... 271, 313 Loiseau, A...... 139 Legagneux, P...... 117 Liaw, P ...... 21, 23, 24, 73, 74, 95, 126, 127, Lombard, J...... 122 Lei, M ...... 28, 100 ...... 128, 177, 178, 180, 189, 200, 212, London, B...... 341 Lei, Y ...... 102, 103, 110 ...... 213, 215, 219, 235, 236, 271, 286, Long, G ...... 252 Leichtfried, G...... 118 ...... 287, 288, 302, 331, 332, 358, 360 Long, L ...... 360 Leisenberg, W...... 244 Liberati, M...... 146 Long, X ...... 317 Lekakh, S...... 148 Lieberman, S...... 44, 254, 277 Long, Y ...... 186 Lekstrom, M...... 85 Lienau, C...... 273, 274 Long, Z ...... 230 Lemmon, J...... 197 Lienert, T...... 82, 134, 186, 247, 297, 341 Longanbach, S...... 308 Leonhardt, T...... 57, 110 Lienert, U...... 267, 358 Loomis, E...... 29 Leopold, J...... 177, 286 Lilleodden, E...... 160 Lopes, F...... 129, 181 Lepselter, M...... 109 Lim, C ...... 22, 71, 124, 175, 176, Lopez, C...... 227 Lepsleter, M...... 54 ...... 233, 252, 275, 284, 330 Lopez-Hirata, V...... 336 Lerch, B ...... 133, 269 Lim, H ...... 145, 257, 307 Lorentsen, O...... 90 Le Roy, G...... 128 Lim, J ...... 50, 319 Lorenzana, H...... 29 LeSar, R...... 18, 67, 80, 119, 168, 227, 278, 327 Lima, A ...... 181 Losert, W...... 188 Letzig, D...... 145, 258 Lima, J ...... 233 Lossius, L...... 81 Leu, L ...... 33 Limpijumnong, S...... 337 Loutfy, R...... 39, 141 Leu, M ...... 324 Lin, A ...... 22, 176 Louzguine, D...... 24 Levashov, V...... 235 Lin, C ...... 206, 266 Low, K ...... 300, 346 Levchenko, E...... 78 Lin, D ...... 196 Low, S ...... 305 Levendis, Y...... 137 Lin, H ...... 355 Lowe, C ...... 40 Levesque, J...... 92 Lin, J ...... 108 Lowe, T ...... 215, 217 Levi, C ...... 66, 268 Lin, K ...... 265 Lowrey, M...... 325 Levi, K ...... 125 Lin, S ...... 264, 297 Lu, C ...... 197 Levine, L...... 38, 140, 253, 254, 304 Lin, W ...... 154 Lu, F ...... 249 Levit, V ...... 26, 121, 130, 217, 255, 306, 312 Lin, Y ....102, 152, 154, 204, 266, 272, 319, 331 Lu, G ...... 31, 238 Levitas, V...... 120, 182, 299 Lindau, R...... 315 Lu, H ...... 91, 165, 174, 233 Lew, K ...... 206 Lindley, T...... 349 Lu, J ...... 59, 166, 224, 290, 342 Lewandowski, J...... 17, 65, 73, 74, 118, Lindsay, S...... 21, 70, 123, 124, 173, Lu, K ...... 146, 271, 272 ...... 167, 178, 225, 251, 277, 333 ...... 174, 231, 232, 283, 329 Lu, L ...... 179, 237 Lewis, D...... 28, 78, 104, 131, 153, 182, Ling, Y ...... 336 Lu, M ...... 153 ...... 205, 241, 242, 265, 293, 318 Linhardt, R...... 64 Lu, X ...... 186, 304 Li, B ...... 137, 138, 238, 246, Link, R ...... 140 Lu, Y ...... 94, 169 ...... 259, 289, 290, 296, 313 Liou, W ...... 153 Lu, Z ...... 127, 203, 260, 315, 323, 332 Li, C ...... 109, 176, 260, 275 Lipin, V ...... 171 Lucas, M...... 78, 303 Li, D ...... 72, 97, 199, 288, 310, 330 Lipko, S ...... 276 Lucente, A...... 236 Li, G ...... 216 Litton, D...... 208 Luckowski, S...... 192 Li, H ...... 17, 99, 144, 145, Liu, B ...... 288, 324 Ludtka, G...... 46, 47, 98, 261, 262, 313, 354 ...... 194, 230, 287, 313, 358 Liu, C ...... 18, 21, 27, 51, 58, 102, 112, 127, Luecke, W...... 140 Li, J ...... 24, 25, 52, 58, 61, 75, 106, 107, ...... 152, 159, 206, 211, 213, 251, 260, Lui, T ...... 125, 181, 290, 342 ...... 118, 128, 140, 161, 178, 179, 189, ...... 266, 271, 318, 319, 323, 325, 357 Lund, M...... 325 ...... 206, 233, 238, 246, 284, 287, 289, Liu, F ...... 73, 82, 180, 288 Luo, A ...... 40, 91, 92, 143, 144, 194, 195, ...... 292, 304, 312, 327, 334, 344, 349 Liu, G ...... 195, 271, 314, 324 ...... 257, 258, 307, 308, 309, 350, 352 Li, K ...... 118 Liu, H ...... 258 Luo, H ...... 123 Li, L ...... 20, 56, 131, 322 Liu, J ...... 19, 68, 87, 103, 120, 121, Luo, J ...... 111 Li, M ...... 177, 247, 280, 288, 324 ...... 169, 212, 228, 264, 279, 281, 343 Luo, S ...... 294, 340 Li, N ...... 91, 143, 194, 215, 345 Liu, L ...... 133, 209 Luo, T ...... 167, 186, 346 Li, Q ...... 99, 168, 237, 326 Liu, M ...... 68 Luo, X ...... 200 Li, R ...... 313 Liu, P ...... 103, 204, 264 Lupulescu, A...... 28, 78, 131, 182, 241, 242, 293
374 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Lussier, A...... 146, 198 Mao, Y ...... 254 McCabe, R...... 243 Luton, M...... 52 Mao, Z ...... 27 McCallum, R...... 166 Luyten, J...... 128 Mara, N ...... 326 McCauley, J...... 338 Lynn, K ...... 316 Marceau, D...... 296 McClellan, K...... 43 Lyssenko, T...... 192 Marcheselli, C...... 278 McClintock, D...... 317 Marciniak, M...... 63 McCluskey, M...... 163 M Marcinkoski, J...... 41 McColskey, D...... 140 Marcolongo, P...... 179 McCowan, C...... 140 Ma, A ...... 45 Marcus, H...... 16 McCune, R...... 91, 350, 351 Ma, D ...... 65, 127, 332 Mariage, J...... 328 McDaniels, R...... 235 Ma, E ...... 24, 58, 113, 155, 216, 243, 357 Marian, J...... 154, 155 McDeavitt, S...... 42 Ma, H ...... 262 Marino, K...... 268 McDermid, J...... 46 Ma, L ...... 305 Marion, E...... 21 McDonald, J...... 30 Ma, N ...... 44, 168, 239 Markham, J...... 55 McDonald, S...... 112, 179 Ma, S ...... 30, 157, 294 Markmaitree, T...... 197 McDowell, D...... 106, 155, 199, 256, 261, 295 Ma, W ...... 20 Marks, J ...... 21 McElwee-White, L...... 33 Ma, X ...... 223, 271 Marquis, F...... 37, 249, 300, 345, 346 Mceuen, S...... 248 Ma, Y ...... 211 Marrow, T...... 129 McGee, E...... 19 Macak, J...... 220 Marsen, B...... 354 McGregor, K...... 304 Macht, M...... 293 Marsh, S...... 142, 193 McIntosh, P...... 122, 171, 229, 280 Mackiewicz-Ludtka, G...... 46, 47, 262 Marshall, G...... 72 McLeod, T...... 16 MacSleyne, J...... 25 Marshall, S...... 72 McMurray, S...... 189 Madan, A...... 353, 354 Marte, J ...... 277 McNaney, J...... 184 Maeda, M...... 110, 210, 334 Marthandam, V...... 301 Mcnaney, J...... 29 Maehara, Y...... 25 Martin, G...... 27 McNelley, T...... 113, 216, 341 Magalhaes, R...... 232 Martin, M...... 79, 218, 243 McPherson, R...... 312 Mahajan, V...... 354 Martin, O...... 71, 329 McVay, G...... 42 Mahieu, P...... 245 Martin, P...... 141 Medlin, D...... 82, 135, 299 Mahmood, M...... 296, 329 Martin, R...... 356 Meek, T ...... 262 Mahmoudi, M...... 330 Martin, S...... 231 Meese, D...... 76 Mahoney, M...... 82, 134, 186, 247, 297, 341 Martinez, E...... 328 Meghlaoui, A...... 231 Maier, H...... 119, 193, 299 Maruyama, M...... 88 Meguerian, R...... 46 Maier, P ...... 259 Maruyama, T...... 55 Mehrer, H...... 293 Maier, V...... 23 Masamoral, R...... 130 Mehta, V...... 108, 150 Maiti, S ...... 184, 339 Mashl, S...... 210 Meier, M...... 123, 245 Maitra, P...... 36 Mason-Flucke, J...... 156 Meldrum, H...... 125 Maity, P ...... 36 Mastorakos, I...... 170 Melo-Maximo, V...... 336 Maiwald, D...... 244 Masuda, C...... 167, 226 Mena, M...... 118 Maj, M ...... 91 Masuno, A...... 85 Mencer, D...... 35 Major, J ...... 89 Mataya, M...... 190, 295 Mendelev, M...... 83, 84 Majumdar, B...... 279 Materna-Morris, E...... 315 Mendis, B...... 44, 208 Makhlouf, M...... 158, 211 Mates, S...... 141, 304 Meneghini, A...... 271 Makino, K...... 265 Mathias, M...... 94 Menezes, G...... 129 Makov, G...... 154 Mathieu, N...... 245 Meng, D...... 149 Maldonado, S...... 328 Mathison, L...... 343 Menon, S...... 181 Malerba, L...... 150, 202, 203, 263 Matlakhov, A...... 76 Mente, P...... 285 Malik, M...... 112 Matlakhova, L...... 76 Mercer, H...... 82 Mall, S ...... 226 Matlock, D...... 190, 295 Merchant, N...... 108 Mallick, P...... 298, 351 Matson, D...... 86 Merkle, J...... 190 Malone, R...... 244 Matsukawa, Y...... 267 Merriman, C...... 170 Maloto, F...... 232 Matsumoto, K...... 131, 208 Merry, J ...... 83 Maloy, S...... 151, 316, 356 Matsumoto, T...... 72 Meskers, C...... 259 Maltais, B...... 127 Matsumura, M...... 116, 163 Meslin, E...... 263, 264 Manaktala, S...... 71 Matsunaga, T...... 306 Metwally, H...... 56 Manchiraju, S...... 96 Matsuoka, S...... 55 Meydanoglu, O...... 270 Mandal, S...... 135 Matsuyama, A...... 142 Meyer, A...... 293 Mandava, V...... 347 Mattapelli, S...... 187 Meyer, J ...... 93 Mangelinck-Noel, N...... 85, 188 Matteis, P...... 180, 339 Meyer, T...... 111 Manhaes, R...... 335 Matteo, E...... 72 Meyers, M...... 22, 29, 71, 79, 124, 132, 175, Maniruzzaman, M...... 183, 290 Matz, L ...... 149 ...... 176, 183, 184, 218, 233, 243, Manjeri, R...... 249 Maudlin, P...... 57, 133 ...... 271, 284, 294, 295, 330, 338, 357 Manley, M...... 136, 137, 189, 248, 299 Mavromaras, A...... 28 Meyyappan, M...... 16 Mann, G...... 352 Maxey, E...... 236 Meza García, E...... 258 Mann, M...... 117 Mayandi, J...... 17 Miao, J ...... 108 Manna, I...... 178 Mayer, G...... 72 Miao, S ...... 100 Mannava, S...... 129, 225 Mayer, J ...... 297 Miao-Yong, Z...... 336 Manosa, L...... 137 Mayeur, J...... 261 Michael, N...... 54, 108, 149 Mantina, M...... 28 Maziasz, P...... 260, 323 Michal, S...... 177, 235, 286 Mao, P ...... 302 Mazur, Y...... 273 Middlemas, M...... 118 Mao, S ...... 60, 61, 357 McCabe, A...... 171 Middleton, J...... 312
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 375 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Mihalkovic, M...... 360 Moody, N....37, 160, 249, 300, 325, 326, 345, 346 Mullis, A...... 85 Mikhail, Y...... 94 Mook, W...... 207, 325 Mumcu, G...... 343 Mikula, A...... 318 Moon, D...... 247, 248 Muñoz-Morris, M...... 59, 114 Miles, M...... 134, 247 Moon, J ...... 319 Munroe, P...... 272 Miller, D...... 160 Moon, W...... 73, 266 Muppidi, T...... 89 Miller, E...... 354 Moore, E...... 253 Muradov, N...... 354 Miller, F...... 25, 74 Moran, J...... 240, 292 Muraguchi, M...... 247 Miller, J ...... 142, 349 Morariu, M...... 63 Murakami, H...... 209 Miller, M...... 27, 52, 53, 66, 96, 120, Moras, A...... 21 Murakami, M...... 32, 33, 246, 296 ...... 126, 151, 199, 263, 316, 321 Mordehai, D...... 154 Murakumo, T...... 54 Miller, W...... 91 Mordike, B...... 352 Murashkin, M...... 358 Millett, J...... 294, 295 Moreno, H...... 35 Murch, G...... 78, 293 Mills, M...... 44, 51, 105, 106, 107, 154, 156, Moreno C., H...... 35 Murphy, J...... 20 ...... 199, 206, 207, 229, 266, 312, 320 Morgan, A...... 16 Murphy, K...... 157 Millwater, H...... 350 Morgan, D...... 26, 49, 93, 181, 244 Murphy, T...... 292 Milne, W...... 117 Morgan, T...... 315 Murr, L ...... 117, 132, 176, 183, 185 Minakshi, M...... 311 Mori, G ...... 148 Murty, G...... 167 Mindivan, H...... 270, 348 Mori, H ...... 63, 355 Murty, K...... 58, 59, 260, 315 Mingdao, W...... 47 Morisaku, K...... 87 Murugan, R...... 22 Minguett, J...... 122 Morishige, T...... 259 Murugesan, S...... 64 Minich, R...... 133 Morishita, M...... 289 Muschinski, A...... 307 Minor, A...... 325 Morita, K...... 289 Musz, E ...... 198 Minoux, E...... 117 Moriyama, M...... 246 Muthubandara, N...... 78 Miodownik, M...... 130 Morjan, I...... 63 Myers, S...... 285 Miodownik, P...... 205 Morkovsky, P...... 35 Myrvold, E...... 124 Miotto, P...... 245 Morosin, B...... 79 Miracle, D...... 25, 74, 226, 235, 236, 255, 332 Morozov, A...... 214 N Mirkovic, D...... 309 Morphett, A...... 124 Mishin, Y...... 44, 78, 181 Morral, J...... 241, 242 Nabarro, F...... 272 Mishra, A...... 218 Morris, A...... 40 Nabiev, I...... 161 Mishra, B...... 167, 225 Morris, D...... 59, 114 Nadella, R...... 237 Mishra, C...... 230 Morris, J...... 26, 77, 83, 84, 127, 130, Nadtochy, A...... 71 Mishra, R...... 25, 74, 82, 83, 92, ...... 136, 181, 189, 190, 235, 239, Naeth, O...... 223 ...... 134, 135, 186, 187, 228, 235, ...... 248, 291, 299, 317, 325, 335, 337 Nafisi, S ...... 179 ...... 247, 275, 297, 298, 325, 341, 342 Morris, Jr., J...... 52 Nag, A ...... 285 Misra, A ...... 121, 211, 215, 326, 356 Morris, R...... 33 Nag, S ...... 226, 234 Misra, D...... 276, 285 Morse, D...... 23 Nagai, T ...... 334 Misra, M...... 125, 233, 354 Morsi, K...... 149 Nagaraj, B...... 209 Missalla, M...... 171 Mortarino, G...... 180 Nagasako, N...... 52 Missori, S...... 180 Mortensen, D...... 237 Nagem, N...... 231 Mistretta, M...... 300 Mosher, D...... 224 Nagy, P ...... 179 Mitchell, D...... 311 Moskovich, N...... 309 Nahshon, K...... 294 Mitsuishi, K...... 100 Moskovitch, N...... 194, 257 Naik, R ...... 162 Mittal, V...... 93 Möslang, A...... 315 Nair, A ...... 260 Miura-Fujiwara, E...... 229 Moss, S ...... 89, 140, 303 Naixiang, F...... 233, 296, 341 Miwa, K...... 25, 143 Mostafa, S...... 311 Nakai, M...... 306 Miyabe, Y...... 204 Mothé, A...... 56 Nakajima, H...... 63 Miyake, M...... 110, 210, 289, 334 Motta, A...... 356 Nakamura, R...... 63 Miyamura, T...... 33, 93 Moura, R...... 124 Nakanishi, T...... 43 Mizutani, U...... 252 Mourao, M...... 35 Nakano, Y...... 361 Mo, A ...... 172 Mourer, D...... 229, 320 Nakayama, T...... 43, 361 Moat, R ...... 322 Moxnes, B...... 71 Nalamasu, O...... 64 Moehwald, K...... 166 Moxson, V...... 192 Namboothiri, S...... 173 Mohajeri, N...... 94 Moy, P ...... 140, 141, 254 Namilae, S...... 223, 251 Mohamed, F...... 214, 271, 275 Mubarok, Z...... 148 Nan, H ...... 350 Mohammed, A...... 296 Muci Kuchler, K...... 187, 298 Nancollas, G...... 23 Mohan, P...... 268 Mucino, V...... 298 Nandiraju, D...... 249 Mohandas, K...... 57 Mucsi, G...... 56 Nandy, T...... 156 Mohanty, R...... 242 Mudryk, Y...... 76 Nanstad, R...... 190, 317 Moitra, A...... 19 Mueller, W...... 351 Napolitano, R...... 37, 85, 188, 249, Mokkapati, S...... 273 Muga, L ...... 197 ...... 290, 300, 345, 346 Moldovan, P...... 238 Mughrabi, H...... 96 Narayan, J...... 55, 62, 109, 116, 163, 222, 271 Mollah, M...... 35 Muhktar, A...... 272 Narayan, R...... 163, 284, 285 Molodov, D...... 46, 47 Mukai, T...... 162, 184, 196, 308, 352 Narayana, G...... 123 Moloney, M...... 307 Mukaida, M...... 98 Narayanan, R...... 78 Monk, J ...... 155, 337 Mukherjee, A...... 272, 326, 358 Narita, H...... 87 Montanari, R...... 180, 339 Mukhopadhyay, J...... 36 Naritsuka, S...... 55 Monteiro, S...... 56, 76, 129, 179, 180, Mukhopadhyay, S...... 16 Narukawa, Y...... 162 ...... 181, 289, 290, 334, 335 Muller, C...... 233 Nascimento, A...... 81 Montgomerie, D...... 35 Müller, S...... 37 Nascimento, M...... 351
376 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Nashat, A...... 193 Noldin, J...... 98 Omura, N...... 25, 143 Natesan, K...... 110 Noori, A ...... 154 Onishi, T...... 246 Nath, A ...... 98 Nordlund, K...... 150 Onodera, H...... 209 Nathenson, D...... 80 Norfleet, D...... 44 Opalka, S...... 224 Naumov, I...... 114 Northwood, D...... 310 Opeil, C ...... 136 Nawaz, A...... 139 Norton, D...... 33, 62, 344, 359 Oppedal, A...... 20 Naydenkin, E...... 218 Norton, M...... 49 Orchard, H...... 205 Nayuta, M...... 148 Noskova, N...... 218, 325 Ordaz, G...... 42 Nazarbooland, A...... 279 Nossa, J ...... 273 Oren, E ...... 125 Nazon, J ...... 180, 182 Notten, P...... 197 Orme, C ...... 23 Neale, K...... 92 Novichkov, S...... 55 Oro, D ...... 244 Neelameggham, N...... 36, 40, 88, 91, 92, Nowell, M...... 75, 121 Ortega, U...... 174 ...... 143, 144, 194, 195, 257, Noy, A ...... 22 Ortiz, C ...... 314 ...... 258, 307, 309, 350, 352 Nuhfer, N...... 189 Ortiz, M ...... 155, 227 Neelgund, G...... 64 Nunna, R...... 238, 347 Osborn, W...... 197 Neeraj, T...... 207 Nutt, S ...... 215 Osborne, M...... 111 Neil, C ...... 170 Nyberg, E...... 352 Osborne, R...... 91 Nelson, B...... 248 Nychka, J...... 71, 72, 204 Osetskiy, Y...... 48, 267 Nelson, T...... 134, 186, 247, 248, 341 Nyilas, K...... 212 Osetsky, Y...... 201, 203, 355 Nenseter, B...... 245 Oshida, Y...... 233 Neri, M ...... 324 O Osman, T...... 40 Nes, E ...... 68 Osvaldo, F...... 86 Ness, D ...... 53, 322 O’Brien, C...... 242 Otaki, M...... 88 Nestler, K...... 145 O’Brien, K...... 281 Ott, R ...... 236, 357 Neu, C ...... 146, 148, 188 O’Brien, S...... 115 Ou, K ...... 234, 330 Neu, R ...... 147 O’Connell, S...... 37 Ouellet, B...... 124 Neubauer, E...... 18 Obata, T ...... 283 Ouimet, L...... 91 Neuber, D...... 25 Obbard, R...... 76 Ou Yang, F...... 206 Neuefeind, J...... 332 Oberebt, C...... 82 Ovcharenko, A...... 316 Neumann, D...... 89, 303 Oberembt, C...... 298 Ovid’ko, I...... 160 Neumann, T...... 134 Oberson, P...... 348 Ovrelid, E...... 166 Newberry, P...... 214 Ochsner, A...... 78 Owens, A...... 295 Newbery, A...... 217 Ode, M ...... 209 Owolabi, G...... 80 Newey, M...... 188 Odeshi, A...... 80 Øye, H ...... 81, 340 Neyrey, K...... 81 Odette, G...... 263, 264, 314, 316 Ozawa, T...... 306 Ng, B ...... 57 Odunuga, S...... 207 Ozkan, C...... 221 Ng, G ...... 272 Oehring, M...... 212 Ozolins, V...... 27, 89 Nguyen, D...... 291 Ogale, S ...... 146 Ozsoy, I ...... 299 Nguyen, K...... 125 Ogata, S ...... 178, 287 Nguyen, T...... 283 Ogata, Y...... 304 P Nguyen-Manh, D...... 27, 52 Ogawa, M...... 255 Nguyen-Thi, H...... 85, 188 Oginuma, H...... 353 Packer, S...... 341 Nicholson, D...... 47, 192, 286 Oh, B ...... 175 Paclawski, K...... 209 Nie, J ...... 352 Oh, C ...... 138 Padgett, C...... 216, 219 Nie, Z ...... 189, 198 Oh, K ...... 150, 154, 186, 205, 319 Padilla, H...... 29 Niederberger, C...... 32 Oh, Y ...... 290 Padilla, R...... 148 Niedling, J...... 333 Oh-ishi, K...... 341 Padture, N...... 268 Nieh, T ...... 73 Ohishi, K...... 352 Pal, S ...... 184 Nigam, A...... 164 Ohkubo, T...... 308, 352 Palacio, H...... 86 Niihara, K...... 361 Ohnaka, K...... 306 Palandage, K...... 274 Niinomi, M...... 306 Ohnuma, I...... 104, 204, 265 Palanisamy, P...... 300 Nikles, D...... 164 Ohriner, E...... 57 Palit, D ...... 17 Ning, B ...... 208 Ohshima, K...... 253 Palkowski, H...... 45, 66 Ningileri, S...... 69, 172, 230, 269 Ohtsuka, H...... 47 Palmer, M...... 40 Ningthoujam, R...... 164, 222 Oja, M ...... 33 Pan, F ...... 344 Nino, J ...... 100 Okabe, T...... 25, 75, 90, 128, 141, Pan, J ...... 60 Nishimiya, Y...... 167 ...... 179, 238, 289, 306, 334 Pan, T ...... 259, 298 Nishimura, T...... 265 Okamoto, K...... 92, 186, 247, 297 Pan, X ...... 95, 242 Nishizuka, K...... 162 Oki, S ...... 259 Pan, Y ...... 28, 42, 43, 94, 234, 330 Nix, W ...... 159 Oktay, G...... 176 Panat, R ...... 268 Nixon, M...... 243 Okuniewski, M...... 316 Pandey, A...... 17, 65, 81, 118, 167, 225, 277, 285 Niyomwas, S...... 200 Oleinikov, V...... 161 Pandey, R...... 33 Nobuhiro, I...... 148 Oliver, E...... 95, 210 Pangan, A...... 154 Noda, T ...... 255 Oliver, W...... 129 Panico, M...... 299 Noebe, R...... 189 Olmsted, D...... 67, 84, 105 Pantleon, W...... 20, 267 Nogaret, T...... 48 Olsen, E ...... 166, 247 Pao, C ...... 338 Nogita, K...... 112, 179, 264, 265 Olson, D...... 167, 225 Pao, P ...... 247 Nogueira, A...... 35 Olson, G...... 79, 200, 299 Papadimitrakopoulos, F...... 16 Nohira, T...... 304 Omotunde, A...... 112 Papillon, F...... 49 Nolan, D...... 143 Omran, A...... 230 Papis, K ...... 66, 88
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 377 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Pappas, N...... 47 Peterson, B...... 26, 94, 121, 229, 255, 312 Porto, S ...... 124 Pareige, C...... 263 Peterson, E...... 35 Posada, M...... 247 Pareige, P...... 263, 264 Peterson, R...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 Potesser, M...... 138 Parga, J ...... 35 Peterson, V...... 303 Potirniche, G...... 312 Parida, S...... 275 Petralia, S...... 339 Pouchon, M...... 95 Parisi, A ...... 86 Petrillo, J...... 41 Poulsen, H...... 267 Park, C ...... 40, 51, 190, 361 Petrova, R...... 183 Pouly, P ...... 128 Park, D ...... 276 Petrovic, J...... 42 Powell, A...... 40, 97, 303, 307, 349 Park, E ...... 73, 177, 319 Pew, J ...... 134 Powell, B...... 91, 310 Park, G ...... 102 Pfeif, E ...... 133 Pownceby, M...... 185 Park, H ...... 22 Pharr, G ...... 129, 251 Pozuelo, M...... 65 Park, J ...... 335 Philips, N...... 66 Pradhan, D...... 90 Park, K ...... 139, 214 Phillion, A...... 136 Prado, F ...... 110 Park, M ...... 50, 62, 115, 116, 162, 221 Phillips, D...... 162 Prado, J ...... 219 Park, N ...... 287 Phillips, E...... 229 Prajapati, B...... 109 Park, S ...... 19, 70, 138, 145, 186, 204, 247, 345 Phillpot, S...... 100, 356 Prakash, V...... 74, 80, 133, 178, 219, 333, 339 Park, W ...... 16, 144, 145, 346 Piatkowski, D...... 89 Prasad, J...... 172 Park, Y ...... 64, 149 Piccardo, P...... 339 Prasad, R...... 123 Parker, D...... 112 Pickens, J...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 Prasad, S...... 160 Parkison, A...... 42 Pierce, D...... 333 Prasanna Kumar, T...... 301 Parmar, B...... 255 Pierre, L ...... 17 Prask, H ...... 304 Parra, M ...... 43 Pietrzyk, M...... 242 Prater, J ...... 109, 116, 163 Parra Garcia, M...... 95, 340 Piffer, V ...... 81, 245 Pratt, L ...... 27 Parsa, M...... 37 Pike, L ...... 180, 322 Preble, E...... 62, 221 Parsey, J ...... 54, 108 Pilchak, A...... 342 Preston, D...... 120, 299 Parthasarathy, T...... 266, 320 Pilote, S ...... 296 Presuel-Moreno, F...... 43 Pashkovski, E...... 125 Pinasco, M...... 180, 339 Preuss, M...... 20, 322 Pate, T ...... 244 Ping, L ...... 224 Price, D ...... 89, 303 Patel, J ...... 324 Pingin, V...... 174 Price, N ...... 37 Patel, M ...... 336 Pinkerton, A...... 322 Pritchard, P...... 193 Patil, S ...... 268, 286, 287 Pinoy, L ...... 34 Proffen, T...... 178, 236, 332 Patnaik, A...... 82, 83, 298 Pint, B ...... 52, 106, 155, 208, Prorok, B...... 343 Patterson, B...... 282 ...... 209, 260, 268, 321, 323 Proshkin, A...... 31 Patwardhan, D...... 199 Pinto, E ...... 124, 174 Proudhon, H...... 280 Patz, T ...... 284 Pinzhin, Y...... 215 Proulx, G...... 124 Paul, J ...... 212 Piotr, L ...... 177 Proust, G...... 68, 170 Paul, R ...... 158 Pippan, R...... 218 Provatas, N...... 181 Paulino, L...... 232 Piskazhova, T...... 329 Puech, S...... 331 Pavel, M...... 30 Pitchure, D...... 253, 254 Puga, C ...... 35 Pavez, P ...... 148 Pitek, F ...... 268 Pulikollu, R...... 16 Payton, E...... 229 Planes, A...... 137 Pun, G ...... 78 Payzant, E...... 353 Plapp, M...... 31, 83, 84, 86, 135, 188 Purohit, Y...... 216, 219 Peace, J ...... 21 Plascencia, G...... 191, 227 Purushotham, S...... 284 Pearton, S...... 54, 55, 62, 108, 164, 165, 344 Platek, P...... 69 Pusateri, J...... 323 Peaslee, K...... 148 Platt, D ...... 92 Pushparaj, V...... 64 Peauger, F...... 117 Player, R...... 35 Pusztai, T...... 31, 32 Pecharsky, V...... 76 Plohr, J ...... 133 Puthucode, A...... 126 Pedersen, K...... 172 Plunkett, B...... 147, 243 Puzyrev, Y...... 192 Pedersen, T...... 173 Pocheau, A...... 85, 136 Pyshkin, S...... 55 Peelamedu, R...... 354 Poirier, D...... 324 Pei, Z ...... 262 Politano, O...... 106 Q Pekguleryuz, M...... 40, 41, 91, 92, 143, 144, 194, Pollcok, T...... 157 ...... 195, 257, 258, 307, 309, 350, 352 Pollock, T...... 30, 53, 66, 92, 108, Qi, F ...... 261 Pellati, G...... 180 ...... 156, 294, 307, 310, 312, 352 Qi, L ...... 171 Pelletier, J...... 288, 332 Polyakov, L...... 214 Qian, L ...... 346 Peng, P ...... 234 Polyakov, P...... 31, 329 Qian, M ...... 143 Peng, Z ...... 311 Pomerance, A...... 188 Qiao, B ...... 230 Pensado, O...... 43 Pomykala Jr., J...... 158 Qiao, D ...... 286, 287, 331, 332 Penumadu, D...... 200 Poncsak, S...... 237, 283 Qiao, L ...... 28 Peralta, P...... 29, 43, 95, 250, 340 Pongsaksawad, W...... 303 Qichi, L ...... 313 Perepezko, J...... 25, 32, 278, 321 Ponnazhagan, S...... 285 Qing, L ...... 186 Perez, A ...... 240, 292 Ponomareva, I...... 114 Qingcai, L...... 57 Perez, E ...... 132 Pons, A ...... 188 Qiu, G ...... 286 Pérez-Prado, T...... 215, 273 Pontin, M...... 294 Qiu, K ...... 237 Perron, A...... 134 Poole, W...... 280 Qiu, R ...... 23 Perruchoud, R...... 123, 245 Poon, J ...... 24 Qiu, S ...... 248 Perrut, M...... 135 Pope, D ...... 38 Qiu, T ...... 351 Peter, W ...... 39 Popescu, G...... 238 Qiu, Z ...... 31, 175, 186, 233, Peters, P ...... 226 Popov, I ...... 308 ...... 258, 283, 284, 304, 340 Petersen, E...... 64 Portella, P...... 226 Qu, X ...... 246
378 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Quach, D...... 99, 182, 359 Rebak, R...... 42, 43, 94 Rittel, D ...... 184 Quast, J ...... 226 Reddy, A...... 342 Ritter, C ...... 124, 231 Querin, J...... 187 Reddy, M...... 277 Ritter, G ...... 187 Quick, N...... 163 Reddy, N...... 40, 327, 347, 361 Rivard, J...... 39 Quinta da Fonseca, J...... 20 Reddy, R...... 90, 94, 174, 350 Riverin, J...... 22 Quintino, L...... 134 Reddy, S...... 293 Rivero, R...... 109 Redkin, A...... 173, 283 Riveros, G...... 35 R Reed, B ...... 295 Rivière, C...... 128 Reed, R ...... 52, 53, 106, 155, 208, 268, 321 Rivolta, B...... 180 R-Raissi, A...... 93 Reiche, P...... 64 Rizzi, G ...... 362 Raab, G ...... 215, 216 Reichelson, J...... 288 Rizzo, F ...... 190 Raabe, D...... 45, 228 Reid, D ...... 64 Roalstad, J...... 302 Raber, T ...... 197 Reimanis, I...... 278 Robelin, C...... 329 Rablbauer, R...... 322 Reinhart, G...... 188 Roberts, S...... 317 Rachmat, R...... 143 Reinhart, W...... 338 Robertson, C...... 48 Rack, P ...... 288 Reinovsky, R...... 244 Robertson, I...... 29, 48, 203, 216, 355 Radhakrishnan, B...... 68, 223, 251, 312 Reis, A ...... 271 Robertson, J...... 89, 139, 191, 252, 303 Radiguet, B...... 263, 264 Reis, S ...... 24 Robertson, S...... 272 Radosavljevic, S...... 334 Reisgen, U...... 145 Robinson, A...... 306 Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic, A...... 334 Reiso, O...... 216 Robles-Hernandez, F...... 191 Rae, C ...... 53 Reizine, F...... 346 Robson, A...... 349 Rae, P ...... 183, 251 Remington, B...... 184 Rocha, L...... 346 Raetzke, K...... 293 Remmel, J...... 145 Rockett, C...... 118 Raghunathan, S...... 321 Ren, B ...... 31, 71 Rodchanarowan, A...... 349 Rahbar, N...... 22 Ren, F ...... 54, 55, 62, 108, 344 Rodney, D...... 48 Rais-Rohani, M...... 256 Ren, J ...... 212, 214 Rodriguez, G...... 244 Raissi, A...... 276 Ren, R ...... 197 Rodriguez, J...... 89 Raiszadeh, R...... 112 Ren, W ...... 247 Rodriguez, R...... 129 Raj, S ...... 269 Ren, X ...... 59 Rodriguez-Baracaldo, R...... 219 Raja, K ...... 354 Ren, Y ...... 189, 212, 358 Roe, C ...... 140 Rajan, K...... 40, 256 Reno, R ...... 253 Roeder, R...... 124, 233, 234 Rajeev, K...... 222 Rest, J ...... 356 Roesler, J...... 223 Rajendran, A...... 169 Reuter, M...... 259 Rogach, A...... 60, 114, 161, 220, 273 Rajulapati, K...... 59 Reutzel, S...... 86 Rogers, J...... 235, 302 Rakovich, Y...... 220 Rex, S ...... 135 Rohatgi, P...... 168 Ramachandran, S...... 109, 116 Reynolds, A...... 297 Rohrer, C...... 40 Ramakrishna, S...... 22 Reynolds, B...... 179 Rohrer, G...... 44, 45, 49, 176, 349 Rama Murty, G...... 277 Reynolds, W...... 146 Roldan Cuenya, B...... 311 Ramanujan, R...... 114, 284 Rezvanian, O...... 169 Rollett, A...... 19, 27, 69, 96, 97, Ramar, A...... 48, 355 Rhee, H ...... 312 ...... 130, 176, 227, 349, 354 Ramasamy, K...... 94 Rhim, W...... 24 Rolseth, S...... 30 Ramaswami, J...... 232 Riani, J ...... 34 Romanov, A...... 160, 217 Ramesh, K...... 79, 113, 140, 183, 216, 243 Rice, J ...... 135 Rombach, G...... 128 Ramirez, A...... 143 Richard, C...... 71 Romero, R...... 137 Ramirez, J...... 86 Richards, V...... 148, 324 Romero-Serrano, J...... 35 Ramírez, J...... 328 Richardson, H...... 161 Rong, H ...... 311 Rammohan, A...... 73 Richardson, I...... 346 Rong, Y ...... 256 Rämö, J ...... 80 Richardson, J...... 236, 332 Rosam, J...... 85 Ramusat, C...... 208 Richter, A...... 100 Roschger, P...... 72 Ranganathan, S...... 23 Richter, M...... 235 Rosen, G...... 309 Rangel, J...... 129, 290 Richter, R...... 333 Rosenberg, R...... 246 Rao, K ...... 90, 257 Ricker, R...... 305 Rosenberger, A...... 97, 107, 350 Rao, S ...... 105, 266 Rickman, J...... 130 Rosenkilde, C...... 90 Rao, W ...... 239 Rideout, C...... 279, 347, 348 Rosenson, H...... 309 Rasch, B...... 127 Ried, P ...... 91 Ross, N ...... 24, 235 Rasty, J ...... 312 Rieken, J...... 66 Roters, F...... 45, 228 Rathz, T ...... 235, 302 Rigsbee, M...... 58, 112, 159, 211, Rotger, J...... 245 Ratvik, A...... 30 ...... 213, 271, 325, 357 Rouns, T...... 121 Rauscher, M...... 162, 362 Rijkeboer, A...... 171 Rousculp, C...... 244 Ravi, C ...... 77 Rijssenbeek, J...... 197 Roven, H...... 68, 216 Ravichandran, G...... 184 Rimoli, J...... 227 Rowenhorst, D...... 130 Ravindra, N...... 54, 55, 108, 109, 149, 150 Rinaldi, A...... 250 Rowlson, M...... 322 Rawal, S...... 33 Rinck, M...... 22 Roy, A ...... 301 Rawlins, H...... 148 Rinderer, B...... 288 Roy, D ...... 178 Ray, R ...... 45 Rios, P ...... 25, 26 Roy, I ...... 214, 271, 275 Ray, T ...... 291 Rioult, F...... 321 Roy, R ...... 354 Razavi, F...... 252 Ripley, E...... 354 Roy, S ...... 165 Read, C ...... 42, 341 Riseborough, P...... 136 Roy, W ...... 192 Ready, W...... 16, 63 Ritchie, R...... 125, 272 Roybal, L...... 150 Real, C ...... 227 Ritchie, S...... 279, 347 Roytburd, A...... 239
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 379 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Rozak, G...... 57, 110 Sarikaya, M...... 125, 175 Scrivani, A...... 362 Ru, G ...... 246 Sarma, G...... 68, 223, 251, 312 Scully, J ...... 43, 236 Ruano, O...... 215, 273 Sarosi, P...... 107, 312, 320 Seal, S ...... 16, 64, 149, 221, Rubinsztajn, M...... 197 Sarradin, J...... 180, 182 ...... 268, 269, 275, 286, 292 Ruden, T...... 257 Sasaki, H...... 210 Seale, G ...... 92 Ruiz, M ...... 148 Sasaki, J...... 344 Sears, J ...... 39, 90, 224, 276, 302 Rupnowski, P...... 108, 150 Sasaki, T...... 352 Seccombe, D...... 354 Russ, S ...... 226 Sastikumar, D...... 98 Seckiner, A...... 302 Russell, A...... 207 Sato, A ...... 54, 131, 156, 157, 208 Sediako, D...... 309 Russell, K...... 263, 316 Sato, E ...... 306 Seelaboyina, R...... 117 Russo Spena, P...... 180 Sato, H ...... 252 Segal, V ...... 217 Ruvalcaba, D...... 84 Sato, K ...... 306 Segall, A...... 227 Rye, K ...... 31, 124, 232 Sato, M ...... 22, 71, 124, 175, 176, 233, 284, 330 Segatz, M...... 174 Ryu, H ...... 132 Sato, N ...... 138 Seick, C ...... 278 Ryu, J ...... 51 Sato, S ...... 138 Seidman, D...... 27, 138, 139, 282 Ryu, T ...... 118 Sato, T ...... 352 Sekhar, J...... 142 Sato, Y ...... 247 Seki, Y ...... 71 S Satyapal, S...... 42 Sekido, N...... 321 Saucedo Muñoz, M...... 336 Sekimoto, H...... 334 Saal, J ...... 309 Saunders, N...... 205 Sekine, T...... 243 Sabau, A...... 311 Sawafta, R...... 165 Selim, F ...... 316 Saboohi, Y...... 175 Saxe, P ...... 28 Semenova, I...... 217 Saboungi, M...... 303 Saxena, A...... 137, 189 Semenova, O...... 291 Sacerdote-Peronnet, M...... 182, 226, 277 Saylor, D...... 31, 199 Semiatin, S...... 170, 212 Sachdev, A...... 91, 92, 195, 308 Scattergood, R...... 58, 59, 216, 219 Senkov, O...... 24, 25, 128, 167, 235, 236, 332 Sadayappan, K...... 210 Scavino, G...... 180, 339 Senkova, S...... 167 Saddock, N...... 92, 310, 352 Schaedler, T...... 268 Senn, J ...... 92 Sadik, P ...... 62, 359 Schaeublin, R...... 355 Seo, J ...... 64, 180 Sadler, B...... 81 Schafler, E...... 113, 213 Seo, S ...... 103, 104, 345 Sadoway, D...... 40 Schafrik, R...... 52 Seok, H ...... 287 Saeed, U...... 104, 318 Scharrer, M...... 194 Seong, B...... 301, 361 Saegusa, K...... 349 Schäublin, R...... 48, 202 Seong Yong, P...... 191 Saengdeejing, A...... 309 Schelling, P...... 291 Sepehrband, P...... 230 Safarik, D...... 287 Schenk, T...... 188 Serebrinsky, S...... 227 Saha Podder, A...... 45 Scherello, A...... 138 Serefoglu, M...... 85 Sahin, D...... 125 Scheriau, S...... 325 Sergueeva, A...... 326, 358 Sahin, F ...... 302 Schestakova, L...... 218 Serna-Vasquez, A...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 Saigal, A...... 33 Schiffl, .A ...... 353 Sertel, K...... 343 Saito, K ...... 60, 262 Schildknecht, A...... 258 Setman, D...... 113, 213 Sakai, N ...... 260 Schille, J...... 205 Setyawan, A...... 24 Sakamoto, K...... 87 Schlesinger, M...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 Severo, D...... 124, 174 Sakashita, S...... 43 Schlom, D...... 64 Sezer, S ...... 96 Sakidja, R...... 321 Schmetterer, C...... 104, 105 Shackelford, J...... 251 Salamo, G...... 114, 273 Schmid-Fetzer, R...... 309, 310 Shade, P ...... 44, 160 Salas, W...... 185 Schmuki, P...... 220 Shaghiev, M...... 167 Salazar, J...... 174 Schneibel, J...... 118, 119 Shahbazian Yassar, R...... 19, 20, 68, 120, Salazar, M...... 244 Schneider, H...... 315 ...... 121, 169, 228, 279 Salee, D ...... 237 Schneider, J...... 187, 221 Shaikh, A...... 108 Saleh, T ...... 358 Schoenung, J...... 214, 215, 272 Shamsuzzoha, M...... 164, 231 Salem, A...... 170, 212 Schönfeld, B...... 191 Shan, A ...... 212, 214 Salman, U...... 191 Schott, A...... 37 Shan, Z ...... 325, 357 Samanta, A...... 52, 58, 106, 161 Schroers, J...... 331 Shang, L...... 258 Samaras, M...... 95 Schuh, C...... 79, 212, 291 Shang, S...... 236 Samuel, S...... 234 Schuldenzucker, P...... 88 Shangguan, F...... 121 Sanchez-Araiza, M...... 159 Schulson, E...... 251 Shangguan, Z...... 230 Sanderson, S...... 248 Schultz, J...... 168, 278, 302 Shankar, R...... 170 Sandhu, R...... 154 Schuster, B...... 113 Shankar, S...... 36, 111, 112, 127, 211 Sandoval, D...... 183 Schvezov, C...... 45, 289 Shannon, C...... 116 Sangiorgi, G...... 271 Schwaiger, R...... 72, 128 Shao, H ...... 214 Sankaran, S...... 120 Schwandt, C...... 90 Shao-Horn, Y...... 93 Sansoz, F...... 155, 211 Schwartz, L...... 101 Shaoxian, M...... 233, 341 Santella, M...... 259, 298 Schwartz, W...... 298 Shapiro, S...... 136 Santhaweesuk, C...... 32 Schwarz, M...... 174 Sharma, B...... 298 Santisteban, J...... 95 Schwarz, R...... 59, 287 Sharma, S...... 332 Santodonato, L...... 46 Schwendiman, K...... 226 Sharma, V...... 347 Santos, A...... 335 Scorey, C...... 39 Shaw, J ...... 346 Sanville, E...... 202 Scott, A ...... 101 Shaw, L ...... 197, 271 Sanyal, S...... 197 Scott, J ...... 236 Shazly, M...... 133 Sarasmak, K...... 337 Scott, M ...... 226 She, H ...... 71 Sarihan, V...... 317 Scrase, S...... 81 Sheikh-Ali, A...... 106
380 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Shen, C ...... 106, 107, 189, 312 Singh, M...... 80 Song, K ...... 301 Shen, G ...... 144 Singh, N...... 54, 108, 319 Song, M ...... 100 Shen, H ...... 172, 283 Singh, P ...... 145, 260, 269, 311 Song, X ...... 131 Shen, J ...... 353 Singh, U...... 36 Song, Y ...... 323 Shen, P ...... 55 Singh, V...... 285 Song, Z ...... 338 Shen, T ...... 58, 59, 112, 203 Singjai, P...... 17 Sonnleitner, R...... 66 Shendye, S...... 324 Singleton, N...... 123 Sopori, B...... 54, 108, 109, 149, 150 Sheng, X...... 330 Sinha, S ...... 252, 303 Sordelet, D...... 208, 236, 357 Shenoy, V...... 120 Sinha, V ...... 226 Sorensen, C...... 134, 248, 341 Shet, S ...... 109 Sinn, H ...... 303 Sorlie, M...... 21, 30, 31, 70, 74, 81, 122, Shi, J ...... 94 Sinnott, S...... 356 ...... 123, 127, 171, 173, 174, 179, Shi, S ...... 28, 137, 355 Sintay, S...... 97 ...... 185, 229, 231, 232, 237, 244, 280, Shi, W ...... 41 Sirivolu, S...... 238 ...... 283, 288, 296, 329, 333, 340, 341 Shi, Y ...... 102, 103, 110, 176, 219 Sisson, R...... 182, 183, 290 Soto, K ...... 176 Shi, Z ...... 31, 186, 233, 238, 283, 284, 340, 351 Sitdikov, V...... 113 Soubeyroux, J...... 331 Shibata, N...... 32, 33 Sivaraj, D...... 351 Soucy, G...... 281 Shifler, D...... 240, 292 Siwecki, T...... 228 Souidi, A...... 202 Shiflet, G...... 24, 236, 360 Sklad, P ...... 143 Southworth, A...... 151, 153, 204 Shih, D ...... 104 Sklenicka, V...... 58 Spaepen, F...... 160 Shih, T ...... 102, 266 Skornyakov, V...... 71 Spangenberger, J...... 158 Shih, W ...... 152 Skrotzki, B...... 226 Spanos, G...... 17, 130 Shijie, G...... 313 Skury, A ...... 129, 290, 334, 335 Spätig, P...... 48 Shim, J ...... 202, 203, 216 Skybakmoen, E...... 30 Speakman, S...... 209 Shimada, K...... 60 Slade, S ...... 258 Specht, E...... 229, 253 Shimizu, F...... 178, 287 Slattery, D...... 225 Specker, A...... 37 Shimizu, T...... 255 Slocik, J ...... 162 Speer, J ...... 190 Shimpo, R...... 56 Slooff, F...... 310 Spencer, K...... 144 Shin, C ...... 202 Slutsker, J...... 239 Spigarelli, S...... 352 Shin, D ...... 139, 213, 214, 218 Smialek, J...... 156 Spoljaric, D...... 138 Shin, K ...... 143, 257, 308 Smid, I ...... 18, 227 Spowart, J...... 168, 225 Shin, S ...... 191 Smith, A...... 270 Sreekala, S...... 131 Shinohara, G...... 138 Smith, C...... 29, 179 Sreekumar, K...... 123 Shioi, R ...... 334 Smith, G...... 76 Sreeranganathan, A...... 44, 254, 277, 309 Shivashankar, S...... 64 Smith, J ...... 136, 137, 264, 316 Srinivasan, R...... 254, 255, 312, 320, 360 Shollock, B...... 85 Smith, L ...... 220 Srinivasan, S...... 132, 189, 224 Shorokhov, E...... 213 Smith, R...... 19, 100, 150, 198, 202, 315 Srisukhumbowornchai, N...... 166, 276 Shtanov, V...... 283 Smitherman, M...... 82 Srivastava, A...... 114 Shubayev, V...... 177 Smolyakov, A...... 214, 216 Srivastava, R...... 285 Shuiping, Z...... 329 Smugeresky, J...... 64, 65, 166, 214 Srivastava, S...... 322 Shukla, A...... 83 Snead, L...... 57, 100, 101, 315 Srivilliputhur, S...... 67, 151, 316, 356 Shukla, P...... 43, 100 Snure, M...... 62, 116 Srolovitz, D...... 130, 291, 330, 338 Shurov, N...... 173, 329 Snyder, R...... 175 St-Georges, L...... 134 Shutthanandan, S...... 151 Soare, I ...... 63 St. John, D...... 324 Shutthanandan, V...... 100 Sobey, T...... 61 Stach, E ...... 325, 357 Shyamala, M...... 232 Soboyejo, W...... 22, 288 Stacy, J ...... 209 Shyng, Y...... 234 Sofie, S ...... 198 Stadermann, M...... 22 Sickafus, K...... 100, 203 Sohn, H ...... 118, 224, 225 Stadler, S...... 146 Siegel, D...... 27 Sohn, Y ...... 28, 41, 78, 93, 131, Stagno, E...... 180, 339 Siegmund, A...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 ...... 132, 145, 182, 197, 198, 241, Staley, J ...... 210 Siewert, T...... 140 ...... 242, 259, 260, 268, 293, 310, 353 Stam, M ...... 70 Sigworth, G...... 179 Soisson, F...... 263 Stan, M ...... 65, 356 Sík, C ...... 56 Sokhanvaran, S...... 37 Standen, C...... 299 Sillekens, W...... 195 Sokolov, M...... 57, 151, 317 Stanescu, C...... 71 Silva, A ...... 231 Sokolowski, P...... 166 Stanica, C...... 238 Silva, G ...... 180 Solanki, K...... 170 Stavehaug, F...... 327, 328 Silva, M ...... 245 Solberg, I...... 124 Stavrides, A...... 354 Silva, P ...... 33 Soldano, C...... 64 Steel, K ...... 31 Silvestri, A...... 180 Solheim, A...... 30 Steele, R...... 247 Simakov, D...... 283 Soliman, M...... 45 Stefanakos, E...... 224 Simmel, F...... 61 Solis, F ...... 168 Stefanescu, D...... 86 Simmons, J...... 206, 327 Soloveichik, G...... 197 Stefanovic, P...... 181 Simoes, S...... 275 Soloviev, V...... 216 Steigerwalt, E...... 93 Simsek, E...... 188 Solzbacher, F...... 62, 162 Steinbach, I...... 32, 65, 240 Sinaga, D...... 70 Somekawa, H...... 196, 308 Steinbrecher, T...... 72 Sindelar, R...... 292 Son, J ...... 222 Stelling, O...... 37 Singer, H...... 188 Son, S ...... 250 Stephan, R...... 115 Singer, I ...... 188 Son, Y ...... 139 Stephens, E...... 327, 328 Singer, R...... 194 Song, B ...... 141, 294 Stephens, G...... 70 Singh, A ...... 196, 308 Song, H ...... 179, 212 Stephens, J...... 251 Singh, H...... 44, 254 Song, J ...... 206, 305, 318 Stephens, R...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 381 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Stevenson, J...... 145, 198, 260 Suri, P ...... 232 Tata, M ...... 339 Stewart, D...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 Suryanarayana, C...... 58, 112, 159, 211, Tatiparti, S...... 225 Stiles, D ...... 240 ...... 213, 271, 325, 332, 357 Tavasci, A...... 180 Stipcich, M...... 137 Suszuki, R...... 83 Taylor, J ...... 210 StJohn, D...... 112, 237 Suzuki, A...... 92, 107, 310, 352 Taylor, M...... 70, 173, 174, 232 Stocks, G...... 192 Suzuki, M...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 Taylor, P...... 200 Stocks, M...... 252 Suzuki, T...... 53, 361 Tedenac, J...... 17, 180, 182, 335 Stoica, A...... 126, 332 Svoboda, M...... 58 Tedstrom, R...... 207 Stoica, G...... 219 Swadener, J...... 59 Teintze, S...... 198 Stojakovic, D...... 121, 280 Swadner, J...... 58 Telang, A...... 228 Stojanovic, J...... 334 Swaminathan, S...... 113, 216, 341 Temur, D...... 67 Stokes, D...... 140 Swan-Wood, T...... 78 Teng, J ...... 86, 135 Stoldt, C...... 160 Sweeney, D...... 255 Tenorio, J...... 137, 361 Stölken, J...... 133 Swift, D ...... 29, 294 Tenório, J...... 34 Stoller, R...... 48, 201, 267, 316, 317 Syed Asif, S...... 325 Teo, K ...... 16, 117 Stolting, K...... 20, 120 Szczepanski, C...... 348 TerBush, J...... 92, 310, 352 Stolz, D ...... 107 Szczygiel, P...... 216 Terentyev, D...... 203 Stone, D...... 335 Terpstra, R...... 66 Storm, R...... 39 T Terrones, L...... 181 Störmer, M...... 352 Ter Weer, P...... 171 Story, C ...... 146 T-Raissi, A...... 94, 354 Tessandori, J...... 56 Stoudt, M...... 38, 140, 253, 254, 304, 305 Tabereaux, A...... 231 Teter, D ...... 243 Street, R ...... 215 Tack, W ...... 39, 305 Tewary, V...... 40 Streiffer, S...... 64 Tadisina, Z...... 33 Tewksbury, G...... 37 Streitz, F...... 336 Tagantsev, A...... 64 Thadhani, N...... 29, 79, 132, 175, 183, 218, Strickler, J...... 224 Takahashi, H...... 48 ...... 243, 244, 294, 295, 312, 338 Stroeder, M...... 171 Takahashi, K...... 88 Thanneeru, R...... 268 Strothers, S...... 114 Takahashi, T...... 83 Theuer, K...... 244 Strouse, G...... 162 Takaku, Y...... 204, 265 Thevuthasan, S...... 100, 151, 275 Stubbins, J...... 95, 151, 316 Takano, C...... 35 Thibault, M...... 127, 341 Stupp, S ...... 175 Takashi, I...... 148 Thiebaut, C...... 328 Su, J ...... 16 Takashi, K...... 148 Thierry, B...... 17 Su, M ...... 221 Takeda, O...... 90 Thirumalai, N...... 52 Subhash, G...... 74, 79, 184, 339 Takeda, Y...... 60 Thiyagarajan, K...... 36 Subramanian, K...... 50, 102, 151, Takeguchi, M...... 100 Thoma, D...... 49, 101, 137, 249 ...... 153, 204, 264, 317 Takemoto, T...... 152 Thomas, A...... 161 Subramanian, S...... 194 Takenaka, T...... 142 Thomas, D...... 171, 229 Suda, H ...... 98 Takeshi, A...... 148 Thomas, G...... 42 Sudbrack, C...... 27 Takeuchi, T...... 252 Thompson, D...... 69 Sudha, C...... 347 Takigawa, Y...... 259 Thompson, G...... 33, 282 Sudhakar, N...... 55, 109, 116, 162, 164, 222 Talamantes, J...... 210 Thompson, W...... 167 Sudik, A ...... 27 Taleff, E ...... 80, 229, 282 Thomson, K...... 272 Sudo, M ...... 283 Talekar, A...... 43 Thonstad, J...... 173 Sueishi, Y...... 48 Talia, J ...... 342 Thornton, K...... 168, 336 Suematsu, H...... 361 Tallapragada, R...... 23 Thornton, T...... 60 Suery, M...... 257 Tamerler, C...... 125, 175 Thorpe, C...... 171 Suganuma, K...... 104, 153, 205, 265, 318 Tamirisa, S...... 226, 254 Thuanboon, S...... 166, 276 Suh, D ...... 138 Tamirisakandala, S...... 44, 226, 254, 255, 277 Thuinet, L...... 53, 270 Sui, Z ...... 334 Tamura, K...... 87 Thunuguntla, R...... 33 Sukhanova, A...... 161 Tamura, T...... 25, 143 Thuret, J...... 108 Sulger, P...... 245 Tan, H ...... 273 Tian, J ...... 271 Sun, F ...... 39 Tan, L ...... 119 Tian, W ...... 230, 281 Sun, G ...... 178 Tan, T ...... 77 Tian, Z ...... 231, 284 Sun, H ...... 219, 331 Tanaka, M...... 87, 100, 349 Tien, L ...... 62 Sun, J ...... 281 Tang, F ...... 46, 200, 215 Tien, S ...... 266 Sun, N ...... 258, 282 Tang, L ...... 285 Tikare, V...... 18, 67, 119, 168, 227, 278, 327 Sun, W ...... 126 Tang, M ...... 58, 59, 203, 266 Tilak, R ...... 127, 237 Sun, X ...... 114, 115 Tang, W ...... 166 Tiley, J ...... 226, 348 Sun, Y ...... 84, 86, 326 Tang, X ...... 221, 224 Till, R ...... 150 Sun, Z ...... 228, 322 Tang, Z ...... 321 Tin, C ...... 62, 221 Sundararaghavan, V...... 77, 146, 199 Tanishita, K...... 124, 125 Tin, S ...... 52, 53, 106, 155, 208, 268, 321 Sundlof, B...... 293 Tanniru, M...... 225 Tippur, H...... 295 Sung, H ...... 62, 144, 145 Tao, J ...... 142 Tiryakioglu, M...... 111, 158, 210, 270, 324 Suni, J ...... 282 Tao, L ...... 165 Tischler, J...... 304 Sunkara, B...... 285 Tao, N ...... 272 Tissington, C...... 40 Sunny, G...... 74, 80, 219, 301 Tapasa, K...... 203 Tiwari, A...... 16, 62, 63, 115, 116, Surampudi, L...... 276 Tarakanov, A...... 329 ...... 117, 162, 164, 221, 223, 274 Suravarapu, R...... 187 Tarcy, G ...... 124, 173 Tiwari, V...... 168 Suresh, S...... 58 Tarnuzzer, R...... 286 Tkac, M ...... 81 Tata, E ...... 180 Tkacheva, O...... 329
382 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Tkatcheva, O...... 283 Uchida, Y...... 32, 33 Vekas, L ...... 63 Tochiyama, O...... 138 Ucok, I ...... 39, 305, 349 Vendette, H...... 21 Todaka, Y...... 344 Ucuncuoglu, S...... 350 Venkatachalapathy, V...... 269 Todd, M ...... 102 Uda, T ...... 334 VenkataSuryaPrakash, S...... 36 Toguyeni, G...... 99 Udaykumar, H...... 136 Venkatesan, T...... 146 Toji, A ...... 198 Ude, A ...... 361 Venkatesh, A...... 301 Tokozakura, D...... 63 Uecker, R...... 64 Venkatesh, T...... 278, 305 Tomas, B...... 57 Ueda, M ...... 162 Venkateswaran, S...... 189 Tomasino, T...... 71 Uehara, T...... 198 Ventelon, L...... 51 Tomchik, C...... 151 Ugarte-Domínguez, V...... 35 Ventura, T...... 265 Tome, C ...... 30, 68, 169, 170, 228 Uggowitzer, P...... 66, 88 Verbeken, K...... 34 Tomesani, L...... 271 Ugurlu, O...... 76, 290 Verbrugge, M...... 41 Toneguzzo, F...... 193 Uhlenwinkel, V...... 37 Verhaege, M...... 34 Tonisch, K...... 115 Ukai, S ...... 151 Vérité, G...... 356 Tonnayopas, D...... 56 Ulbricht, N...... 81 Verma, R...... 68, 92, 144, 195, 258, 342 Topping, T...... 217 Um, N ...... 137, 334 Vermeulen, B...... 156 Torbet, C...... 156 Umemoto, M...... 344 Vermeulen, P...... 197 Tortorelli, P...... 259 Umeno, Y...... 337 Verweij, H...... 310, 311, 343 Tosta, R ...... 296 Ungar, T...... 212 Veselkov, V...... 71 Totemeier, A...... 42 Ungureanu, A...... 70 Vespa, G...... 144 Tran, T ...... 251 Unitt, M ...... 74 Veyssiere, P...... 207 Trapani, M...... 35 Unlu, N ...... 360 Viala, J ...... 182, 226, 277 Treadway, J...... 249 Unocic, R...... 107, 312, 320 Viano, D...... 210 Treadwell, C...... 262 Urban, A...... 304 Vickery, C...... 187 Treglio, R...... 354 Ürgen, M...... 88 Vidal, E ...... 200 Trelewicz, J...... 212 Uttarwar, M...... 285 Vidrich, G...... 58, 353 Tretyakov, Y...... 174 Uz, M ...... 110 Viehland, D...... 189 Trichy, G...... 116, 222 Uzer, G ...... 97 Vieira, C...... 56, 180, 289 Trigwell, S...... 94 Vieira, M...... 275 Trinkle, D...... 52, 77, 105, 136, 189 V Vigliante, A...... 252 Trivedi, P...... 244 Vilaça, P...... 134 Trivedi, R...... 86, 135 Vaidyanathan, R...... 248, 249, 299, 300, 332 Vild, C ...... 60 Trolier-McKinstry, S...... 64 Vaillant, M...... 286 Vildanova, N...... 218 Trott, W ...... 338 Vainik, R...... 179 Vilela, A ...... 174 Truci, H ...... 81 Valdes, A...... 128 Vilela, H...... 334 Trujillo, C...... 30, 133, 183 Valdez, J...... 100, 203 Villegas, J...... 271 Trumble, K...... 37, 113, 272 Valiev, R...... 113, 215, 217, 218, 358 Vincent, A...... 149, 292 Tryon, B...... 66, 156 Valone, S...... 27, 79, 356 Vincent, E...... 263 Tryon, R...... 33 van Dellen, S...... 70 Vincent, H...... 341 Tsai, C ...... 261 Vanderspurt, T...... 224 Viswanath, R...... 337 Tsai, L ...... 339 Van der Ven, A...... 28, 77, 130 Viswanathan, A...... 98 Tsai, R ...... 154 van der Walt, T...... 81 Viswanathan, G...... 26, 121, 130, 217, 229, 312 Tsai, T ...... 318 van de Walle, A...... 77, 303 Vitchus, B...... 341 Tschopp, M...... 106, 155 van Duin, A...... 227 Vitek, V ...... 51, 206 Tseng, Y...... 153 van Heerden, C...... 81 Vittala Pai, D...... 232 Tsirlina, G...... 283 Vanheule, B...... 34 Viviers, K...... 81 Tsuchiya, K...... 344 Van Hoof, T...... 165 Vízdal, J...... 104 Tsujikawa, M...... 259 Van Linden, J...... 60, 157 Vlcek, J ...... 89 Tsujimoto, M...... 153 van Linden, J...... 55, 110, 157, 209, 269, 323 Vleugels, J...... 234 Tsukimoto, S...... 32, 33, 246 Vanmeensel, K...... 234 Vlieg, E ...... 89 Tu, K ...... 206 Van Petegem, S...... 154 Vogel, S ...... 30 Tucker, G...... 155 VanSchoiack, L...... 177 Vogler, T...... 183, 338 Tucker, J...... 49 Van Swygenhoven, H...... 106, 154, 160 Vogt, R ...... 214 Tuggle, J...... 306 Van Tyne, C...... 190 Vohra, Y...... 176 Tuissi, A...... 217 van Veldhuizen, M...... 157 Voicu, I ...... 63 Tulenko, J...... 100, 356, 361 Vargas Orihuela, J...... 159 Volakis, J...... 343 Turano, S...... 16 Varma, S...... 110 Volkert, C...... 58, 160, 266 Turbini, L...... 50, 102, 103, 151, 204, 264, 317 Vasantha Kumar, R...... 36 Volkov, Y...... 220 Turchi, P...... 89, 139, 191, 252, 303, 336 Vasarni, V...... 86 Volland, A...... 257 Turchin, A...... 75 Vasekar, P...... 33 Volokhov, I...... 329 Turri, G ...... 55 Vasshaug, K...... 30 Vondra, F...... 143 Tweedy, B...... 83, 298, 342 Vassiliev, S...... 283 Von Kaenel, R...... 283 Tyumentsev, A...... 215 Vasudevan, V...... 129, 179, 225 Voorhees, P...... 189, 335, 336 Tzeng, Y...... 116 Vauzelle, T...... 328 Vormelker, P...... 292 Vaynman, S...... 138 Voss, D ...... 158 U Vecchio, K...... 23, 29, 79, 132, 133, Voyiadjis, G...... 260, 261 ...... 183, 233, 243, 294, 338, 339 Vrešt’ál, J...... 104 Ubertalli, G...... 180, 339 Vedala, H...... 165 Vuoristo, T...... 80 Uberuaga, B...... 356 Vedani, M...... 217 Vyas, G ...... 94 Uchic, M...... 25, 26, 44, 130, 160, 177, 266, 320 Vedernikova, I...... 214
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 383 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
W Wedde, G...... 36 Willms, R...... 251 Wee, A ...... 60 Wilson, T...... 178, 236 Wadsworth, J...... 64 Weerasooriya, T...... 38, 140, 141, 253, 304, 305 Wimmer, E...... 28 Wagermaier, W...... 72 Weertman, J...... 58 Win, Z ...... 345 Wagner, B...... 54 Wegener, J...... 42 Windl, W...... 126 Wagner, G...... 132 Wei, C ...... 152, 204 Winter, R...... 187, 244 Wagner, L...... 195 Wei, D ...... 256, 320 Winterton, J...... 165 Wagoner, R...... 146, 147, 148, 186, 188, 247 Wei, H ...... 16 Winther, G...... 121 Wagstaff, R...... 237, 238 Wei, J ...... 355 Wirth, B ...... 48, 100, 101, 150, 201, 202, Wahl, J ...... 53 Wei, L ...... 119, 123, 345 ...... 203, 216, 263, 264, 314, 316, 355 Walden, W...... 141 Wei, Q ...... 113 Withers, J...... 39, 141 Waldner, G...... 63 Wei, W ...... 55, 109, 163 Withers, P...... 322 Walford, G...... 143 Wei, Y ...... 88 Witt, P ...... 97 Walker, D...... 179 Wei, Z ...... 184 Witte, F ...... 176, 352 Wall, J ...... 302 Weidenmann, K...... 258 Witusiewicz, V...... 135 Wallace, R...... 232 Weigend, F...... 337 Wng, Y ...... 195 Wallenius, J...... 150 Weil, K ...... 39, 41, 93, 94, 141, 145, Wochner, P...... 252 Walleser, J...... 103, 264 ...... 146, 197, 198, 259, 310, 353 Wögerer, C...... 60, 63, 88 Walley, S...... 132, 183 Weiland, H...... 20, 68, 282, 349 Wolf, A ...... 22 Walter, S...... 72 Weinberger, C...... 161 Wolf, B ...... 100 Wan, Z ...... 345 Weiss, B...... 318 Wolf, D ...... 212 Wang, B ...... 99 Weissmüller, J...... 275, 326, 337 Wolf, W ...... 28 Wang, C ...... 84, 104, 297, 344 Welch, B...... 231 Wolverton, C...... 27, 28, 77 Wang, D...... 58, 62, 116, 221, 331 Welk, B ...... 130, 229, 312 Wong, C...... 240, 349 Wang, E ...... 87 Wells, J ...... 158, 338 Wong, K...... 203 Wang, G...... 73, 178, 189, 212, 239, 332, 335, 360 Wen, C ...... 125, 184 Wong, N...... 220 Wang, H...... 58, 60, 62, 108, 112, 115, 159, Wen, Y ...... 181 Wong, S ...... 297 ....162, 211, 213, 221, 271, 276, 325, 357 Weng, L ...... 213 Wong, W...... 215 Wang, J ...... 196, 212, 213, 215, Wenner, M...... 186 Woo, C ...... 202 ...... 233, 270, 281, 284, 335 Wensley, C...... 302 Woo, W ...... 134 Wang, K...... 182, 313, 327 Werner, F...... 210 Wood, W...... 37 Wang, L ...... 36, 46, 280 Wesolowski, R...... 49 Woodard, S...... 52, 106, 155, 208, 268, 321 Wang, M...... 18, 51, 206, 214, 318 Westbrooke, E...... 156 Woodward, C...... 51, 105, 154, 181, Wang, N...... 98, 148, 149, 201 Westerholt, K...... 252 ...... 206, 225, 266, 320 Wang, P ...... 20, 121, 133, 250, 279, 280, 312 Weygand, D...... 58 Wright, I...... 209, 259, 311 Wang, Q...... 41, 210, 281 Wheeler, K...... 43 Wright, S...... 75, 121, 169 Wang, S ...... 102, 143, 345 Wheeler, R...... 160 Wright, T...... 79, 243 Wang, T ...... 77, 274, 337 Whelan, S...... 124 Wu, A ...... 152 Wang, W...... 24, 73, 338 White, D...... 74, 75, 348 Wu, C ...... 357 Wang, X...... 46, 124, 126, 127, 134, 215, 228, 332 White, H...... 183 Wu, D ...... 276 Wang, Y ...... 22, 25, 28, 32, 44, 50, 74, 77, 99, White, P ...... 198 Wu, E ...... 330 ...... 106, 107, 121, 168, 169, 174, 189, Whiteman, G...... 244 Wu, H ...... 294 ...... 195, 203, 212, 213, 229, 235, 236, Whitis, D...... 229, 255, 256, 307 Wu, J ...... 87, 110, 335 ....239, 241, 242, 265, 312, 326, 343, 356 Whitten, M...... 94 Wu, K ...... 125 Wang, Z ...... 31, 60, 80, 114, 161, 186, Widener, C...... 83, 298, 342 Wu, L ...... 219, 326, 346 ...... 220, 233, 238, 273, 284, 340 Widom, M...... 27, 360 Wu, M ...... 76 Wanko, E...... 145 Wierzba, B...... 28, 242 Wu, R ...... 224 Wanner, A...... 258 Wierzbicki, A...... 23 Wu, S ...... 318 Wanner, T...... 278 Wiesner, J...... 179 Wu, T ...... 146 Warczok, A...... 35 Wiezorek, J...... 357 Wu, W ...... 170 Ward, W...... 116 Wiggins, L...... 293 Wu, X ...... 56, 95, 113, 155, 216, 357 Warnken, N...... 65 Wijaya, H...... 287 Wu, Y ...... 166, 209 Warren, J...... 31, 32, 40, 181, 199 Wilde, G...... 32 Wu, Z ...... 28, 318 Warren, O...... 325 Wilgen, J...... 46, 47, 262 Wuelker, C...... 25 Warrior, N...... 194 Wilhelm, C...... 89 Wunderlich, R...... 286, 306 Waryoba, D...... 20, 69 Wilkening, S...... 81 Wunsch, C...... 284 Was, G ...... 48, 94, 95, 100, 150, 201, Wilker, J...... 285 ...... 202, 263, 314, 315, 316, 355 Wilkins, J...... 189 X Watanabe, M...... 75 Wilkinson, D...... 38, 172 Watanabe, T...... 100, 356 Wilks, G...... 168 Xi, J ...... 185 Watkins, T...... 47 Will, F ...... 115 Xia, G ...... 94, 198, 260 Watson, A...... 104 Willaime, F...... 51, 202, 356 Xia, K ...... 113, 216, 294 Watson, M...... 309 Williams, C...... 350 Xia, S ...... 215 Way, C ...... 236 Williams, D...... 75 Xia, Z ...... 98, 102, 103, 110, 264 Weaver, D...... 170 Williams, J...... 18, 50, 62, 116, 156, Xiang, L...... 186 Weaver, M...... 208 ...... 164, 199, 221, 342 Xiang, Q...... 330 Webb, E ...... 338 Williams, N...... 62, 221 Xiangdong, Y...... 232 Webb, S ...... 298 Williams, P...... 181 Xiao, Y ...... 259 Weber, M...... 316 Williams, R...... 26, 34, 130 Xiao, Z ...... 276 Weber, W...... 100 Williams, S...... 156, 207 Xichang, S...... 99
384 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index
Xie, C ...... 350 Yaowu, W...... 233, 341 Yufeng, G...... 142 Xie, J ...... 64, 286 Yapici, G...... 119, 193, 228 Yujin, C ...... 61 Xie, M ...... 273 Yarrapareddy, E...... 249 Yun, Y ...... 204 Xie, X ...... 110 Yashiki, T...... 43 Yunaz, H...... 70 Xie, Y ...... 185 Yasuda, K...... 220, 304 Yurkov, V...... 329 Xie, Z ...... 121 Yavari, A...... 67, 261 Xin, Y ...... 302 Yavorsky, M...... 217, 306 Z Xinzheng, L...... 185 Yavuz, M...... 223 Xiong, J ...... 125, 184, 313 Ye, F ...... 236 Zabaras, N...... 19, 77, 99, 119, 120, 146, 199 Xiong, S...... 288, 324 Ye, J ...... 207 Zabel, H ...... 252 Xiong, X...... 76 Ye, W ...... 61 Zabinski, Jr., J...... 162 Xiong, Y...... 214, 260 Ye, Y ...... 190, 236 Zagrebelnyy, D...... 314 Xiquan, Q...... 296 Yeh, A ...... 156 Zaidi, T ...... 345 XiYun, Y...... 99 Yen, Y ...... 153, 265 Zaikov, Y...... 173, 283, 329 Xu, C ...... 112 YeXiang, L...... 61 Zaluzny, M...... 274 Xu, D ...... 103, 262, 313, 316 Yexiang, L...... 185 Zangiacomi, C...... 232 Xu, F ...... 120 Yi, J ...... 156, 292 Zarandi, F...... 92, 144 Xu, H ...... 247, 251, 262 Yihan, L ...... 119, 345 Zarkevich, N...... 77 Xu, J ...... 31, 126, 231, 260, 283 Yilmaz, S...... 278 Zarouni, A...... 231 Xu, M ...... 236 Yim, C ...... 143 Zartoshtimanesh, S...... 72 Xu, S ...... 151 Yin, D ...... 196, 213 Zayak, A...... 136 Xu, W ...... 21, 113, 216 Yin, F ...... 335 Zehetbauer, M...... 113, 213 Xu, X ...... 59, 70, 73, 214, 217, 295, 350 Yin, J ...... 281 Zeifert, B...... 35 Xu, Y ...... 295 Yin, W ...... 69, 282 Zeller, S ...... 18 Xu, Z ...... 238, 274, 289 Yin, Z ...... 276, 281 Zemanová, A...... 104 Xuanhui, Q...... 224 Yokokawa, H...... 42, 260 Zeng, K ...... 153 Xue, J ...... 281, 340 Yokokawa, T...... 53, 157 Zeng, Q ...... 117, 343 Xueliang, D...... 341 Yokoyama, Y...... 74, 178, 286, 332 Zeng, X ...... 47, 92, 154, 195, 196, 211, 309, 353 Xueping, Z...... 224 Yolton, C...... 254, 305 Zerilli, F...... 29 Xueyi, G...... 323 Yoneyama, T...... 289 Zestrea, V...... 99 Xuguang, G...... 311 Yong, W...... 46, 217, 349 Zettler, R...... 134, 259 Yong, Z ...... 186 Zhai, Q ...... 46, 98, 99, 261, 262, 313, 354 Y Yonggang, Z...... 57 Zhai, X ...... 166 Yoo, C ...... 190 Zhan, J ...... 87, 110, 201, 335 Yablinsky, C...... 156 Yoo, J ...... 204 Zhang, C...... 87, 99, 110, 201, 310, 335 Yadava, M...... 187 Yoo, K ...... 34 Zhang, D...... 213, 255, 272 Yajima, M...... 154 Yoon, E ...... 273 Zhang, F...... 228 Yalisove, S...... 30, 294 Yoon, J ...... 50, 253, 319, 359 Zhang, H...... 54, 74, 77, 79, 126, 130, 289, 309 Yamaguchi, A...... 209 Yoon, K ...... 27 Zhang, J ...... 71, 115, 131, 212, 285, 295, 304 Yamaji, K...... 260 Yoon, S ...... 180, 353 Zhang, K...... 58 Yamamoto, T...... 263, 264, 314 Yoon, Y ...... 196, 328, 359, 360 Zhang, L...... 36, 53, 76, 87, 128, Yamamoto, Y...... 55, 260, 323 Yorikado, Y...... 153 ...... 237, 256, 322, 323, 339, 343 Yamazaki, A...... 344 Yo Sep, Y...... 191 Zhang, M...... 17, 42, 174 Yan, X ...... 185 Yoshikawa, T...... 289 Zhang, R...... 42, 201, 225 Yan, Y ...... 324 You, B ...... 143 Zhang, S...... 195 Yan, Z ...... 343 You, K ...... 34, 56, 137, 334 Zhang, T...... 236, 275 Yanada, I...... 153 Young, D...... 131, 360 Zhang, W...... 162 Yang, B ...... 89 Young, H...... 345 Zhang, X...... 23, 41, 58, 112, 159, 211, 213, Yang, C ...... 50, 104, 115, 125 Young, P...... 217 ...... 215, 271, 275, 325, 326, 339, 357 Yang, D ...... 276 Youssef, Y...... 322 Zhang, Y...... 37, 59, 100, 127, 209, 212, 295, 306 Yang, F ...... 204, 239, 287 Yu, C ...... 265 Zhang, Z...... 28, 217, 218, 286 Yang, G ...... 46 Yu, D ...... 220 Zhao, J ...... 197, 241, 242 Yang, H ...... 214, 241, 331 Yu, F ...... 143 Zhao, L ...... 239 Yang, J ...... 27, 158, 188, 284, 296, 297 Yu, H ...... 46, 123, 184, 207, 328 Zhao, M ...... 16 Yang, K ...... 358 Yu, J ...... 50, 85, 102, 151, 204, 223, 264, 317 Zhao, P ...... 313 Yang, L ...... 118, 126, 318, 332 Yu, K ...... 39, 305 Zhao, W ...... 232 Yang, Q ...... 61, 165 Yu, L ...... 56 Zhao, Y ...... 225, 271, 274 Yang, R ...... 306 Yu, S ...... 334 Zheleva, T...... 163 Yang, S ...... 50, 105, 258, 297, 304 Yu, Y ...... 103 Zheng, G...... 219 Yang, W ...... 172, 232, 283, 304, 322 Yu, Z ...... 81, 228 Zheng, H...... 141 Yang, Y ...... 136, 169, 213, 288, 322, 336, 343 Yuan, B ...... 268 Zheng, K...... 353 Yang, Z ...... 41, 93, 94, 145, 197, Yuan, F ...... 178, 333, 339 Zheng, L...... 294 ...... 198, 239, 259, 260, 310, 353 Yuan, Q ...... 276 Zheng, W...... 240, 292 Yanli, J ...... 296 Yuan, W ...... 335 Zheng, X...... 280 Yannas, I...... 72 Yuan, Z ...... 111 Zheng-Johansson, J...... 220 Yanqing, L...... 185 Yucel, O ...... 35, 302 Zhgilev, I...... 213 Yao, G ...... 17, 46, 70, 118, 123, 129, Yue, S ...... 92, 144, 258 Zhi, Z ...... 304 ...... 144, 145, 167, 172, 184, 185, Yue, W ...... 234 Zhilyaev, A...... 113, 216, 219, 273, 341 ...... 194, 230, 231, 277, 283, 328, 346 Yuefeng, G...... 107 Zhimeng, G...... 165 Yao, Z ...... 151, 202 Yuezhong, D...... 233, 296 Zhipeng, C...... 47
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions 385 2007 136th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Zholnin, A...... 55 Zhong, H...... 230, 281 Zhong, J...... 33 Zhongliang, T...... 185 Zhou, H ...... 222, 310 Zhou, J ...... 71, 72 Zhou, L ...... 271 Zhou, M...... 96, 337 Zhou, N ...... 242 Zhou, O ...... 63, 117 Zhou, Y ...... 56, 62, 218, 221 Zhu, A ...... 24 Zhu, C ...... 76, 331 Zhu, F ...... 353 Zhu, H ...... 258 Zhu, J ...... 38, 145, 198, 221, 310, 336 Zhu, L ...... 34 Zhu, T ...... 58, 106, 161, 327 Zhu, W ...... 338 Zhu, X ...... 100, 261, 292 Zhu, Y ...... 58, 112, 159, 211, ...... 213, 215, 271, 325, 357 Zhu, Z ...... 126 Zhurkin, E...... 165 Zikry, M...... 169 Zimmerman, L...... 162, 362 Zimmerman, M...... 33 Zimprich, P...... 318 Zindel, J ...... 91, 270 Zinkle, S...... 100, 316 Zok, F ...... 294 Zöllmer, V...... 293 Zrnik, J ...... 95, 112 Zu, G ...... 17, 194, 230 Zúberová, Z...... 178 Zuniga, D...... 351 Zuo, L ...... 189, 213 Zuo, R ...... 275 Zuo, X ...... 87
386 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Plan to join us in America’s most authentic and culturally rich city - rejuvenated! 2008 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition
March 9-13, 2008 Ernest Morial Convention Center New Orleans, Louisiana Details to come at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html
Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions