ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT Organizational Conflict Organizational Conflict also known as workplace conflict, is described as the state of disagreement or misunderstanding by individuals or groups within the organization resulting from opposing needs, ideas, beliefs, values, or goals. At the workplace, whenever, two or more persons interact, conflict occurs when opinions with respect to any task or decision are in contradiction. A common example of organizational conflict occurs when workers advocate for higher pay and the business owner or management wants pay levels to remain the same. Factors Influencing Organizational Conflict 1. Unclear Responsibility: If there is lack of clarity, regarding who is responsible for which section of a task or project, conflict takes place. And, to avoid this situation, the roles and responsibility of the team members should be stated clearly and also agreed upon by all. 2. Interpersonal Relationship: Conflicts at the workplace are often caused by interpersonal issues between the members of the organization. Every member of an organization possesses different personality, which plays a crucial role in resolving conflict in an organization. 3. Scarcity of Resources: One of the main reasons for occurrence of conflict in an organization is the inadequacy of resources like time, money, materials etc. due to which members of the organization compete with each other, leading to conflict between them. 4. Conflict of Interest: When there is a disorientation between the personal goals of the individual and the goals of the organization, conflict of interest arises, as the individual may fight for his personal goals, which hinders the overall success of the project. Types of Organizational Conflict 1. Intra-individual/Intra-personal Conflict Conflict can be intra-personal, where an individual’s objective and vision differs from his/her company’s overall vision. Intrapersonal conflict occurs within an individual. The experience takes place in the person’s mind. Hence, it is a type of conflict that is psychological involving the individual’s thoughts, values, principles and emotions. For example, a secretary may have to lie on instructions that her boss is not in the office to avoid an unwanted visitor or an unwanted telephone call. This may cause a conflict within the mind of the secretary who may have developed an ethic of telling the truth. In addition to these value conflicts, a person may be faced with a role conflict. For example, a police officer may be invited to his brother’s wedding where he may find that some guests are using drugs which are against the law. It may cause conflict in his mind as to which role he should play – as of a brother or as of a police officer. 2. Inter-personal conflict Interpersonal conflict is the conflict between two individuals of the organization. Basically, this occurs because of some differences in people. We have varied personalities which usually lead to incompatible choices and opinions. This may involve conflict between two managers who are competing for limited capital and manpower resources. If there are two equally deserving professors and they are both up for promotion, but only one of them can be promoted because of budget and positional constraints, then this could result in interpersonal conflict between the two professors. Another type of interpersonal conflict can relate to disagreements over goals and objectives of the organization. A college or a university may have a policy of quality education so that only top quality students are admitted while some members of the organizational board may propose “open admission” policy where all high school graduates are to be considered for admission. Such a situation can cause conflicts among the members of the governing board. In addition to conflicts over the nature and substance of goals and objectives, the conflicts can also arise over the means for achieving these goals and objectives. For example, two marketing managers may argue as to which promotional methods would result in higher sales. 3. Intra-group Conflict Intragroup conflict occurs among individuals within a team. These are conflicts that typically involve more than one person within a group. The incompatibilities and misunderstandings between team members lead to intragroup conflict. It starts from interpersonal disagreements like team members have different personalities which may lead to tension or differences in views and ideas. For example, in some restaurants, all tips are shared equally by all waiters and waitresses. Some particular waitress who may be overly polite and efficient may feel that she deserves more, thus causing conflict between her and the group. Similarly, if a group is going on strike for some reasons, some members of the group may not agree with these reasons or simply may not be economically able to afford to go on strike, thus causing conflict with the group. 4. Inter-group conflict Intergroup conflict occurs when a misunderstanding arises among different teams within an organization. This is due to the varied sets of goals and interests of these different groups. In addition, competition also contributes for intergroup conflict to arise. There are other factors which fuel this type of conflict. Some of these factors may include a rivalry in resources or the boundaries set by a group to others which establishes their own identity as a team. For example, sales people who depend upon their commission as a reward for their efforts may promise their customers certain quantity of the product and delivery times which the production department may find impossible to meet thus causing conflict between the two units. 5. Inter-organizational Conflict Inter-organizational conflict is the conflict that arises across different organizations. When different businesses are competing against one another, this is an example of inter-organizational conflict. Conflict also occurs between organizations which are dependent upon each other in some way. This conflict may be between buyer organizations and supplier organizations about quantity, quality and delivery times of raw materials and other policy issues. Causes of Organizational Conflict . Managerial Expectations: Every employee is expected to meet the targets, imposed by his/her superior and when these expectations are misunderstood or not fulfilled within the stipulated time, conflicts arises. Communication Disruption: One of the major causes of conflict at the workplace is disruption in the communication, i.e. if one employee requires certain information from another, who does not respond properly, conflict sparks in the organization. Misunderstanding: Misunderstanding of information, can also alleviate dispute in organization, in the sense that if one person misinterpret some information, it can lead to series of conflicts. Lack of accountability: If in a project, responsibilities are not clear and some mistake has arisen, of which no member of the team wants to take responsibility can also become a cause of conflict in the organization. Stages of Conflict There are five stages in a conflict. 1. Latent Stage: In the “Latent Stage,” the first stage in the five stages of conflict, people may be in conflict without being aware that they are in conflict. An example of this could be that a server at a restaurant may have inputted an order incorrectly and the food being made for a table is the wrong food. The manager and table do not know this yet and conflict has not arisen yet. 2. Perceived Stage: The “Perceived Stage” is when the people involved in a conflict become fully aware that there is a conflict, so the table has now been made aware and complained to management. Management will now go over to speak with the employee about it. 3. Felt Stage: During the “Felt Stage” stress and anxiety are felt by one or more of the participants due to the conflict, the manager does not enjoy causing conflict and the employee does not enjoy being under scrutiny. 4. Manifest: This will undoubtedly lead to the “Manifest Stage,” during which the conflict can be observed. The Manifest Stage can take a number of shapes including: e-mails, phone calls, phone messages, face-to-face meetings, or any situation in which the conflict could be observed. When the manager pulls the employee aside to speak with him or her, others perceive the conflict and it has manifested. 5. Aftermath: The final stage is the “Aftermath Stage,” which takes place when there is some outcome of the conflict, such as a resolution to, or dissolution of, the problem. When the manager corrects the mistake with the customer and takes appropriate steps to ensure the server is more careful in the future. Conflict resolution Conflict resolution is a way for two or more parties to find a peaceful solution to a disagreement among them. From a conflict resolution perspective, conflicts can and must be resolved by taking into account the needs of the people affected by the conflict. In other words, for a solution to be lasting, it must meet the needs of all those involved in the conflict. A solution, in which one party’s needs are met at the expense of the needs of the other party, is neither just nor likely to last for a long. Resolving a conflict ends the dispute by satisfying the interests of both parties. Conflict resolution requires great managerial skills. Our goal in conflict resolution always should be to seek a resolution based on mutual gain. Realistically, however, resolution is not always possible. When this is the case, we must manage the conflict to ensure that the relationship is constructive and that open communication is maintained. Successful conflict resolution depends on the ability to regulate stress and emotions. During conflict, strong emotions appear which can hurt feelings. When a person deals with a conflict in a healthy way, it increases the understanding among people, builds trust and strengthens relationships Conflict resolution is only a five-step process: Step 1: Identify the source of the conflict.