BCRA Transactions 7 (2) 1980

BeRA TRANSACTIONS BRITISH CAVE RESEARCH ASSOC I AT I ON

Volume 7 Number 2 June 1980

The Minarets, Lancaster Hole Sirijordgrotten Cave - dwelling Moths Three Counties SvstArn

ISSN 0305-859X

TRANSACTIONS OF THE BRITISH CAVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

Volume 7 Number 2 June 1980

CONTENTS

Sirijordgrotten and other caves in Eiteraadal , Vefsn , Norway

T.J. Faulkner 53

Caves of Velfjord , South Nordland , with particular reference to Sirijordgrotten

Shirley & David St. Pierre 70

Cave- dwelling Tineid moths; a taxonomic review of the world species (Lepidoptera : Tineidae)

Gaden S. Robinson 83

The Three counties system

A.C. Waltham & D. B . Brook 121

Cover picture: The Minarets by A.C. Waltham.

Published by , and only obtainable from:

The British Cave Research Association

Brian Ellis, 30 Main Road , Westonzoyland, Bridgwater, Somerset TA7 DEB .

All rights of reproduction reserved .

Trans. British Cave Research Assoc., Vol. 7, No . 2, pp.53-69. June 1980

SIRIJORDGROTTEN, AND OTHER CAVES IN EITERAADAL , VEFSN , NORWAY . T. L. Faulkner

Summary

Eiteraadal wa s first examined for caves in 1978 and 1979. when two significa nt and active systems were found and explored. The caves have been formed in similar bands of limestones and divert their streams up valley. Cave development at several levels can be recognised indicating the maturity of underground drainage in Eiteraadal. Sirijordgrotten, 1380m long with a vertical range of 9Om , has now been explored for nearly half the distance between resurgence and sink. progress upstream being halted by S\.l1llps. Other shorter caves in the area are also described . .

Eiteraadal is a remote valley in northern Norway approached by a gravel road running south from Mosj¢en. which is 30 km from the caving are a . The area was not visited by cavers before 1978 and no references a r e known to it, but the NGO 1:100,000 Velfjord map, Gradteig 118, indicates three potential systems by showing presumed un derground drainage as pecked lines. Previous caving visits to adjacent areas have been by SWETC Caving Club to Laksfors in 1974, finding M¢llebekkgrotten (Faulkner and St. Pierre 1977 p.2l), and the Kendal Caving Club exploration of ~fjellgrotten in 1967 (Heap 1968, p . ll) . Two short expeditions have now visited Eiteraadal, and this report is of the explorations completed to date. In 1978 a combined SWETC CC/wessex CC expedition visited Norway. the main aim being to explore a potential new caving area at Reppen on Tosenfjord, Bindal. The small caves found here, and in some other areas, will be reported elsewhere (St. Pierre 1980). After leaving Tosenfjord, two vehicles drove via Mosj¢en into Eiteraadal. The members of this part of the 1978 Expedition were Trevor Faulkner, Alison Hooper, Peter Moody and Richard ~lebsell, joined by Edgar and Arnfinn Johnsen of Beiarn. Krokgrotten and Eiteraadalgrotten were discovered and surveyed, and then on the last day , Sirijordgrotten was entered and fran tically explored for about 60Qm to the top of a pitch. The 1978 trip was handicapped by a broken gearbox i n the car carrying the four English cavers (which occurred early on the drive north). Thus the explorati on of Sirijordgrotten could not be completed and an early return had to be made to enable the vehicle, using top gear only, to get back on time over the mountains to Bergen and the ferry. In 1979 a combined SWETC CC/Eccles CC party returned to Eiteraadal for six days t o complete the exploration of Sirijordgrotten and investigate other sites. The 1979 party consisted of Trevor Faulkner, Alan Marshall, Andrew Popland and David and Shirley St. Pierre and family. On leaving Eiteraadal, this group drove north to Rana and enjoyed sporting trips in some of the known systems before returning home. The caves visited were Fiskeqrotten, Jordbrugrotten, Larshullet and Gr¢nligrotten . Both expeditions were completely f inanced by participants. The major expense was the Ne""castle - Bergen or Harwich/Newcastle - Gothenburg ferry, with a single passenger fare of nearly E50. (In 1979 we r eturned on the ill-fated ' Winston Churchill', which ran aground five weeks later). Petrol in Norway was priced at about the 1979 UK equivalent. Practically all food was taken with us, to save the time and expense of shopping in Norway. For both years, typical costs per person came to about ElSO , not counting food bought in England . Visiting northern Norway in July provides 24 hours of daylight and a high daily average temperature. In contrast to the rest of Europe, hot weather was experienced in both years , particularly s o in 1978 when tempera tures of 2SoC were noted and all streams and rivers were low. The Sirijordgrotten stream barely flowed in 1978, in 1979 it was more normal, with heavy flows after some periods of prolonged r ain . Most surface walks were conducted in still hot conditions with midges , mosquitoes and c1e99s often a considerable irritant, especially below the tree line . AREA DESCRIPTION Access to Eiteraadal can be gained via Laksfors by taking the gravel road frQm Grane on t he E6. This joins the road from Mosj¢en near the point where the Eiteraaga joins the Vefsn . From here the road alarmingly

53 t To Mosjll'en or Grane

EITERAADAL " "\ ~"'"'. , \rr:;o,;. AREA MAP Fig.1 II II n ,I l' I I II II A. II \1 Scale " " " " 1000 m " " a 250 " ",I " ., N & MN " I, " " "

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S Sink R Rising W Waterfall K Kroken ",Camp % Ha rsh :t~l Dirt Road or Forese Track :'Footpath :,! Dry Valley '-~, Hill I Limestone. " , - ;//! Refer to text for numbere-d features. • Geology after Myrland,1971 . 54 Plat e 1 Elteraad a!grotten l imes t one bench ar ea , looking Plate 2 '" sou th. N. Hillock in l e f t backgr ound . Valley Eite r aadal Grotten Resurgence Cave entr ance . '" fe ed i na Sl rij ordqr otte n s ink bel ow ridae

Plate 3 Plate 4 Entr ance to Krokgrotten . The 2m Waterfall into Junction Chamber in Sirijordgrotten. Note the clean nature of the lower streamway. clings to the steep valley side before following the broader continuation south past isolated farms , ending conveniently close to the caves . The Eiteraaqa is a larqe mountain river which starts near an abandoned farm at Sirijorden 200m above sea level. It is fed by the l arge tribu taries Velfjordska~elven and Seterbekken which drain Kvitfjeldet (1247m) and other mountains to the south. The river runs almost due north, taking further drainage from the slopes of Sirijordsakslen and Holmfjeldet to the west and Eiteraafjell to the east. The road runs further south up the valley than shown on map 118. It terminates on the west bank oppo Site H~istakbekken and als~ forks and crosses the river before this , the other fork ending on the east bank opposite the hill Kroken. A road bridge has also been constructed across the Eiteraaga at Kroken , used by lorries rpmovin9 timber from the aide of Rroken itoclf. This end of the valley is uninhabited, the only visitors we saw being local Norwegians walking or berry picking. The valley sides of Eiteraadal are composed of mica gneiss but the lower slopes and the valley bottom are dominated geologically by a 2 km wide structure of N-S bands of narbled limestone, granite , gneiss and schists running from near Sirijorden for about 15 km to the north. The limestone bands are thus in a good position to capture the streams flowing down the va lley sides towards the Eiteraaga. The largest limestone outcrop is about 250m wide and consists of colourful layers of vertically banded marble inter layered with non- calcerous impurities . It lies mainly west of the river and contains the caves of Sirijordgrotten and Krokgrotten. The other limestone outcrops a re about 50m wide at the surface and are cavernous to varying extents (Fig.ll. The whole area is heavily forested with silver birch up to about 400m a .s.l., except that in the bench area north and south of Eiteraadalgrotten the trees have been stripped, presumably by the timber company. This strip ped bench area is interesting as it coincides with the local limestone out crop where a long depression has formed along the valley side , bounded by a wall of gneiss to the east (Plates 1 and 2). EXPLORATION Arriving in Eiteraadal on 31 July , the 1978 party established camp opposite Kroken, among the trees between the end of the road and the river. That evening the small Hulbekken system was looked at and Ice Hole discovered. Further along a path on the Eiteraaga bank, river level alcoves in the limestone were noticed from a distance. Next morning, an early walk upstream in a wetsuit prove~ that the alcoves were only recesses in the limestone However, the extraordinary slot entrance to Krokgrotten (Plate 3 ) wa s found instead and incompletely explored. Most of the day was spent walking along the western side of the valley, picking up features apparent from the NCO map. After finding two sinks Without e ntrances above Sirijorden, Eiteraadalgrotten and its Resurgence Cave were discovered and explored. That evening, whilst dinner was being cooked, three of the party completed the exploration of Krokgrotten. Eiteraadalgrotten and its surface area was surveyed and further pushed on 2 August . Later, Edgar and Arnfinn Johnsen fortunately noticed a cold draught emerging from a boulder slope above a resurgence ncar Sirijorden. Because of the gear box trouble, Eiteraadal had to be left on 3 August to leave time to catch the ferry on 7 August. The day was spent surveying and trying to enlarge Krokgrotten, and then a return was made to the Sirijorde- resurgence . By removing rocks from the top of the pile the draught ~ ~s followed along the top of a choked rift until a man-sized hole was found leading in Soon a beautiful and enlarging stream passage was being raced along until a large hall was entered which con tained a collection of elk bones near the foot of a high shaft with day light at the top. Another, shorter, daylit shaft had also been noticed above the earlier streamw~y. Beyond Elk Hall a dry· ascending passage abruptly stopped at a pitch apparently 10m deep for which we had carried no tackle . Time had now run out and the cave was left, camp struck, and the difficult journey home begun. The Eccles part of the 1979 Expedition arrived in Eiteraadal on the evening of 10 July. After camping at the same place, a late night visit to Sirijordgrotten was made. The Eiteraaga was in tremendous flood and could only be waded across at a wider part near Sirijorden . The cave itself was flooded . no airspace being seen at a duck near the entrance. A brief reconnoitre of the hillside in the fading light failed to find the shaft noticed from inside the cave last year . " Next day we sur prisingly easil y found the Main Entr ance by hunting along 'the s trike until t he roar of the underground str eam could be heard at an insigni f icant hole. An 8m pi tch dropped into the streamway from j ust i nside the e nt r ance . The e xpl or a tion of the downstream cave was completed, f ollowed by the discovery of Eccles Gallery beyond the 10m pit ch. On the return , Arctic Passage was enter ed from Elk Hall . . The Cave was furthe r extended on 12 July by maypoling , with a sur prising Corkscrew Shaft being discovered . By now joined by the St . Pierr es, two separate teams were assembled on 13 July . One went in to photograph Sirijordgrotten and study its sedi ments and development , whilst the other climbed the east side of the valley above t he camp ~lLe and explored Dioappointment Cave. I n a long trip on 1 4 July , nearly the whole of Sir ijordgrot ten was sur veyed t o Grade 3. At one point near the resurgence entrance a Nife ce l l di mmed down and a car bide lamp went out and we had to crawl back in the near dark to get to the ammo tins - a thoughtful mo~ n t . The sur vey of t he upper Roof Passage was completed using a candl e . This trip was also memorable for the ascent of the Elk Shaft. The r iver was again in flood on 15 July , and whilst a lone tour of the area south and west of Sirijorden was made , the other two Eccles membe rs re- entered Sirijor dgrotten for the last time to f i nd mo r e passage with the maypole . With l ittle more to do in Eiteraadal without having the s urvey drawn up, we left that evening and drove north to Plurdal in Ra na for a few days holiday caving . CAVE DESCRIPTIONS HOLB6KXGROTTEN (l) 02027 ' 20~E , 6So 33 ' 30"N . Al tHude 200m Hulbekken runs underground where it meets a narrow N- S band of lime stone east of t he gravel road. The sink is impenetrable , being a muddy dried out basin when viSited in 1978 . A prominent ridge of schist runs south with the limestone immediately to the east . 200m f r om the sink t he stream emerges from the cave whose entrance leads into a low wet crawl. o KROKGRO'l'TI1N (3) 020 26 ' 50"E, 6S 32 ' S5 "N. Alt. 190m , Length 100m, Vertical Range 18m. This river level resurgence cave has a tall distinctive nearly vertical rif t entrance , situated at a bend of the Eiteraag8 below the hill Kroken . The small s t ream runs down a narrow meandering canyon whose roof reaches to a height of 8m . 6am from the entrance a chamber on the right can be climbed with difficulty for 4m to a small passage passable for 4m. This passage may connect with I ce Hole (2). Upstream of the chamber the passage lowers a nd splits. A draughting dry crawl to the left was dug without conclusion . The crawl in the stream reaches a small sump , whose water leve l was lowered 0 . 25m by removinq a dam of cal cited black stones. This did not cause the sump to break , but it could be lowered a further 0.3m by using hammer and chisel . Explor ed : T. Faulkner, A. Hooper , P . Moody , R. Websell I , 3 August 1978 Survey : SCRA Grade 3 , R. Websell, T. F'aulker (Fig . 2) . IC£HOLE (2) Alt. 210m , Depth 3m Situated on the hillside above the Krokgrotten corner, this draughting shaft is blocked by ice and also has a small phreatic tube 2m long. 0 THRQ(X;H CAVE (4) 02026 ' oo"E, 6S 33 ' 3S nN Alt . 260m, Length 15m oepth 4m The NE slopes of Sirijor dsakslen run down to an open broad upper valley gently descendinq to the north al ong the line of the limestone. In the dry conditions of the 1978 visit the water running into this valley rose from small s prings at the foot of the steeper valley side and f lowed into an a r ea of depressions and intermittent underground flow . The cave was entered by dropping down a cleft to meet the str eam emerging from an impenetrable passage . Downstream a passage 1m high with fine solution pockets and ripple ma r ks led to a wide sump pool . A dry passage then led forwar d to a squeeze to the surface , close to a small sump . Survey : BCRA Gr ade I , T. Faulkner (Fig . 3a) . Beyond t he cave is a dry valley with t he water rising after about 200m . This water soon sinks below a waterfall (5) fed by the Eiter aadalgr otten stream. The underground course is beneath blocks of limestone where a 57 collapse gorge has formed at the limestone contact rather than a cave passage, although after sOm the stream is seen to emerge fron a sump at (6). The final resurgence to the surface is at (7) , with 6m of low wide canal passage occurring between (6) and (7). From here the valley swings steeply to t he east to join the Eiteraaga but was not fol l owed . Upstream of the waterfall the stream soon resurges from its bed, the water coming from a choked sink (8), which is about 30m south o f the Resurgence Cave.

E11'El'lAADAU::ROTTEH RESURGENCE CAvr (9) Alt. 285m Length 45m This cave. with an ent ~ ~nce visible one kilometre 3way to the 50uLh, carries the water from Eiteraadalgrotten . The stream can be waded to reach the large sump pool 45m from the entrance . Ascending on the left of the broad passage and passing over boulders reaches a subsidiary entrance hole to the plateau 4m above stream level. Explored: 1, 2 August 1978 Survey : BCAA Grade 3. T. Faulkner, R. WebseU (Fig, 31. \'lalJdng north , several choked shafts are seen . One of these was excavated until the sound of the stream could be heard pl ainly . A long depression lies above the explored end of Eiteraadalgrotten but its openings were all impenetrable . North of this depression is a choked shaft and a hole (10) to a low circular chamber . 360m north (bearing 350°) of the resurgence cave is the lar ge swallet entrance to Eiteraadalgrotte n .

E11'ERAADAIr.RO'M'EN (11) Alt. 315m , Length 66lm Vertical Range 25m Several lakes at the northern end of Sirijordsakslen feed a stream which descends the side of the main valley to the plateau area, disappears for a short stretch , then finally plunges down a shakehole 8m deep and enters the large entrance chamber of Eiteraadalgrotten, Across the chamber from the entrance a 5m diameter shaft rises to the surface above , and from the chamber the cave extends both down and up valley.

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59 '( £n,roMe Downstream, the flow is over cobbles along the left side of an impressive passage 10m wide and initially 1m high . It is easier to follow the right side of the passage as this gradually heightens , almost forming a separate circular tunnel 2m high when 100m into the cave. From there on the ways do part, the dry roof section continuing as a broad ;::<,_ssage 1m high with the water cutting a streamway below and to the left . which soon cascades over a pretty 1.5m waterfall . The wide upper gallery has several connections to the stream passage and in two places daylight avens connect to the surface some 6 to 8 metres above. The two routes coalesce at an area of collapse, the way forward being a slight duck at stream level with possibly a flat out crawl over a large block above, and soon after progress ends at a wide sump pool 290m from the entrance and JOm Crom the ~ump in Lhe Re~urgence Cave . ~ust back from the sump a crawl on the west side was dug without conclusion: it could well connect to the hole at the surface emitting the sound of the stream. Up valley from the Entrance Chamber one immediately enters lee Chamber where a fine flow of ice from a roof meander canyon ]m above reached down to and across the floor of the chamber . On a second visit one day later the hot weather had caused the ice to melt to such an extent that a O.3m Qap existed between the upper flow and the top of the ice stalagmite on the chamber floor. Beyond Ice Chamber the passage size decreases to a crawl along a dry phreatic tunnel, with an extremely cold static canal crawl on the left ending at a sump. The main way on leads via breakdown chambers to a large aven allowing in daylight from the surface 10m above . A climb and crawl forward then reach a final tall chamber with no way on at floor level. 80m from the entrance . By climbing Sm up the side of t he chamber, lo~ continuations with roots hanging from the roof are found and then by traversing at this level along exposed ledges a complicated series of roof ledges and curving tunnels 1m high can be entered which loop back to the roof of Daylight Chamber . This interesting roof series was incom pletely surveyed, but a check waR made that no route leads further north than the Final Chamber. The size of the main passage in Eiteraadalgrotten and the dual develop ment phases indicated by the different passage levels both in the down stream part and at the up-valley end indicate the maturity of the cave . The initial development would have been completely phreatic along the higher sections of the cave through to the resurgence cave , and possibly along passages extending further south but since removed . With changing surface drainage, or the effects of glaciation, the upper passages were abandoned but the present stream captured at the main entrance has caused subs~luent and considerable vadose development with passage migration down dip to the cast . Explored: E. and A. Johnsen, T. Faulkner, A. Hooper, P. Moody , R. Websell 1-2 August, 1978 Survey and Surface Detail: BCRA Grade] T. Faulkner, R. websell (Fig. 3) . North of the entrance are more superficial features , but the area beyond the next watershe~ has yet to be examined. Short unde r ground strea~s at shallow depth were found ]-4 km north in 1979 . HARSH SINK (12) 020 26'lO"E, 6S 0 32 ' 40"N Altitude 285 m This is situated south of a marsh high on the valley side sOOm west of Sirijorden. A stream sinks at a closed depression at the edge of one of the narrow limestone outcrops. The overflow valley , 5m higher , leads after 10m to a small hole emitting the sound of the underground stream. It should be a relatively easy matter to remove several O. 3m diameter boulders to gain access. Further on, another stream sinks in a s mall shakehole beside a depression . The limestone was followed south but the dry valley does not continue. The destination of the waters is unknown , but presumably they must flow to the Velfjordskarelven , 400m south and 50m lower. SIRIJORDGROTTEN (1] ) Alt . 200m , Le ngth 1380m Vertical Range 90m Generlll description (Figs. 4 & 5) The Resurgence Entrance (13) is the most easily located, either by following the footpath from Kroken until the resurgence stream is met or by wading up the Eiteraaga from Krokgrotten and into the fi r s t significant tributary on the west bank . The water from t he cave emerges at the foot of a boulder pile 75m from the Eiteraaga. Above the boulders a small excavated hole with a strong cold draught blowing out drops into the lower end of the cave. 60 , \ N. Hillock \ I 1 I / SIRIJORDGROTTEN \ ~ \ FEATU RES Eiteraaga \ \ SURFAC E I S , \ \ ,. \ I //, , 1 N&MN ~ I, t I ~ - , c:::, , --I \\ \ , \ S. Hi lIock " - I - "- --Scal e \ \

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62 A climb down between collapsed blocks reaches a water chamber where the stream sumps behind the surface boulders. In the drought of 1978 a short but very wet duck led out of the chamber into the lower streamway. In 1979 this route was not visible above water level, and a similar wet duck discharging the very cold main stream leads a few metres until choked with gravel deposits. A low windy crawl nearby leads to a wide flat out section with a gap ahead only lOem high caused by the fall of _ a roof block. Beyond the Short Duck, a canal continues to an ascending wide dry crawl with the stream out of sight to the left. The stream is reached again just beyond a junction to the right and becomes the Long Duck before the roof rises and the full attractiveness of the clean washed Sirijordgrotten lower streamway is revealed . At a step up, the stream is followed along a high vertical passage only O.3m wide f ormed gxactly alon9 t he st~ike of the na~~ow limestone bands until Junction Chamber is reached, first entered in 1978 from the roof. The 1978 party had split at the previous junction before the Long Duck , with one person turning right along a dry stooping passage and then left at a second junction along a smaller passage leading to the roof of the stream way. An easy Sm climb down led to the floor o f Junction Chamber. A 2m waterfall climb out of Junction Chamber (Plate 4) quickly leads to another short waterfall. In 1979, the higher level roof passage was explored along a passage very similar in size shape and directions to the Lower Roof Passage. This also regains the streamway, which is an exposed 10m below . A delicate descending traverse leads down to the top of the higher 2m waterfall. The next waterfall is Sm high ("Plate 5 ). It is easily climbed by standing on blades of schist impurities Which form a major control in the development of this and all waterfalls in the cave. Continuing upstream, a rocky wet ascent brings one to the foot of an aven which is dimly lit by daylight at the top: the 8m pitch just inside the Main Entrance. The ~ain Entrance (14) was discovered in 1979 by walking up the hillside from the Resurgence along a bearing equal to the strike. It is incon spicuous on the surface until approached closely enough for the stream inside to be heard. In order to avoid time being wasted on its relocation every day, a long rope was tied between two nearby trees to- act as a marker. The small entrance drops to a chamber containing ice and the lip of the 8m pitch (Plate 6 -J. Upstream from the foot of the pitch is a waterfall in two sections ( Plata 7 ), the higher part being a chimney up to a rocky chamber which can also be reached by a tricky traverse over the 8m pitch into a con tinuation passage. The character of the cave now changes , the streamway becoming much larger and more level, with no further waterfalls . The way forward is over and past huge blocks at various places with the floor often littered with sediments of gravels pebbles or large cobbles. 250m from the pitch, Elk Hall is enter.d. This is a large chamber featuring cavern collapse and rocky deposits at various levels . The stream enters the chamber at the north end from a low sump pool. Near here, and between large limestone boulders , lie the heavier bones of an elk skeleton, clean but brown. The remains of many smaller animals are also littered here . A steep passage forward and to the right answers the obvious question, as it leads to the foot of the Elk Shaft (15) , 40m high with daylight visible from what looks like a narrow opening high above. The shaft was climbed in 1979 by Andrew Popland who chimneyed up at the narrower end until within 10m of the surface. At this point the shaft opened out to be 8m long and 3m wide. The final exit to the surface was only achieved by climbing a fortuitously placed fallen tree. The top of Elk Shaft is not in an obvious position, being at a false summit on a cliff very high up the valley side with good views both of snow fields behind and across to tributaries on the far side of the Eiteraaga. Its position has not been accurately established on the surface sketch map (Fig. 4). Another large gallery can be entered from Elk Hall, called Arctic Passage on account of the extremely cold air blowing into it compared with the very warm air wafting down Elk Passage. It is an ascending passage, entered by stepping up on to a vertical rockflake at the south end of Elk Hall. Initially boulder strewn, it ends at an 8m high aven taking the draught. The aven can be climbed to reveal a 20 cm high horizontal opening at the top. Another feature of Arctic Passage is a side chamber containing tapering stalactites with the shape and size of upright ice-crea~ cornets. 63 passage

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'" '" plate 9 Plate 10 '" The top of the lam pitch, Sirijordgrotten . Eccles Gallery , Sirijordqrotten , l ooking '" downstream .

Plate 11 Plate 12 The Mainstream Rising, Sirijordqrotten. Tributary stream in Twin Ducks Passage, Sirijordgrotten. The way on from Elk Hall is a dry passage on bones the far side of the elk which turns left and drops down to a pool of cold water is just possible which it to cross without getting more than legs and arms wet. This passage gently rises as Stalactite Passage, an interesting displaying selection of formations . The passage next becomes narrower and steeper before passing under an aven and reaching the 1978 limit, the 10m pitch (Platf' 9 I . This dry pitch is laddered with a long belay round boulders and regains the streamway on the pebbly floor of the shaft. immediately Downstream sumps almost . A small flow of water from an inlet at floor level east flows across the to the foot of the shaft but the main stream comes from a large shattered streamway opposite. The stream itself can be followed with care through in a partly boul~er ruckles roofed passage until the water emerges from a clea tube leading to a n washed small sump , with a dry passage continuing. Above this streamway , climbs and traverses over'holes and along mud banks perched rocks and enter Eccles Gallery, a collapse chamber some 10m The traverse route high (Plate 10 ). leads up to roof level near a huge rectangul ar fallen block wedged broadside across the gallery and then down drops until a climb regains the dry continuation of the streamway. A rocky goes round two corners passage to leave the explorer looking down into the clear waters of the Mainstream Rising (Plate II ). This examined massive sump was by standing upright in it whilst wearing a face wide by 2m high mask. It is Sm and descends at about 30 degrees for a distance of at least 10m in excellent visibility. At the climb down from Eccles Gallery, a small flow of water enters from a broad gently ascending phreatic tunnel going a wide off from the rear of platform {plate 12 l. After 30m the roof lowers considerably the only way on is and through twin ducks with only a few cm airspace. A muddy slope up ends at a drop down into a static with and muddy sump pool small curtains above. There would appear to be no turning round way on , but on a lifting crawl is seen going off at roof level. This continues as a small awkward sporting passage with c haracteristic an up and down profile of Mendip . Progress along alternating wet and dry crawls is encouraged by an interesting snowy calcite face deposit formed on the sur of a mud bank and by the draught and then sound of a The passage emerges large stream. at roof level at the top of a large collapse cavern: Eccles Gallery again , near the rectangular block. Directly block itself behind the another crawl can be followed north . Intervening flakes of limestone were demolished with a lump hammer, complete but the crawl ends in a mud choke, with a draught from an orifice on the right blowing from the Loop Passage. probably

High Level Passafles Avens are visible at several places near the were end of the cave, which explored by maypoling in efforts to get beyond the Mainstream Rising. A trimmed Sm long birch pole was carried from the Kroken forestry site and into the cave for this purpose. Above the fallen block in Eccles Gallery an obvious upper was entered by passage maypoling up a flows tone slope and then rebelaying from two small stalagmites. Left (south) at passage into the top is a large a chamber . Left from this chamber ascends as a ramp until sloping openings lead higher still but The presence are too small to be entered. of roots here indicates the proximity to the surface. Turning right from the previous chamber leads via stooping top of a shaft passage to the dropping back down to Eccles Gallery. In the other direction from the Maypole Pitch, the passage decreases a wet in size through crawl and becomes blocked at a draughting boulder choke. A second application of the maypole was into the at the Mainstream roof of the chamber Rising . A narrow shaft corkscrews upwar d until a chimney climb reaches a very low crawl. This hands was excavated with bare past flies, mosquitoes and mounds of ferns and bracken squeeze led to until a the foot of an opening with the sky visible above . surface opening is 0.6m The in diameter but blocked by several large boulders . Through the opening can be seen three silver birch either trunks which are trees growing very close together or else from the same trunk entrance of Corkscrew . The Shaft (16) has not been visited from the surface , but must lie roughly halfway in a line between the and the resurgence. presumed sink (20) An aven directly above the IOn pitch is in too exposed be maypoled into, a position to but the 10m high aven above Stal actite Passage can be entered. In a precarious three- hour operation, A. Marshall managed to manoeuvre and A. Popland the Sm pole up the aven using small ledges at various " heights to reach the floor of a large passage . North leads to a trickle o f water "flowing from a small sump down a drop which can be descended for several metres. This area must be above the 10m pitch aven . South leads as a circular passage with calcite deposits on walls and roof for abou t 150m until the roof drops and the way on is prevented by a sedi ment fill. This end must be near the roof of Elk Hall . The explorers had to leave the birch pole at the top of White Arch Aven as a belay for their ladder: future viSits to these upper passages will require new maypoles.

SpeleoehefllS These are not very common in Norway, so Sirijordgrotten probably has more than its tair share . Group" of ot3lactito8 occur in Cornet Chamber . Stalactite Passage and in the roof of Eccles Gallery near the junction with Twin Ducks Passage. Most of these particular stalactites and those in Stalactite Passage have bulbous enlargements a few centi metres above their ends . The similar size and positions of these enlarge ments indicate a previous period of changed conditions, perhaps a colder climate g1\'ing a reduced flow of percolation water causing saturation levels to increase and deposition to occur less evenly . It would be interesting to determine the development timescale of these stalactites and compare growth rates with the climatic record.

Cave Heteorology The presence and temperatures of cave winds are noticed throughout the cave . In summer, warm air is drawn into the cave down Corkscrew Shaft and Birch Passage, being cooled considerably as it flows along Stalactite Passage and into Elk Hall . Surprisingly , this cold air current appears to flow up into Arctic Passage rather than down the streamway , judging by the air temperatures felt. Presumably it reaches the surface again soon after ascending Arctic Aven. The very warm air drawn down Elk Shaft flows down the cave, some leaving via Main Entrance as a strong cold wind, the rest following the lower streamway and roof passages to leave the cave at the entrance and boulder ruck Ie by the resurgence .

Cave Development The surmised source for the water in the cave is the stream flowing east off Sirijordsaks1en and sinking between the North and South Hillocks (rigs. 1 and 4). In the 1978 drought, the water sank under boulders well before this. A shallow dry valley continues beyond the sink for a short distance before it becomes indistinguishable from other features on the valley wide. No openings are apparent in this area . rig. 4 shows that the cave is heading in the direction of this sink. The Sirijordgrotten survey indicates a likely three-phase development for the cave . related to resurgences via Arctic Aven, Main Entrance and then the present Resurgence Entrance. A possible sequence would be : 1) Twin Ducks Sump - Loop Passage and Birch Passage - White Arch Passage - Elk Hall - Arctic Passage , a total ly phreatic drainage route . 2) Twin Ducks Passage - Eccles Gallery - Stalactite Passage - Main Entrance, mainly phreatic with vadose flow down the upper end of Stalactite Passage. 3) Mainstream Rising - 10m Pitch Sump - Elk Sump - Lower Streamway (Roof Passages then stream route) - Resurgence Entrance. This route clearly has much vadose development, although even today it is phreatic under neath Stalactite Passage and near the resurgence . The cross- sectional areas of the relevant passages indicate that Phase 3 may be of the shortest duration so far , with the other phases lasting about the same time. This sequence would also conclude that large aban doned passages await exploration on the far side of the Twin Ducks Sump . rae/de, "irst Pitch 8m ladder 15m lifeline 10m belay Second Pitch 10m ladder 15m lifeline 8m belay Corkscrew Shaft 5m maypole 5m ladder Birch Passage 5m maypole 5m ladder White Arch Passage 2 x 5m maypoles 10m ladder Explored : T . Faulkner" Hooper. P . Moody ) August 1978 T. Faulkner, "A. . Marshall, A. Popland, O. S . St . Pierre 10-15 July• 1979 Survey : SCRA Grade 3 T. Faulkner, A. Marshall . 14 July 1979 (Fig.51

67 FOSSIl. CAVES (18) Altitude 230m The limestone hill between Seterbekken and an apparent tributary tains many cave features, con the most significant being 34m long . The tribu tary of Seterbekken was found to flow as several underqround before resurging streams (1 7 ) and joining the Velfjordskarelven (Fig . 1) . Explored : E. and A. Johnsen, 3 Auqust 1978.

DISAPPOINTMENT CAVE' (19) Alt. 380m Length 150m This cave is found by walking up a tributary east from marsh is reached; Kroken until a water from the marsh runs into this large cave entrance. The cave consists of an inclined rift along the and junction of limestone im~ervlous rock (probably micagneissJ. The stream can all the way be followed through the cave until the surface is reached again. Explored : A. Marshall, A. Popland, 12-13 July 1979 . THE SURVEYS

All surveys in this report were made using ques rapid BCRA Grade 3 techni . Traverse lengths were measured to the nearest O.lm tape and bearings using a fibre were taken to the nearest two deqrees using a Silva oil damped compass aligned along the tape and read the surveys from above . (For of Eiteraadalgrotten and Krokgrotten a diver ' s used. read to compass was the nearest 50). All measurements and sketches were recorded by the surveyor in a pre- prepared survey the recording book whilst assistnnt located a forward survey station and noted Vertical ranges its position. and passage dimensions were estimated and agreed between the surveyor and the assistant to O.Sm. Similar methods the surface were used for surveys between Sirijordgrotten Resurqence and its Entrance and between Main Eiteraadalgrotten Resurgence and its main entrance. The survey of each cave was completed in one day, although this took nine hou~:g~~t~;r~;~~~~!~i~~nh:!0~e!~r~;~o~!~~i07~!'was about 10 in 1963 and decreasing). Traverse lengths were reduced Pythagoras, to the horizontal plane using assisted by a calculator, and the surveys were then graphically. On plotted the Sirijordgrotten survey, various high level passages and shafts have been sketched at Grade 1 on the the plan Section, but omitted from for clarity. Also on this survey, the angle of strike vertically banded of the limestone has been confirmed from photographs at various points in the cave, and survey stations have plan. been marked by dots on the Longitudes given herein are measured from Oslo, which 0 East of Greenwich is 10 43'22, . Altitudes are quoted in metres above sea level . The accuracy of this type of survey has been previously few percent found to be a in horizontal misclosure. As a check, the Loop Sirijordgrotten can Passage in be considered . The closed loop Eccles Gallery - Twin Ducks Passage - Eccles Gallery (28 survey stations) in miscloses by 1 . 8m 190m, or about 1\. The vertical misclosure is zero crepancy in + O. Sm. A dis the Sirijordgrotten survey is the vertical range +22m estimated from the resurgence water level to hillside the main entrance over the and the +J3 . Sm estimated in the cave from the Long level to the Duck water main entrance . The estimates made in the cave have preferred to the difficult been assessment of hillslope. As the survey was not completed underground as far as the Resurgence error Entrance, the horizon tal here cannot be determined. The Elk Shaft and Corkscrew entrances have Shaft not been related to other surface features by survey.

Sirljordgrotten Surve~ DUt~ The surveyed lengths , including oxbows and vertical legs, are: Long Duck to 8m pitch l2l.Sm Long Duck to Junction Chamber via Lower Roof Passage 59 . 6m Upper Roof Passage Main 38 . 6 Entrance to Elk Hall 232.0 Arctic Passage Elk Passage 87.2 and Shaft 83 . 7 Elk Hall to 10m pitch 10m 104.8 pitch to Mainstream Rising 82 . 2 Twin Ducks Passage Loop Passage 66 . 6 Eccles Gallery 88 . 1 OS Total surveyed length 1009 m 68 Unsurveyed estima tes : Reburgence Entrance to Long Duck 90 m White Arch Passage and Aven 160 Eccles Gallery crawls 15 Birch Passage 60 Co rksc rew Aven 45 Total unsurveyed 370 m 90m above resur The highest point 1n the cave is the top of Elk Shaft, gence level. otherwise. Most The photographs are all by the .... uthor unless stated 1979. photographs were taken on 2 August 1978 or 13 July CONCLUSIONS with of the Siri jordgrotten surface sketch map (Fig. 4) Comparison away from the 250m the area map (Fig. 1) shows that Sir ijordgrotten trends and appears to cross bands of gneiss, schist and lime limestone outcrop cave itself, This conflicts with the geological evidence from the stone . there are many which is always seen t o be within limestone , although as seen for exaMple at the lower waterfalls. bands of impurities individual near vertical bands, t he a nswer cannot be that the With Nor is there evidence limestone outcrops meet at the depth of the cave . east- west fault structure linking the limestones. o f a complicated more frequent the limestone outcrops are probably much wider and Instead NGU Vel fjord map . than shown 1n Fig. 1 , which is amplified from the observation is that the s ink towards which Sirijordgrotten A second and the superfiCial is heading is along the strike from Eiteraadalgrotten . The sink itself is unimpressive, and probably therefore Through Cave reached that not very mature . Coupled with the conclusion previously used to extend as a cave further to the south, these Eiteraadalgrotten and Eiteraadal could be explained by regarding both Sirijordgrotten facts over 2~km as separated remnants of just one very old cave system grotten either a later capture in length, with the present Sirijordgrotten stream or an original tributary. by can best be tested by further exploration, either This theory by passing the interveninq surface area for fur ther shafts or searching Further study of the the two sumps at the top end o f Sirijordgrotten . the two caves and their stages of development would relati onship between in Eiteraadal useful information about the sequence of glaciations p=ovide formation for the surrounding area. A theory of subglacial cave and paper (St. Pierre and Sirijordgr otten has been developed in a companion St . Pierr e 1980). Acknowledgements St. Pierre for author Wi shes to r ecord hil gratitude to David and Shirley The of both expeditions for helpful suggestions and cr iticisms, and to the other members contributing to the material contained in this Report. References

1974: aec pub (4) SWETC CC Paulkner, T. and St. Pierre, S., 1977. Expe:dltlon to Norway Club) Spel. Exped. to NoJ:"thern Heap, D., 1968. Report of the ~S (Kendal Caving Norway, 1967: JOl.lrMl Kendal Cevlnq Club. No . ) , PI'. 1-17. (1), In Preparation. D. , 1980. SptJleo (NewsletteJ:" SWE'l'C CC) Vol. 16 St. Pierre, SOuth Nordland, Norway. St. Pierre, S. and St. Pierre, D. , 1980. Caves of Velfjord, BJ:"it. Cave Res. Assoc. with particular reference to Sirijordqrotten. Trans . Vol . 7, No.2.

T. Faulkner, ~.S. Received Feb. 12th, 1980. Four oaks, Wilmslow Park, Wilmllow, Cheshire. TRANS. BRITISH CAVE RESEARCH ASSOC . VOL. 7 No . 2.pp . 70-82 . June 1980

CAVES OF VELFJORD , SOUTH NORDLAND, NORWAY. \,IITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SIRIJORDGROTTEN. by Shirley & David St. Pierre.

ASSTRACT

Caves and underground rivers frequently occur in the cambco-Silur ian marbles ot the Veltjord a rea ot southern Nordland . Norw"y (120_13030' £, Ei50_66~). The comple~ geology essentially consists ot a Precambcian basement, Cambro Silurian, ~ultiply-to lded supracrustal s of the 'high metamorphic nappe-comple~ of central lind western Helgelan(l' , including three main types of marbles , subse quently intruded by l a rgely granitiC massifsj a nd a scatter o f Pleistocene glacial !lediments. Following deglaciation isostatic uplift has occurred and caves of marine origin, reaching 160m in length. are found up to about 130m a.s.l. , particularly in granitic gneisses along the coastal margins. Sirijordgr otten In Eiteraadol (length 138c:.n) is a cOll\ple~ system of possible subqlacial fo~tion containing many interesting features . The cave has an upper section eonsisting brgely of abandoned phreatic passages with a partial sediment fill and a variety ot small speleothems SOllIe ot which have features indicating a former period of drier or colder c l~tic conditionsj and s lower section comrrisinq a steeply-descendinq vadose streamway, predominantly strike aligned , but also influenced by siz.eable lqneous intrusions which locally exert over riding controls on passage direction and morphology. The companion paper by Faulkner 11980) contains a plan and section survey of Sirijordgr otten as well as a topographical description of the cave. CEOLOGY OF THE VELFJORD AREA (Shirley St. Pierre). The geology o f the Velfjord area southern Nordland, Norway, has been mapped and described by Rekstad (1917), Kollung (1967) and Myrland (1972). The oldest r ocks are granitic basement rocks of presumed Precambrian age f ound on offshore islands in the western part of the area . Cambro-Silurian rocks which occur throughout the area have undergone regional metamorphism and have mineral assemblages which place them in the almandine amphibolite facies. They are mostly supracrustals chiefly gneisses , schists, marbles a nd amphibolites . The igneous rocks o f the Bindal and Velfjord massifs, which range in composition from granitic to gabbroid are younger than the supracrustals. Myrland (1972) considered the maSSifs to be surrounded by a contact aureole superimposed on the regionally metamorphosed mineral assemblages and structures after the peak of metamorphism which accompanied the second phase of folding. - Various types of ultra-basic r ocks also occur within and outside the massifs , and the whole area is cut by a series of late dykes . The supracrustal rocks have undergone at least three phases of Caledonian folding and belong to the ' high metamorphic nappe -complex of central and western Helgeland' . . The main regional structures were imposed on the area during the. second phase of folding, resulting in the eastern part of the area (Eiteraadal) , in a general N-S strike with a steep dip to the west , though this var1es locally . Quaternary deposits covering only a very small part of the area are of great importance, particularly the marine terraces which indicate areas formerly covered by the sea and the strandlines which represent former sea levels . From a study o f raised beaches and rock terraces Rekstad (1917) calculated that at the end of the Weichselian glaCiation the land, which had been depressed by the weight of the ice, lay 90-l5Om below its present level . Subsequent isostatic readjustment resulted in the land rising, but not uniformly, the increase being less at the coast and g reater inland • .. Eiteraadal the highest terraces are· 170m above sea level though the marine terraces do not extend above 130m a . s.l. (Gr¢nlie 1975) . The caves described in Eiteraadal, however, are all above this level ranging from 190- 3l5m a . s.l. , but in other parts of Velfjord some of the caves are c l osely related to former sea levels. The marbles in the Velfjord area , which occupy only about 5\ of the land surface, are often impure and 1n addition to silicate minerals and pyrite conta in much graphite causing a grey coloration . This is thought to be derived from carbonaceous material of organic origin which is altered to qraphite during metamorphism. 70

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...... Myrland (1972) described three types of marble in Velfjord : a) fine to medium-grained massive to schistose marble , grey and white in colour and often banded. b) comparatively coarse, massive marble, white in colour and sometimes having grey stripes; common in areas between Velfjord and Tosfjord. c) fine-grained schistose marble widespread in the area of the Bindal sheet. A fine-grained (possibly contlSctmetamorphic) marble occurs near the Vel fjord massif . THE CAVES AND KARST FEATURES OF THE VELFJORO AREA (David St. Pierre) Caves and oLher karsL features cummonly occur in the Vel!jorQ mlSrbles , and rivers and streams frequently have underground courses (flg. 2). In addition, caves formed by marine erosion. following the melting of the ice at the end of the Weichselian glaciation. are often found in areas bordering the deeply indented coastal margins. This section, based on a study of the literature and their own visits to the region. lists the cave localities recorded to date in the authors I "Nor.... egian Cave Index and Biblioqraphy" . The area covered here is mainly on the N.G.O . 1/100,000 topographical map sheet "Velfjord", gradteig I 18. However, in order to include all the known cave localities in S.W. Nordland, it extends into adjacent parts of the map sheets: Vega, Helgelands-flesa. B¢rgefjell, Bindal , Hatfjelldal and Mosj¢en . LIMESTONE CAVES AND UNDERGROUND STREAMS

BC'ffnnP!/ herred- The stream draining the Fjeld lakes has an underground course about a kilometre long with a fall of 100m. There are a number of caves, Fjeld vandgrottene, connected with the hydrological system, up to sOm deep and 250m long (St . Pierre, 1979). The small lake Engavatn, 66m a . s.l. north of Hommelst¢ and the Hegge marble quarry, is ~ natural curiosity famous for its sudden disappearances . It 1s about 0.1 km and 5 to 6 metres deep and from time to time drains over a period of a couple of hours through a 2m diameter sinkhole in its bed. In time, the natural drainage of the area refills the lake and fish reappear (Svel, 1915). The capacity of the lake has been estimated as about 200 million litres. Nearby is a short resurgent stream cave known as Aunholet (St . Pierre, 1979) . A few metres above sea level, northwest of Hommelst~ , at the side of the road to Naustvik church. there are a number of very short caves known as Hallaran. Other karst features occur nearby at Hallaraunet. Akset, Bru, Str~m and Rugaas (Str~m, 1971). At the south-east end of Vel fjord, narrow bands of marble extend along the east side of Langfjord . At Langskjellighatten there are two caves . The highest is a tunnel cave 72m long, 2-2~m wide and 2~ - 3m high with entrances at 179m and 185m a.s.l. (fig. 80). Immediately below is another cave, 58m long , with three entrances (fig. 8E). The altitude of the mi ddle part is 158m a . s . l. (Hoel, 1907). At the inner end of Langfjord the main river has a short underground course at shallow depth but it also flows on the surface under high water conditions. The tributaries from Juvatn and Davidskjaavatn. and Tolsh~lvandene also have short underground courses. the former connecting a series of small lakes in closed depressions, with no surface inlets or outlets. A parallel stream draining Fjeldalsvatn has a 1500m long underground course . The lake has no surface outlet. At the resurgence, 10m a.s . l . at the edge of Langfjord, there is a promising looking cavern entr ance but the passage beyond sumps after 5m (St . Pierre , 1979) . At Aunhatten , in a bluff overlooking Fjeld alsvatn . there are t hree d ry caves formed in marble and schist dipping at 500 ENE wher e marine d epOS i ts, including shells of the bivalve borer (Sulcav<'f pholadls) • have been found (Hoel, 1907). The caves have large entrances but soon become choked with a fill of sand. The first cave, 105m a.s . l •• is 20m wide. 4m high, with a 12m long entrance chamber. The second cave , 116m a.s.l. has an entr ance passage 25m long. 2m wide and 2;m high extending NW- SE to a l;m climb up into a passage continuing NE - SW for a further 25m. The third cave . 132m a . s.l., where the shells were found in the roof, is 20- 3Om long, 2m wide and 3m high.

*herred - a community or district) an administrative subdivision of a fylke or county . 72 and Aunhatten caves Hoel attributed the formation of Langskjellighatten this possibility for the to marine erosion but Rekstad (1917) dismissed account of their elevation. former on Landee1va has a 300m At Lande, on the north side of Tosenfjord , the Hallarangrotta is nearby long underground course. The "well-decorated" 1967). (Nilsson , a kilometre long To the SW , the stream draining Dyrboenk tarn has goes underground for underground course, and the stream sw of Sobergslien about 100m. to be four Stone At the coastal town of Br¢nn¢ysund, there are reputed the football ground. rock shelters in low limestone outcrops bordering age , the second a sizeable One is a rectangular chamber which looks artificial which rapidly decreases in size as the passage dry vadose cave entrance tube which can hillside, and the third is a small phreatic shaped enters the after very short to be part of a network. Both caves end in chokes be seen , 1979). The fourth feature was not located (St. Pierre distances. ' through-cave "160m On the west side of ~talmfjeld there is a ' long Bj¢ru and another cave has been reported at Skaanevik above the farm on the north , 1974) . The narrow limestone outcrop at Klausmarken (Holbye that the farmer had to side of Vel fjord "is so full of caves and potholes into themM (Rekstad, take precautions to prevent the animals from falling 1917) . the Br¢nn¢y district , There are several other underground streams in lakes , near the farm for example: between the Smaavatn and Navavatn tributary of the Tettingelva Halleraunet (Helland, 1907) , and the right bank below Lausfjell.

Bindal herrad caves near the side of Tosenfjord there are a number of small On the SE course of about l ict farm Reppen where the main river has an underground dere the Reppelva . The total length of some 14 caves associated with 800m longest caves, near the and its tributary Hustvoldbakken 1s 65Om . The , and the 150m long Overflow resurgence, are ~vre Reppelvgrotta 100m long 1979a) . Cave (Faulkner at an altitude of Reppen , near Rapstein , a small stream sinks North the edge of the about 400m in a large depression a few metres from of small resurgence vertical cliff side of Tosenfjord. There are two features at sea-level: Sverlgesbekkgrotta and Jangrotta.

Crane herred a number of caves on Jordhulfjell , a remote mountainous There are The west of the main north road, the E6, at Svenningsvandene. area in diameter (Helland, caves have passages with circular cross sections l~m long underground course, 1907) . To the south, the Jordbruely has a 200m 1n Gaasvassdal has a and NE of Jordhulfjell, a small tributary stream under ground course . short both sides of the Further to the north, east of the E6, streams on (fig. 3) . Kvannlihola Fipllngvandene have short underground courses lakes to a sump (Hortmann, 245m long , 390m a.s.l., can be followed upstream in Grane east of the E6, 1962; St . Pierre, 1971). These and other caves by Corbel (1957), border the Hatfjelldal reqion described elsewhere Heap (1967, 1969) and St. Pierre (1971). underground course East of Peilingfors, the Almdalselv has a short including the Lilleelv, (Heap, 1969) , and near Laksfoss, several streams have short underground courses west of the E6 and M¢llebekk and Leirbekk the sink , Vefsen river (figs. 4-7). The combined length of the main is 55Om. (St. intermediary and resurgence caves of M¢llebekkgrottene Pierre, 19771 Faulkner, 1979b).

'the _stern part of Vefsn herred is a few kilometres SW of Mosj¢en, a small industrial ~yfjellgrotta tourist attrac a population of 10, 000 . The cave is locally a town with Norwegians it was partially explored and surveyed by local tion and cave in southern , undated). Formerly the second longest known (Grimsby 0yfjellgrotta is (Grublandsgrotta in Hatfjelldal is 1900m long) Nordl and entrances. system about lOOOm long and 110m deep with several a complex an abundance of cal upper series consists of smaller passages with The most spacious, consists careous mud on the f100r1 the middle series , the and the lower series - the of Mrailway tunnel~ type "phreatic· conduits; pitches to a sump (Heap, str eamway - can be followed down a series of 10m 1967) . underground kilometres to the south a number of streams have Thirty IJ80m long , .in Eiteraadal . The main caves are Sirijordgrotta, courses 1980). and Eiteraadalgrotta , 660m long (Faulkner, 1979a; 73 SketchmOD of surface kar st F1G. 4b KVA NN lIH OLA,ORAN E HERRED Nedre Laksf ors . (Area AI • __ _ z f/ Small ,h.am N 'I in dr ift with limestone b.d ~ lrCl'I!.. ______~ _ / " _.--" - ;~------.>..., ... , (UJ~ ,\ ,'C... , :"j ' ---~ - ', ...... _.' ,; / "'-,' " , ... - , I / , I ' dry .I' , ,. 1,'1 II \ \ YQII~$ "' t ... • " I I, . I 'jI\\ • , • , I ' " , '1/ H" ,' " 1 I, I, 'I, '--' ' 1 / , ,', __ '!"-!.~... ,\ LOCATlON • '" " I~ '/ ',' ...w.,. II : : I i, ", " :~..;;;.;...~~ "m " \,1I " ," ", '---.J t ' " I J \'\ ' I • , , , ... , ,. II I ~':""1'f I' I Iii IIIIIII11 AI.y. HEDIIE LAKSFORS Gran, I.. ,: ,.',. : . • . 9.:; ) 1-' & Kyonn!! 0 '" w ....:G~ , " S.St.P Aug 197.c.. GnChSS , A Fiplingwd . ~1336 ------; - /-" ' "" • • , bod ... .. ~ ~ z. ~ ,, 0 f gth c 3&3 ...

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75 SEA CAVES Sea caves frequently occur in the coastal margins of the region, mainly in granites and gneisses. The best known is the legendary Torghattenhul1et which can be seen south of Br~nn~ysund, l205 ' E, 65024'N, as a hole piercing the mountain. The cave, 160m long, 25- 3Om high and 12-l5m wide, cut through a granitic gneiss, was eroded by the action of sea and frost when the land was l10- l20m lower than today. There are also several lesser known caves on Torghatten. On the opposite side of Torgfjord above Traelnes is Havlarsholet, 138m a.s.1. (~yen, 1896). To the west of Br~nn~ysund there are a number of caves on the island of Vega. There are also many sea caves to the south at Austra , on the coast astride the boundary between the counties of Nordland and Nord-Tr~ndelag. These include two caves - Blankhuler , ~ km south of Otervik in Bindal her red and, in Nord -Tr~ndela g: Gutvik-kirken (Litjbindalskjerka) a big cave in granite, the Hestviken granite caves and a cave 150m long in granite above Rosvik (Rekstad, 1909). South of Fjplvik in Aarsetfjord , there is a cave, 16m long, 2m high and ~m wide, 82m a.s.l. (Hauan, 1871). To the west, there are a number of caves on the island of Leka, for example Troldholet, Haugshulen (Svartholet) 12m long , 56m a . s . l., and Emmaushulen. The best known is Solsemhula, 86m a.s.l., 40m long, 3m wide and 8m high with cave paintings from the Bronze age (fig. 8B) . There is a similar cave, Fingalshu1a , at Granvik on the mainland 9 kID to the SE (fig . 8e). This cave is 90m a . s.l . , 110m long, 2-1lm wide and 2-l6m high. Cave paintings , small stylised pictures of men and animals, from 1500-1000 years B.C. are found here, (fig. 8A) (Pettersen, 1914, 1926; .lensen. 19751. In Bindal herred, other sea caves occur NE of the farm Storheil on the slopes of Rabbfjeld, and south of Fuglstad in Aabygden on the north slopes of Tjernlifjeld (Rekstad, 1909). ~he rlbove information summarises the details of caves in the Velfjord region of Nordland which have been catalogued in the authors' index and bibliography ~f Norwegian caves since a first visit in 1962. The authors would be pleased to receive additional data and corrections. Forms to facilitate the documentation of necessary details and references to caves and karst features in all parts of Norway including Spitsbergen are available on request. Particular attention is being paid to keep lists of Norwegian caves, surveyed to over lOOOm long or 100m depth, up to date on behalf of the CommiSSion for Longest and Deepest Caves of the International Union of Speleology. The importance of the newly explored and mapped Sirijordgrotta relative to other caves in the Velfjord region is apparent. Although possibly conSidered insignificant on an international scale, Sirijordgrotta is the most recent addition to the list of Norway's deepest and longest caves (St. Pierre, 1975; Chabert, 1977). SIRIJOROGRDTTEN (Shirley St. Pierre) In Eiteraada1 thin bands of strike-aligned marble crop out along the bottom and lower sides of the valley alternating with granite/granodiorite, gneiss, amphibolite, diorite and schist. These bands disappear beneath superficial deposits at the southern and northern ends of the valley and are surrounded by a large area of mica gneiss. r The caves in Eiteraada1 are located in the upper part of the main valley which consists essentially of a steep-sided glacial trough . ' In the lower part of the valley the glacial trough disappears and the Eiterasga flows through s river valley with a long, and in places spectacular gorge, up to 100m deep, before its confluence with the larger Vefsen river. Gr6nlie (1975), attributes this change in valley type to ice damming and blockage in the lower part of the valley and considers there are parallels to be drawn with Graataadal which he also studied. The features of the main Graataaga valley were briefly discussed by St . Pierre (1966). There is an interesting contrast between the karst features on the east slopes of Holmfjeldet , 3-4km north of Eiteraadalgrotten, which con sist of streams with short underground courses at very shallow depths which frequently disappear and reappear, and are closely related to the present topography, and Sirijordgrotten which is a much older, complex system which bears little relation to the present topography . Sirijordgrotten has been described by Faulkner (1980) herein . 76 • ,M ! > •• Z -• - •> . • < •• •0 , , , " 00 Z ,,' Z , • . ~ < ~ •, • , 0 , " => •" • :t: L U • " Vl • -.-~ ~] .. • Z < " " - -' , -•Z • :0 - •Z • '""Z • J.•• u. • ~ • ! L ,< • ,• - ; ~ • " , " Z •o ,• • , z---- • • • ::::,.. • z z • 0 , U , • -• M , , • M • ~ • •, • " ,J, • 0 N , •U • "• ,• • ( :0 , • ~ I z · ,• l < "- • •" • 0 -

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--- ...... • • 77 SEA CAVES Sea caves frequently occur in the coast a l ma rgins o f the region, mainly in granites a nd gneisses. The best known is the legendar y Torghattenhullet which can be seen south of Br¢nn¢ysund, 12°5 ' E, 650 24 ' N, as a hole piercing the mountain. The cave , 160m long , 25- 3Om high and l2- l5m wide, cut through a gr anitiC gneiss, was eroded by the action o f sea and frost when the land was 110-12Om lower than today . Ther e are also sever al lesser known caves on Torghatten. On the opposite side o f Torgfjord above Trae1nes is Havlarsho1et, 138m a.s . 1. (~yen, 1896) . To the west of Br¢nnpysund there a r e a number of caves on the island of Veg a . There are also many sea caves to the south at Austra , on the coast astride the boundary between the counties of Nordland and No r d - Tr~ndelag. These include two caves - Blankhuler , ~ km south of Otervik in Bindal herred and. in Nord-Tr¢ndelag: Gutvik-kirken (Litjbindalskjer ka) a big cave in granite, the Hestviken granite caves and a cave 150m long in granite above Rosvik (Rekstad , 1909). South of Fj ¢lvik in Aarsetfjord, there is a cave , 16m long, 2m high and ~m wide, 82m a . s . l. (Hauan, 1871). To the west, there are a number of caves o n the island of Leka , for example Troldhol et, Haug shulen (Svartho let) 12m long, 56m a . s . l . , and Emmaushulen. The best known is Solsemhula, 86m a.s.l. , 40m long , 3m wide and 8m high with cave paintings from the Bronze age (fig. 8B). There is a Similar cave , Fingalshula, at Granvik on the mainland 9 km to the SE (fig. 8C). This cave is 90m a .s. l., 110m long, 2-llm wide and 2-16m high. Cave paintings. small stylised pictures of men and animals , from 1500-1000 year s B.C. are found here, (fig. 8A) (Pettersen, 1914 , 19261 ,Jensen, 1975). In Bindal herred , other sea caves occur NE of the farm Storheil on the slopes of Rabbfjeld , and south of Fuglstad in Aabygden on the north sl opes of Tjernlifjeld (Rekstad , 1909). The

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" " " " SIRIJOROGROTTEN Shirley St.Pierre

PLATE 1 Minor folding and impurities in the marble on the clean-washed floor of Stalactite Passage, Sirijordgrotten.

PLATE 2 Small curtain and calcite straws showing secondary development of small, slender, branching coral-like growths -~.

PLATE 1 Lowpr part of one of several thin stalactites having onion-shaped terminations (top left, magnified by foreshortening), with varied group in background, Stalactite Passage, GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SIRIJORDGRQTTEN ' s type a), cave has developed in a grey , banded marble (Myrland The 0 0 are some highly con dipping generally from 73 -89 to the S.W. There minor folding can be best seen in the roof of torted areas and tight . near the straws and in other places (see plate 1) Stalactite Passage and lesser The darker and lighter banding probably reflects greater impurities in the original sediments , though this amounts of carbonaceous solution affect the solubility as there is no preferential does not visibly layers and the bands . In places the marble contains insoluble between out from the general contorted bands and lenses of silicates which stand of d1ffer~nt1al solution. surface 8S a result They the cave there are also some igneous intrusions. Throughout and veins averag occur as large and small irregular masses sometimes follow the strike, ar e sometimes perpen ing 120m thick. These small to it and are usually vertical or sub-vertical. Occasional dicular to Myrland's ptygmatic veins also occur. These intrusions belong area group' which consist of five types of late 'youngest rocks in the surface Those in the cave usually have a black weather ed external dykes . They appear to belong but fresh surfaces are generally white in colour . - grained granitic/aplitic and quartz dyke types. to Myrland's fine a streamway, dry, Sirijordgrotten is a complex system consisting of sediments , bones abandoned phreatic passages and chambers containing Parts of the old phreatic passages serve as overflow and speleothems. when the snow conduits during periods of high water which must occur heavy rains, and there are various pools and melts in spring and during of to those of the main streamway. The higher parts sumps in addition as in Eccles the cave remain permanently above the level of floodwater parts of Elk Hall. Gallery and the higher slightly stream resurges 75 metres from the main river and The Sirijord hillside sloping it, at the base of a semicircular area of collapsed above unweathered blocks at about 300 with moss-covered boulders and fresh and more recent collapse . The collapse makes the indicating older of the itself impenetrable, but about 5m above the level resurgence issuing from it. resurgence there is a dry entrance with a cold draught entered here and a route found to the streamway. The cave was first (Main the surface about 100m along the strike another entrance On via an 8m pitch to Entrance) with a powerful cold draught gives access Unlike the previous year (1978) the lower entrance the streamway. access to the cave. series was sumped so Main Entrance was used to gain other entrances to the system further upstream via There are also several the wn on the area maps and survey (Faulkner, 1980) but shafts sho system. presumed sink has so far not been proved to feed the cave can be divided into the upper cave extending Morphologically the to from Main Entrance, and the lower cave from Main Entrance upstream in the upper cave the resurgence entrance. The stream first appears Rising . but flows mainly below the level of the chambers, at the Mainstream of inter at occasional sumps, indicating a probable series reappearing gradient from connecting flooded passages . There is a low passage to Elk sump which gradually increases to the Upstream Mainstream RiSing the stream Waterfall averaging 1:13, but from the Upstream Waterfall lower cave. to the descends, by a series of waterfalls mainly in the an average gradient of 1:5. resurgence with gives access Main Entrance which is a small opening in a depression with a pitch of 8m descending from this level. There to a small chamber other side phreatic passage continuing at the same level on the is a dry of the high-level of the pitch and this entrance marks the lower limit be traced throughout most of the upper cave . In places system that can river gallery or this high-level system has been truncated by the main into it. has collapsed of sub high-level system is generally dominated by a series The otherwise rare, and has horizontal joints in a cave where open jOints are long profile. In some places these elliptically- shaped an undulating this is a direct passages have a vadose trench in the floor. Sometimes from phreatic to vadose flow during drainage, but result of alterations have 1s caused by infiltrating surface water. These passages in others large rounded boulders a partial fill of sediment in places , varying from to silt with a partial covering of moonmilk some of a metre in diameter indicates soft and some hardened. The general lack of scallops which was these passages . that there was a very slow hydrostatiC flow throughout although differential erosion has occurred between In the upper cave, show little and the intrusions, passage direction and shape now the marble period of erosion modification where they occur. This indicates a long in the removal of intrusions usually by the solution which has resulted boulders around them and subsequent collapse , leaving rounded of marble to the intrusions. of intruded material on passage floors in close proximity 7. This is in str ong contrast t o the lo~e r cave wh ich cons ists essentia lly of a vadose passage f orme d i n clo se associ ation wi~ h the intrusions . Most o f the ver tic al drops occur where intru ~i o n s c r oss t he pas sag e. At the lowest drop of 2m howeve r two sills r un parallel to the passage wh ich is here strike aligned . Speleothems appear to be entirely absent i n t he l owe r active cave and are r .;t r e throughout the rest of t he cave. Nhere they do occur they are small a nd take the f orm of c3lc ite s traws . stalact i t es. stalagmites. and cu r tains and a r e f ound on l y in the d r y abandoned part s o f t he sy stem. In the r oof o f Birch Pdssage there a r e s traws about lOcm l o ng and a stalac tite o f 40cm whi ch has been partly disso lved , and a line of f r esh white calcite tufa deposited along a joint. The recent deposition and r esolution o f calc ite i ndicate c hanging con d i tions in this pa r t o f t he cave. Some of the l arge collapsed blo cks in Elk Hall have a thin coating o f c alcite consisting of ve r v small, delicate , slender, br anching , cor a l - like growths with bo tryo idal termi na tions . I n St a lac t i te Passage there are a group o f several thin stalact ite s that bel l out at their l ower e nds , a nd have large bulbous, onion- s haped terminati ons (s ee Plate 1) , which a re at d i fferent l evels . The se a?gear t o be the sllIlle a s thos e , which are common i n Mediter ranean caves , descr i bed by S·.teeting (1973, pp . 179-180) , who suggests that a change in climat ic condit i ons since the f ormation of the o riginal tube , resulting per haps in a g r eater supply of wa t er and calcium bicar bonate in solution, may e~plain these seconda ry bulbous accretions. In a nothe r par t o f St alac tite Passage there a r e a g r oup of straws also showing secondary developme nt as a result of mos t o f t he original t ubes becoming blocked (see Pl a t e 2 ) . This i ndicates a drying up o f the supply o f solu t i on, (perhaps r e f lecting drier or colder cli~atic conditions) , which r e sult s in fluid tending to be drawn back up t he inside o f t he straw whe n precip itati on ma y occur seal ing the str aw lWells , 1~71 ) . I t appea r s that the dr Jer conditions also resu l ted i n the format i on o f very small , slender , branching , coral- like growths on externa l straw surfaces. Renewa l of t he solution suppl y has result ed In r upt ur i ng o f t he straws above t he bl ockages a nd s ubseque nt irregula r g rowth. The blocked straws and onion-shaped s t a l act i t es appear t o show conflic ting evi dence. However , perco lation may occur thro ugh the wa lls of blocked s traws creating i rregular ma ss e~ around t he outl ets (Warw ick, 1962. p.9l). If this occurred surro unding the blockage in a str aw a subsequent increas ed w3 ter s upp ly with a h i,he r concentration of disso lved cal c ium bi carbona te might then result i n the f orm a tion o f these secondary bulbous accretions ; s o in fact both groups of f o rma t i ons might indicate a n i nte rval o f drier conditions. Sediment s occur thro uqhout most of t he upper cave and have been marked on the su r vey by Falkner, but a r e l ar ge l y absent from the lowe r cave. The s ediments consist o f e xogenetic material and e ndogene t i c collapsed blocks and smaller f r agments o f marblp. and boulder s o f intr US ive material. There are a lso a serie s of waterl aid s edime nts s howing fining up sequences in pla ces like Ec cles Gallery and ~ l k passage, but i n o ther places they a r e unsorted as in Birch Passage immed i atel y N. W. of the maypole p itch where the phr eati c passage whic h is 1m high and 0 . 7Sm wide has a partial f i ll of cobbles r ang ing from 4. 5cm in diameter to 22 . 5cm a nd averaging 12 . 5cm . At t he Ma instream Rising partially e roded sed iments remain in wlil alcoves , some of whi ch ar e unsorted and cons ist o f cobbles and pebbles , some o f l ocally der ived i ntrus ive ma teri al, mixed with micaceous s~ nd, wh i l e o ther hor izons s how ma rked str atification. CONC LUS I ONS It is evident t ha t the phreatic passages and iar ge c hambers i n Siri j ordgrotte n have no t develope d under pr esent Postglac ial t opogr aphic and hydro l ogi cal con ditions. One posSi b ility i s that the phreati c passages deve l oped subglacially , a theo ry fI r s t s ugg ested f o r the for mation o f some of the o ther Norwegian caves in No r dland by Ho rn (19 47) , and widely accepted (H o l t edahl, 1960 , p . 530). Based on t he work o f lier e nskio ld i n 1922 and the findings o f Sverdrup a nd "hlmann in SpitZbergen in 19]4, lIo rn pointed out tha t the g r ound beneath a g l aci e r is not necessar i l y f r o ze n a nd t ha t circulating subglacI a l water could r e sult in the f ormaL ion o f caves (discussed i n mo r e de tail by St. Pi e rre (1967)). Hor e r ecen tly He l l d ~n (1 975), who studied Sotsb3c k Cave in Sweden, no tes that "the presence o f groundwater Circulation 1n l i mestone i n a perma fro s t environmen t has been proved on Wes L ~ pitsbergen by amo ng ot he r s Orv i n (1944) and Baranowski (l973) ". I n Sotsb3c k Cave lI el ld~n considered thllt "par ts o f t he fo ssi l passag e systems took on thei r r ecent d imens I ons du r i ng or befor e the end phas e o f t he recession of t he inland ice from the area , when sediment-bearing wa t e r was abundant ~ . Subglaci.;tl f o rmation would explain the lack of a surface dry valley l ellding down f r an fla in entr ance an obv i ous f ormer r e sur gence fo r the upper c ave , t hough this cou l d also be explained by q l acial truncation . As the i ce melted the phreatic s ystem would drain and i t s eems l ike ly tha t s ediments rele ased by t he melting i c e would r eadi ly be washed into the c ave by me l t water. The un sorted sedjments like those in Bir ch passage a p pe~ r t o be f lood deposits. but the gr3ded sediments in the river gallery and at Mai nstream Ri sing i nd icate fluc t ua ting flow resulting in the deposi tion of co arser and finer particles . eo The fining-up sequences in Elk passage and Eccles Gallery indicate a reduc tion in velocity probably in response to the stream opening up a route at lower levels , with ponding occurring during peak flow cond ition s with the settling out of the very fine particles whic h cover the highest sediment banks. This is doubtless a very simplified version of events as lack of time prevented a detailed study of the sediments . The l ower cave with its largely vadose characteristics and close association with geological controls is much younger than the rest of the system. It has developed as a result of the lowering of the outlet level , the Main Entrance flow first being captur ed at the 8m pitch a nd subsequently at the Upstream Waterfall. The lack of a dry surface valley fro~ Main Entrance with a sequence of shallow sinks and resurgences, a common feature of Postglacial cave develop ment in Norway, indicates that it' is unlikely that the lower cave developed as a result of a gradual lowering of surface base levels, but rather as a result o f a sudden change which could be explained by the ice melting. The phreatic passages close t o the lowest e ntrance (Faulkner 1980) ihdicate that the resurgence formerly had a flooded ou tlet which was probably below the level of the main r iver , but lowering of the main valley has resulted in drain age, and may also have caused much of the collapse in this a rea which is now slightly above the level o f the main rive r. It is hoped that speleothem dating will help to establish an accurate time scale for events in the cave's history.

Received 13th Feb. 1980 Shirley a nd David St. Pierre, S~ffiTC Caving Club (N . E . London Polytechn ic) , 148 Rother Cresent, Gossops Green, Crawley, Sussex, RHll 8ND

REPERENCES

CHAB£RT , c. , 1977 . LeB gr... ndes c ... vlttis mondlales.Spelunca, (2) Supplement, 47-48. CORBEL, J., 1957 . Les Karsts du NOrd-ouest de l ' Europe. M~ m. Dacuss. Inst. Etud. rhodan., No. 12. Univ. de Lyon. 541 pp. (see pp. 211-216). PAULKNER. T. L., 1979.... SWETC C... ving Club/Wessex C... ve Club Expedition to Norw... y 1978. Li.ited circul... tion interim report, 20 pp. SUrveys. PAULKNER, T. L., 1979b. NOTWa~ Sump rndex. Cave Oivlnq Group. Bristol. 45 pp. (see pp.19-42). PAULKNER, T. L., 1980. Sirijordgrotten Bnd other c ... veB in Eiter ...... d ... l , Ve f sn, Norway. Trans. Brit . Cave Res. Assoc., Yol. 7, No.2, pp. FR IS, J. P . . 1902. Man.orforekomster . in RekBt ... d, J. GeologlBk K... rtskisse over tr ... ktene omkring Velfjorden II!ed bellkrivelse.-NOrgCS Geol . Under!!. 34 , (4 ) ,30-40. GRIHSPY, B. (undated) ~fj ellqrott ... ved Hosj0en. 6 pp. survey:- MoBj0en og Omegn Reisetr ... fikkla9. GR0HLIE, A. 1975. Geologien i VefBnbygdene. VefBn Bygdebok, 417-483. HAUAN , 1871. Diary, 16. NorgeB Geol. Under • . Archives. HEAP, D., 1967. Report of the ErmYBted ' B GraOUDllr School (Ke nd ... l C... ving Club) Speleological Expedition to NOrthern NOrway , 1967. 17 pp. (!lIyfjellgrott... p. 11. survey; H... tfjelld... l pp. 12-16). Reprinted Kend ... l caving Club Jnl., Vol. 3. 1968: 1-17) . !lEAP, D •• 1969. Hulme SChools ' El

82 Trans . British Cave Research Assoc. Vol. 7 , No.2 , pp.83-120 , June 1980.

CAVE- DWELLING TINEID MOTHS: A TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF THE WORLD SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA : TINEIDAE)

Gaden S. Robin son

ABSTRACT

The classification and biol ogy of the cave-dwelling species of Tineidae are discussed and the literature is reviewed. TWenty species are recognized as having permanent cave-dwelling populations, theh larvae feeding ma inl y on bat- and bird-guano. Eleven of these species are known on l y fro~ caves. A further sixteen species are recorded from isolated exa~ples on l y and are probably strays. Twenty new combinations and nine new synonyas are established. Two new species are descr ibed, Proterospa.stis ...aini.abuka fro. Fij i and Tinea Alcrophtha11Jla fro. the Philippines,. the latter havina atypically s.all eyes: eye-reduction is previously unrecorded in cave-dwe II ing Lepidoptera. Keys and detailed descriptions are given for the twenty cave-dwelling species. The bibliography contains 73 references.

INTRODUCTION The literature pertaining to eave-frequenting .nths is large but .any of the references deal with species of which the adults only use caves for shelter, aestivation or hibernation: their larvae are entirely conventional , feeding on plants. Well-known allOng the species in this category are Triphosa spp., the ' twilight .nths' of Europe and North Aaerica, Agrotis lnfusa, the Australian ' Bogong Moth' , and Scollopterylt libdtrilt, The European 'Hera ld Moth'. In contrast to these, the fami l y Tineidae contains ~ecies who se l arvae do not feed upOn green plants but specialize in the utilisation of other kinds of food. Thus the NelAapogoninae, Scardiinae and Tinissinae arc fungus-feeders; the Tineinae feed on animal detritus, notably feathers, fur, wool, insect remains, horns , hooves and bird-pellets; some Myraecozelinae are generalized detritus-feeders, but others ..y specialize in feeding on detritus in ants' or wasps' nests or in aa.mal burrows; the Teichobiinae feed on fern sporangiaj larvae of Meessiinae grate algae, lichens and fungi froll rocks; Hieroxestinae feed on vegetable detritus. Their independence of green pl ants as a source of food has enab led the Tineidae t o enter permanently a habitat barred to other Lepidoptera. that of the cave.

Cave-dwelling Tineidae maintain permanent eave populations by utilizing the guano of cave roosting insectivorous bats and birds as a food source. It is likely that the nest-refuse of birds (such as swiftl ets) is used similarly and that rellains of dead bats, birds and insects are eaten with little discrillination. As lIight be expected froll the outline of subfaaily food-preferences given above, the lIajority of Tineidae recorded fro. caves are lIellbers of the subfaaily Tineinae.

Tineid .aths are general l y s.all (.ast species have a wing-span of .}es.s than 30_J and dull-coloured. They lack oce l li and c ha etose~ata; the antennae are usually shlp le, with short cilia, but may be dentate or bipectinate. The galeae (the two halves of the proboscis) are short, without scales at the base, or absent. The maxil l a ry palpi are usually S-segmented, elongate and folded but -.ay be reduced both in length and 1n number of segillents. The l abial palpi are panect. or s l ightly ascending and usually bear strong lateral and ter.inal bristles on the second segment.. The head is usual ly rough-scaled but is s-ooth-scaled in a few iso lated genera and in the subfaaily Hieroxestinae. The fore wing often has M and a chorda present in the cell, with H so.etiaes forked: vein RS runs either to the costa or to the apex of the fore wing. The hind tibia is allolays rough-scaled. The larvae of aany species construct and live within a portable case. (For a IIIOdern classification and keys to the f8lllilies of Lepidoptera, see COlUllOn , 1970). The purpose of t his paper is to br ing together the scattered l iterature and records of cave-dwelling tineid IIIOths,· re-exallline critically the identities of the species invo lved and provide the lIeans for the identification of, in particular, those species which are known on l y froll early [and inadequate) original descriptions.

It is not necessary, In cOllp iling a catalogue of cave-dwelling species, to differentiate between t hose species whi ch do forlll per manent cave populations (and have not been recorded frOll outside caves) and species which forq penasnent populations both in caves and i n other environaents. The biology of many tinei d species is so f l exible that this would be an entirely arbitrary separation. FurtherllOre, COl lections of Ti neidae f r oll the tropics are generally poor and distribution data are inadequate for most species. It is necessary. however, to dispose of records of ' stray' individuals which happened to be found in a cave. Most of the species listed uncritical l y by Sarlet (1978), for exaaple, fall into this category. r list here sixteen such 'stray' species of Tineidae for which there is no evidence of their for.ing per-anent cave populations. TWenty species " are lis ted as being genuine cave · dwellers and, of these, eleven appear to have been CO llected only frolll caves. There is some doubt, however, about the status of Anemallota pyro~OIIIlI (Mey rick) , as the data· labe l s of all the speei.ens seen are very i .precise.

The I iterature on cave·dwell ing Tineidae i s generally poor. containing .any uncrit ical re·workings of origina l sources· usually Wolf (1934·38) • a s evidenced by the regular reappearance of lIIis-spCl llings COmlllO n only to speleogical literature (see, for e xalllple, NonopJa J_lla and Cr ypsJthycJ5 5pela~). The s tudy of cave sPecies has been sOlllCwhat divorc~d fro .. the influence of modern revisionary work lind modern taxonomic practice: five of the nine specieS synon)'lli%.ed here were uescribed a fter 1955 and of the five 'new species ' described frOlll ClveS by Georgescu and Capu~Cl since 1964 , onl y one name has not yet been relegated to junior synonymy.

ThCl prClparation o f this paper has , to so.e extent, been h.. pered by .y being unable t o exa.ine type .aterJal (housed in ISER, Bucharest) of the species described by Clpuse and Georgescu, despi te repeated retjuests for the loan of specilllC ns . ReconDendations 72A and 720 ~f the Intern.tJon.l Code of ZoolOgic"l Nomtfncl. ture suggest that a zoologist shou ld deposit type-spec1l11ens in a museu. or othe r i nstitution where they "will be accessibl e for purpOseS of r esear ch" and that the i ns t itution should "make them accessible for s tudy" .

. In prcp;:aring this review I have r elied heavily upon specillen! in the SMNIf collecti on and, unless otherwi se stated, all . aterial exa.ined is frOll that institution. Co.plete citations or ori~ln;:a1 descriptions and t ype -data are not given of species for which this infor.ation is readily ;,va ilable in the literature. Fu ll synonymy and dates are given in the check-list of eave uwelling species but not in that of the 'stray' speci.cns found in caves. The bibliography for each 5pccies i5 intend ed to include all recor ds o f that species ' association with eaves. Other refcrences a r e ~ ({ cc t ivc on ly. Each reference is followed by square brackets containing details of the content s of the work cited.

The termi nology used in descriptions of . al e and fe. ale genitalia i s conventional and fo ll ows I:lots (195() in pr eference to Zagulaj ev (see bibliography) .

All drawin)!s we re .ade using a camera lucida on a Wild 1045 or 10420 .icroscope . The scale I incs on all d rawings a rc of I ....

H;OUX;Y li AUA I'TAT ION

It cou ld be a rgued that the Tine idae are to so~e extent pre-adapted to cave-dwelling in their c:.tholic choicc of fOOd-sou r ces , furtive habits and, in the case of SOllie species at least, their nejt:ltive phototropis ... Most of the species r ecorded fro. caveS in Europe, in particular, are lnown t o be witlely distributed outside caves and to have a broad spectTUJI of food preferences.

It docs ;:aPllC ur, however, that this is not the case in the tropics. particularly in southeast Asia. Two group~ (four species of h'egneri. and the four species of the Tine. antcJcol. cOlllplcx) uppear to be cave-specialis ts, particularly the .ncricol.-complex. The l atter group's rcpresentatives have on ly been found in caves and they have no particularly close allies within Tinea. In the Batu Caves (Malaya) and the Deer Cave (Sarawak), Tinea antricola and T. porphyropl a rc found with Cr ypsichyrodes collCOlorelJa. The larval cases of these three species are of tliffcrent shape and surface texture and it see.s that the "guano-niche" is so-ehow divided satlngst the three. Iliakonoff (195 1) has pointed out that while Tine • • ntrlCQla (cited as pal.echrysis) is ahundant in I i.estone caves in Java , Weqneda cavernicola wa s the only specieS found on bat·guano i n a cave in volcan ic rocl. The guano of southeast Asian caves is derived not only from bat populatiolls hut ;1I so froll! c:lVe-nesting swiftlets (Colloc.U. spp.J. In the Great Niah Cave (Sa raw;JI.), swift let-guano is lIIuch more abundant. than bat-guano and, to complicat e lJIatters further, different bat species pr oduce different types of guano (Medway, 1958). The three spedes of sw ift leU at Niah and one o f the bat sl,ecies (Cheiro_le~ - Naked Bat) pass ' recognisable i nsect r e.ain$ in guano ' but t he other six bat species produce s-oath faeces. So~e bat species eject pe llet s sillilar t o those of bir ds of prey. Different bat and bird species occupy differ ent lones of the cave roof and walls. Thus there are a variety of separated guano types available to the cave tinei"s. The localisation and food-preferences of Tineidae in tropical caves clearly require:! further investigation: it !flay well be that different species of tineids feed on di.ffe-rent ':!jlecics' o f guano or on guano of different ages or in different states of deeolJposition.

!lavis {l972) has dT3wn attentiOn to the antennae of cave-dwelling Tineinae which a r e l

In several of the species d~alt with here, the mouthparts are rC'"duced or certain appendages are absent (e.j:. ga lea lost i n Amydri • • rizonella, one .axillar y palp s eement lost. in Tine. godln.Jni). lie,.rever, reduction or loss of appendaees or parts of appendages occurs in pract ically

8' every ienus of Tineidae and the .authparts of closely·relatcd species are frequently different (see Z.gulajev , 1960). No sigoificancp c.a n be atuchN! to deviations fro. the 'ground·plan' in certain cavc·dwe l ling species.

There is, therefore , little by way of .arphologlcal peculiarity to separat e cave dwelling species frOil thc:-ir .ore .undane relativl"s. Ilow('vcr, Tinea .icrophth.!tlllloJ h3S COnSide rably s~ ll er eyes than its three closest relatives (wi t h which it comprises the antr icola·complcx) and this may r epresl"nt a cave·adaptation (sec below and Figs. 34 & 35).

COLLECT ING , PREPARATORY 1\ IDENT IFICATI ON TECHN iqUES Conv entional me t hods for t he collection of Microlepidoptera involve the killing of the specimen as soon after capture as possible, i..ediate pinning and spread ing of the wings , drying, double-mounting and label l ing. A detailed account, with argu~nts for the need for excellence in the preparation of .ater ia l for taxona.ic research , was given by Zi.mer.an (1918) and a .are simpJificd one by Cogan 1\ S.ith (1914). In very rare circu.stances it lI:I3y not be possible to col l ect Lepidoptera from c.ves a' out l ined above and the only alternative may be to collect into a l cohO l . I t Must be stressed that this technique, applied to l.epidoptera, is wholly unsatisfactory. ttowever , with adequate ItDrphological investigation it is posslhle to work with I13tt'rial of certain groups in alcohol , and the keys given below are de5ign~ to be used with both a lcohol· pr eserved and dry -col lected speeill('ns . It must be point~ out, how('ver. that it i", .. uch easier to identify specintens preser vN! in conventional fashion thllo it. is to identify l!..'1terial preserved in alcohol. fine details of wing-venation Should be ('xaMined by one of two technique"'. The first i nvolves dc-sca ling completely one pair of wi ngs and mou nting theM dry GO a Microscope s lide beneath a coverslip held in pl ace by a square of gu ..ed paper with a window cut in it. The second " thod is to bleach, stain and .aunt the wing in Euparal (see ll_rman, 1978:83). Crou details of ve nation may be seen in transmitted l ight when the wing is wetted with toluene. Head and genitalic s truc tures arc e~a.ined in permanent preparations made froM macerated , cleaned and stained material: techniques have been described by Ziamer-an (1978), Robinson (1916) and Clarke ( 1941).

The aeasure of eye site relative to frontal head width (interocular index) LS that used by Davis (1918): the ver tical eye diameter is divided by the interocular (mid· frontal) distance. This ~easure.en t i s best carri ed out on II head preparation; the dorsal ed~e of the eye is f r equentl y obscured by the $ntenna and t he head .ay he di~torted in dry specimens.

The antennal pecten is deciduous in Tineidae and the ,ca l es arc invariably lost in old or worn speci.ens. The absence of or nuaber of scal es in II pectt'n can therefore be confirMed on l y by exa~ination of a de-scaled head or an t enna I scape mounted as a slide for ohservatlon in transmit ted light. The large and conspicuous sockets of the pecten scales can then be observed .nd counted. Similarly, the lateral bristles of the second labial palp segllent .ay be ob,cured , or lost or reduced in n~ber through wear: examination of the bristl~·sockets In a c leared head preparation is ne<:essary.

Details of the maxillary palp .ay be observed in material preserved in alcohol or in a c l ear ed and mou nted head . HOwever, the max illary palp is folded and obscured in dry·co ll octod specilliens.

Man y speci es of EUTopean Tineidae .ay be read il y identified by comparison of the malo or fema l e genitalia with the figures given by Petersen (l951 , 1958) and Zagulajev ( 1960). will be happy to offer advice on the co llection and identification of Tlnoidae fro. caves and I would be grateful to receive further specimens for study.

ABBREVIATIONS BMNII British MuscUlI (Natura l History), London, UK. EIIiU EntolM)logical In st itute, ltokkaido university, Sapporo, Japan. ISER Instltut de Speologie "E_Ue Racovitza", Bucharest, Ru.ania. MHN Museum d'Histoir e Nnt urol l c , Geneva , Swit ze rl and. MNIIN Museum National d'Histolre Naturel lc , Paris , France. """HU Mu seum fli r Naturkunde dor Ilulllboldt·Universitiit, Bor l in , E. Germany. NMNII National MuSCUli of Na t ural IUstor y, Washington D.C., U.S.A. RNH RijkslllUseUil van Natuurlijke Hi,torie, Leiden. Notherlands. ZI Zoo l ogical Institute, Acade.y of Sciences, Leningrad , U.S.S.R. IM Zoologisk Museum, Copenh agen , Ue nma r k .

• 5 •

CIIECKl.lST OF CAVE-I)WI:I..LING TINE!!) .... !: (W ITH TAXONOMIC CIIANCES) ('recorded only fraa caves)

(Hieroxcstinae)

WEGNERIA \)i.:.l.onoff. 1951 NIDITINEA Petersen, 1951 *cavcrnicola Iliakonnf(. 1951 _TINEIDIA Zagulajev, 1960 cerodelta (MC'ydd,> 1911) comb. n . s~tella ([Den is 6 SchiffermUllerl, 1715) -lIIucipicta (,\~lt-;u"urJ. 1!I.iJ) comb. n. -[uscipunctella (Hawor th, 18iS) chrysophthalma (Merrick, 1934) comb. n. -nubjlipennella (Cle.ens , 1859) "villiersi (Victte , HISS) comb. n . -ab119atella (Walker , 1863) -i9notella (Wa]ker, 1864) (Myrmecozelinlle) -frigidella (Packard , 1867) -griseella (Chambers , IS73) AMYORIA Clemens, tl:lS!l -eurinella (ZaRulajev, 1952) =CASAPB lI'alker, IBM _distans (Gozftuny, 1959) arizonella Ihen, 1905 ANEMIUWl'A Z;I~ulajcv . 196$ (?Meessiinae) *pyrosoma (Meyrick, 192·1) comb. n . CUBOTINEA C§.pu~e Ii Georgescu , 1977 (Tineinae) *orghidanl dpu:!\e Ii Georgescu, 1977 CRYPSITtlYRODES Zi1l1IDCrman , 1978 concolorella (W:llker, nIh.,) comb. n. -i9notella (Walker, IlI(4) comb. n. -obumbrdta (llutler, 1881) syn. n. "sladcni (8raJlcy. 1957) syo. n. CRYPSITHYRIS Mcyrld, 1907 *spelaea Merrick, 1908 MONOPIS IJuhller , (18251 _8LABOPHAHES Z('llcr, IllS! _//YALOSPILA lIerrich-Schuffcr, 185J - RHITIA WaHer, ]SM - BUSYNOPA Lower, 1~03 rusticella (1Iiibner, 1796) -saturella (Haworth , ISlS) croclcapltella (Cle.ens , 1859) -hyalin.:!lla (Staudi.nger, 1870) _lOl/lblJrdica (lferln~ , 1889) -heringi (Ri chardson, 1893) -do/>cogica Georgescu, 1964 syn. n. pallidella %agulajcv. 1955 -chcistophi l'ctcl·sen. ]957 rorghidani Georgescu , 1964 TmFA [.innaeus, 1758 -"ceves I liibncr , 11825 I _"UTOSES Itlibner, 11825] _DYSTIr.-£:A Borner, 1925 _ TINEOPIS Za~ulajev, ]960 " antrlcola Meyrick, 1921 _hypochrl/sa Mcydck, 1927, syn. n. "'JXllaechrl/sia Meyrick. 1929 syn.n . *godmanl Bradlcy, 1957 *microphthalma sp. n. *porphyropa Mcyrid., 1927 ..blJtuensis Bradley, 1973 syn . n . TE'fRAPALPUS Davis , 1972 * trinldadensis Davis, 1972 PROTEROSPASTIS ~l'yrid, 1937 _r"RATIH£" Petl"r!'t"!l, 1951 *wainimDuka sp. n. PRAEACEDES Amsel, 1954 _TITAENOSES Hinton I; Bradley, 1956 seminolella (BeutelUlluJ ler, 1889) _ehecop/)ora (Wa 1 singham, 1908) -despecta (Meyrick, 19 19) -deluccae ~sel, 1954 _decui (Cltpu\e Ii Geo rgescu, 1977) syn. n.

86 CIIECKLIST OF TINEIQAE RECORDED AS 'STRAY' OR. ISOLATED EXAMPLES FR.OM CAVES (WiTIt TAXONOMIC CHANGES)

(Scud iinae) MOROPHAGA choragella ({OcniS Ii Schifferllullcrl. 1775)

(Myrmecozelinae) HAPLOTINEA ditella (Pierce. Metcalfe Ii Oinkonoff. 1938) HAPLOTINEA Insectella (F . • 1794)

(Tineinae) CRYPSITHYRIS sp. MONOPIS ferruginella (IIUbner, 1813) HONOPIS Imella (Hubner, 1813) MONOPIS stichomela (Lower. 1900) HONOPIS sp. TINEA fictrix Meyrick. 19J4 TINEA sp. [4 recordsj PROTEROSPASTIS proletaria (Meyrick, 1921) comb . n. NIDITINEA praeumbrata (Meyrick. 1919) comb. n. _NIDITINI!A lle<]real C'lapu\e I; Georgescu. 1977 syn. n. NIDITINEA unipunctella (Zagullljev, 1960)

(Meessiinae) ISCHNOSCIA borreonella (Milliere , IS74) PHEREOECA allutella (Rebel . 1892) / ....als1nghami Busck, .ensu Capu-\e t.; Georgescu, 1977. Misidentification. I

(Tcichobiinae) TEICHOBIA fil1civora (Meyrick, 1937)

SlH\ARY OF OTHER TAXONOMIC CHANGES Tlneidae (Hieroxestlnae): Weqneria acerval1s (Meyrick) comb. n., w. astrag<11odcs (Heyr.) comb. n., w. enchoJracta (Meyr.) comb. n . , w. il'llpotens (Meyr.) comb. n . , w. oKydesrrY (Meyr.) comb. n. , Ii. plasturqa (Meyr.) comb. n .,Ii. scaeozona (Mcyr.) comb. n., w. speciosa (Meyr.) comb. n., Ii. sphoJerotOlll.t (Meyr.) comb. n. and W. subt111s (Oiakon('ff) comb . n. transferred frOM Opoqona zeller.

Opogolla strassenella (Enderlein) syn. n. of Opogona OC>5COpa (Meyrick).

Tineidae (Tineinae) Niditinca blJc'lspJ.l<1:S (Meyri.ck) comb. n. transFerred from Tinea t..

KEY TO CAVE-DWELLING TINI:IOAE (CUbotinea orghid~nl is not included)

1. Scales appressed to face and head which look sMOoth and glossy; sockets of head scales arranged in transverse bands; head triangular with pronounced frontal ridge; .argin of eye excavated beneath scape; interocular index less than 0.7; in fore wing, vein RI absent, R4. RS, loll and ,1012 on c~n stalk (£igs. 1-3); -ale without well-defined hook-shaped gnathos o r uncus .... Wegneria spp ... 16 Facial scales erect or upward-directed. head shaggy-looking with erect scales; sockets of head scales arranged randOMly; head rounded, without frontal ridge; Margin of eye not excavated beneath scape; interocular index greater Or less than 0.7; fore ... ing with RI present (except in Crypsithyris spelaeaJ. R4, R.5, Jotl and 1012 not on cOIIIMon stalk; .ale with well-defined hook-like gnat.ho!! or uncus /except A. pyrosOlNl - see fig. 23] ...... 2

2. Fore wing with hyaline or semi-hyaline spot; veins at end of cell swo l l en , strengthened and shaped to accommodate spOt (figs . 5-9); not all veins free in fore wing ... CrVPSlthycis, Ccypsithyrodes and Honopis ...... •...... 12 Fore wing without hyaline or selli-hyaline spot; veins at end of cell unmodified; all foreR'tng veins free (except in trinldadensis and "'<11nimbuk<1 - figs. 14. 15) ...... 3

3. Facial scales upward-directeci ; _axillary palpus Minute, 2-seg.ented; galea absent . ... Amydria .r1aonella. j Facial scales forward-directed; _axillary palpus 4- or 5-segment ed; galea present ...... 4 4. Maxillary palpus 4-seglllented, shorteT than labial palpus; antenna as long as or longer than fore wing; Salea shorter than labial palpus; pecten absent ...... 5 Maxillary palpus S-seg~ented, shorter or longer than labial palpus; antenna shorter or longer than fore wing; galea shorter or longer than labial palpusj pecten present or absent ...... 6

S. Labial palpus with lateral and ventral bristles; R2 and R3 separate; CuP 3nd aMI veins of hind wing weak or absent (fig. 11) [Solomon Isj ...... , .•...... T1nea 9Qdmani. Labial palpus without lateral or ventra l bristles; R2 and R3 stalked; CuP and anal veins of hind wing strongly developed (fig. 14) [lit'. Indies] ...... , ... Tetr<1palpu$ trinidadensis.

87 !.>. ~ th SC"glllC"llt of . a;o;ill :.ry I'alpus OIl(' -1.{ uartC"r length of 4th; interoC"ular index l ess than 0.7; .."Ie lucldng hool.:-shapcd gnathos and uncus; 8th s temite V-shaped ( figs. 23 , 24); fore wing l;i t h "'hite SI.ot5; IlOslenor two-thirds of alldo.en vivid yel low ...... All_Uota P'Jl"O$a.lII Sth s('glllen t of -.alillary 1l:III'US on('- tllird ICl1gth of 4th or longer; l nterocular indel e reater th;m 0.7 I('xccpt in tlicrophthdJ..-,a - !ICC fig. 3SI : lIIal e with conspicuous hook-shaped gnathos :Ind uncus; 8th ste r nito rect:lllgular; fore winl/. dull hrown, without spots;abdOlllen without bright, contrasting posterior region ...... 7

1. Sth seglllCn t of ",axillary palpus one-third length of 4th, without slIIall subapical process; eyes rl'duccd (fig. ;is), interocul lir indol less th31l 0 . 7; ga l ea and lJIlIxillar y p.lpus shorter than labl31 IlIllpus; pecten absent; ,\I and A2 cOllip l e tely fused in fore wing .. Tinea m.1crophthaJ.lIIoI. 51h seglllen t of .ulillar y pa lpus IIDre than one-third length of 4th, with slIIa li subapical process; eyes nor lll3l (fig. 3~). i nterocu l ar index g r eater than 0.7: gal ea s horter or longer, aadll.ry llalpu5 longer th3n l ahiill ['3Ipus; pecten prescnt or abscnt; AI and A2 sepllfate or fused in fore wing ...... •...... 8

8. Veutral lIIargi n of 2nd labial pa1l'us segllcnt without bris tles ; not all fore win, veins free: m and loll, ,\I and 112 1;:0000[, I('[e l y fused in forc wing (fig. I S); fore wing with pterosti,1IIlI and strengthened eu; hind wing with ce ll not defined ...... •• proterosp.tStis "4J1ni,.z,uk4J. \-ennal _argin of 2nd lahial pa ipulli segwK'n t with bristles; all f ore wing veins free; loll and ~1.!, AI lind II! not cOIIIple tel y fused In fore wing; fore wing lacking pterostigll3, Cu nora l; hind wing with wl' ll -dcfi lled ce ll ...... 9

!.t_ Nale with T-sIHI[led 8th tergite; valva with conspicuous processes frooa internal surface; fellale with [lair of e l ongate roo-shaped s i gna: pecten with .are than 7 bri.stles . . Niditinea spr eteUa. ~I:lle with norll\;ll, r ect.angUl3f 8th tergite; vailia flat; fe.ale without or with signa which are IIOt r od-sh;lped, elong:lte o r conspicuous; pecten with fewer than 7 bristles ..•...... 10

IH. Hale wi th :Iet.!e:ljl.us bi furcatc; fe_:llo with pair of ollal , scobinate s igna; galea shorter than luhiul pall'us; ant enna shorter than fore wing; HI and 101 2 s talke4 or fused in hind wing (fig. I h) ...... •...... pr._cedas .fe.Jnolelllt. ~Iale with cyllndricaJ aedeaglls; fellale with 6-9 thorn-like s igna or lacking s igna; g.lea as long us or longer tlwlI l:Ihl:d palplIs; antenna as long a s fore wing; loll arid 101 2 free in hind willg ...... •...... II

I I . l'e.;t en p r esent ; 5th se\tllCnt of _:Ildl l ary palpus as l ong as 4th; fe.ale lack in, signa; .ale Wi t h \:0:' [" of V:Llva sraoo th; over all coloration golden-brown ...... Ti.n_ antricol4J. Pect en ahsenl; 5th sCj!ment of ma:d llary palpus half as long as 4th; female with signa; II;l l l' .. ith hump at base of \:OS t3 of valva; overall col oration purpl ish brown .• Tinea porphyropa.

I.!. lIy.1I inc sllOt and end o f cel l - at well before one-half in fore wing; 1011 and 1012 in hind willil st:.r lJ.ed or fused (fig. 7) ...... • ...... MOnopis ruatic.J.la . lIyal inc spot - and end o f cel l • at or beyond one- half in fore wing; 1011 and 1012 in hind wing separate ...... •...... 13

13. lor e ... ing with 11.1 :Ibscnt 3nd M:! and H3 s tall;c-d; AJ and A2 fused; hind wing lacking defined ce ll (fig. til; .ale with v:llva narrow. angled and s wollen ventrally lit. one-half (fig. 25) ; fellla \(' with 1:lllgern-shaped corpus bursae (fig. 32) ...... Cr!,lpsiehyris spelaea. "ore "'inl! with IU I're;,;ent and M2 free; Al and A2 Sel'3rate at base; hind wing with well·defined ,'ell; ."Ie with v"lv.:l broad, not angled or swo lle n at one·half; female with normal egg· shaped corpus bur;,;:,," ...... " ..... 14

II. Pecten with fewer thun 7 bristles; labial p31pus without lateral bristles; fore wing with 101 3 and euAI free, eu without sl.ur, anterior margin of cell closed at b.'l.se of RI (fig. 5); ID.:J l e with T-slHljled uncus ; felllale with Al lnute inconspicuous signa ..... CrYIMit:hyrodes aoncoJ.orella.

Pecten wi th .arc than 7 bristles; labial palpU5 with lateral bristles ; fore wing with MJ :and CIl),1 ;,;talJ.cd, CII ... ith spllr on anterior .argin along inner edge of hyaline spot; anterior lllargin of ce ll open at ba se of 11.1 (figs. 8 , 9); lIlale with pointed uncus; fe.ale with 118ny conspicuous signa ..• , .•...... •...... IS

15. lJorsal surface of tho rax with conspicuous orange-brown band; hyaline spot in fore wing whitish, con spicuous, posterior _ rgin of fore wing o range-brown; 5th sex-ent of 118xillary palpu5 one·half one·half l ength o f 4th ; 2nd segment of I.bial palpus with ventral bristles; interocular indel greater than 0.7S; 11.3, 11.4 and 11.5 free ( fig. 8) ...... • · ...... lfOnopis crocJcapitella

Do r sal surface of t ho r ax brown; hyaline spot in fore win, brownish, inconspicuous , fore wing unifor.l y br own; 5th segllCnt of a3lil lary palpus one-silth length o f 4th; 2nd seaaent of I.bial p. lpus 13cJ.illl vent.ra I bristles: Interocul ar index less than 0.75; R3 and R4 or 11.4 and R5 s t a iJ.ed o r fused (fig. !:I) .•••••.•.••.•••.....••••••.••••.....•.•..•••.•..••. IfOnopJS paJ.l.t.della.

'6. LlIrge species , length of fore wing 5.5 _ 6.S~; yellow spOt on posterior ~rgin of fore wing extending inwards 31aost to base of wing (fi,. 36) ; .ale with dorsal corner of ventral lobe of valva divi.ded to for- pair of scl e rotited proc~sses (fig. 18); fellille with apophyses posteriores !!lo re than 2.S .. l ong: a ntrUIII wi th about 30 internal setae: signu • .are than 0.5 .. lona (Java] ...... •...•...... '. ,. We

R2 R3 R4 RS

Ld M. ~~~::::::::::~~A~3~2 CuA2

Wegnerla cavernlcola. ao.R.

CoA.

------3~ w. vllltertt 2 w. cerode1la ~=}:;;:s .~

4 ./'~ pyfosoma

~~------~ ------,

5 Cr)'PIIllhYfodea concolonlla

.. Gad~n Robin8Ol\ TINEID MOTHS FIliI!. 6-12 WING VENATION

R'-7"7" --.------M3 --'::--"::: 6~ CrYPllithyrlllllpelaea ~

9 M. pallldelia 8 M. eroc:iupllella

.. -

11 T . ,oomanl

-..------. -"- ~ 'mm

------

12 T . mierophtha!ma

' mm.. a.den Robinaon TINEID MOTHS ne" 13-11'. WrNG VENATJON

--- ~- .-. '- --.- -- .

14 Tetrapalp,i' trlnldadent\•

. -- . ' ---

16 Pra.aeed... temUolella (pt ._ pteroaUemal

------

17 Nldltlnea ,pretella

Imm " G.den RobIl\5OI'I TINEIO MOTHS FlJ•• 1'-28 MALE GENITALIA

... ,.' '-+-'". :

W. chr,.SOPht~lma W.lI1111erlil O.2mm 19 W~n~rla cavernlcola (18-21 len ...alva onl,.).

, E

A. p)'~rna (e1lhth tternlte on dltrerenl Ie.le)

23 An.emallola pyrOIOma

...•

26 25 Tinea mlerophlhalma , . --,;... •

Imm " Gaden Robinaon TINElD MOTHS Figs. 27·31 MALE (27,::8) and FEMALE (29·31) GENITALIA

, . '~, PrOlerospaslis 1 ',;.', "'alnimbJka ...... "

~ ', P. proletaria 28 \'. ,- 27 n : \U ______I~"'="'~------· ~~

\ I llInl

IIIUIl

AnemaU<>la pyrosulll3

29 welnerla ceroclelta 30 31

Crypsilhyrodes

cuncolorella Gaden Robinaon T rNEID MOT HS Figs. 32-3$ FEMALE GENITALIA (32,33) and HEADS (34,35)

Imm Crypslthyris spelea

Proterospastts walnlmbulta

(with dorsal view ol eighth terglte) ,

35 T. mlcropnthalma

34 Tinea porphyropa I mm .. (;;lIlr'l1 lIubiltSUIl Tt:--;EID \10TIIS F'H~" . 3ti ~3 AOL ( r~

36 W. cerodelta if 37

~ __~ M~'~","IOf}lb ru:>liceila .1' 42 43

95 17. Length of fore ·.... ing 4.75 • 5.75 _; yellow spot on posterior aargin of fore wing extending I~ss than one-third across wing (fig. 37); ventral (inner) lobe of valva as long as dorsal lobe (fig. 19); fellale 8th sternite smooth (Indian subregion to Japan] . ... Wegneria cerod<a. Lengt h of fore wing 3.8 - 4.5.; yellow spot on posterior margin of fore wing extending one-t hird or IIOre across wing; ventral (inner) lobe of valva shorter than dorsal lobe; female 8th sternite ridged and with dense .. icrotrichia [Afri.ca] ...... : ...... 18 18. Length of fore wing about 4.5 mm; yellow spot on posterior IIIl1rgin of fore wIng extending half way across wing (fig. 38); dorsal corner of ventral (inner) l obe of valva shallowly cleh, seta fra. near base of scimitar-shaped processes (fig. 20) IE. Africa] .. Hegn&rill chl'!I$ophthiJl_. Length of fore wing about 3.8 nm.; yello.... spot extending one-third across wing; dorsal corner of ventral (inner) lobe of valvlI deeply cleft, no setae frail ncar bases of scillitar·shaped processes (fig. 21) (W. Africa] ...... •...... •...... Hegnerill villiersi.

DESCRIPTIONS OF CAVE-DWELLING SPEC IES

HIEROXESTI NAE Wegner1a Oiakonoff

Hegneria Diakonoff, 1951: 131 , figs. 1-7. Type-species: We<;nerill cdvcrnicola oiakonoff, by origina! designation and .anotypy.

Male, f emA le. lIead wedge ·shaped in hteral view. scale .. cIos('ly appre~sed and distinctly glossy on frontal ridgr, 'cal(' lnsl'rtions arr(lnpe~ i.r. transverse band s across head; fact' distinctly f1at_ Maxillary paJpu, 5-Sc"£lIIl'llted, allllOst t>.ice Icn{l:th or labial paJpus: lengths of scglllents in apprOxill3 tt' proportions 3:1:3:25:15. Labial palpus shorter thlln intcroculllr dl~tancc, segments of roul:hly equol length, with only a few inconspicuous, short bristles frOil ventr a l 1II0r.':in of 2nd seglllCnt. Galea s lightly short~r than labial palpus. Antenna as long os fort' wing, with ~O-77 scgments, finely ciliate; scape elongate , slightlY flattened, without pecten. Eyes small , with distinct emarginotion below scape. interocular index 0.40-0.50. J..egs brist ly, hind legs purticulurly so , with whorls of bristles at apex of each seg_nt as in lleliooinidae and StathlIOpodidae.

VENATION (Figs. 1-3). Distal t hird of anter ior and posterior ma rgin!! of fore and hind wings concave; fore wing very narrow , 4.4 - 5.2 times as long as wide, cell exceptionally narrow and elongate. Rl absent, posterior corner of cell givin, rise to co..an stalk bearing (in sequence) 1042, R4, MI and RS , CuP weak or absent, Al and /\2 fused for the whole of their length. tlind wing s lender , 5.5 - 6 . 0 times as long as wide , Sc+RI str ong, cell open at end, Rs, MI, M2 and 1043 free and quite well · defined, Cu and its branches strongly developed, (?)CuP and one anal vein very poorly defined, if at a l l. Fe.ale with three frenular bristles.

GEN1TALI/\ Male (Figs. 18-22). Saccus e longate, slender; vinculum + tegu~en hroad but anterior aargin deeply excavated dorsally and either side of saccus. Valva elongate, very weakly sclerotited and structurally complex, deeply bifid with si.ple dorsal half and deeply folded and shallowly bifid ventral ha l f bearing pair of scimi tar-shaped , str ongly sci erotized processes fro~ outer surface of base; ventral t o valve comp l ex, adjacent to posterior margin of vincululII, a roughly heart· shaped hollow process with two or three setae on inner llargin. Un cus represented by pair of stout later a l p r ocessc$ fro. .argin of vinculum ~ tegumen. each bearing 5 or 6 coarse spines at apex. Anal tube lar ge , conspicuous , supported by moderately sclerotited subscaphium. Juxta moderately to strongly sclerotited, tubu l ar, e longate , phallus-shaped, apex with or without fine scobination. Aedeagus long and slender, anellus and vesica lacking orna.entation.

GENITALIA Fema le (Fig. 29). Oviposit or elongate, 1.5 • 2.0 times as long as apophyses anteriores. Eight h sternite slIIal l, strongly sclerotited, with or without minute, short transverse ridges bearing stout .icrotrichia; sternite with small U-shaped posterior Med ial elll3rgination surrounded by slightly pr otruded r i dge accolllllooating cup-shaped annu. - ridge and antrlllll lined with 10-30 strong. short spi nes. Ductus bursae e l ongate , very thin-walled and s l ender; corpus bursae gl obular, ve r y thin-wal l ed (collapses in maceration), with distinctive arrowhead·shaped signum with convex outer surface and saall digitate process frOil .iddle of shortest (anterior) edge .

LARVA. Undescr ibed.

SUSSTRATE. Guano; vegetable detritus.

PUPA. Undescribed.

REMARKS. fittgnerld, as here redefined. is a dis tinct genus containing at least fourteen species of which four arc cave-dwellers. In addition to the three cave species (cerodelta , chr!lsophthal.a and vil1 iersi) transferred below to fieqnerla, the following ten species are here transferred to Hegneria fro. Opogona ZeUer, in which genus they were all placed when first described:

97 Wcgneri. accrvaUs (Meyrick, 1914) cxrrb. n. {~\alawil Wegneri. lIst.ragalodes (Heyrick, 1922) oc:rri:I. n. [Uganda] Wegllcria enchar.ct .. (Meyrick , 1915) comb. n. [India: Kanara] We9f1cria impotens (~ I eyrid, 1915) CCIlb. n. [India: N. Coorg] Wagnerla oX'Jdesma (~I eyricj,; , 1918) CCIlb. n. [India: Kanara] Wegneci .. plasturgll (Meyrick, 1911) carb. n. { India: Nilgiri Hills] Wegnerill sCdeozona (Meyrick, 1920) comb . n. [Uganda] Wegnecill specios. (t-leyrick , 1914) cxrrb. n. [5. Nigeria] Wegnecill sphaecotOllla (Meyrick, 1911) carbo n . (India: N. Coorg] Wegnecia subtilis (Oiakonoff, 1955) comb. n. [New Guinea) The piacel'llent of five of the species has not been confirmed by examination of th.e genitalia as only one or two speciMens (hoIotype or syntype pair) are known of each. The slipe rficial characteristics of these species agree well , however, with those of confined Wegneria species. The five species th.us provisionally placed are encharact .. , impot.ens, oxydes~, pl ..sturga and sphaerototfllJ.

Wegneria appe,HS to be the sister-group of Opogonll: the two genera share a nUlI.ber of synapomorphic character s, notably the widely-separated uncus lobes , a "pseudo-uncus" foned fro. the strong anal tube anu subscaphiul'll and fore wing vein s R4, RS, MI and M2 arising from a cOl'llma n st.e ... Urawing heavily on the work of Davis (1978), Oinophilll Stephens may be postulated as the sister-group of Opogona + Wegneria, the two groups united by the possession of three s~lapomorphies, loss of RI and complete fusion of Al + 2 in the fore wing and a ridge across the vertex of the head. It should be noted, however, that, as presently constituted, Opogona contains several speCies which do not fit the current concept of either Wegner!a, Opogona, Oinophilll or the IIlOre distantly related Phaeoses Forbes, and the classification of this group (the Hieroxestinae of Zim~rman, 1~78) is more co~licated than is suggested above.

Exala Meyri ck was synony.ized with Opogona by Davis (1978:13); I have exa.ined topo typical material of strassenella Enderlein (type-species of EXlill.) and find it t o be conspecific with Opogona OIlk)Scopa (Meyrick) of which O. strassenella is a junior subjective synonym (syn. n.).

Wegner!a is distinct fro. Opogona in possessing the follOwing autopomorphies: labial pal pus without lateral bristles on 2nd segment; eye margin excavated beneath scapej juxta tubular and sclerot.hedj valva with pair of scilllitar-shaped basal processes; valva cOllplexly folded and ridged; heart-shaped hollow process between valva and vinculum. The characteristicall y shaped signulII of Wegner!a females may not be an apomorphy as the signum of Opogona omosoopa (Meyrick) is soacwhat si.ilar.

Opogona and its allies are detritus-feeders, typically feeding on plant remains but occasionally attacking living plants (Davis , 1978: 10; Zimme r man , 1978: 387-396). Opogona aurillquamosa (Butler) has been reared from dry cow-dung (Swezey, quoted by Zimmel'lllan, 1978: 388).

The genitalia of both males and females of different ~gnerla species exhibit only s light and subtle differences but the wing pattern is frequently dist.inctive, particularly in species from the Ethiopian region. In three of these, speciosa , scaeozona and astragalodes, the yellow spot in the {ore wing is enlarged to form a bright yellow band which completely crosses the wing.

BIOLOGY. Four of the fourteen Wegner!a species are known to be cave-dwellers although cerodelta may also be found in houses ( Issiki , 1957). Wegner!a chr~sophthalma has been bred from fruits of CorEea arabica {? as veietable refuse] (specimen s in BMNH).

DISTRI8I.1TION . .W. and E. Africa , India , Sikki., Nepal, Japan, FOl'1llOsa , Malaya, Java, Borneo, New Guinea.

Wegneria cavernicola Diakonoff Wegneri. clilvernicola Oiakonoff, 1951, Zool. Haded .. c.eiden 31 : 134, fias 1-7. Holotrpe I113.le. JAVA: E. Java, Tengger Mu, Kletak Pass, in small cave, 1800., 26.lx.1940 (Wegner ) (RNH , Leiden) Inot exallined).

Male. lIead, thoru and tegulae dark brown; face alld vertex ridge glossy silver-grey. Labial palpi crealll flecked with light brown; .axillary pal pi cream. Antennae grey-brown , bual four or five flagellar segments darker, scape more reddish. Fore wi ng S.S .. long , deep brown with sliaht purple sheenj basal half of post.erior margin with conspicuous yellowish strip!! frolll margin t o fold and allllOst to base. llind wing dark brown. Legs light grey-brown , darker on upper surfaces .

Feillale (Fig. :>b). Coloration as .ale. Fore wing length 6.S_.

VENATION (Fig. I). See generic diagnosis . ., GENITALIA Fellale (Oiakonoff, 1951: fiiS. 6, 7). Ovipositor 1.5 tbes as l ong as apophyses anteriores. Apophyses posteriores about 2.81111 long. Eighth sternite tapered posteriorly, surface ridged and covered with evenly-distributed lIicrotrichia. AntrUIl elongate, with about 30 stout internal setae. Signum 0.60 I1'1III long.

LARVA. Undescribed.

SUBSTRATE . Bat·guano in a cave in volcanic rock (Diakonoff, 1951).

REMARKS. This is the largest of the cave-dwelling Wegnerla species, distinctive in that the yellow postero-medial 1118rk in the fore wing is spread proxilllad alaost to the base of the wing. Females are genitalically distinct in having the apophyses posteriores and signull longer than in the other three specics (.ore than 2.5 and .ore than 0.5 am long respectively) and having more (about 30 as opposed to about 10) internal setae In the antru.. For differences in the .ale valva, see the key and fiBS. 18_21.

hi. cavernicola is known only from the type-series from Java but a single spec.illlen from Borneo (BRUNEI: Ulu Tellburong, 300 II, ra in forest, x.1978 (Barlow)) is superficially very silllilar but has heavier yellow lIarkings.

DISTRIBUTION. Java.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAVA: I lIale , I fe.ale, data as hOlotype but altitude given as 2000. [paratypes of C,.vernicoh! (BH.~H , London).

Wegneria cerode1ta (lleyric::k) comb. n.

Opogona cerodelta Meyriek, 1911, J. Bo~y nat. Hist Soc. 21: 112. LECTOTYPE Male, ASSAM: Khasi Hill s , v. 1907 (B/o1NH, London), here designated [examined1.

Bucculatrilf ,.UEipict,. Matsuaura, 1931, 6000 r11ust. Insects Japan-F:IIIplre: IIOS. [?)SVNTYPE[SJ. JAPAN: {EIIIU, Sapporo)fnot examined]. Synon)'llized by Kuroko (1964: 51).

Opoqona cerodelta Meyrick; Meyrick, 1929: 374 [Satu Caves, Malaya]; Wolf, 1935: 413 [Batu Caves, Malacea (sic)l; Diakonoff, 1951: 130 (reviews Meyrick, 1929J; Schwan, 1956: 21 [Malacca (sic) - Wolf's r ecord!; Issiki, 1957: 18, pl. 2, fig. S4 (in caves , Japan; colour fig.]; Sarlet, 1978: 19 [Malacea (sic) - as 'ccrodalta' - Wolf' s record!.

Hale (Fig. 37). Head, thorl)[ and tegulae dark brown; f:lce and vertex ridge glossy silver grey. t.abial and .axillary palpi ereall. Antenna grey-brown, scape slightly paler. Fore wing 4.75 !lUll long, deep brown with slight purplish sheen; posterior lIIargin with se.icircular yellowish spot at one-half elltending less than one-third distance across wing. IHnd wing daTk brown. Legs and abdoillen light greyish ochre on underside, dark brown above.

FCllale. Coloration as .ale. Fore wing length 4.7S - 5.75 _.

VENATION (Fig. Z). See generic description.

GENITALIA ,",ale (Figs. 19. 22). Valva with ventral (inner) lobe as long as dorsal lobe and evenly selerotized; dorsal corner of ventr,.1 lobe deeply cleft to form tapered, weakly-sclerotized flap. Scilllitar-shaped processes s lender and elongate, reaching costa of valva, pair of setae near their points of insertion, Dorsal lobe of valva slender, apex rounded. Juxta tube strongl y sclerotized, slightly swo llen subapically, apex scobinate. (NB In fiB. 19 the heart-shaped hollow ventral process has been displaced cephalad: the inner lobe, however, is e longate and acutely-pointed but is distorted in the preparation frOlll which the drawing was made. J -

GF.N ITALIA Fe.ale (Fig. 29). Ovipositor 1.9 as long as apophyses anteriores_ Apophyses posteriores about 1.8 _ long. Eighth sternite posteriorly truncated, surface s.oath and lacking Ilicrotrichia. Antrllll cup-shaped with about 10 stout internal setae. Signw. 0.30 _ long.

LARVA. Undescribed.

SUBSTRATE. Bat-guano?

REMARKS. This appears t o be the lIIost widespread and common of the tlegneria species r ecogn ized to date: further large nUIII:bers of speel.ens with iIIIprecise label data arc in unsorted _terlal froll the Khasi tHlls in fIloL'ltt. w. cerodelta lIay be distinguished fro. caverllicol,. by its slightly sruller size (fore wing usually less than 5.S mill long). its yellow 1I8rk on the fore wing being restricted to a sillall triangle and not spread alraost to the base of the wing as in caverllicol,., the female eighth sternite being s.ooth and the apophyses posteriores and signulII being less than 2.0 and 0.4 _ long respectively_ See figs. 18·21 for cOlllparison of the shape of the .ale valva.

99 l:;siJ,i'" (1~)571 r("rord of thi:; sp("ri<'s [in Japan(,"<'j is worth quoting in full: "[Adults] in hous<'s and in ~"IV(,S hut n('v<'r i n winter. lJistribution 4 Itonshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; Taiwan; SH,~i. anJ ASl'all in the Jndirm '

DISTRIBUT ION. Jndi,1 (A~sam , Uttar Pradesh}, Sikkim, Nepal , Japan, Formosa . Mal aya . The Illst rc,'ord ill Ims('d on ~1I.'yrix~ (19:?!)): I hav<, not se('m spedlllens to substantiate the presence of ccrodeltll in ~1~laya.

~IATERI'\L I:X"~I[NEU, DUliA (ASSAM): 2 male. I fCllla le, Khasi Hills, x.1906, v .1 907 [ex Meyrick .;Olln[lparalcctot}')H's of ccrodcltll): I female, Kha:

Wegneria cnrysophthalma (Meyrick) comb . n.

Opogm/d chr!Jsophthalr&

~Iale (Fis:. 38). Coloration as cerodcltll (above). Fore .... ing 3.6 4 4.5 mil l ong ; posterior BI;lr~in with selllicircula r to triangular yellow SJlOt extending half way across wing.

FC":lle. Coloration 3S .ale. Fore wing 3.9 4 4.5 II1II l ong.

VtN,\TlO.II , Sil~il:lf to cerodeltfJ.

r.[.IIITAI.1A ~ Iai c (]'il:' 20). Valva with ventral (inner) lobe Shorter than dor sal lobe, broad :HIJ r ounded , aJle~ scler oti;:ed; dorsal corner of ventral lobe sha llowly cleft and folded to forB \~cll-JcfincJ ,' Ild lightly sclerotized process. Scimitar-shaped processes short and broad, dorsal I'roc.::s~ square4cnJeJ , one ,;eta from ncar their points of i.n sertion . Dorsal lobe of va lva s lender, slo'o ll en dist:,d, 31'ex rounded but ventral margin irr egular, costa concave . Juxta t ube scl er oti zed, slis:htly ,;"'ollen subal'ic:.lly , apex acutely tapered .... ith fine , sparse 5cobination.

GI:NITALIA Femule. OVil,ositor 1.9 as long as ap-ophyses anteriores. Apophyses posteriores 1.11 mOl long, I.:ij!ht h s ternite semicircular, surface ridged in posterior half and with dense mi cro trichia (which arc lar~ est and most conspicuou s at sides and apex of st e rnit e) from ridges. An trum \:up4shaped with about 12 stout internal setae. 5ignu. 0.25 _ l ong.

LARVA. Unuescribed.

SUBSTII.ATE. Vegetabl e refuse; (?) bat·guano.

IHJL\IH~S. nlis speci.es, although superficially sillilar to cerodeltcll , is saal l er and the yellow fore win): Sl) ot extends further across the wing: in the felllale , the eighth st.ernite is ridged, tlC'arini! d('ns,' microtrichi:l , not smooth :IS in cerode1ta. . Separat ion f rom the west Afr ican villiersi is lIlore difficult. The yellow spOt is smaller in villlersi (but villiersi specilllens examined were all in p-oor condition); the dorsal corner of the ventr al lobe of the valva in the lIIale is DOre shallowly clcft in chr!lsophthalma than in vill1ersi and vllliersl has no Setae arising near t.he bases of the scimitar-shaped processes. There appear to be no adequate genitalic charact er s separating the fcm:lle,; of chnjsophcfut11T1l1 and v1l1icrs.i. .

[)ISTR IBl1fIOS. Uganda , Kenya.

~l.\TIiRIAL EXAMINED. UGANDA: 13 ex. , Entebbe, !.ake Victoria, Bugonga Point., Cave No.2, .:!0.ix.]!l5.:! (F'letcher); I cx., Kawanda , 1.1/.1949 (HfJrr.i.s) . KENYA; I felllale, Nairobi , x. 1934 (BHNH £. AEr1ca Exp.): I f('male. Nairohi, 11.xi.1970 {eFD}; 2 ex. , Rui ru, Glenl ee Estate, ex fruits CoEfea IIIrllblcfJ . iv. 1957 (NcCrlle} .

'i'legnerla vl11iersi (Viette) comb. n.

Opogona v111iersi Victte , 1955, Bull. l nst . Eranc . Afr. noire (A) 17: 530 fig.!. !tolotype male , CUINEA: nr. "india, grotte de Segea, on bat guano , 7.iv. 1954 (Villiers) (gen. prep. no. 3022 [VieueJ; ~t"llN, Pads) [not exalllinedJ.

~Iale. Color ation probably as cerodeltll but all speci mens examined in poOr condition and faded . thus dark color ation of other species not evident - specimens are uniformly bron:e40chre with faint tr:Jce of yellOlo'ish spot on post erior ma r gin of fore wing extend ing one4third distance across wing. Fore wing 3.8 _ long.

100 FeD'lale. Coloration as ma le. Fore wing 3.8 nun long.

V~~ATION (Fig. 3). See generic description.

GENITALIA Male (Fig. 21; Vi ette. 1955; fig. I). Valva with ventral (inner) lobe shorter than dorsal lobe . broad and r ounded . apex hardly sclerotizedj dorsa l corner of ventral lobe deeply cleft to fona IIIOderately sclerotized digitate process. Sci.iter-shaped prOcesses elongate. ventral prOcess ahlost reaching cOsta of valva; no setae near their points of insertion. Dorsal lobe of valva shor t . swollen distad. apex even l y rounded , costa concave. Juxta tube strongly sclerotized . particularly in s l ightly swol l en subapical r egion; apex tapered. scobinat e.

GENITALIA Fe~le. Ovipositor 1.5 as long as apophyses anteriores. Apophyses posteriores 1.85111111 long. Eighth sternite se.icin::ular , surface ridged in posterior half and with dense aic:ro trichia (which are largest and 1II0st conspicuous at sides and apex of sterni te) from ridges. Antrum beaker-shaped with about 10 stout internal setae. Signum 0.28 .. long.

LARVA. Undescribed.

SUBSTRATE. Bat-guano.

REM<\RKS. For differentiation of this species fro. the east African chr!lsophehal., see 'Remarks ' for that species. The specimens of villiersi examined are in poor condition and very faded; it is possible that they have at some time been stored in alcohol. Th(', differences between the two species are so slight that their specific separation is questionable . ,",owever, fresh .aterial of villlersl would be needed to resolve their relationship.

DISTRIBUT ION. Guinea.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 2 .... le. 2 fcaale, data a<; ho)otype (genitalia slides lOll, 1012 (Robinson]; ""HI< , Paris) [para types of vll11erllll]. MYRMECQZELINAE

A.'fiDRIA Clellens.

/ur1tJdcia Clemens . IB59. Proc. Acad. nat:. Scl. Philad. 11: 260. Type-species: Amydrill effrentella Clemens. 1859, ibidelll II : 260 , by IIOnotypy.

Amydrill currently contains eight North American and aoout the same number of Neotropical species:: it is not known to occur outside the tropicnl and subtropica l New World. No modern treat.ent of the genus exists but the North American species will shortly be revised by Davis. One cave-dwelling species is known. Amydeia affrentella Cle~ens has been reared fro. detritus in nests of mountain beaver (Davis, 1972).

Amydria arizonella Dieu

Amydria ariwnella Dietz, 1905. Trans . AlII . ent. Soc . ]1: 6. Syntypes:: 2 ex .• USA: Arizona, Pheonix and Hachuca (Dietz) (NMNII. Washington) (not examinedJ.

Amydrla arlwnella Dietz; Davis, 1972:: 58 Icaves , particularly Sat Cave, Carlsbad Caverns, USA~ on guano).

I have not examined material of this North Merican species originating from caves. A full description will be given by Davis (in preparation). It is a large species; the fore wing length is 5.S - 9.0 111m , about 3.5 tillles the width , with a .at tied grey and brown pattern (fig. 39). Both fore and hind wing venation is comp lete and unlllodified with a l l veins well-developed; in the for e wing , Al and A2 are f used for the distal four-fifths of their length. The hind wing is broad with CuP and two anal veins wel l -developed. The maxillary palpus is minute, two-segmented and the galea is absent. The labial palpus is short, with bulbous seglllents of which the second bears about six lateral bristles. The antenna is shOrt. less than two -thirds the length of fore wing, with about 60 segments. The scape l acks a pecten. The scales of the face fOrlll a distinctive upwardly- directed brush and are not downward-directed and closely appressed to the face as in Wegnerill spp. or foraing an erect tuft as in the re.ainder of the species dealt with here. The interocular index is 0.60.

ANEMALLOTA Zagulajev

~llota Zagulajev, 1965, Zool. 'Zh. 44: 193.1'ype-species: Tinea praetodella Christoph, 1872, Horae SOC. ent . Ross. 9: 19, pI. 1, fig. 15, by origlnnl designation.

Anelllollllota currently contains four species distributed from eastern Europe to Soviet Central Asia and North Africa. The cave-dwel ling species described below and transferred to Anelllolll1oCa extends the known range of the genus considerably nnd brings its total of species to five. Anemallota has recently been revised by Zagulajev (Fauna SSSR 108: 137-154, 1975). Anemallota vittatella (C hretien) has been reared from larvae in detritus lit the foot of trees and under plants (Petersen. 1957; 101).

101 Anemallota oirosoma (~' eydd) comb. n .

Tinea p'JroSOiNI ~ley ri.d, 1924 , Rec . Indian Hus. 26: 114 . l.lCTOTYP[ ~ l al(' , ASSA,l.1 Cherr:apunji , 1922 ((Nae-ill" colln]/FJee-cher) (BM.~H , wndon), here designated lexuined.].

Tinea pyr osoma ~lcyrick; Meyrick, 1924: 114 ISiju Cave , G~ ro llills, Assam]; Wo l f, 1935: 414 tSiju Cave]; Dillkonoff, 1951: 129 Ireview • Ass:;ulI]; Schwarz , 1956: 2 1 IAs s am • l~olf ' s record); Sarlet, 1978: 19 [ASSIlIl . Wolf's record],

Male. Head chocolate-brown . ~ laxillary palpus light brow n, 5·soglllCnted , elongate, length 1.5 tilDes width of head; lengths of segments 1·5 in proportion 2:1:4:20:4, fourth segment longer than l abi.al palpu5. Labial pa l pus chocolate·brown, Inner surface of second seglllC li t white; 4 or 5 lateral and 6 or 7 apical bristl('s on second segllent with at leas t IS bristle~like scal es for lling n ventral brush. Galea shor t, reaching base of third segllent of labial palpus, rather broad. Antenna chocolate·brown , 0.75 length of fore wing; scape with pecten of 5 or 6 bristles . Interocul3r index s O.bO. Thorax and tegulae chocolate-brown, roetathorax ",ith dorsal patch of white scales. Fore wing 4.1 - 5.7 _ long, ehoco l ate~b r own , with conspicuous white spots , thr ee on costa, two at posterior .ar gin and one beyond end of cell. Hind wing choco late·brown towards apex and posted or marg in but basal two·thuds thinly sca led, scales colourless. Legs chocolate· brown , ends of t arsa l segments r i nged with white; base of fore coxa covered with lar ge , white , plate.like scales. Abdolllen choco late·brown III baso, pOSterior two· thirds bright yellOW, yello ..· scaling extending anteriorly on venter [0 base of second s[ernite where scales arc paler.

Fem ale (Fig. 010) . COlorat ion (IS male. Fore wing 5.1 - 6.7 1M! l ong ; hi nd wing with two frenular bristles.

VENATION (fig. 4). "'illgS lIarkedly elongate, IIOre than 4.5 tilles as long as wide. Fore wing with al I veins presen t and well-defined except for CuP which Is weak; AI and A2 separate in basal third. llind wing with all veins present but weak in middle of wing; botb anal veins present.

GENITAl..lA Male (Figs. 23, 24). Eighth s t erni t e highly lIIOdified , pair of e longate lobes for.i ng U·shaped caudal process. Saccus small , tongue·shapcd; vim.:ulUII broad, Y·shaped. Juxta forllling pair of serr~lte, posteriorly.directed and str ongly sc i erotized processes with well-defined lIIedlal suture , c losely fused laterally with v3lvae; inverted U-shaped labis behind juxta. Yalvae s l ender, curved, extend i ng beyond uncus. Uncus wea k I Y sc I erot i zed, fonai ng pa i r of inconsp icuous conica I lobes. Gn:lthos represented only by pair of sm all, oval sclerites . Aedeagus s lender, with allllOs t semicircular basal fifthj nodose basal process oppOSite inception of bulbus ejaculatorius. Vesic;. s1llOO t h , lacking ornamentation of any kind .

GLNITAJ..lA Fella t e (Fig. 30). OvipoSitor elongate, twice l ength of apophyses antedores . hghth sternite weakly sci erotized, with deep longitudina l depression accolllllOdating ostiu. at anterior end of sternite. l)uctus bursae slender , memb r anous . Inception o f ductus seminalis lit post erior end of corpus bursae which is globular, thin-walled and lacl s signa.

LAMYA. Unlnown.

SUBSTRATl . Bat·guano?

R[MARKS. A pyroSOIM has a highly characteristic col our·pattern and is the only species dealt with her{' to have a cont rasting bright ye ll ow abdomen . Al cohol·preserved specilllens moy be recognized by the characteri stiC' lule anJ female genita lia, particu larly the V·shllped eighth s ternite in the male. The head appendages , notab I y the l ong lIax ilia ry po I pus wi th its e longa te fourth segment, are d iagnos t ie fea t ure~ .

Meyrid described pyrosoma from five specimens from the Slju Cave and a s i.ngle specimen "sent lie by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, I

DISTR I BUT ION. India (Assail).

MATERIAL E:<.UIlNED. 1:.101A (ASS~I): 12 ex., Kh asi Hills, va rious dates 1895· IB99 (Doherty) ; fellale, Khasi lIills, Iv. 189J (Native colln); 2 lIa l e, Khasi Hills , 1925; I male, Kha s i Hill s , 1923 Iparalectotype of pyfOSOlllll]; I fellale, no data.

102 TI NEINAE

CRYPS I THYRODES Zimmcra:ln

Ccypsithyr odes Zi.-erman, 1978, Insects Hawaii 9: 267. Type-species: Blebophanes obu~cete Butler, 1881 , Ann. Hag . nat . Nist. (5) 7: 396 , by original designation and .onotypy.

Cr ypsithyrodes was erected by Zimmerman to accommodate a single species previous l y placed in Crypsit:hyris. C. obtl/llbr.!lu is shown (below) to be conspecific with CrYp$ithycis concolorella (Walker) fro. Africa (see Go~.any & Vari , 1973: 70); concolocell.!l , the only known species of CCYp$ithyrodes, has a wide distri bution through the Old World tropics and most specimens have been' collected in caves.

c r ypsithyrodes concolorella (Walker) comb . n.

Tinea concolorella Wa l ker, 1863, List of Specimens lepid. Insects ColIn Br. Hus. 28.: 475. ttolotype female, SIERRA L.EONE: (F'oxcroft) (SMNH) [ua.ined1.

Tinea ignotella Walker , 1864 , ibidem 30: 1003. Holotype fellale, SIERRA L.EONE: (Foxcroft) (BMNU) [exa.ined]. Synony.ized by Goz.any G Vari (1973: 70).

Blabophanes obumbcata But l er, 1881 , Ann . Hag . nat. Nist:. (5)7 : 396. Holotype female, HAWAII: (Blackburn) (BHNH) [exaadned]. Syn . n .

CC!lpsith!lris sladeni Br adley, 1957, Nac . Hlst. Rermell I. , Br. SOlomon Is. 2 : III , figs. 28, Ill, 11 2. I-!o l otype ma l e, RENNELL I .: Te-Kangipu I i Cave. 18. xi. 19S3 (Bradley) (aMNii) [ex3llined}. Syn . n.

HOnopls obu.bcoIIIte (Butler); WalsinghaJII , 1907: 728 [Hawaii); Lever, 1964: IS4 (Fiji - on bat guano i n caves] .

Crypsjt:hyxis $ladenj Brad l ey; Bradley, 1973: 67S, figs. 5, 6 (Malaya.. Batu Caves, on guano; adult and l arva with case figured).

Crypsjthyrodes obtlillbrat.!l (Butler); Zilllllletlllan, 1978: 269, figs. 106-112 (head, venation, adult, larval case and pupa figured].

Ma l e (Fig. 4 1). Head l ight br own. Maxillary pa l pus light brown, S-segmented , as long as labial palpus; lengths of segments 1-5 in proportion 3:2 : 5:8:7; fifth segllcnt with distinct subapical process. Labial palpus l ight brown, paler on inner surface; second seg.ent with terminal whorl of about IS b r ist l es, ?-3 ventra l but no l atera l bristles. Ga l ea al~ost reaching apex of second seg.cnt of labial palpus . Antenna light gr eyish brown , 1.0 length of for e wing; scape with pecten of 3 or 4 brist l es. Interocul ar index .. 1.10. Thorax and tegulae dull brown. Fore wing 4.2 - 4.6 III. lon8, dull brown , flecked with c r eaJII scales; fringes light brown with basal scales dark greyish brown; hyaline spot at end of cell with thin , col ourl ess scales. llind wing light greyish brow-n, fringes slightly paler. Legs light brown, tibiae and tarsi dark: brown above with whitish bands at articulations but hind tibia clothed with elongate , pale greyish-brown scales. Abdomen light brown.

Fema l e. Coloration as lIIa l e. Fore wing 5.6 - 6.4 mm long ; hind wing with three frenular bristles.

VENATION (Fig. 5). Fore wing broad, little .ore than 3.0 as long.s wide: venation cOllplete. R4 and RS sta lked at one-half, Al and A2 separ ate in basa l third but A2 weak. Cell swollen, Rand Cu str engthened and bowe d ar ound ovate depr ession accommodating hya l inc spot. lIiOO wing with venation comp l ete and relat ively strongly developed but weak at cell base. CuP and two anal veins present.

GEN'ITAL.IA Male (Brad l ey, 1957: f igs. Ill, 112; Zillnleman, 1978: figs. 108-110). Saccus elongate , tapered , apex slender. Valva e l ongate, 3 . 0 as long as wide , dista l ma r gin str aight , oblique, meeting G cost a at about 4S • Uncus shor t , broad and with narrow lateral proc.esses at apex, thus in form of a 'T' with very br oad central bar. Gnathos a pair of narrow convergent anas, flared at apex to fona pair of spi nes with U-shaped em arginat ion between theill. t\edeagus as l ong as genital aruture, slightly curved towards apex; base of vesica coarsely scobinate.

GEN I TAL IA Female (Fig. 3 1; Zi_r .an, 1978: fig. Ill). Ov i. positor as long as apophyses anter ior es . Eighth sternite str ongl y scl crotiztd, with numerous apical setae; ostiUIII at anterior margin. Duct us bursae with conspicuous col l iculUll at one-ha l f consisting of bell-shaped posterior sclero t i~ a t i on and anterior sclerotilation, in shape of split cylinder, posterior to inception of duct us selllinalis. Corpus bursae very thin-walled Ipart l y collapsed in figured example] with pair of mi nut e set a- l i ke signa.

WVA. No detailed description available: .akes flattened, fine-grained oval case which is figured by 8r adl ey (1973: fig. 6) and Zilllllle r Dian (1978: fig. liZ).

SUBSTRATE.; Bat-and bird-guano; vegetable detritus.

10) REMARKS. TIlis specics ha ~ a rClllarkably wid(' distribution and is frequent l y encountered. It is characteri~ed by its venation ( fig. 5), lnck of lateral bristl es on the second seg.ent of the labial palp and small nUllb('r of perten hristlt"s. Tht" fourth and fifth segllents of the I13xillar y palpu:< art" of about ('Ilual length.

The sjlecilll('ns recordct.! fro. Fiji lIy Lever (1964) have not been found; however, the presence of concolorella in Fiji is ronfi r-cd hy a recently-collected specillCn.

DISTRIBUTION. Sierra Leonl' , Tanzania, Maluy~ill (W. ~ta.laysia, Sarawak), Solomon Is. (Rennell I.) , New Ca!et.! onia , Fiji., lIawail.

~IATERI"L EX,oUUNEIi. TANZA:--lIA: 5 ex., nr. Kisarawe , in abandoned kaolin .i.ne, 25.xi.197S, IO.viiI.JlI77 (Howell). ~I ALAYI\: 5 ex., Se la.ngor, Batu Cave , 19M (Heng); I ex., Klang, ex copra dust, 1::?iLI9:i3.(Corbett) SARAWAK: I lIale, 3 fellale , Gunong MoJu Nat. Pa rk, Deer Cave , 17.v.1978 (ChiJpman) . SOI.OMON IS.: Rennell 1.,32 ex., data as holotype of .sladen!, and 2 ex., Teabagua Cave , 1!.xi.1953 (Bradley) tall par:ltypes of sladen! J; 6 ex., data as holotype of sladetli but without I'ar;ltype Status. NEW CALEIJONIA: 13 ex. , Hienghcne, Groue du Lindera lique,2m ., 3.viii. l 978 (S .• J.peck). IlI JI: I male, Viti Levu, Suva , iiL1975 (H.S. Robinson). HAWAII: 8 ex., Oahu , xi.19.?1, ii.l!l.?2 (Swezey) .

CRYPSITHYRIS Merrick

Ccypsithycls Merrid., 1907, J . Bombay n .. t. Hist. soc . 17 : 752. Type-species: Crypsithyris mesodyas ~Il'~'ricl, 1907, ibidem 17 : 753 , by origina l designation.

Crypsichycis currently contains 35 species; nine of these a r e Ethiopian and have been recently reviset.! by Go zminy r, Vari (1973). No ..odern treatlllent of the relllaining 26 species is available: !o of these sllccics o~'cu r in the Indian Subregion, one each in Japan, Australia and Samoa and three in Ja\'a. Littl~ or nothing i s known of the hiology of Ccypsithyris although larvae of one of the Indian species Iwve b{'en collected frOIl wa lls. Closely related t o HOnopis , Ccypsi thyrls differ s in that the valva of the male is s l ende r ant.! has a f1ap·like s acculus and, in the fore wing, veins 1012 and 1013 are stalkcJ rather than 1013 and CilAl as in Honopis. Vein RI is weak or absent in Crypsiehycis but well· developed in Ifonopis .

CrYE..sithyris sE~laea Me yrick

Ccypsithycis spelaea Mcyricl:, 1908, Rec. Ind. Ifus . 2: 399 . LECTOTYPE u l e , BURMA.: MoullHlin , Khayon ["parm"J Cavo, 7.ii1.1908 (Annandale) (B~INII, London) here designated [examined].

Crypsithyris spclaea Mayrick; Annandale et alU, 1914: 406, 4J4 [Farm Caves , BUTJlla . quotes Meyrick]; ~t('yrid., 191C>: c>02 [SOIle I8Odifications to original description - speci es not as pale as first thought]; ~Icyrld. , 1924: 114 [Moulmein caves]; Wolf, 1935: 41 4 (Farm Caves, Burlla; as 'ChrysJ.thycis ' spel .. ea]; Oiakonoff , 1951: 129 [roviewJ; Schwarz, 1956: 21 {Burma. Wolf ' s record (as ' Chryslthyris ' )]; Sarlet, 1978: 19 IIkaI"llla - Wolf's r ecord (a5 ' Ch r i/5ithyris ' ) ].

Male. lIead crcall. Maxillary pal pus whitish, 5-5egmented, slightly longer than labial palpus; lengths of sei:mcnts 1-5 in proportion 1:1:2:7:4. Labial palpus whitish , with on l y 2 lateral and 2 apical bristles lob!le rved on dry sped.cn only - see 'Remarks ' below]. Ga l ea short , reaching base of third s(,~rllent of l"hi,,1 palpus. Antenna brownish cream, .are than 1.3 a~ long as fore wing; scape with pecten of 10 pale bri5tll'5. InterocuJar index · 0.90. Thorax and t egulae brownish cr eall. Fo r e wing 3.7 - 4.4 MI long , brownish cr eam, darker at base of casu; semi-hyaline spot at end of cell. Hind Io'int: light greyish brown. Legs br ownish c r eam. Abdomen l ight brown.

Fea:.lle. Co loration as &1 le. Foro wing 3.7 - 3.9 .n long; hind wing with two frenular bristles.

VENA TI ON (Fig. 0). Fore wing 4.0 as long as wide, with reduced venation: RI absent, R4 and R5 stlliked, f.l1 :md pn lI t:llked. Cu P very wuk or absent, Al ~ 2 cOlllpl et ely fused. En d of cell swollen, R ,;trengthened, to acc~ate 5elli·hyaline spot Io"hich is not scaled beneath but has thin, colourless scales on upper surface. lIind wing venation exceptionally weak in .iddle of wing; only faint traces of CuP and two anal veins.

GENITALIA M.:lle. (Fig. 25). Saccus elongate, tapered; vinculum narrow. Valva narrow, e longate, angled and with vent ral ~rll:in swo llen at one-half; apex truncated . Uncus cowl-shaped with sharp, ventrally·directed apex. Gnathos a pair of s l ender, evenly -curved blunt.tipped arms, almost reaching apex of uncus. Aedeagus slender , distal half curved through 60°. Vesica finely scobinate at base, with pair of elongate, sllOOth, sclerot ited bands l ying within and pr otruding slightly beyond apex of aedeagus.

GEN ITALIA Female (Fig. 32). OvipOSitor short, not as l ong as apophyses anteriores . Eighth sternite weakly sclerotized, with broad transver se band of elongate setae just anterior t o wide, transverse ostium. "ntrull elongate, as long as ductus bursae , scl erotization fomine pair of reinfor ced

1<>' lateral bands which are particularly conspicuous anteriorly. SlIIall co l I iI;ulum at anterior end of ductus bursal' , just poster ior to inception of ductus serni.llali~. Co r pus bu r sae a comp licated Chinese l ant ern-like s t ructure with pair of ring-shaped transverse ridges poster iorly, with strong sclerotization between the two; (roil bast" o( anterior transver!'e ring an equatorial band of dagger shaped signa and a si.llilar IIIO r e dispersed band of thorn-like signa anteriorly, arising froll longitudinally-wrinkled lIellibrane. Anterior lIelllbrane of corpus bursae very thin (collapsed in the single preparation availab l ~).

LARVA. Unknown.

SUBSTRATE. Bat-guano1

REMARKS. C. spelaell lIay be recognized by its SIDaII size, very long antennae and characteristic reduced fore wing venation: it is the only species considered here with a hyaline spot in the fore wing and RI absent.

In the single head preparation I could afford to lIake froll the limited raater:ial available of this species, dall8gc to the labial palpi makes it illpossible to deteI"llline the precise nUlllber and location of bristles on the second labial p:llp seglllent. On one of the dry specilll'ns a pair of lateral and apical bristl es are present. Further examp l os of this speciE'S are desidl'rata!

DISTRIBlITlON. Burma .

MATERIAL EXAMINED. BURHA: I ule, I felllale , d:lta as lectotype but J2-17.ix.19l

MONOPIS Itiibner

/lfonopls ltUbner, [18251, Verz. bekarmter Schmett., 401. Type-species: Tinea rusticella Hiibner , 1796, Samml. our. schrllett. 8: 61, fig. 339, by 1II0notypy.

Honopls currently contains 85 species. Of these, 23 are Ethiopian and have recently been revised (Go : many II Vari, 1973); the 18 Palaenrctic species have been deliit with by Petersen (1957) and Zagulajev (1960). Seven !Species have been recorded from North America but four of these are also found in the Palaearctic region: D:lvis (in preparation) will revise the North American species. On l y introduced (cosmopolitan) species of Nonopis have been recorded from central and south America. The relllaining 4\ species are IndO-Australian, occurring as far east as SalADa , and no co.prehensive .odern account of these exists. Honopis species feed on detritus of anilllal origin including fur, feathers and bird-pellets. Several species arc found in birds' nests and several species have been recorded as attacking woollen fabrics. One group of Indo-Austral ian species is ovoviviparous.

Three Honopis species are recorded be low as cave-dwellers but all are known also to inhabit other environments.

Monopls rusticella (lliihner)

Honopis rusticella (llubner ); Jeannel , 1926: 215 [caves in France); Wolf, 1937 : 798 [Belgium, Trou du Ren:lrdj; Pax, 1938: 115 [Italy, Caverna di. san Romualdoj; Leruth, 1939: Z68 [Be l gium , Trou du Renard, "Fond-des-Vaulx", Trou du Bl airenu, Grottes du Lannye; detritophage species - suggested to be fro•• allllD3l nests); Debauche, 1942: 12 [France, Italy, BelgiUIII - Jeannel ' s, Pax's and Leruth ' s records1 ; Schwarz , 1956: 21 {Belgh.. - Wolf's record); l>wIIitrescu et alii, 1958: 470 [Ruraania, Gum Ocbrogei - on bat guano]; Negrea Ii Negrea, 1968: 87, 120, 136 [Rumania, Banat, Gura Ponicovei Cave, Leskinia Cavel; Sarlet, 1978: 19 [BelgiU1ll, RumaniaJ.

Mole (Fig. 42; Zagulajev, 1960: fig. 51, pI. I , fig. A). Head bright yellow. Maxil l ary palpus creb, 5-seglllented, 1.25 115 long as labial palpus; lengths of sepents 1-5 in proportions 2:2:3:10:5, fifth segllCnt with distinct subapical process. Labial palpus dark brown, cream on apex and on inner surface; 2-3 lateral and whorl of 7-9 apical bristles on second seg.ent. Galea elongate, slightly longer than labial palpus. Antenna dark brown , scape yellowish, alllQst 0.75 length of fore wing; scape with pecten of about 14 bristl es. illte rocuiar index· 1.05 - 1.20. Thorax and tegul ae dark brown. Fore wing 6.2 - 7.4 I11III long. dark brown with (in fresh sJlecimens) slight purpl ish tint, flecked with yellow scales, particular ly around apical lIIargin of wing; conspicuous hyaline spot at end of cell covered with thin, 511811 colourless scales on underside of wing only; fringes yellowish. lIi.nd wing l ight grey, fringes S3lIIC. Legs dark grey but yellow-crealll beneath and at articulations; mid-tibia with light medial transverse band on upper and outer surface . AbdOllen grey, ye llow i sh cream ventrally.

Female. Coloration as male. Fore wing 7.9 - 9.2 II1II long; hind wing with two frenular bristles.

VENATION (Fig. 7). Fore wing slender, .ore than 4.0 as long as wide; venation cOlllplete but R4 and R5 stalked at one-half and ~13. CuAl and CuA2 from co..on stem; CuP obsolete for two-thirds its length. Ce l l displaced basad; Rand Cu strengthened, spur developed f r om CUi end of ("ell

105 :u."co...odating .:in."ular d('pr('~siol1 with hyalinl' spot which is nearer to wing base than to apex. llinl.l wing with v\'nation 1,"0000)) I!,.'le a n l.l relatively strongl y developed; ~Il and 1012 sta l ked at one·ha lf; CuP ,100 two anal veins pres('nt..

C[~IT,\lIA ~1a1C" (,Ich"rst'n, 1!IS7: fii!. 134; Zagulajev, 1960: Fig. 54). Saccus slender, pencil shapcl.I. Vah';! elongatc, oval. :ll>ollt 2.75 as IOI\~ .. 5 hroad, dista l margin evenly r ounded. Anellus ~'oars('ly scot>inate. Aed(';!i!us sl ightly l on.:er than s::Jccus. Ve!!iiCK scobinate at base and with tapercl.l, f1:lt COI"tIll[US.

GI;NITAL!.\ FCIllres. "ii!hth sterllite tluite "tron.:ly s('lerotited, setos('. Ostium narrow , at pos[('rior IInrgin of ci~hth s[cruitc. '\Iarum cyl indricaJ , short , one-half lengt h of eighth s t e r nite. Ductus burs:lc slcmkr, elollg"te. Corpus hursae J.:lohular , with elJuatorial band of about 15 leaf-shaped si,)!n:l.

J....\Rr,\. llcsc r ihcd hy Ui nto!! (195(,: 297, fig'>. 117 , 124-13~: figures repeated by Zimmerman , I~i,s: figs. lJ1, 151-15 ... ).

SUBST\l\n,. !tat- :md bird-):uano; anllllal corpses; hird-pelll.:lS and in birds ' nests; dl!tritus of :lIlimal ortgiu.

I'\lUSITLS. IIccorus of the IdlllI.:UIIK,nid:11.: 'lIcmltclcs florico14tor (:r(lV.' and ' Phygadeuon rustlcel14c !tridg_an' , '11Ioted hy :Ultl1or ... :'s parasitl.'s of custicclla, .:lY he traced back to Bridgr.an tl,sS ... : 3:>7). IIoth n.'conh ;lre of extrellCly ,Iouhtful application and should be ignored , followi ng llintol! ll9Sul. Serri!! (1!.l2-1) rCl'urded till' i.:hncumonid Ephlaltcs elttensoc Tosch('nber g (nolo' a .Junior S}'nonym of Liotr'lPhon punctull1tu~ m"tzd!UrI!J) froln rusticclla COCOUI1" "hidden in c r evices of b;1rJ,.". 111i" is a very UIl!!"""l 1'''I'''ti'''l sitc for cust/cella! The record ..ust be considered doubtful: It I'ossihly rcfers tQ either a I'syehi as Tillacpori4 or a hark-feeding Tineid such :IS ,~CrniJltera L>ctulinclla ll'.).

IU;./IL\IU;S. H. custiccllJ IS" wi,II.:"l'rcad :Ul,1 C(I_)II "pecies : It differ s from other cave-d",elling :;pc~'i('s with a hyalilll' sl,ot ill thc rurl.: win)! in that the "llOt is closer to the base than to tht' J~:\ of the will): (sec fig. I.!). -1l11.: thoral( is unit'or"lllly l'url'll.:~hr()"'Il , luckinJ.: the hroad oran~e - brOl-;n 1>:1111.1 of ccocic,Jpitticclla hut frce in c r ocicapitelll1.

rltc idl"ntifi,·"tion of ru<;tiCt"lla is h;I"l',I. i,1 tltc :lhsclwC of tYl'e-lI:ltcrial, on ttuhncr' s ori.glnal figlll'C (Salmi! . •:ur. S,·'--'tt. X: fi~. :H!I, jlXUj; the identi t y lS undisputed and rusticella i~ \~l'll-~nuwlI ;111,1 ' ... . rl.:ly mt"i.I~"lItlrH)". 1\ 1",,,lcrn taxonollli" treatment of custict.'lla is gh'en hy ::I)!IILljcv l l 9hll: !HI.

PISTl(lIllrl'l(l~. C:III;ttJa, IIS.\, kd:l",I, S,·;""l ill;,vi", Ik'llIlIarl., Cerllany (West and l:a'>t1. Fr;lIlcc .. 8c l gllllll , Jlrit.~h Isl,'~ , Spail!, Curs ... ,. , 1("ly, S",lt:::l'rl.md. Austria , CZCdlosioval.i a , I'olaml. Rum:11I1.J, 1:I:11~al\~, \11"llIi". IISSll (1;lIn'I>l";l1I n'giol!, Llm':' Slls ami Tr:,"s"am::lsi:" (;eor}!i;" C('n t ru] A~i:l), FOI"IIOS:II! ].

~-I..\TI;.lll\I, 1~,\~IlNUI. I!J.! ,'\., v'''''i"us 1",·,,111;\'s lSc,' ' li i str i lm t iou ' ) hilt no IQ:l tC"rinl orJJ;inatill),: fro,11 "::lV,'S.

Tinell crocic

Honopis dobrO

Honopis crocicajJ-ltel1a lCll.... IIII,'Il"); h'rh,.. s, I!I'::;: I :;': IUS\ , N\"w \'<) d , - in ,";lV(', as:;o.:i;1ted "'lth bat sJ ; Lever, 1!}43: ll).1 ['juote" hJ1'h~'~!: Vil'tt,·, HISS: 5:;0 !qllut,.. :! 1.('\'CI"]: Cl'I jlLI~p! i \;,'OTg('SCU, 1~) 62: 3J S , figs. 2, .i IGura llo\)ro>)!ci ;llId <:;1""111 C;1V,'S , II.lIm;l11la: 11:lh'. fl'lul,' )!cni t :lri:l[: C:l:PlI l e, l!lb3: I ]Gura 1>obrogel Cave, 1I.lIl1Ol1IiaJ; C:'iIH~l' Ii l;,'or)!~':<,·". I!II,:;,,: S(1iI fl;" 1'.1 Ilob,"o)!CI , Casian :l1ld U.anu Caves, Rumani>lJ; C~ JI\l 3e G GeorJ.:"s":u . 1!1(.:>1>: S.1!l , fi)!s. l-!I jl:\lr;, 00hr('g(,1 C:I\'e, on bat guano ; larva, chaetotaxy,.,·;lsc, PI~P:I , II;II";IS~~\'!: C fa l'lI ~.'" 1!174.;. 77 , :l~. I [lui ·\d>lm Ca ve, Ruman i a ; gynandrolllOrph ~1'('o.:Ulen]; S:lrlct, 1!1 1 ~: 19 [11.11111;1'111:1 - r.;II'U ~ {, " 1'~'OI'):('s('II ' " 1!lb2 recordJ: Zi._erlQan, 1916: 319 , fi~s. 14~ , ISO, IS2 jh,.... J. n:on;ltien, ;ll.1ult :ml.l malt!' )!cnitali3 figurt'dJ.

~Iale (FiS. 4.i). Ilcad li)!ht IIr'lng{'-II.;hl'c. ~1:1.~ill:lI·r p:llpu::, "'hitish, S-segmt'nted , slight ly longer than labial palpus; lengths of :I('):m('nts 1-5 in pr.:oporti on 4:I:i:20: 10; fifth l'egment "ith subapical proccss. Labial palpus grcy-hrolOu , ,'I'C:l1I or ochr('ou" crC3111 at apex a nd on inner surface; second seglllent with J-5 later;II, whorl of about h termin;11 and :lbou[ 1(1 ventral bristles. Galea long, reaching tip of labial p:llpu:'l. ,\lIt(,l111;1 dar~ grey-hro"'n , ;1lmos t 0.75 length of fore ldng;

10(, scape with pecten of 10-12 bristles . lnterocular index'" 0.90. Th orllx and tegulae b l ackish brown with broad, medial .orange-ochre band on thora x. Fore wing 4.0 - 5.6 _ long, dark blackish brolffl , flecked with cream or browni~h croam sca l es, con~picuous longi tudinal cream or brownish cream fascia a l ong po sterior margin; circular semi-hyaline Spot at end of ce ll covered with small , thin, colourless scales; fringes light grey-brown. Hind wing gr ey, darker towards apex; fringes light brolffl. Legs ochreous cream, fo re and qid legs greyish above. Abdomen c r eaq, gr eyish dorsally.

Female. ColoratiOn as male. Fore wing 6.0 - 7 . 3 mm long; hind wing with two frcnular bristles.

VENATION (Fig. 8). Fore wing 3.5 as long as wide; venation complete but M3 and CuAl stalked for half their length, CuP very weak, Al and A2 separate in basal t hird; cell swollen; Rand Cu considerably strengthened and with spur developed from Cu, bowed around almost ci r cular depression accommodating semi-hyaline spot. Hind wing with venation complete and relatively strongly developed; CuP and two anal veins present .

GENITALIA Male (Clarke, 1971: fig. 146; Zimme rman, 1978: fig. 152). Saccus elongate, s l cnder, pencil-shaped. Valva 2.5 as long a s wide, dis tal . argin curved t o meet costa at 45·. Uncus somewhat short , bifurcate from one-half but apices c l ose together thus bifurcation noticeable only in dorsoventral view. Gna thos anas elongate, straight, convergent, curved dorsad at apices, extend ing slightly beyond apex of uncus. Anellus coar se ly scobinate. Acdeagus 1.25 length of saccus, s traight, apex pointed. Vesica fine l y scobinate in basal half.

GEN ITALIA Female (C larke, 1971: fig. 147; Petersen, 1957: fig. 140). Ovipositor as long as apophyses anteriores. Eighth sternite strongly sc l erotizcd and setose posteriorly, with slight postero-medial emargination. Ostium broad, underlying ei ghth sternite at two· thirds posteriorl y. Ant rUIII f lared posteriorly, trutnpet-shaped, sclerotizat ion extending anteriorly to inception of ductus seillinalis at (ill-defined) level of anterior margin of eighth sternite. Ductus bur sae membranous. Corpus bursae with equatorial band of about 30 peg· shaped signa.

LARVA. Rathe r surprisingly, the only description of the l a r va of this cODllllon and widespread species seells to be that by C! puie & Georgescu (1963b: figs. 1-7). The larva makes a flattened, slightly ovate, fine-grained case.

SUBSTRATE. Bat-guano , bird-droppings , animal corpses , wool, detritus, stor ed products of vegetable origin.

PUPA. Figured by C5puse II Georgescu ( 1963b: figs . 8, 9).

PARASITES. Capule 6 Georgescu {1963b} record the ichneumonid wasp 'Hem1teles flavigaster Schmiedeknecht), as a parasite of the co lony of crocicapitella in the Gura Oobrogei Cave: flavigastec is a Junior synonym of Charitopus chrysopae (Rrischke), a par asite of Ncuroptera. This identification is therefore like l y to be erroneous.

REMARKS. This species is characterized by its conspicuous hyaline spot in the _iddle of the fore wing, longitudinal orange-brown stripe in the midd l e of the thorax and its fore wing venation (fig. 8) with R3, R4 and R5 all free .

NOnopis dobrogica Georgescu is known on l y fro. the holotype: it co.es fro. a large cave population of crocicapitella and differs from crocicapitella only in that there is a deep subapical emargination of the valva. I consider dobrogica t o be a deformed examp le of crocicapitella and it is accordingly synonYDIiz.ed. I have been unable t o examine the holotype of dobroqica (see , Introduction ' ).

D I ST~ IBlfrION. Canada, USA , Canary I s., Mad eira, BritiSh Isles, France, Italy, Morocco, Japan, Australia, Gough J. [Also recorded in the literature from E. and W. Germany, US5R (European Region), Spain, Portugal and Rumania),

MATERIAL EXAMINED. S. ATLANTIC, GOUGf l IS.: 5 ex. , Little Beach, from under logs, guano or debris in penguin colony in cave, 22.1.1956 (Holdgate); 70 ex. , var ious localities (see 'D istribution' ) .

Monopis pall1della Zagulajev

Hanopis pallidella Zagu l ajev, 1955, Trudy %001 . Inst. Leningr. 21: 39 , fig . 2. Syntypes , USSR.: 2 male, 2 female, Caucasus, Essentuki, Il.vii. , 22.viii. 1927; I male, Russia, nr. Orsk , GuberlYIl (Z I, Leningrad) [examined].

Honopis christophi Petersen, 1957 , Beitr. ent. 7: 170 , fig. 144. Holotype ma l e , USSR.: nr. Volgograd, Krasnoameysk ['Sarepta' J (MNIIU , Berlin) (examined]. Synonym i z.ed by Zagulajev (1975: 338).

Honopis ocghidani Georgescu, 1964 , AnnIs. Speleol. 19: 590 , p i s. 3-6. f~ l otype male , RUMAN IA: Reg. Hunedoara, rayon Hateg, Sura Mare Cave , 20-22. viii.1962 (Orghidan et alii) (ISER, Bucharest) [not eX8llli nedj. Synonymized by Petersen (1966: 28) and c!lpuje (1966: 287)

107 HOnopis pallidella Zagulajev (a lso 35 christophi and orghidaniJ; Petersen , 1959: 56 (Sicily]; Zagulajcv, 1')60: 128 [USSR, Ca ucasus, Russia, Uzbekistan]; Petersen, 1963: 185 (erroneously synon~~izc~ straminella with christophi - N8: record from Kuldja (Sinkiang) refers to straminella, pa~lidellil recorded, as separate species , from Afghanistan]; dpule, 1966: 287, figs. 1-8 (slnks male orghidani to christoph!, female to pallidclla; ma le genitalia and wi ng-tip venation figured]; Petersen , 1966: 28 [orghidani fcmale as synonym of pallidella; J ran 1; Dumi trescu et alii I (Ilunedoara region, Rumania]; Zagu lajev, 1972: 684 (Mongolia]; Petersen, 1973: 93 1~longolia; pallidella and christophi as separate species]; Zagulajev, 1975: 338 (christophi synonymized with pallidella; straminella as a separate species ; Mongolia].

~Iale (Fig. 44). Head light brown. Maxillary palpus whitish, 5-segmented (but fifth segment minute and inconspiCUOUS), only reaching midd le of second segment of labial palpus, segments 1-5 in proportion 4:3:4:6:1. Labial pal pus very light br own, whitish on inner surface; 4 ~S lateral and apical whorl of S-6 bristles on second segme nt. Galea short, reaching middle of second segment of labial palpus. Antenna brownish creatl, 1.0 length of fore wing; scape with pecten of 12 or 13 bristles. Interocular index = 0.65 - 0.75. Thorax and tegulae creamy brown. Fore wing 4.7 - 5.0 mm long, creamy brown , with faint, ill-defined circular semi-hyaline spot at end of cell. Uind wing brownish c ream. Legs brownish cream. Abdomen sioi lar in colour to fore wing but paler ventral ly.

Female. Co loration as male. [Specimens not examined - desideratal].

VENATION (Fig. 9). Fore wing 3.75 as long as wide; venation complete but R3 and R4 (or R4 and RS) stalked at base [probably variable - R3 and R4 might be free in some examp l es] , M3 and CuAl stalked for almost one-half their length, CuP very weak, Al and A2 separate in basal third. CeJI s""ollen; Rand Cu considerably strengthened and with spu r developed from Cu, bowed around nearly circular depression accommodating semi-hyaline spot. Hind wing with venation complete and relatively strongly developed; CuP and two anal veins present.

GENITALIA ~lale (Petersen, 19S7: fig. 144; Zagulajev. 1960: fig. 89; Petersen, 1963: fig. S and see above). Saccus slender, pencil-shaped. Valva 3.0 - 3.5 longer than broad, distal margin evenly rounded. Uncus short, bifurcate from three-quarters (only noticeable in dorsoventral view). Gnathos ar.s elongate, ventral ma rgins str aight, dorssl margins evenly curved, curved dorsad at apices, not reaching tip of uncus. Anellus without scobination. Aedeagus as long as saccus. Vesica scobinate at base .

GENITALIA Female (Zagulajev, 1960: fig. 90; Petersen, 1963: fig. 6 and see above). OVipositor as long as apophyses snteriores. Eighth sternite weakly sclerotized, setose posteriorly. Ostium broad, under lying posterior ma rgin of eighth sternite. Antrum 6.0 longer than wide, abruptly flared posteriorly such that it for~s anterior aargin of transverse rectangle, other three sides formed by margins of eighth sternite. Ductus bursae s l ender, elongate. Corpus bursae globular, posterior half with dense, minute spinel ike signa.

LARVA. Undescribed.

SUBSTRATE. Bat~guano (Georgescu , 1964).

RE~~RKS. This species, unlike Honopis rusticella or crocicapitella, lacks any pattern and has a very short fifth maxillary palp segme nt. The maxillary palpus is shorter than the labial palpus and R3 and R4 (o r R4 and RS) are stalked (fig. 9).

The confusion of nomenclature regarding this species is outlined above. c~pu~e ' s action in synonymizing all the (fourteen) males of the type-series of orghidani with one specIes and all the (twelve) females with another is quite remarkable , bearing in mind that the entire type-series was collected from the same cave at the same time. Honopis straminella Zagulajev is a different species from pailldella: the fourth and fifth maxillary palp segments are of equal size, only fou r radial veins arc present (i.e. R3.R4 or R4.R5 are comp letely fused) and there is no Stalking; the overall coloration of scraminella is paler than that of pallidella.

Cipuse ' s figures (1966: figs. 1, 6) of the fore wing venation of 'christophi ' and 'pallidella' show one e~a~ple (fig. I) with R4 and R5 stalked rather than R3 and R4. The former see~s to be the atypical condition but it is also sho.... n by one of the three male examples of pallidella in the BM.~II collection: further examples are desiderata! DISTRIBUTION. USSR (Russia, Caucasus, Uzbekistan). Italy (Sici ly). RUlllania, Iran , Afghanistan, ~Iongolia.

~~TERIAL EXAMINED. USSR: 3 llale, S. Russia, Krasnoarmeysk [' Sarepta' J. 24.vL1864 and 1805 (Christoph).

108 TINEA linnaells

1'inea linnaells, 1758, Syst. Nat. (edn. 10) 1: 496. Type-species: Phalaena (1'1nea) pell.lon.lla 1.., 1758, ibidem 1 : 536, by subsequent designation by ICZN , 1957, Opin. Declo lnt. COIII'II . zool. Nom. 15: 254.

As currently constituted, the cos.opolitan genus 1'jn~ contains over 400 no.inal species, raany of which are not even Tineinae. I have recently r evised (Bull. Br. Hus. nat. H-tst. (Ent.) 38: 57-128, 1979) the peJlionella-complex (of II species) and Petersen (1957) and Zagulajev (1960) have revised the Palaearetie species which n~ber about 20. Davis (pers. coma.) recognizes II species native to North America. There are perhaps a further 15 species of T-tnea sensu stricto in the Nco tropical region. Ten species are restricted to the Ethiopian region (Go:lliny & ViTi, 1973). It is unlike l y that many of the 'Tlne.lll ' species described by Meyrick from the Indo-Australian region belong to this genus in its modern (restricted) sense with the exception of the complex of four cave-dwelling species described below.

Tinea sensu str icto includes the case-raaking clothes-lIOths and larvae of this genus feed on animal detr itus, particularly r emains which include keratin or chitin. The range of larval substrates includes fur, feathers, leather, bird-pellets, guano, dead insects and fish-meal. Tinea antricola Meyrick

Tinea ... ntricola Meyrick, 1924, Rec. Indillll HUs . 26: 114. Syntypes (10 ex.!. ASSAM: Ga ro tlills, Siju Cave, [?] 1923 (Pletcher) (not found; not exa.ined).

1'inea hypochrySoi Meyrick , 1921, Exet. l>Iicrolepidopt. 3: 332. Lectotype male, SUMATRA, Laorakit Cave, v.1926 (Fulmek) (BMNIl, London) , designated by Bradley (1913: 681), (examined]. Syn . n .

Tinea palafIChrysis Meyrick, 1929, J. ted. l>Iallly St.. l>Ius . 14: 374. Lectotype fe.ale, MALA.YA: Selangor, Batu Caves, 8.xL 1926 (Doverl (BM.~H, London), designated by Bradley (1913: 681), (ex3llined]. Syn. n .

Tinea antr.lcola Meyrick; Wolf, 1935: 414 [Siju Cave, Assam]; Diakonoff, 1951: 129 (Meyrick's record]; Schwarz, 1956: 21 (Assn _ Wolf's record]; Sadet, 1978: 19 [Assail - Wolf's record].

Tinea hypochr!}sa Meyrick; Bradley. 1913: 675, figs. 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 13 (Batu Caves, Malaya; senior synonym of palaechr!}sls; adult, larva, case, male and felllale genitalia figured].

Tinea p.t.lltcchr!lsis Meyrick; D3IIUIIenun, 1932; 261 (Tj3llpea Cave , Java; figures of adult, larva and case]; Wolf, 1935: 414 [Tjibodas Caves , Java; Batu Caves, Malacca (SiC)]; Oiakonoff, 1951: 129 [Meyrick's and Oamme r man ' s records - 'commonest insect in every calcareous cave in Java']; Schwar~. 1956: II [Java, Malacea (sic) - Wolf's records]; Bradley. 1973: 681 [synonymi:ed with hypochr!}slt; lectotype designated]; SarIet, 1978: 19 pava, Malacea (sic) - Wolf's records].

Tinea sp. ; Meyrick, 1916: 603 [Far. Caves, Sunn.aj; It!eyrick, 1924: 114.

Male (Fig . 4S). Head dull orange-brown. Maxillary palpus creall, S·segmented, as long as labial palpus; lengths of segllents 1-5 in proportion 2:1:2:7:S, fifth segment with distinct subapical process. Labial palpus greyish brown, lighter on inner surface; 3-4 apical , 4-5 lateral and 4-S ventral bristles on second segment. Galea as long as labial palpus. Antenna greyish, 1.0 length of fore wing; pecten with 3 small bristles. lnterocular index· 1.10. Thorax and tegulae greyish brown, darker anteriorly. Fo re wing 4.0 - 4.9 _ long, greyish brown, with a slight bron:y or gOlden tint. lUnd wing light grey , fringes paler. Legs greyish erea., fore leg slightly darker on upper surface. AbciollCn light greyish och re, paler ventrally.

Female. Coloration as .ale. Fore wing 4.1 - 6.8 mn long; hind wing with two or three frenular bristles.

VENATION (Fig. 10). Fore wing 3.5 as long as wide; venation eOlllplete but CuP weak; Al and A2 apparent l y fused but very faint trace of A2 visible at base . Hind wing venation complete and strongly developed; CuP and two anal veins present. GENITALIA Male (B radley, 1913: figs. 9, 10 - as hypochrysa). Saccus triangular , elongate. Valva widest a little beyond middle , apex evenly rounded. Uncus short, broad , .inutely bifid and hooked at apex. Gnathos anas evenly curved, reach ina apex of uncus. Transtilla present, strongly scJerotized, t rapezoidal. Juxta narrow, transverse. Anellus and apex of aedeagus coarsely scobinate. Vesica with pair of elongate, weakly scleroti:ed strips with strong barbs at apex. GENITALIA Felllale (B radley, 1973: figs. 12, 13 - as h!}PDchrysa). Ovipositor 1.2 length of apophyses anteriores. Eighth sternite strongly sclerotized, finely wrinkled and covered with dense .icrotrichia, setose and with shallow V-shaped e.argination posteriorly. Antrua nOt developed. Ductus bursae gradually tapered anteriorly, with slllllli collieul~ at one-half separated fro. ring-shaped sclerotization by inception of ductus seminal Is; anterior half of ductus bursae wrinkled. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, lacking signa.

lARVA. Figured by DalllllCr.an (1932); _akes a swollen , cylindrical, fairly s.ooth case (Oa_e~an , 1932; Bradley, 1973: fig. 4 - as palaochrysis and hypoehrysa). The case is more cylindrical than that of porph!}ropa but of a similar texture; it is not as oval as the case of concolorell~ (Bradley, 1973: 680). 109 SUBSTRATE. Bat- and bird-guano. in caves throughout south east Asia (Oiakonoff, 1950) ·and REMARKS. This is a co.-on species rather Meyrick (q.v.) T. antricola is of an overall golden colour often occurs with Tinea porphyropa the fifth maxillary as is porphyropa, a pecten is present (absent in porphyro~), than purplish brown it is generally the as long as the fourth (only half as long in porphycopa) and palp sc~ent is Niah Cave population) are the two species although the s_allest porphyropa (froll the sGaller of differences between the two species: sllaller than the smallest anericola. There are marked genitalic hUlip in porph!lropa), the trannilla is the costa of the valve is slllOoth in antricola (with Il basal ill·defined and lacks a pouch (cowl·shaped transtil l a and trapezoidal and the juxta is simple, cornuti a shallow pouch in porphycopa) and the ill-defined strip-like elongate, V-shaped juxta with has a well-defined tips (the tips are sllooth in porph!lcopa). In the females, antricola have barbed are continuous in porphycopa) and junction between the ductus and corpus bursae (the two structures thor n-like signa) . the corpus bursae lacks signa (porphyropa has about eight be i n the Meyrick the type-llaterial of antrlcola is a lIystery. Specimens should The whereabouts of ('Fac.') Caves, could not be found. The single speci.en recorded fro_ Khayon collection (BMNH) but as .ntricoJa by Meyrick in Bunaa (Meyrick, 1916: 603; 1924; 114) was tentatively identified Maul.ein, and genitalia are preserved on BMNH slide tho latter paper. Tho specill\en still exists and the abdomen the Khayon spoci~en is the central 4610. This slide has three genitalia preparations on it and specimen bears the same nu.ber. preparation, labelled 1952/6 [W.Il.T. Tams prep. no.}; the and palaechrysisis based on the determination of antricola as a senior synonym of hypochr~sa The both of which aatch the taxon currently original description and on the identity of the Khayon speciaen. known as hypochcysa. Sumatra, Sarawak. DISTRIBUTION. India (Assam), Nepal, Burma, Malaya, Java, ' , Oderibuwan Cave, 24 628.ix.1976 MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEPA.L: 2 female , Pokhara Valley, 4000 Farm Caves, 12-17.ix.1914 (Pletcher). MALA.YA, Selangor, Batu (Wilson) . BURMA: I male, Moulmein, JAVA: 13 ex., I lIIale, B.xL1926 (Oover) [paral&ctotype of p.laechrysis]. Caves: 5 ex., 1966 (Henq)l Cave, v.1926 (Pul ..k) Tjampea Cave, xii.1930 (Dammerman) . SUMATRA: 1 .ale, Laorakit Buitentorg, Mulu National Park , Deer Cave, lectotype of hypochrysal. SARAWAK: 23.alos, 1 fe.ale, Guncng (para Park, Fiu Cave, 17.5.1978 (Cba~n). 17.v.1978 (Chapman); I male, I female, Gunong Mulu National Tinea godmani 8radley

Br. Solomon Is. 2: Ill, figs. 29 , 109, 110, Il3. f7Odm,Ini Bradley, 1957, Nat. Hi.t. Rennell I., Tine.! 3.xi.1953 (Bradley) (BMNH, London) [exlUlined]. liolotypo male, SOLOKIN IS.: Rennell I., Te-Kangilakulaku Cave, apex Maxillary palpus light brown, 4-se~ented, only reaching Male (Fig. 46). Head reddish brown. between lengths of segments 1-4 in proportion 2:2:3:4, segmentation of second seg~nt of labial palpus; surface; bristles poorly defined. Labial palpus light brown, whitish on inner second and third segment reaching middle of second 2-3 apical and 5-6 ventral on second segment. Galea short, sparse, 2-4 lateral, absent. Interocular palpus. Antenna light brown, 1.10 length of fore wing; pecten segment of labial 3.7- 4.3 mID long, light Thorax and tegulae light brown, darker anteriorly. Fore wing i.ndex • 0.80. slightly IIOre brownish. Legs slight golden sheen. lIind wing pale brownish grey, fringes brown with paler ventrally. brownish cream, fore tibia darker above. Abdo~en creamy brown, hind wing with two frenular bristles. Female. Coloration as .ale. Fore wing 4.9 - 5.5 _ long; venation complete and (Fig. 11). Fore wing slightly .ore than 3.0 as long as wide; VENATION their length. Hind wing s01llewhat strongly develOped but CuP weak; Al and A2 fused for two-thirds of CuP and one anal vein present but venation square; venation weak towards ~nal angle and only traces otherwise complete. triangular, but anterior two-thirds GENIT4.LIA Male (Bradley, 1957: fi,. 109), Saccus elongate, distad and broadest just before apex, curved slightly dorsad, extended, pencil-shaped. Valva dilated at base, uncus. Uncus pointed, apex not bifid. Gnathos arms stout extending well beyond gnathos and Juxta shorter than uncus. Transtilla cowl-shaped, only weakly sclerotized. evenly curved, slightly Apex of aedeagus and base of shield-shaped, weakly sclerotized. Anellus coarsely scobinate. inverted , thorn-like cornuti in aiddle of aedeagus. vesica coarsely scobinate. Vesica with large group of minute anteriores. (Bradley, 1957; figs. 110. 113). Ovipositor as long as apophyses GENITALIA Female and with V-shaped medial strongly sclerotized, eovered with dense .icrotrichia, setose Eighth sternite sternite, narrower than sternite. posteriorly. Ostium underlying posterior margin of eighth emargination colliculUil at level of anterior margin tapered anteriorly, weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae with antru. by inception of ductus sellinalis. Corpus of eighth sternite separated from ring-shaped sclerotization s .. lIer anterior signa; signa thorn- like, bursae pear-shaped, with pair of posterior signa and three set in irre,ular round sclerotized base-plates. with a granular surface' (Bradley, 1957). l.ARVA. Ikldescribed. Making a 'rather flattened silken case

SUBSTRATE. Bat- or bird-guano.

110 RE./'IARKS. The e.xternal appearance of good_n! is very shlilar to th!lt of antcicollt bu t the I113xillary palpus has onl y four segaent s , the galeae are shorter than the l abia l palpl, and the scape lacks a pIX:ten. In the .ale, the saccus and valvae are IIO r e Slender and e longate than in antricol.; the corpus bursae has signa in qodmani but not in .ntcical.. The £e.ale geni tal ia are ve ry si.ilar to those of porphyroplt but in porphycoplt the ovipositor 1S one· third longer thltn the apophyses anteriores (o f equal length in 9Odm.!Jni); the ductus bursae of porphyco[A has a collicululII only (tollicululII • r i ng anterior to ductus seainal i s in goodmani ) and goodmani has only about three s-all anterior signa whereas porphyropa has about six.

OISTRIBUTION. So lOlllon Is. (Rennell I.).

MATERIAL EXAmNEO. SOLOMJN IS.: 51 ex" data as holotype Iparatypes of god_n.i!. Tinea mi c rophthalma sp. n

Ma le (Figs . 35 , 47) . Head ye llowish cream. M.:ulJlary palpus whitish, 5·seglllented, slightl y s horter than labial palpus; lengths of segment s 1·5 in proportion 2:2:3:6:2. Labial pa lpus whitish; br istles spa rse, 2 lateral, 3·4 apica l and about 4 ventra l on second segaent. Ga l ea very short, only reaching base of second segaent of labi.1 palpus. Antenna light creamy brown, 1.10 length of forewing; scape without pecten. Eyes reaarkably saal l and sh(l ilow. Interocular indell · 0.70 · 0.75. Tho rax and tegulae brownish crealll. Fore wing 3.5 - 4.5 .. long, brownish cream , fr inges pa l e r . Hind wing \cry pale greyish cream, f r inges s l ightly more browni sh . 1.eIS pale brown ish c realll. Abdolllen brownish creaa, pa l er ventral ly.

Fe.a lc. Unknown. Oesideraeal VENATION (Fig. 12), Fore wi ng 3. S as l ong as wide; ve na tion cOlliplete but CuI' weak anti AI and A2 fused fo r the whole of their l ength. Hind wing venation co.plete j CuI' and one anal vein present but very weak. GENITAL IA Male (Fig. 26). Saccus e longate , triangular but with anterior cylindrital extension. Va l va dilated distad and broades t at two· t hirds, curved s light ly dorsad, ex t ending a little beyond gnathos and uncus . Uncus pointed, ape.x lII i nutel y bifid. Gnathos anlts stout at base, even ly curved, not reaching tip of uncus. Transtliia hood·s haped, weakl y sClerotited. Anellu~ with ftne, scatt ered scobinatlon. Apical fifth of aedeagus with a few s. all, scattered thorn·like car i nae. Base of vesica coarsely scobinate, aedial reg ion with pair of elongate, flattened shuttl e- shaped tornutl which are weakly sc lerotized and ill ·defined. lARVA. Unknown . SUBSTRATE. Bat-guano?

REMAR KS. T. mUcrophthalma i s a member of a comp l ex of species which i nc ludes also entricole, 9Qdmani and porphyro~. T. mUcrophthalma differs fra. the other speties of the co.plex in having .arkedly reduced eyes (coapare f ig. 35 with 34) and (therefore) a lower inter ocular index (approxi.ately 0.70; 0.80·1.10 in the other species). The fifth .axillary pa lp segMe nt ( lost in ~niJ is shorter than in anericolc or porphycopal as in g~, the la lea is reduced and, like the aaxil l ar y palpus, is shor ter than the l abial pa l pus. T. cnericole has los t the pecten present in the other species but has a .ore strongly developed anal region in the hind wing with CuP and two anal veins well·developed. r. godaeni has AI.2 coapletely fused in the fore wing: in the other species, Al and A2 are separate at the base although A2 .ay be poorly define.!. The .al e genitalia of .ucrophthal.a are very 51aUar to t hose of Ilntricole and godaanll the outline of the valva and saccus rescab le IIOr e those of 9Qd.ani. The apex of t he aedeagus is slllOO th in porphyropa but strongly soobinate in antr icale and 9Qdmani whereas lllicroph thalfflll has a few fine subapical carinae.

It is reaarkable that no fe-sles of aiccophthal .. were col l ected froa La tuan Cave. The sex· ratios i n the an~lcola-god.. n1 -porphyroPll-m1croph~l~ species·ca-plex -sy be iabalanced (e.g. 23 aB l es, t fe~ale an~icola from Deer Cave, Mulu; 69 aale, 129 feaal e parphyropa froa Dee r Cave and 9 .. Ie, 16 fe~ale from Ba t u Caves) due either t o geneti c factors or t o differences in behaviour and/or conspic· uousness. There .ay be differences also in individual populations or co ll ect ions. The samp le of porphyro~ fro. Niah Cave wa s CO ll ected by two workers on separate occasions. Cranston collect ed 9 . ale. I fesale in October 1976 and Char-an collect ed 23 aB l e , 14 feaale In May , 1978.

The reduced eyes of microphthalma are extraordinary and thi s species exhibits what appears to be the fi r st recorded e.xa~ple of eye· reduction in a cave· frequenting mo th .

DISTRIBUTION. Philippines (Mindanao). MATER IAL EXA\lINEO. Iiolotype male , PHIL IPPINES : Mindanao, Cu ruan Dinnct, l.atu.n Cave, 21 . .xii.1961 (NOOM ~n Expedition} (ZM , Copenhagen). Paratypes , 18 ~ale, data as holotype (ZM, Copenhagen; IIMNtI, London). 111 Tinea porphyropa Meyrick 3: 332. lIolot.ype lIale, SIMATRA: Laorakit Cave, T..inea porphyropct Merrick, 1927, 8Kot. ~icrolepidopc. v.19.!t. (Fulmek) (8~1);II, London) [c;o;.amincd]. .ale, n.c. Hi.sc. 7: 677, figs. 1,2,7,8, II. Holotype Tine" porphljropct bdcuensis Bradley, 1973, J. n. ", S.vi.1972 (Juac-Chin) (aMNII , London) [examined]. Syn. .~\..\I .. \YA: Kuala Lumpur, Satu Cavcs, Cavern Maxillary pnlpus whitish with grey scales on fourth ~1

SUBSTRATL Rat- and bird-guano. to be found in IIIOSt bat- and bird-infested IU:MAIH:S. This is an abundant species and is probably occurs with IIntrlcola (which, in the co llections caves in Iot.'llaysia and weStern Indonesia. It frequently porph!lropct and o'IIlt..ricola, see 'Re.arks ' exalilined , tt outnl,llbers). For chara.cters to differentiate for the l utter species. of porph!lropa as well as SOllIe There is wide individual variation in the size of specilllCns the Niah Cave population are considerably difference between populations. For examp l e, males of the recognition of the Batu Caves population s_aller than those fro. Deer Cave. However, I consider and batuensls is therefore synonr-ized. as a sepa rate subspecies (Bradley, 1973) to be unjustified

DISTRIBUTION. Malaya, Su.atra, Borneo. dates 1966-1912 (Heng, JUllt-Chin) MATERIAL EWUNEO. MALAYA: 45 ex., Batu Caves, Various Gunong Mulu National Park, Deer Cave, [para types of batucnsis]. SARAWAK; 69.ales, 128 females, l earwater Cave, 17.v.1978 (Chapman); (Chapman); 1 female, Gunong Mulu Nationa l Park, C 17.v.1978 9 rr.a.les, I fe.ale, nr. Miri, Niah Cave, 23 .ales, 14 fe.ales , nr. Miri, Niah Cave, v.1978 (Chapman), 9-17.x.I~76 (Cr... nston). TETRAPALPUS Davis

Tetrapalpus trlni.dadensls Oavis, Davis, 1972, Proc . cnt. Soc., /

112 Tetrapalpus trinidadens~~ Davis

Tetrapalpus txinldadensi.s Davis, 1972, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 74: 53, fig~. 1- 2d. Holotypc .lIlc, TRINIDAD. Ht. Tallana lUin ('ave, ex larva ("o l lf'cll'd 28.v.1968 (Darlington) (NMNlI , WashinRton), (not exa-.int>d ,.

REMARKS. This spedeJl is not rl'd('scTi bl'd hl're: the ori gina I descr ipt i on is cOllprehens i ve and well-illus trated. Tetrapalpus ill a monotyplc R('nu~ with its only in(" luded species apparently endc~ic to Trinidad. It is characterised by its 4-SeRmf'nud short maxil lary palpul' (one-half the length of the labial pa lpus), shO rt galra (one·third the length of the labial palpus) and e longate (about 1.1 times the length of the fore wing) antenna whl('h lacks a pecten. There are 00 lateral or ten.inal toristies on the sec,ond seg.ent of the labial palpus. The venation (fig. 14 ) ill co.plete; R2 and R3 are usua lly sta l ked; AI and A2 are separate in the basal third and the hind wing has CuP and two anal veins well-developed. The interocu ln r index is 0.8. The speclm~n I l lustrated (fig. 49) has particularly heavy markings on the fore wing.

The lack of labial palp brist l es and the structure of the lIIale and female genitaE"h suggest close affinities with the Ol d World genus Prote rospast::is; the fe.ale genitalia are particularly close to those of P. merdella (Zell er ) fro~ the Mediterranean region. Davis's description includes the larva and its case: the larva feeds on the guano of a. fruit-eating bat.

~lA.n:RI AL EXAM IN ED. TRIN I DAD: 2 males, Oropsuche Heights , GU(lchara C3ve , bred fro. casr-bearing larvae feeding on bat·gua.no, 6.iv.1925 (With~mbe); 4 males, I female , data as holotype hut bred in BMNH ex l arvae coli. Darlington, elllCrRed vi .1969.

PROTEROSPASTIS Heyrick.

Proterospastis Meyrick, 1937, Slfot. HicrolepJd. 5 : 83. Type·specie!': Proterospastis blr!j'stacta Me rrick , 1937, ibidem 5 : 83 , by monotypy.

The history of this genus and its origin in the Oecoph01'idae has heen ~~ril'cd by Got.any G Vari (1973: 53) who recognize 9 Ethiopian species. Proterospasti.s i s a senior synonym of Paratinea Petersen (1957: 159) (synonymized by Goz~ny 6 Vari , 1973) ; the latter genus contained II Palaearctic species ranging as far cast as Afgh3nistan. 8e l ow, I describe a new speci.es of Proterospascis and transfer another t o the genus from Tinea: this brings the total of known Procerospasti.!J specie~ to 22 and extend s the eastw ard range of the genus to New Ca l edonia and Fij i . Proterospastis ellipticeUa (Chretien) has been found feeding on excre-ent and detritus in burrows of the rodent Ccenodact!j'lus gundi and also on detritus in webs of spiders and lepidopterous larvae (Petersen , 1957): nothing is known of the bi ology of any of t he other Proterospascis species.

Prote r ospastis wainimbuk~ sp . n.

Male. Head light orange·brown. Maxillary palpus whitiSh, 5-seg~ented, elonga.te, 1. 5 l ength of labial palpus ; lengths of seg.enu 1-5 in proportion 2:1:3:6:6. Labial palpus Jl hort, brown, paler on inner surface; bristles spar se, 1-2 apical, 1-2 lateral on second se,.ent; third seg_nt short , less than half length of second , and inserted subapically on second. Galea elongate, twice length of labial palpus. Antenna dull brown, 0.7S l ength of fore wing; pecten with 4 bristles. Interocular index . 0.95. Tho r ax and tegulae light br own, darker anterior ly. Fore wing 3.3 - 3.8 mil! long, sandy brown. lIind wing light sandy brown with s light gr eyish tint, fringes pa l er. Legs and abdomen c rea~y brown.

Fell8le. Coloration as .ale. Fore wing 3.5 - 4.2 _ long, hind wing with two frenula1' bristles.

VENATION (Fig. 15). Fore wing nearly four ti~es as l ong as wide, with venation reduced ; HI+ Z [probably ] fused cOIIIp lctely; costa angled at we l l-defined pterosti gma ; RI and R2 displaced proximad, sharply angled t o pterostigma; cell with broad opening between R3 and R4; trace onl y of CuP present; AI+2 cOllpletely fused. llind wing narrow, five tillles as l ong as wide; venution very weak in .iddle of wing but Cu and its branches strongly developed though CuA2 very s hort; trace only of CuP present and anal veins absent.

GEN ITALIA Mal e (Fig. 27). Saccus elongate, t r iangular ; vincululII nurrow. Valva broadened towards apex which is truncated at right·angles to ventral .argin; distal margin densely setose, i rregular. Uncus bilobed, short, with elongate ventral setae; apex rounded. Gnathos !lnss curved, shnrply angled anteriorly. tips fine but rounded. AedeaRUs tapered distad, slightly sinuate. Vesica finely scobinatc at base, with inconspicuous longi tud inal scleroti:ation in midd l e of aedeagus.

GENITA LI A Femule (Fig. 33). Ovipositor slightly longer than apoph yses anteriores. Eighth tergite produced poste riorly into pair of shOrt, square-ended processes each bearing pair of stout setae . Eighth s t ernite aoder at ely sci er otized, triangular , but sotose posteriorly and with triangular eurgination; .e.branous region at anterior .argin scobinate and deeply invaRinatcd to fona narrow pocket. Ostium under lying apex of eighth sternite. An t ru~ t1'Ullpet·shaped, weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae thin-walled, inception of ductus se.inalis at one-half and surrounded by fine scobination. Corpus bur sae three to fou r times as long as wide, with single narrow , scoblnate , longitudina l signum one·third l ength of corpus bursae.

LARVA. Unknown.

SUBSTRATE. Bird- or bat·guano or both. llJ lIOdified, is r;l"\aar;t\' ri:cd by Its fore winll ven.tion being distim::tively ltIHIIlI.:S. P. "',lInillbuk. ce]l , very stronll and tlevcloped pterostlg.a, sharply aniLe,", II I ana 112, open~ended with a ~trongly of this genus fro. beyond the Cu anti cOIIl'letl'ly fused 1-11.2. This u the fir~t record thickened other Proteroapaatia do not or !:thiopian regions {but see .]~O P. pro1.Cari. below}: Pal;aearctic and RS .re 'a]ways stalked' in .,dified foro wing venation as ... alnilllbuJul although R4 have all strOnLlly 's prl!Sent in all tho species I have the Uhiop';an sl'ecles (Gotaliny & \'ari, 1973) and a pterosciLlIU pterostilaa in .... inilltbuka does not seell to exaaln"d. T1,e abrupt ;ang] inll of II.? tow;ards the costa and occur In other Pcot.r~pl.. tia. $l.Har althouih consistent male genitaila of lIO"t I'rotenn~sti.. species are reaarkably The and aedealUs. The valva sh'pe o\:cur between species in the shape of the gnathos, valva differences fro. South Africa but the latter species 1I0st resembles that or P . • ntlphr.cC. (Joleyrick) in OIainimbuka and a ..re oblique distal IIIIlriin to the has a longer gnathos (which reachu the apex of the uncus) genital aruture, slightly 5wollen at t"o~thlrds valva. The :Ic

IJISTRI8UTI0N. I'l.j i. cave, 26.viii.1978 (Peck) MATtIl]AL EXAMINF:lJ. llolotype .all!, FIJI: Viti Levu, Wailotua {onc specllllen with .ddltional label ~ 'froa (M1m, Geneva). Patatypes,87 ex., data as holotypc IoIIN , Geneva). (All spcd.ens are froa CoJloealla feathers on guano (?body}') (!l.'-lNII, London and al~ohol an

PRAEACEDES ..... se 1

S5. Type~species: I'raHetHle. de1uccae AIIsel, Pr._codes .u.scl, 1954, Bu1~. Soc. I"ollad I. Ent. 3B: 19S4, Ibid_ 38: SS, by original designation and lIonotyPY. species, ."",1no1('1Ia, having a coslMlpolitan PraHCCldes is a IIOnotypic ienus, its sinlle inCluded distribution. Prael!lcedes aeminolelll!l (B-eutellllliiller) 5: 9. Holotype fe.ale, USA: Florida (BeutenmUllsr) Tin .. aea.ino1ella Bcutenaiiller, 1889 , Entono:ologic. a

114 GENITALIA Female (Clarke, Ifl7 1; fig. 14!)r; Zinune rm il n. 1978: fig. 131). Ov ipositor a~ long as apophy~es antf'r i o re~. Ei~hth stf'rnit(' ~tron~ly ~rl(' r o tiz('d, ~('tose po~t('rio rl y; postl'r ior mar~in dN!ply rleft ('ither side of pr(lminent st('rigma acrommOdllting n,.rrow o~tium. Antrum not develo,lt'd. Ourtu~ bursal' thin-Iolalird. finC'iy ~pint·d 3IltC'rl<>riy. C("Irpus ,",ursae :>.0 as long a:o; wide, with pair of conspicuou~, strongly sc lC'nnizt'd , oval signa with irrt'",Io(ui a r marglns. I'a,'h signum sparse l y scobinllte. [In one of five ellample~ eXlimined, an add itiona l ne",dle-shaped sIgnum is pre~ent , set in' a wart-like base ].

LARVA. OC'scribed by Hinton ( 1956: 318-321 . figs. 192-199); Hinton's figures are rl'produced by Zillll1lerman (1978; figs. 13 2· 1331 . The larva makC's a rouf!hl'ned. flattened oval rase with tapered end:o; (Zinunerlllan , 1978: fig. 129 ).

SUBSTRATE. Bird-droppings; fihres from clothing; bat-guano (?). The larva is com1!lOn l y found on walls whe r e it may graze moulds , algae or l icht'"n in the manner of II mCf'ssiine.

PARAS ITE. A.panteles carpatus (Say) (Braconi daf') - recorded by Zi nunerlllan 0978/.

PUPA . Figured by Zimmerman (1978; fig. 134) .

REMARKS. This is a common, widespread, and probably wide l y·int roduced speci es . The head appendages are generalized and so is the venat ion but /III and M2 are t'omplcte l y fused in the hin~ wing of most specimens. In the male, the r emarkable- bifid aedeagus is characteri.stiC" . The femal e genitalia are characteri~ed by the prominent posterior sterigma on the e i ghth sternite and the pai.r of oval , ragged-edged scobinate signa.

The f r eak third signum recorded above occurred in a speci.en from New Guinea (BIoINH genitalia slide no. 13217) and i s probabl y an atavism.

DISTRIBUTION. USA, Bermuda, Jamaica, Cuba, Mexico, Co l omb i a , Venetuela, Ecuador, Peru, Canllry Is . , Ma l ta, Ghana, Mauritius , Coma ro Is. , Sr i Lanka, Malaya, Borneo, Fo~osa, New Guinea , Solomon Is .• Rapa I. , Australia. Hawaii.

MATERIAL EXAJltI NE O. 70 ex., various l ocaliti es (see ' Distribution ' ) , but no specimens originating from caves.

NIDITI NEA Petersen

N.i.ditinea Petersen , 1957, Be.i.tr. Ent. 7 : 134. Type-species: Tinea Euscipunctella lIaworth, 1828, Lepi d Britannica : 562, by original designat ion.

Niditinea i s a cosmopo litan genus with a t least II species. It may be di.vided into two species-groups. The first of these, the spretella-group , contains four speci es with Pa l aeaTctic dis tributions;spretella occurs also in North AMerica where it i s p robab l y an introduction. The second, the piercella-group , contains three Neotropical, one Nea rctic and three Palaearctic species. A wide r ange of food-substrates have been recorded for N. spretelia (fuscipunctella auctorum) but little is known of the biology of any of the other species. During the past t wO to three years, howe ver, numerous specimens of N. piercella (Bent inck) have been bred from the contents of nes t-boxes in Britain and this species may feed on detritus in birds ' nests in tree holes .

Niditinea spretella ([Denis t; SChiffermulier J)

Niditinea Euscipunctella (Haworth); Petersen , 1957: 134, figs. 96-98 Ima Ie, fema I e gen ita I ia J; Geo r gescu, 1964: 595 ISura Mare Cave, Rumania; on guano with Honopis or ghidani l: Dumitrescu e t alii , 1967: 74 [Hunedoara, Ruman ia] ; Negrea ti Neg r ea, 1968: 95 , 136 ICu ptoare Cave, Sanat. Ruman ia I.

Niditinea spretella ([Denis Ii Schiff.j); Zimmerman , 1978; 273, figs. 113-116 Imale, female genitalia, head, venat ion , adu It, I arva figured I.

Ma Ie (Fig. 51). lIead greyiSh ochre. Mall Ula r y pa I pus cr eam , 5·segmented , slight I Y longer than labial pa l pus; l engths of segments 1-5 in proportion 2:1 :4:10;6 , fifth segment with distinct subapical process. Labial palpus light brown with dar ker fl ecks , paler on inner surface; 10 apical , 3-4 lateral and 12·15 ventral br i st l es on second seg~ent. Galea as long as labial pa l pus. Antenna deep br own , about 0.7 length of fore wing; pecten with 10-12 bristles. lnterocular indell· 1.05. Thorax and tegulae deep brown , tips of sca l es paler. Fo r e wing 5.2 - 6.4 mm long, deep brown, densely flecked with yel l ow-brown scales except on basal, plical and discal and discocellular spots ; yel l ow-brown scales spa rse on fold which thus appears darker. Hind wing light grey, fringes same. Legs light brown , gr ey above but lighter at articulations. Abdomen gr ey-gr own , paler ventr31 ly.

Fema l e. Coloration as male. Fore wing 6.6 - 7.7 mm l ong , hind wing with two frenular bristles.

VENATION (Fig. 17) . Fore wing 3.5 - 4.0 as long as wide; venation complete , w~ll.developed; Al and AZ separate in basal third , trac~ of M and chorda pres~nt in ce ll . Hind wing wi t h venation complet e and strongly developed; CuP and two anal vf'ins pr esent.

us GENITALIA ll11e {i'eterscn, 1957: figs. 96, 97; Zagulajev , 1960: fig. 881. Eighth tergite T-shaped. Saccus cylindrical, slloll<-n at anterior end. Valva stout, se.i-c:ylindrical , constricted at thrce-'juartcrs and with v('ntrotl]lil'"al flap- l ike proces~; inncr surface with flap-like apica l ],ro("(,:>:5. Gnathos arllls evenly curved, blunt-tipped. Uncus with ventrally-directed apic:al hook. Anellu::; str o1\gly sclerotitf'd. with pllir of sha l low latcrodorsal processes. Aedeagus 1. 5 l ength of ~:lCC\lS, stout , t.1]lered from middle, with on<' or two thorn-like subapical carinae . Ves i ca without OrlHlmellt:lt ion.

G[NlTALL\ Female (PeterSl'!l, 1957: fiR. 98; Zagulajev, 1960; fig. 118, 12, 138). Ovipositor 1.25 Icn!(th of aJlophyses ant('rior<'s. Eighth s tcrnite hroad, strongly sclerotized, setose posterior ly , Io.·ith narrow, U-shaped postero-mcdial emargination. Ostiull narrow, at. one-half of eighth sternite, .. ith s trongly sclcrotized ventral lip. AntrUIl short , broad. strongly sclerot ized , separated fro. si"il;:!r short, hroad collicu lum by narrow memhranous zone. Ouctus bursae thin-walled, narrow. Co r pus hur«ac !(Iohular , thin-walll'd , with pair of I.'longate bar-shaped signa which in cross-section wou ld h"ve sIWII" of II thr('('-Voint<'d sur; inner aargin of each sigmll1l with pair of slIIall , ant e r ior spines.

I.. \RVA. Ilescriht'u hy flinton (1956: 314-310, Hgs. 184-187 - as Acedes fusc1punctlitlla (Haworth) - fq:urcs rcproJuceu hy Z:lgulajl.'v, 1~(0).

SUIISTIt\TL:. 1I:1t-gu

I'·'KASITI. Apanteles caepatus (Say) (8raconi.dae) was recorded from fuscipunctellil by Burks t1~IH) with Tetrastichus carpatus 8urks (Eulophi.dae) as a hypcqJarasite; carpatull 8urks is now .:onsldcrcJ to be

RI~~\RKS. Bo th the head 8PIlCndages and the venation of this species are generalized but the ~cnit;lliJ of hoth sexes ;Ire highly distinctive , the eighth tergi.te being T-shapcd and the valvae having ;Ipl'::11 flap-lile Ilrocesscs in the male; the felllale has a pall' of long, strongly sclerotized and l·on.'lp i ~-uou~ h"r-sh;'peJ si~ n" in the corpus bursae. N. spretella is a widespr ead and common species which h;ls becn aCl'identally introduced into a number of countrics by commerce. Two other Niditinea sl'cdc~ , N. ooryspilas (~lcyriC"k) comb. n. and N. cu<]urialls (Mey r ick) are very c l osely allied to speet:ella: Niditinea rcquirc~ dctaill.'d taxonomiC" revision to determine the true StatuS and range ot" it~ constitucnt specie~.

11,<, usc of til" nallle 'spectella iDenis Ii Schifferlllullcr}' for the well~known fuscipunctella follolo.s :i_erIllJIl (1978) who, In turn, follows Zeller's interpretat.ion of Denis 6 Schlffenai.iller' s speecel!a (Linn . Enc. 6 154, 1851).

UISTRIIJUT ION. C'lOad:., USA, Mexico, Canary Is. , Madeira, Spain, Portugal, Morocco , Algeria , Britain, I rance , UC11Rl;lrl, Norway, Sweden, Finland , Germany (East. ti West). Poland, Austria , Czechoslovakia, Italy, Sici.ty , l{um:1nia, 8:dlans , Afghanistan, USSR (European region, Caucasus, Central Asia, Far East), J;ljlan, S. Africa. Australi:!, New Zealand.

MATERI,'L EXAmNED. ea.200 ex., various loc-alities (sec ' Distribution'), but no specimens ol'iginntin.: fro,q caves.

(?) i1£ESSIINAE

CUBOTINEA Capuse Ii Georgescu

Cubotlnca I1I}HI1C Ii Gcorges(""u, 1977, Res. Exp. bi.ospOO1. ct1bano-.rouDlllines Cuba 2 : 362. Type-species: Cubotine.! oeghidani dtJlu~e ti Georgescu , 1977, ibidem 2 : 362, by original deSignation and monotypy.

Cubot.inea is apparently 3 IIIOnotypic genus endemic to Cuba. I ts affinities are uncertain but (liar lic with Xystrologa ~leyrick (see Clarke , 1970: III) which currently contains two NeOtropica l ~pc.:ies of whic-h nothing is lnown of the bio logy .

Cubotinea orghidani Capuse Ii Ccorgescu

Cubotinea orghidani Capusc 1; Georgescu, 1977, Res. Exp. blospCol. cubilno-roumaine.s Cuba 2 : 362 , figs. 2,:i. 1I010typc fe.aic (sic], CUBA: Cueva de las CoIUlllna~, sur Ie guano sec, 3.v.1969 (Decou , St. Negrea) (ISER, 8ucharest).

Thi.s gcnus anti species were described frOIi a 'holotype female', 'allotype ferule' and 4 lIIale and 1 fellale 113ratypes. The citation of the holotype as fe/Ule .ay be a typographical error. It has not been possiblc to exalline specilllcns of this species (see 'Introduction') a.nd reference should be lIIadc to the origina l description, however unsatisfactory this may be. It is extr emely unlikely t hat this "pecic!' has ~ix IIl:lxillary palp segments : the basal segment figured is probabl y a fragment of the maxilla. The figures of venation must be treatl'd with a good dea l of scepticisrII: in no other genus of Lepidoptera does CuP fork in the fore wing. The hind wing venation figured is utterly nonsensical - there are twO subcostal veins, Sc and RI sepa rate and rejoin , lIedial veins arise from the radial scctor and the two cubital branches arise independently at the base of the wing.

116 CATALOGUE OF 'STRAY' SPEC I ES OF T I NE I ~AE RECO~DF.D FROM CAV~.

SCAROIINAE Horophaga choragella ([Denis Ii Sc,hiffen-ullerJ)

Negrea 6 Negrea. 1968: 82, 136 IPrhat'a de la Schiopu II Cave, Banat, Ruaania - as 'Scardia boleti (F.)') M¥RMECOZELINAE

Haplotinea dltella (Pierce, Metcalfe Ii Diakonoff)

Georgescu , 1963: 1201, figs. I, 2 [Canarana, Dobrogea, Ru ..nia; sale genitalia].

Haplotinea insectella (F).

Dumitrescu et alll, 1958: 470 (Rumani a, Gura Dobrogei, feeding on guano]. [This is a possible lIis identification of H. ditella (above) r eferred to by Gcorgescu (1963: 1201) five years later occurring in Gura Dobrogei.] TINEINAE

Crypsithyris sp.

I lIa l e (in poor cond ition), 5ARAWAK: nr. Miri, Niah Cave, v.1978 (Chapman) (8MNII, London).

"onopis ferruginella (Hob ner)

Wolf, 1935: 414 (YugOSlavia, Dal_atia, Grotta di Cinjadra]j Debauche, 1942: 12 [Wolf' s record1; Schwarz , 1956: 21 [Wolf's record): Gueorguiev Ii Beron, 1962: 343 (Bulgaria, Zaejovi dupkiJ; 5arlet, 1978: 19 (Wolf's record).

Monopls 1.mella (HUbner)

Jeannel, 1926: 215 [fro. caves in France - as • BlabopMfles inelll:l (s i c) Hubner']; Debauche, 1942: 12 (Jeannel's record - as 'lnella'); Sa rlet, 1978: 19 (Jeannel's record - as 'inell"'].

Honop1a st1chomela (Lower)

Lever, 1943: 102 (froll guano, Kalabo Cave, Fiji - as 'strlchoOllela'); Viette, 1955: S30 (Lever'S record _ as 'strlchome11~']; Lever, 1964: IS4 (Fijian caves, on bat guuno - as 'strichomela'] .

[Th e specimens upon which this record is based have not been found: .tlchomel~ is not otherwise known to occur in Fiji. It is an Australian species].

Monopis sp.

Capo longo et llJil,1974: 186 (Grotta dei diavoli, Letino, Italy].

T1nea fictrix Meyrick

Meyrick, 193 1: 96 [bred fronl guano, India; redescription]; Fletcher, 1933: 71 [bred froll guano , India]: Robinson, 1978: 14 2, fig. 2 [female genitalia; distributionlj Robinson, 1979: 154 [synonymy, dhtribution1; .o\d3JIIS, 1979: 200, pI. 14, figs. 1-4 [ ..ale genitalia].

Tinea sp.

Ghidin!, 1906: 22 (Tanone Cave, Cereslo, Switzerland); Pax, 1938: lIS (Italy, Caverna dl San Roaualdoj; Gueorguiev 6 Beron, 1962: 343 [Bulgana , Ra!'i~ka Cavel ; Strinati, 1966: 432 (Chidini ' s record - Tanone Cave in Canton du Tessin]; Capolongo ee "Iii, 1974: 187 (Tnghiottitoio del Bussento, Caselle in Pittari, Italy). Protet"ospastis proletaria (Meyrick) comb. n.

Tln" pro1etlilria Meyrick, 1921 , ZoOl. /faded . Leiden6: 199. LECTOTYPE aale, SRI I.AHKA (CEYI.ON): 1907 (B). (genitalia slide no. 1426; 8MNH, London), here designated (exaained].

Meyrick's second syntype of this species, a fe~ale fro~ Java, is not conspecific with the lectotype designated here, but is a species of Phereoeca. The second specimen known of proletari" is: male, NEW CA LE OONIA: llienghene. Grotte du Lindcralique , 2 II, 3.viii.197B (5. &.1. Peck). The male genitalia of this specimen are illustrated in fig. 28.

117 Nldltlnea praeumbrata (Heyrick) comb . n. 2: 274. Lectotype lIale, BRITISH GUIANA. Tinea proleumbrata Meyrick , 1919 , E;,ot. l'IiC'Iolepidopt. Clarke (lg..;oO: 103) , [examined). Bartica, L1913 (Parish) (BMNH, London), designated by 4 . E;,p. bios;Mol. C'ubitno-roumaines Cuba 2 : 364 , fig. Niditinea negreai Capuse 6 Georgescu , 1977, Res. . Negrea) ( ISER , Bucharest) Inot exalllined]. Holotype female, CUBA: Cueva del Guano, 9.iiL1973 (St Syn . n . Niditlnea unipunctella (Zagulajev) Turkmenia, Kara·!:ala Region, Baharden , among Zagulajev, 1960: 201 , fig. 16B [I lIale in cave , USSR: . bird·pellets and excrement; female genitalia figured) MEESSIINAE Ischnoscia borreonella (Milliere) de dupa, Cir-,J.a , Banal , Rumania]. Negrea & Negrea , 1968: 107 , 136 [Pestera

Phereoeca allutella (Rebel) la VeIn, 14.iv.1973, 1 ma l e only ; lIIale (ea.pule II Georgescu, 1977: 361, fig. I [Cubn , Cueva de sc!:)]. His ident i fieation. ] genitalia figured. Identified as P. walsinghami(Bu

TEICHOBIINAE

Teichobia fil1civora (Meyrick) cave entrance only). (Larvae of this Hazelton , 1972: 210 [Chudleigh Cave , S. Dorset, England· species feed on fern sporangia.]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . H.·J. Hannellann (MNIIU . Be r lin), I am most grateful to Mr. V. Aellen (HIiN , Geneva), Or , Copenhagen). Dr . P.E . L. Viette (MNIIN , Paris) Hr. N.P. Kristensen and Mr. E. Sdtllidt Nielsen (ZM donation of specimens and for ans,,"ering and Dr . A.K. Zagulajev (ZI , Leningrad) for the l oan and Day, Dr. M.G. Fitton, Miss A. Lum, Dr . K. Sattler enqull'les. My colleagues Dr. J.O. Bradley, Mr. M.C. Collections from localities in Sar awak were and Mr . K.R. Tuck helped with a variety of problems. Society/Sarawak State Forest Department Mr. P. Chap.an as a member of the Royal Geographical made by in ZI , Leningrad, was carried Expedition to Gunong Mulu. Examination of relevant type-specimens of Sciences exchange progr amme. out by the author under the Royal Society/Soviet Academy

118 8ib1 iogr aphy

Adams, R.G. 1979. The male of Tinea fictnx Meyr ick. ~ntomologilJt's Gat. . 30: 200, pl. 14, fias 1-4. Annandale, N. et alii. 1914. The limestone caves of Burna and the Malay Peninsula. J. Peoc. Asiat. Soc. !!eng. 9: 391-424. Beadley, J . D. 1957. Microlepidoptera froll Rennell and Bellona Islands. Nat . Hist. Renn~ll I., Be. SOloman Is. 2: 87-111 , pIs. 1-12. Bradley, J . D. 1973. Tineid moths from the 8atu Caves, selangor. J. nat. H~st. 7: 675-682, fias 1-13. Bridgllla n, J.B. 1886. Further additions to the Rev. T.A. ~ I arshall's CatalO,ue of 8ritish lchneumonidae. Tn"s . ent. Soc. Lond. 1886: 335-373. Burks, B.D . 1943 . The north American parasitic wasps of the genus Teteltstichus _ a contribution to biological control of insect pests. Pcoc. U. S. natn. Hus . 93: 505-608. Capolongo , O. et: alii.. 1974. Specie cavernicole di CalJpania. "nnuar . 1st. Hus. Zoo.:l.. Uni.v. NapoH 20: 33-213. c&puje. 1. 1963. Quelques l~pidopt~res reaarquab1es de 1a faune de la R.P. Roulll3ine. Bull. SOC. ent. /lfulhouse 1963: 1-4, figs 1-7. Capufe , 1. lY66. Uber einige Areen del' Gattung Honopi.s /lb. aus Rulll3nien. Reichl!nbacll~a 6: 287-290, figs 1-10. ~pu1e, I . 1974. Sur un cas de gynandromorphisme chet Honopis ccocicapit~lla (Clell.). Luce. Inst. Speo1. emil Racovlta 13, 77-7,], fig 1. I. & Georgescu, M. 1962. ACol.ds viretata !Ibn. 5i Honopis crocicapitella Clem. elemente noi pentru Fauna R.P.R. Cornunl. Acad . Rep . pop. rom. 12: 345-352, figs 1-3. I. & Georgescu, M. 1963a. Contributii la studiul lepidopterelor cavernicole.Lucr. Inst. Speol. Eai.l Racovita 1/2: 495-502, figs 1-3. Capuie, I. & Georgescu , /·1. 1963b. Contributii la studiul IIOrfologie1 stadiilor prei.aginale de Honopis crocicapit.lla Clem. Corn unle Acad. Rep. pop. rom. 13: 829-834, figs 1-9. cl'pule, I. & Georgescu, M. 1977. Contr ibution 11 I'~tude des Upidoptllres des grottes de Cuba. pp.361-367, i n Orghidan, T. Bt .lii, R~sultats des elrp&/itions bios~logiques cub.lno roumllines • Cuba. 2. 420 pp. 15 ph. Bucuresti. Clarke, J.F.G. 1941. The preparation of slides of the genitalia of Lepidoptera. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 36: 149- 161, pIs. 2-5. Clarke, J.F.G. 1955. Catalogue of the type-specimens of Hicro1epidoptera in the British Huseum (Na t ural History) described by Edwaed Heyrick. I, vii + 332 pp, 4 piS, London. Clarke, J.F.G, 1970 . Ibide•• 8. 261 pp, 60 pIs. London. Clarke , J.F.G. 1971. The Lepidoptera of Rapa Island. sm..ithson. Contr. Zoo1. 56: i·iv, 1-282 , figs. 1-175 , pis. 1-29. Cogan, B.H. & Smi th, K.G.V. 1974. Insects . Insteuctions foe Collectoes. vi + 169 pp , 37 figs, British t-klseuill (Natural Hist.ory), London. Common, I.F.B. 1970 . Lepidoptera (JIIOths and butterflies), pp. 765-866. In Mackerras, I.M. (ed.) The Insects of Australia. xii + 1029 pp, 8 pIs, Melbourne University Press, Australia. Dammerman, K.W. 1932. Enkele gegevens over grotteninsecten van Java. 7'i.jd. Ent . 75 (Suppl ; ): 259-263 , figs 1-2. Davis , D.R. 1972 . Tetrapa1pus trinidadensis, a new genu s and species of cave moth from Trinidad. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash . 74: 49-59, figs 1-24. DaviS, D.R. 1978. The North American moths of the genera Phaeoses, Opogona and Oinophila with a discussion of their supergeneric (sicJ affinities. Smithson . Conte. Zool . 282, 1-39, figs 1-128. Davis, D.R. 1980. Tineidae. In Dominick, R. 8. at alii, Hoths of AmerIca North of Hexico. Checklist of species. Debauche , H.R. 1942. Etudes biosp~ologiques. Lepidoptera !leterecera de Transylvanie. Bull. Nus. r. Hlst. nat. Belg. 18 (6): 1-13. Diakonoff, A. 1951. Notes on cave-dwelling ~ li crolepidoptera with descrlptions of a new genus and species froll! East Java. Zoo1. Haded., Leiden 31: 129-137, figs. 1-7. Oumitrescu, M. et alii. l~S~ . Pestera de la Guru Oobro,ei. Annuar. COM. St. Geol . Ro~. 31: 461-482 , pIs. 1-3. OulDit.rescu, M. et alii. 1967 . 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S1'61fo1. 17: 285-441, maps 1_17. !lazelton, M. 1972. Biological records no. 14. 1970 and 1971. Tr.. ns. Cave Res. Grp Gt Br. 14: 205-230. 119 ei dae o f e conomic i mportance. Bull. ent . Res . Hinton , II. E. 1956 . TIle larvae of t he species o f Tin 47: 251-346. T. (cd. ) . Icones He t erocerorulII J(Jponicorum in Issiki , S . 1~57. Tineidac, pp. 15-17 , in Esaki, gs , O saka. (In Japanese]. coloribus natur(Jlibus . 1. xix + 318 pp. 64 pI s , 98 fi ent . Sill' . A. 7: 1-334 , figs 1-74. Jeannel, R. 1926. Faune caverni col e de l a France. E:ncycl. . T(J xonomis t's glos s(Jr!,! of genit(Jlia in Klots , A.B. 1956 . Lepidoptera . In Tuxen , S.l. (cd.) insects . ?p. 97 - 111 , text-figs 12 1-132. Copenhagen. Lyonctiidae o f Japan. E:s aJda 4: 1-61, figs Kuroko , II. 1964. ~evisional s t udies on the family 1-80. et la f aune c avernicole de la Belgique. H~m. Leruth , R. 1939. La biolo&ie du domaine souterr ain "'us. r. Hist. nat . Belg. 87: 1-506, figs . 1-61. bat guano. Agric. J. Dep. Agric. Fiji 14 : Lever , R.J.A.I"I. 19" 3. Insects from cave deposits o f 102. caves . E:nto/llOlogi.s t ' s IIlOn . Nag. 100: 154. Lever, R.J./\.II'. 1964. On the illsect fauna of Fijian of J(Jp(Jn - Empire. (xv iii + (l719] pp., 10 col . ~1atsulDura, S.~l. 1931. 6000 illustrated insects pis , text-figs , Tokyo. ",aJc HUS . J . 8 : 667-679 . ~Iedway, !..ord 1958. 300 , 000 bats. S,tr(J from India a nd Bu rma. Rec . Ind. Hus . 2 : 395-400. ~leyrick , E. 1\)08. New Micro-Lepidoptera spelaea ~leyr. Exo L Hicrolepi d. 1: 602-603. ~leyrick, t . 1916. Crypsithyris Siju in Fletcher, T.B. Ii Meyritk , E., Lepidopte ra o f the ~leyrid, Ii. 19::!4. II . Tineidae, p. 114 , , Assam . Rec . Ind. Mus . 26: 11 3-114. Cave, Care llills 2 . n. sp. Tinea por phyropa, n . sp . £'xo t. Mi crolepid. 3:33 ~!eyrick, f.. 1927. Tinea hypochrysa, . Selango r . XI V. Microlepidoptera. J. f e d. Hala!,! St. Hus ~leyrick, L 192\). Fauna of the Batu Caves, 14: 37<1·375. . 4 : 96 . 1:. 1931. Tinea fict rix ~Ieyrick. SKot . M1c rol e pid ~Ieyrick, l a sociatiei pa rietale a pesterilor din "cgrca , S. & Nellrea, A. 1968. Contributie Ie studiu Banat. Lucr . Inst . Speol . Emil Racovita 7: 79-14 8 . n Leme. Nitt. ~hl en - u . K4rstforsch . Pax, f. 1938. lIcitra& :::ur Kenntnis del' 110hienfauna vo 1938(4): 113-11 9 . hen Tine iden. Beitr. £nt. 7 : 55-176, Petersen, C. 1957 , 1958. nil' Genitalien del' paillarktisc 338-379 , 557-595; 8: 111-118 , 398-430. r palaarktischer Tineiden aus dem C. 1959. Ergebnisse del' Untersuchung indet erminier tc Petersen, l / Karlsruhe. Dt. an t . Z, 6 : 152-159, Zoologischen Museum , Berlin , und del' SaJllllllung II.C. Amse figs 1-3. n von ACganistan . Bei tr. Ent . 13 : 176-188 , Petersen, G. 1963. 2. Beitrag sur Kenntnis der Tineide figs 1-7 , pl. 3. dt ' schen Jran-Ausbeute. 6 Teil: Tineidae. Ent . I'etcrsen, G. 1966. Die Microlepidopteren del' Bran Tidskr . 87: 23-29. ogischen Forschungen von Or. Z. Kanab in Petersen, G. 1973. Tincidae II. Ergebnisse del' z:oo i del' tSongol ei. Reichenbachia 14 : 89-94. pidoptera geni talia with special reference Robinson , C.S. 1976. The prepar 3ti on of s lides of Le G./I :I: . 27 : 1 27 -132 , figs I , 2. to the ~ I icrolepidop t era . Entomol ogist ' s the Britis h l i st. Entomologist's Caz. 29: Robinson, G.S. 1978 . Four species of Tineinae new to 13~-144, figs 1-3. fictr ix Meyrick , 1 914. Entomologist' s C (JZ. 30: Robinso11, (;.,$. 197~. TIo'o new synonyms of Tine" 154. Llmb1l1ionea 78 : 1 7-20. Sarlet, G. !~78. L6pidopt~rcs des grones. jeskyn . Cas . s l e z sk . Mu s . Opave A 5: 19-30. Sch\~ar!., R. 1956. Mot9li ceskoslovensk9ch Ichneumo n s . Ann. Soc . ent. Fr. 92: 345-362. Seyrig, A. 1924. Observations sur 13 biologi c des 483 pp . ,

Caden S. Robinson 80. 8ritish ~1useu. (Natural Histor y) London SW7 5

120 Trans . British Cave Research Assoc . Vol. 7 , No . 2 , p . 121 , June 1980

THE THREE COUNT I ES CAVE SYSTEMS

A. C . Waltham & D. B. Brook

The map of the Three Counties Cave Systems issued with this number of the Transactions shows the current state of exploration in what is almost certainly the finest group of caves in Britain . Over 80 kilometres of cave passages are on the map.

Str addling the county boundaries from Yorkshire through to Lancashire and on to Cumbria , the Three Counties consists of isolated sections of explored cave conceptually united by hydrological and geomorphological links. In the western section all the caves west of Ireby Cavern drain to Leek Beck Head; although long dives or major new discoveries are needed to confirm many of the connections , the Two Counties System is already a reality since Easegill , Link and Pippikin were all united in late 1978. East of Low Douk Cave everything drains to Keld Head , and here the record-breaking dives i n Aeld Head have l ead to the almost complete exploration s on the west side of Kingsdale .

The one connection not provided by proven drainage routes is that between Marble Steps Pot and Ireby Cavern , However , it is almost certain that the main trunk passage of Ireby Cavern is only a segment of a "pre-glaCial" route which originated i n the high level chambers of Marble Steps Pot. Massive sediment fl1ls at present preven t further exploration , but this geomorphic link does appear to cross the modern watershed and thereby con nect the Leck Beck Head and Keld Head catchments. The boundaries of tne poten tial system are defined on most sides by the shale caps over lying the limestone and the Craven and Dent faults. The exception is to the south east where the underground watershed between Keld Head and Cod ' s Bridge is not accurately known and Indeed ancient fossil passages could extend the Three Counties in this direction.

The map itself is a compilation of the best surveys currently available. Great accuracy cannot be claimed as cross- checks are few and far between. Grades of individual surveys are mostly BCRA 4 or 5 with the obvious exception of most of the sump surveys. Superimposed passages are a complication , and crossing lines on the map do not tnerefor e necessarily indicate a passage connection_ In some places low level s t reamways have been i ndicated differently to aid interpretation of the map , but not all sucn passages ha v e been marked; where streamways progressively descend to lower levels this could have added to the conZusion . There are a few places where available data is less than satisfactory : the shale boundary across Casterton Fell is only estimated beneath its thick till cover, the Gavel and Lost John ' s sumps have not been surveyed; and t hough Marble Steps . King and Yordas have all been proved to drain to Keld Head it is not known precisely where their waters ente r the e xp l o r e d phr eatic section . The p r ofile of the caves is only semi diagrammati C , a nd can o n ly show some of the caves; on it , levels are correct , but the horizontal scale var ies to a l low a mean ingful p r esentation.

Credit f or the original surveys , on which the compilation map is based, is as follows: Aygill - NSG; Bull Pot of the Witches - RRCPC; Lancaster- Easegill - RRCPC . NPC: Link - NPC ; Pippikin -Hii CPC ; Sho r t Drop - Gavel - ULSA , HWCPC; Lost John ' s - HWCPC; Notts - BUS S; Ireby - ULSA , NCC ; Ma r ble Steps - LUCC; Ke l d Head - COG; liest Kingsdale ULSA; Cr escent - PCC; King - NCC ; Growling a nd Spectacle - LUSS. In addition, many other clubs and individuals have contributed to the surveys; BPC , CPC , CUCC, GC and MUSS come to min d and tner e must be more . In conclusion it can be seen that a multitude of cavers have been involved in the production of this map, probably more than in any other caving project 1n the country . As such , the exploration and survey of the Thr ee Counties System is a major credit to aritish caving.

Extra copies of the Three Counties survey are obtainabl e at £1.20 (plus postaRe) fro~ BCRA Sale~, by post folded , and flat sheets will be on sale at the Conference and Met'tings. They are also available at the main cav~ng shops.

In an atteapt at keeping the survey up-to-date, anyone is invited to send copies of new ~urv~ys to Tony Waltha~ (eiv. Eng. Dept. , Trent Polytechnic, Nottinghaa NGI 48U) who will incorporate thea in future reprints. NOW A V A I LAB L E

LIM EST 0 N E S AND C A V E S OF . . . . .

A Series of books sponsored by a . C.R.A.

LIMESTONES AND CAVES OF NORTHWEST ENGLAND compiled and edited by A . C. r!altham published by David & Charles, 1974. 477 pages . £7.50 hardback .

LIMESTONES AND CAVES OF THE MENDIP HILLS compiled a nd edited by 0 . 1 . Smith & D. F . Drew

published by David & Charles, 1975.

42 4 pages . £7.50 h ardback.

LIMESTONES AND CAVES OF THE PEAK DISTRICT compiled and edited by T.O. Ford Norwich. published by "Geo- books", Geo- Abstracts Ltd. ,

469 pages. El1.50 soft back ; £15 hardb ack .

LIMESTONES AND CAVES OF WALES in p r eparation

All Now Available, post free , from B. C.R. A. Sal es :

Brian Ellis ,

30 Main Road , westonzoyland, Bridgwater,

Somerset TA7 CEB

122 •

The TRANSACTIONS OF THE BRITISH CAVE RESEARCH ASSOCIAT I ON covers all aspects of speleological science, incl uding geology, geomorphol ogy, hydrology, chemistry, physics, archaeology and "biology i n thei r applica tion to caves , as well as technological matters such as explorati on , equipment, surveying, photography and documentation. Papers may be r ead at General Meetings held in various parts of Britain, but they may be submitted for publication without being read. Manuscripts should be sent to the Editor, Dr . T. D. Ford, Geology Dept., University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH , who will be pleased to advise in cases of doubt about the preparation of manuscripts. The Transactions is nor mally issued four times a year to paid- up members of the British Cave Research Association. Subscriptions are due on January 1st annuall y. Full Members £7 per annum Corporate Members Clubs £8 . 50 per annum

OFFICERS FOR 1980 Chairman: J. J. Rowland , 42 Laburnum way , Littleborough , Lancashi re . Deputy Cpa"irman: Dr . J . D. Wilcock, 22 Kingsley Close, Rising Brook , . . Stafford, ST17 9BT Secretary: Ian Penney, 9 Grandview Road, Thundersley, Essex.

Membership Secretary: . J. R. Wooldridge, 9 Chelsea Court, Abdon Avenue , Birmingham 29 Treasurer: J . Dey, 2 Wyatt Avenue, Sheffield 511 9FN Editor: Dr. T. D. Ford, Geo l ogy Dept. , University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH Bulletin Editor: C. J . Travis , 77 Ranby Road, Sheffield Sll 7AN Foreign Secretary: J. R. Middleton , 2 Broad El ms Close , Sheffiel d 11 Librarian: Roy paulson, 26 Ashley Road , Keywor th, Nottingham. Sales Officer: Bryan Ellis , 30 Main Road, westonzoyland, Bridgwater , Somerset TA7 OEB Biological Recorder : M. C. Day , Dept. of Entomology , Br itish MuseUm (Natural History) , Cromwell Road, Lo"ndon SW7 Archaeological Recorder : J . D. Wilcock , 22 Kingsl ey Close , Ri s ing Brook , Stafford. Conservation secretary : D. M. Judson , Bethel Green , Ca l derbr ook Road , Littleborough, Lanes. OLls 9ND Mining Recorder: P. B. Smith, 21 Belper Roa,d , Sheffield 7

Bookings manager Dr. R.G. Picknett, 28 potters Nay , Laverstock, Salisbury

Distribution manager P. Cousins, 8 Giffords Croft, Lichfield, Staffs. Insurance manager: G. Wells, 39 Linden Road, Redland, Bristol , 8S6.

Back numbers of the Transactions and other publications can be obtained from Bryan Ellis, 30 Main Road, Westonzoyland, Bridgwater , Somerset TA7 OEB Opinions expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the individual authors and in no way may be taken as representing the official view of the British Cave Research Association, unless otherwise stated .