THE YALE HISTORICAL REVIEW AN UNDERGRADUATE PUBLICATION SPRING 2017 THE YALE HISTORICAL REVIEW AN UNDERGRADUATE PUBLICATION The Yale Historical Review provides undergraduates an opportunity to have their exceptional work highlighted and SPRING 2017 ISSUE encourages the diffusion of original historical ideas on college VOLUME VI campuses by providing a forum for outstanding undergraduate ISSUE II papers covering any historical topic. The Yale Historical Review Editorial Board Yale gratefully acknowledges the following donors: Jacob Wasserman Greg Weiss FOUNDING PATRONS Annie Yi Association of Yale Alumni Weili Cheng For past issues and information regarding submissions, Department of History, Yale University advertisements, subscriptions, and contributions please Matthew and Laura Dominski visit our website: Jeremy Kinney and Holly Arnold Kinney In Memory of David J. 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CONTRIBUTORS Correction for print edition of the Yale Special Issue of the American Historical Association Review: The article titled “Town, Gown, and the Great Department of the History of Art, Yale University Depression” misstated Yale’s payroll in 1932 and the The Ethnicity, Race, and Migration Program at Yale amount that Yale students spent in New Haven. They Near Eastern Languages & Civilizations Department at should be $4.3 million and $3.5 million, not $4.3 billion. ON THE COVER "Political Unreast in the Dominican Republic." Photographs and Prints Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library. http://exhibitions.nypl. org/africanaage/photos/carib60/1955976.jpg. EDITOR IN CHIEF COPY EDITORS EDITORIAL Maxwell Ulin, TD ’17 Heidi Katter, SM ’20 Eva Landsberg, SM ’17 Flora Lipsky, JE ’19 BOARD Adrian Rivera, JE ’20 MANAGING EDITOR Katherine Shy, TC ’19 PRODUCTION AND DESIGN EDITORS SENIOR EDITORS Nicholas Stewart, JE ’18 Isabelle Taft, SM ’17 Vanessa Chung, SM ’20 Christine Wang, SY ’18 DEVELOPMENT CHAIRS ASSOCIATE EDITORS Emily Yankowitz, PC ’17 Emma Hastings, TD ’18 Keera Annamaneni TD ’20 Ishaan Srivastava, GH ’19 Mark Gustaferro, SM ’20 WEB DEVELOPMENT CHAIR Gillian Page, SY ’20 Eva Landsberg, SM ’17 Kas Tebbetts, BK ’20 DAVID BLIGHT ADVISORY Class of 1954 Professor of American History; Director of the Gilder Leh- BOARD rman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition BRUCE GORDON Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History JOHN GADDIS Robert A. Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History BEVERLY GAGE Professor of History GLENDA GILMORE Peter V & C Vann Woodward Professor of History JAY GITLIN Lecturer of History; Associate Director of the Howard R. Lamar Center for the Sutudy of Frontiers and Borders STEVEN PINCUS Bradford Durfee Professor of History; Co-Director of the Center for His- torical Enquiry and the Social Sciences NORMA THOMPSON Director of Undergraduate Studies for Humanities LETTER FROM THE EDITORS Russian collusion. Border conflict. Re- and mob violence together served to suppress ligious persecution. Struggles for cultural early Methodism for fear of the sect’s so- and national identity. These are just some cially destabilizing characteristics. Looking of the themes that can be found this issue to a more recent time, Daisy Li, University of The Yale Historical Review. In many ways, of Western Ontario ’16, traces the roots of these subjects bring to mind current events modern ethnic and sectarian conflicts in the as much as past ones; many in the West to- Balkans and Middle East to the late Ottoman day recognize that we live in what feels like an Empire’s millet system. Li asserts that Otto- unusual time, in which trends in public dis- man governance cemented ethnic differences course seem at once both retrograde and un- through socioeconomic stratification, leading precedented. Now more than ever, history is to violence upon the introduction of Western needed to elucidate the past for a new genera- nationalist ideas over the course of the twen- tion of citizens seeking its example. Although tieth century. not centered around any geographic or tem- Finally, we conclude with an interview poral theme, the essays in this issue deal with with Professor of History Timothy Snyder, a topics that, we hope, speak to some of the renowned twentieth-century European and most serious challenges and controversies of American historian. In his recent book On our modern political environment. Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth In perhaps the most topical essay of this Century, Snyder draws from the rise of twen- issue, Emma Platoff, MC ’17, explores the tieth-century totalitarians to offer important, U.S. government’s anti-communist inves- applicable lessons for democracy’s modern- tigation of Department of Veterans Affairs day defenders. In the interview, we explore Doctor Paul Harold Lavietes to illustrate the some of these lessons with Snyder, as well as invasiveness of McCarthy's crusade. Platoff ’s discuss his work in the field of history more story reminds us of a not-too-distant time generally. that is arguably relevant to our current na- As we reflect on the past, we remain grate- tional conversation. ful for the work of our editors, particularly Two of our essays examine tensions be- our graduating seniors, Emily Yankowitz, tween transnational cultural exchange and Eva Landsberg, Maxwell Ulin, and Isabelle the establishment of distinct national iden- Taft. Thank you also to all of the students, tities. In his essay on the early history of the both at Yale and at other schools, who were Toronto Blue Jays, Graham Ambrose, BR ’18, generous enough to allow us to share their es- illustrates the little-known history of base- says with readers. We hope you enjoy reading ball’s introduction to Canada, an event that these papers as we have enjoyed preparing transformed both the sport and Canadian them, and that you walk away with lessons culture as a whole. Focusing further south, you carry into your understanding of not just Yoselyn Paulino, University of Miami ’17, the past, but also the present. details how Dominican ruler Rafael Trujillo sought to cleanse the Dominican Repub- lic’s western border of Haitian influence to Sincerely, achieve a non-Black conceptualization of Dominican national identity. Maxwell Ulin and Eva Landsberg Two other essays discuss instances of dra- Editors in Chief matic religious conflict and persecutions. In a fascinating piece, Gabriel Groz, JE ’19, inves- tigates the English persecution of early Meth- odists during the first Great Awakening, as- serting that public figures, legal institutions, CONTENTS A MAN OF PRINCIPLE 5 Paul Harold Lavieties, 1907-1910 Emma Platoff MADE IN AMERICA 29 The Blue Jays Land in Toronto, April 1977 Graham Ambrose SANGRE, FUEGO, Y TRUJILLO 47 Dominican State-Formation and the Destruction and Rebirth of the Haitian-Dominican Border and Samaná Yoselyn Paulino VIOLENT STABILITY 66 Methodism, Moderate Politics, and Persecution in Great Awakening England Gabriel Groz SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICT 88 Divide in the Pre- and Post-Ottoman Empire Daisy Li AN INTERVIEW WITH TIMOTHY SNYDER 114 Richard C. Levin Professor of History Conducted by Mark Gustaferro EMMA PLATOFF A MAN OF PRINCIPLE PAUL HAROLD LAVIETES, 1907-1990 Paul Lavietes was an intern at the West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, an employee and alumnus of Yale, and a father of two when he was pulled aside at work for questioning over suspected disloyalty to the United States. Transporting us to the moment of Lavietes’ sudden accusal, Emma Platoff, MC ’17, insightfully reveals the impact of President Dwight Eisenhower’s Executive Order No. 10450 upon Amer- ican society and offers a vivid glimpse into New Haven life in the McCarthy era. By Emma Platoff MC ’17 Written for “The Art of Biography” Professor John Gaddis Edited by Kas Tebbetts, Katie Shy, and Flora Lipsky 5 A MAN OF PRINCIPLE AUGUST 1955 They began again on Wednesday, in the same room where they had been the day before. It was dim, with a chair in the center and a stenographer situated at a desk in the corner. She typed fast and kept her eyes down, hugging the wall as if she wished she could become a part of it. Neither man paid her much mind. “Have you ever advocated communism as a replacement for the present system of government in the United States?” David Doherty asked. “ No.” “Did you ever endeavor to impose such a thought upon your associates or any stu- dents you might have had?” “ No.” Doherty sighed. The clacking of the stenographer’s typing paused. “Doctor, there is information on record from while you were a staff member of the School of Medicine, Yale University, during 1938 and 1939, that you did advocate