Anshan Iron and Steel Company R.olling Mill. 4 6.i

FOUNDER: sooNG cHlNG. L!NG. (UI'iE.. lUN y4T.gF.N, (18e!:1e8tt. PUBUSHED'pbniitGtiii-e MoNTHry By rHE cHtNA WETFARE TNST|TUTE tN ENGLISH,'SpANtsH, FRENCH,-AnABlC, China? 29 The rich voriety orts Legends of folk and Tales from History: The Orphan of the from mony regions reflects the Zhao Family 64 lives of its creotors. A recent Language Corner: Lesson 17 70 notionol exhibition is one o{ The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid mony elforts io promote ond develop the cuiturol heritoge Front Cover: of the country's minority no- Festival of Banners in a Mountain Village Zhou youma tionolities.

I Wen Building, Beijing (3r, Chtno Chino Reconstructs (USPS No. 659-850) is published monthly for USt8.00 par yeor Beijing. by Chino Reconsiructs, Woi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino. Second clos: posioge GUOJI SHUDIAN, poid ot Son Frcnci'sco, CA. Chinq. Postmosterr send oddress chonges to Chino Bok5 ond Periodicols, lnc., 2929 24th Strcet. Son Fronci:co, CA 94110. . TO OUR READERS. A Constructive Revolution

Q INCE the pring Festival Chinese New Year information for an article on hotels (Whete Theg \) "Jing Jia ' (the streamlining- and simplification -of Stay in Beijzng, March 1982). has been the talk of the country' Vice- Obviously, the structure needs to be reformed and institutions) ('6 Chairman Deng Xiaoping calls it a revolutisn tightened. Without such reform, even the most well- revolution in administrative structure, not a revolu-- meaning official finds himself caught up in bureau- tion against any person." Its airn is to do away with cratic red tape. "Jing Jian" is a revolution in ad- intolerable inefficiency resulting from overlapping ministrative structure,.not a movement against any and overstaffed administrations, to overcome bureau- persons or ideological deviation as was often the cratic ways and to promote younger officials who are case during the "cultural revolution."'- professionally qualified and dedicated to the revolu- It is not in any sense a political purge, as some tionary cause to leading posts vacated by incumbents foreign press sources have surmised. There is no retiring because of age or ill health. question of firing aly government workers. The State In fact the reform of China's civil service is not Council has decided that existing ministries, commis- this year's novelty, but the result of repeated discus- sions and agencies under it u'ilL be merged and cut sions and long preparation. The question of com- down to 52, and their staff reduced by one-third. bating bureaucracy and training, and of promoting Those overaged or infirm are being encoiuraged to younger leaders was raised long before the "cultural resign their posts to become part-time advisors or to revolution." During those ten tumultuous years, enjoy well-earned retirement. Supernumerary per- however. those worthwhile goals were perverted into sonnel will receive additional professional training at political persecutions and factional quarrels. With full pay, so that they can continue to do useful work the fall of the gang of four, the great task of socialist where required the same way workers were treated modernization of the country was undertaken in whose factories- suspended production during econ- earnesl But it was soon realized that there were omic readjustment. To simply lay off anyone who many obstacles, bureaucratic practices being among has worked honestly for the country is not the socialist the most notable. way. InHINA'S State Council (the national government's \r-"*"."i1"" bod,) is just one of many sufferers rI.HE reforms have the wholehearted support of the from this malady.- tn ttre early days of the Peo- I people, who are well aware of the problem. Re- pipelines in pJ.e,s Republic, it had 30 ministries and four commis- moving the '(rust" and unclogging the government not be easy, and .iorrr. ioday it has 98 with about 1,000 rninisters and the machinery of will.But vice-ministeis (some ministries have as many as 20 will undoubtedly take some time. it is a neces- vice-ministers). The division of labor and definition sary step to clear the road to modernization. of power and restrrcnsibility is often unclear, making Our magazine is not an administrative institution, the mechanism unwieldy or unworkable. Similar but we also have our share of bureaucratic rust. We, problems exist in local governments. Not. long ago too, plan to overhaul our "machine" to make our one of our relrcrters hadlo tramp in and out of some work more efficient and thus to produce a better 30 governm".tt offi".. and bureaus to collect enough magazine for our readers. tr

Cartoons 4Y: (= lrJ .;!).. - {:e)-rl " €t L-r-l--l :i d+L ,E.T tl ';l l L ,-1--J {;I U- rlI ;--r I i.: 'Jl LJ u /' 5,. r t- !,1.1 Interchangeable bureaucrats. Ding Ding

Keeping them all busy" Meng Shichlt . CHINA RECONSTRUCIS readership now, especially in the United States and Africa. Your February is- E I sue's articles are interesting, especially I the two about population planning and ?. the Panjiakou water control project along the ancient Great Wall. The Computers and Fashion photos about the relics at Xi'an are wonderful. A Chinese exhibition has I have just received my first issues been held in Brussels. On display are of your magazine. I somewhat expected many relics unearthed Xi'an. to get a lot of tedious political articles, from but didn't. ANNE-GILLOT TASIAUX Boug e-N amur, Belgiun-L As an electronics technician I was very happy to find an article in the February issue on your computer in- A Good Cover dustry, because it is very hard to find f am an old reader, having gotten my any knowledge here about that area. {irSt introduction to your magazinir from "The Fashion Scene in Beijing,' was "Radio Peking" three or four years ago. also very interesting. I think many I really enjoy China Reconstructs. My people here still beiieve you all wear old issues I give to our local high the same uniforms- school's reading center, and they do TIMO HELIN appreciate them. Tampere, Finland, The cover of your Feb. issue was adorable! What beautiful children. The For the Indian Audience article "Transforming a Maternity and Child-Care System" by Ximen Lusha Your magazine is good and informa- was most interesting as weII as the one tive as regards the economic develop- about Tianjin, 'f he clogged slide. Wu Jiliang "The City That Needed ment of China. In order to make the Water" by Deng Shulin. Overall you magazine more attractive to the people have a magazine that is well written of India, especially those of Bengal, I and most interesting. Keep up the good suggest you include the following topics: work. Chinese traditional medicine and JACK M. BILSON acupuncture, child care and health and Horseheods, N.Y., U.S.A. brck world trade statistics. S.K. GHOSH More Sports, Films, 'Youth West Bengal, Indio \\, I am a new reader, and want to know about Chinese villages gnd cities. I like Name of a Festival to read about China's sports and screen, In a recent issue, a list of Chinese and also want to know about the young holidays was printed, including "Clear boys and girls of China and their work Bright day" for Qingming. This Eng- .in modern science and technology. lish translation is, I'think, both super- OBAID U.K. YOUSUFZAI \o o ficial and unsatisfactory. Qingming Karachi, Pakiston implies neither clear nor bright except Beguesl in the awkward and wrong sense of Education translation direct word by word. I have much interest in China's Outside China, a day for comme- education, including morating sparetime colleges the dead is also an annual for Beijing's staff and workers. This event. In thg States, it is called is very important indeed for those who Memorial Day. Like Qingming, Memo- never had a chance to reach high stand- rial Day falls in the late spring. ards of education as well as speciali- Therefore, I suggest you use "Memorial zation. Day" for instead Qingming of "Clear ELIAS P.C. MUMA Bright day." Chingolo, Zombio T.W. CHANG Boston, Ma., U.S.A" Good Magazine, Poor Shipping Thank gou gour concern. the lor In just table ol China's mojor holidags rae hatse We love your magazine. It re- translated Qingming as Pure Brightness calls so muc'h of what we experienced in our three-week tour of China. The Festirsal becouse this is the stonilarit Your bureaucrat's cure-all. articles lend depth to so many facets Shen Tiancheng translation in China todag. In rurol areas the festitsol rnorks the start of of Chinese life which fascinated us. spring plo'using. Hotoeuer, we will think We wish you continued success in oDer Aour suggestion. your fine publication, but have one Editor suggestion. Please enclose the maga- - zine in a wrapper. Our last issue was Appreciation from Belgium hideously torn and wrinkled. ALFRED H. WHEELER Your magazine has mqde much Hunting, N.Y., U.S.A. headway in articles, layout and photos. We haoe osked our d,istribution olfice From Ozr Fostbag column I conclude to gir:e attention to this matter. that China Recotustructs bigger has a - Editor

MAY T9E2 LIAN XIAOCHUN

At the exhibition a woman from for the mountain country where India was fascinated by this skirt the Miaos live. and wanted to buy it. Though it I collect designs of minority na- was the only one of its kind, her tionaiity clothing. Once, in Huaxi A veteran Tibetan silversmith P request was finally granted. The county in Guizhou province. I met on his skills to a YounS: worker' Tudeng skirt had found its way to the ex- a Miao girl whose cross-stitch work hibition in a unique way. At a lo- is well-known. She showed me a cal fair, a member of the Yunnan skirt she had made for her wedding Research Institute |J VERY national minority in Arts and Crafts and let me try it on. Everyone r'/ China has its own arts and saw a pretty Miao girl wearing it. Iaughed, but my hostess was not crafts, some of them of simple He followed her five kilometers to satisfied. Making me walk in the beauty, many of them intricate her horrle to persuade her to sell me how to girl courtyard, she showed and highly sophisticated. They it for the exhibition. The final- make the skirt sway gracefully. agreed though she had sPent f ascinate Hans (members of ly She asked me to walk down a many long- hours of work on everY China's majority nationality) and slope. When I did, laughter burst visitors frorn abroad alike. tiny flower and pleat. Miao skirts like this keep their out again. I suddenly realized that I should lift the skirt a little, keep Exhibition and Sale pleats without ironing. Before sewing, the women take embroi- my body straight, my arms slightly Whether people were interested dered or printed fabric over four away from my body and move my in costumes, batik, embroid.ery, meters wide, stitch it together, hips rhythmically. In the sunlight weaving, pottery or metal work, then fold and roll it tightly before the skirt, of blue handloomed cloth. they saw it all last summer at the inserting it snugly into a bamboo had curious red reflections. These first national exhibition of folk tube. This is put under water. I learned were caused by beating a arts and crafts at the Cultural Pal- thoroughly soaked and thin hung certain vegetable dye into the cloth ace of the Nationalities in Beijing. up under the eaves to drY. The with a wooden paddle on a slab of Some items could be purchased as skirts are very durable and the flat flagstone found locally. well as viewed. Over 3,000 items pleats stay forever. The Benglong people of Yunnan from every part of the country It is said that if a Miao girl's make apron belts with the natural were on display. fianc6 takes the material for his color and toughness of wild rattan. as well as being at- Most items, bride-to-be's skirt out of the bam- The Lisus make neck ornaments tractive, had a story behind them" boo tube for her, she will have a and garment borders with round One of these.- was a pleated batik happy married life. The Kazaks of skirt of the Miao peopl.,: in Yun- pieces of shells. -nan province. In three parts, the Xinjiang make cap tassels with upper was of tight-fitting unpleat- Art in Life owl feathers. Young men of the in Yunnan insert ed cloth, the middle of white Miao women walk with their Jinuo nationality polished tubes of bamborr flowers on a pleated red back- bodies straight and their arrrls tiny, which an ground and the lower a wide hem slightly away from their sides. As through their earlobes, in -of white flowers on blue. The nar- they go, their full pleated skirts interested giri can Put a flower. ro',r, waist and full skirt molded sway. The collarless blouse worn the form to give a wornan live- with such a skirt, with wide Customs liness and grace. sleeves and cross-stitched flowers on the blue fabric, is simPle but FoIk arts and crafts are closelY LIAN XIAOCHUN is a tlirector ol the Somehow customs of the mi- Beijing Drawnwork and Embroidery In- pretty and charming. related to the stitute. the shape and design seem right nority peoples. For examPle, since

4 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS *:j:

Hotel room decorated in Dai style. (Yunnan) Phoros bt Zh.attg Shuiclrcng

Folk toy carved of wood. (Yunnan) Pottery water con tainer. (Yunnan_1

!t -:. Embroidered shoes of the Yi nationality. Wine pot with incised de- corations. (Yunnan) Opera masks. (Guizhou) Embroidered Dai babv carrier. vest and viaisttrand. (Yunnan)

Zhuang brocade work. (Guangxi)

Green glazed bowl. (Xinjiang) A batik printed curtain. (Guizhou) a-h" Urgrrr. of Xinjiang like to eat dle and blade were inlaid with with their fingers, washing their different metals. Today an Achang hands before dinner is a kind of man often wears a beautiful sword, ceremony. They rinse their hands especially at his wedding, for if he in bronze or pottery pots, not ba- did not, he would lose his dignity sins. When entertaining guests, and be laughed at. the host must help the guests wash. Under the pot is a basin covered More with a finely made strainer to shut Arts Craft Products out the sight of the dirty water. Of the varied folk arts and crafts Guests rinse their hands three of the minority nationalities, those times. The size, shape and design articles used most in daily life are of the pots and basins are beautifui singled out for higher production" as well as functional. Since 1949 the government has sent People on the Tibet Plateau like specialists deep into the minority to eat zanba, a staple food consist- ing of roasted qingke barley flour. This is accompanied by buttered tea, also a Tibetan custom. The quality, shape and ornamental carvings of the tea pot, which is made of bronze or clay, are very A wa woman. carefully thought out. These neces- sary vessels are also symbols of Studying folk arts and crafts, etiquette, status and wealth. workers constantly design and Among some nationalities, folk make new products. For example, arts and crafts are often media the Xi'an Arts and Crafts Research of social contact and symbols of love Institute has created over 100 between boys and girls. A Dai girl, methods of doing petit-point work for example, will ask her boyfriend and today its products are sold to sit on a delicately made bamboo abroad. The crqss-stitch, embroi- stool with a soft seat, made by the dery and basket work of the Dai, girl herself. If she gives him an Miao and Hani peoples, the cotton old stool to sit on, it means she and indigo batik of Yunnan prov- doesn't love him and wants him to ince, and the batik shoes and leave. garments of Guizhou province are A hat of the Maonan peoplg in all popular. Guangxi, artistically woven with Problems still plague the produc- 700 very thin strands of bamboo Airy and graceful__Dai bamboo houses tion of minority nationality articles and decorated with black designs, are perfectly adapted to their environ- of funds, old equip is an engagement gift, The boys ment. Homes on 'stilts' remain high ment,-shortage backward technology, sup and dry during the rainy season. like to give it to their girls on holi- plies short of demand. ^Some arts days. If the girl accepts it, it and crafts were seriously damaged means that she agrees to their love. areas to study, preserve and devel- and even stopped during the "cul- Symbol of a happy married life, revolution," instance, op tolk arts and crafts. It has also tural for the neat and tightly tvoven hat is the making of brocade,- of rvhich also light, durable and rainproof. helped minority peoples build shops and factories to produce some 30 types have ncit yet been Sorne minority nationality arts revived. items in special demand. Since 1973 and crafts reflect a martial past. Concerned with these problems, For example. men of Tibet, Mon- it has invested more than 64 mil- lion yuan in such enterprises. the State Council last year called golia, of the Yis in Sichuan, the a conference Larger factories have been built on the froduction and Achangs and Jingpos of Yunnan, trade of minority nationality arti- and the Baoans in Gansu continue in Hohhot, Lanzhou, Chengdu, Kunming, Urumchi, cles. The Arts and Crafts Com- the custom of wearing swords. Guiyang, Xi, pany und'er the Ministry of Light ning, Yanji, Hailar, Tongliao, These are an important part of west Industry has allocated funds to the Hunan their life and a symbol of manli- and Lhasa. There are 1,?00 Nanjing Brocade Research Insti- NCSS. smaller units making 1,100 items, tute to help restore and expand the In the old days of slash-and- In Xinjiang afone there are 170 making of traditional minority burn cultivation, swords were factories and commune-run shops. brocades such as the Dahua bro- major farm tools, but were also The variety of products has in= cade of the Tujias in Hunan and used in cooking and self-defense. creased from 40 in 1973 to 200 the brocade of the Ztiuangs in Highly decorative, the sheath, han- today. Guangxi. tr

MAY 1982 I Past and Present in the Southwest Border Regions

FANG DONG t

VER 30 years ago I was a PLA Iieve in that former scene. of de- wrote, "Tigers prowled the Yard soldier stationed in the far solation. Could this t'hriving place, of government office, and we were southwest border region of Yun- its gailydressed peoPle going molested every night. Wolves nan province, home of manY na- purposefully about their business. visited us often, as if they were minorities. At that time the really be the same ruin of 30 Years our close relatives." donal of Simao county seat was virtuallY a ago? After liberation, a new town dead town. It was difficult to be- modern houses began to be brrilt lieve-seeing the less than 1,000 Devastation and Recovery up, growing to 30 times the size - oI the old one. PoPulation is now people huddled among broken From 1919 to 1931, Simao suf- back up to 50,000. walls and ruined houses that fered from an ePidernic and Par- this had once been a thriving- com- From a local doctor who has ticularly deadly form of cerebral before libera- mercial center of 400,000 PeoPIe. worked here since malaria, coupled with ,ruthless learned that malaria had Outside the town the land laY and oPPression bY tion I exploitation been wiped out by 1958, due to the waste, overElrown with brambles reactionary rulers. People died in bY tigers and common efforts of the PeoPle and and haunted great number. In a clean-uP were leopards. lib- local government. SwamPs operation immediatelY after other mosquito- I visited Simao last October. were found in drained and eration, 300 corpses breeding sources destroyed, hygie- This time, as I aPProached the a mass grave. Many survivors had town after landing at a nearbY nic measures were PoPularized, fled the area including the local medical techniques airport and driving over a modern - Si- and modern magistrate. The governor of prevention and cure. highway, it was difficult to be- to applied to mao prefecture had moved Since the late 1950s no new case who came reporter for Pu'er county. A writer has occurred. In the 1950s aiso the FANG DONG is a staff ago China Reconstructs. to investigate fortY Years headquarters of the Simao Pretec- ture was moved back from Pu'er. Simao is 570 kilometers from Kunming, the provincial caPital. Long-distance buses and airplanes travel between the two places every day. In addition, several highways link Simao with the Xishuangbanna Autonomous Pre- fecture and other counties. Simao's industry, born since liberation, includes machine build- ing. electric generating equipment, farm tool manufacturing, construc- tion materials and leather process- ing. The output value in 1981 totaled 100,250,000 yuan. Tea pro- cessing machines used in Yunnan are produced 'in Simao. Beer produced in Simao's brewery is popular throughout the area. There is an open-air stadium in Country fair in Menglian county town. Xi.e Jun town with a football field and I CHTNA EECONSTRUCTS ii: ' .,-

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Simao, where 40 years ago tigers and leopards prowled amid ruins, is a town restored. Liu Zhong and, Lu Dekang

four basketball courts. Nearby is dropped to his knees in front of dotted with leeches. Today the a cinema and a theater where local the flag and the portraits. Helped town has a population of 14,000. song and dance troupes and "flow- up, he excitedly told how libera- Lancang is the second largest ery lantern" troupes often come tion had freed him and others county in Yunnan province; ik to perform. One night I watched from the hated local despot. With population, of about 400,000 in- crowds of happy young people of tears in his eyes he said, "I thank cludes a dozen different nation- different nationalities singing and you, Communist Party. You have alities. When I was transferred dancing to the rnusic of the saved us. . ." elsewhere decades ago, he remained Lusheng, a local instrument. This Now coming back to Lancang, I in Lancang to continue the trans- is a favorite pastime on holidays. failed to find anything familiar. A formation. He was then about 20 The flourishing of the local econe new county town has appeared in years old, and has since seen and my has increased people's desire Menglang Ba (flatland). During helped bring about enormous for a richer cultural life. my visit the people's congress of changes. the Lancang Lahu Nationality However, during the ultra-Left 'OId Horse'Loses His Way Autonomous County was in ses- turmoil of the "cultural revolu- sion. Deputies of various nationali- tion," he was dismissed from his Driving to Lancang county, I re- ties with red ribbons on their rvork and sent to graze cattle in a called the old prcverb "an old chests walked to the meeting hall. village. The false charges against horse knows the way" - very Newly elected county head Li him were corrected after the gang much wishing I had such an Guanghua, of Lahu nationality, of four were overthrown, and he animal, since I was completely lost would preside over the work here was restored to leadership of the in this place I had known so together with his colleagues on the county. He was as warm and opti- well 30 years ago. I searched county committee, most of them mistic as I had remembered him. for familiar landmarks hillocks, minority nationalities. These are In the winter of 1978, when the trees or twisting hillside- paths the sons and daughters of those new poiicies on the rural econo- as I thought about the old days. - who had come to salute the first One memory is particularly national flag raised in Lancang vivid. On October 1, 1949, when county. the People's Repubiic of China was Old friend Li Jian, now a coun- founded in Beijing, Yunnan was ty leader, invited me to his house. not yet completely liberated and We had not seen one another for battles against remnants of KMT over thirty years, His wife, a Dai troops were still going on. Our nationality woman, also holds a PLA unit was stationed in Lan- leading position in the county. cang, and we invited local people Menglang Ba, today the county to a celebration of the great event. town, was extremeiy poor and A, temporary platform was set up, malaria-ridden before liberation. decorated with the five-star na- "Marry your wife out before you tional flag and portraits of Mao go to Menglang to make a living," Zedong and Zhu De. the sardonic old saying went, Our celebration started at exactly meaning you'd never come bgck the same moment the great alive, Around the Ba (flatlandl salvo heralding this historic event lived 30 f amilies of 150 people. resounded in Beijing, Suddenly an When Li Jian was first sent to old peasant of the Lahu nationali- work here, every time he walked ty came up to the platform and through the place his legs were

MAY 1982 '... *:l

The first prefecture-wide basketball competition held In Menglian county, a sweep of multi-tiered roofs in Lancang county. Xie Jun graces the former headquarters of the despotic loeai headmen who for eenturies ruled the area. Xie Jun my were implemented, Lancang cause China was so poor and eled class enemies, who stayed in county was the first in Simao pre- backward under the decadent the border region for ulterior fecture to try the production re- KMT government," he says. "This motives. The ridiculous charges sponsibility system. Considerable made me realize that the fate of have long since been withdrawn advances have since been made in us overseas Chinese was closely and Song now works at the both productron and people's live- linked with the condition of our county's agricultural technology Iihood. In the mid-1970s, food- country. Patriotism was implanted center. grain per capita was 50 kilograms in me when I was young." Iess than in 1965 in large part During the war of Liberati.on A Country Fair because the rural -population had (1946-1949), many overseas Chinese grown by 31.1 percent. By 1980, returned to China to join the One Sunday a big countrY fair grain production had accelerated struggle. Song was part of a group was held in the administrative so much that the county had be- which arrived at the Yunnan boi- center of the Menglian Dai, Lahu come basiially self-sufficient in der in 1948. Working with the Chi- and Wa Autonomous CountY. This food. Menglang Ba was expecting nese Communist Party, they set up thriving mhrket reflects the im- one of its best harvests ever in two armed forces and liberated provement in peopie's lives. The 1981, and peasants working in the many local counties. When the two crowds, from a dozen nationalities paddy fGlds were in high spirits. troops were combined with the in colorful traditional dress, gave Lancang is still poor and back- main force of the PLA, a number it almost the look of a costume ex- ward, cautioned Li Jian. The of overseas Chinese, including hibition of minority handicrafts. county committee has learned from Song, stayed behind to help estab- In addition to the Dais who live experience that instead of copying Iish a local people's government. nearby, there were a number of master plans mechanically their In the summer of 1949, as the Lahu, I isu and Aini people from work here must be based on local situation became more stable, distant mountain villages. ManY natural conditions, the charac- Song Zhenfen applied to oPen a people of Wa nationalitY arrived teristics of the various nationali- state farm, which he believed im- the night before the fair. There ties, local economic structure and portant to the develoPment of the were also caravans from across the' customs and ideological conscious- border region's economy. In June nearby border with Burma. Peo- ness. Policies must be more flexi- he and Ah Lao, another overseas ple brought local special products ble here than in central China. Chinese from Thailand, started to sell and shopped for tools, im- County leaders are bent on achiev- Lancang State Farm at Menglang plements and dailY necessities. ing prosperity through developing Ba. At first, rice was the farm's Things produced in Shanghai, Bei- a diversified economy suited to the main crop; Iater a tea Plantation jing and other big cities are avail- particular needs and possibilities was added. able at this remote countrY fair, of the area. After 1950, many overseas though transportation Problems Chinese cadres left Menglang Ba, still limit the commercial growth A Patriot but Song stayed. He and his co- of the district. In addition to trucks Song Zhenfen, a Chinese born in workers applied advanced techne and carts pulled bY horses and Malaya and raised in Thailand, is logy and management methods at oxen many commodities were also an old acquaintance of mine. the farm. The improved strains of transported in and out bY bicYcle At 57, he is healthy and robust. rice and double-croPPing he Pro- (one-fourth of the peasants at the His wife is a Dai nationalitY moted made Menglang Ba a Menglian commune now have woman. "I have seen for mYself "granary" for the whole county. bicycles). how badly overseas Chinese were During the "cultural revolution" . The Menglian of 30 Years ago treated in foreign, countries be- he and many colleagues were lab has disappeared excePt for the

CI+:T|{A }gB]CONSTRUCTS 10 : ,1

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Simao Airport, Xre Jun

A country fair in the border regron. .Yie .lun

Rice fields in the Menglang Ba flatlands. Qu l,L.eibct 'j r'!

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Ximahe Reservoir at Sima,,. \ii Jttn

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!1 river itself and a few f amiliar trees along the bank. In its place is a small but bustling new to!*,n. Market stands lined both sides of Sketches of Minority Notionoliries the street for a distance of 1 % kilometers. The square in front of the newly built cinema and county cultural station was the center of activity. A festival atmosphere prevailed, enlivened by the color_ ful costumes and Local products, the cries of hawkers. and the cheeiful bargaining of buyers and sellers. Some 30 kilometers outside Menglian I dropped in on another country fair, this one held r.egular_ .A family of the Bulang ly in the Manxin production bri- nationality, (Yunra.tr) gade, I,alei commune, near the Sha Genoshi China-Burnla border once every firue days. The market is operated jointly by a purchasing station and a suppiy and marketing coopera- tive of local production brigades. Feopie from across the border sometimes corne here to shop. This iroisy, bustling scene is a reflec- tion both of the relaxed policies on commerce and recent advances in local agricultural and handicrafts l. production. f, I 1 i;_ Remembering the past t .il In a Dai village near Menglian )t Aecounian[ at work, is an old building which reminds ,-d tTibei| Sha Genlishi one both past of evils and of cul- '(f;'ao A tural traditions which need to be preserved. This wooden structure was for centuries the headquarters of the despotic fusi or local headman who was both- a here- ditary ruier- among the Dais and itrfi) an official of the imperial govern- .:lia ment. This system, established yong here in 1406 by Emperor - lr Le of the Ming dynasty, lasted until liberation in 1949. But the bLilding itself, mvering 70,248 square meiers, is a fine example of Dai architecture. Its delicately carved beams, windows and furniture are testimony to the artistic vitality of the border re- gion's minority natiorralities, who have contributed so much to China's culture. Because of its great value in both art and histor- ical studies, the people,s govern- . ".1t'.irt.*l;v, ment has -!:' allocated ; money several i times to repair the building, and An Uygur primary school in lhe grasslands. (Xinjiang) Ron Shttnzil protects it as an important cul- tural relic. tr

MAY 1982 13 A Career in Music

ZHANG SHUICHENG

As the witty Avanti in 'The Li Guangxi. Hundredth Bride,' an Uygur na- tionality opera' Song Gongquan

T\ IIRING a rehearsal of Verdi's never dreamed of becoming an his great love for his art and U fo Trauiata in 1956, a Young opera singer. In 1953 a Beijing a healthy measure of self-con- opera singer was promoted from modern opera trouPe Put on ?he fidence, the four Years in the the C to the A cast because of his White-Harled Girl in Tianjin - church choir and several Years fine interpretation of the leading the first modern rel'olutionarY with other singing groups had role. It was the first tirne this play shown in the citY. ManY in given him strict training and laid world-famous Italian oPera was the audience lvere moved to tears. the groundwork for his later career. staged in China with a Chinese I was overwhelmed bY the dramatic He learned to " sight-read music, cast, and critics and musicians piot an{, the beautiful singing, and and eventually could sing a Piece from all over the countrY attended began to see the potential for a new as soon as he picked uP a score. the opening. Both audience and Chinese opera." During his seven Years as a critics were struck by the clerk, he became resPonsible Per- A Daring Decision formance of the unknown Young for cultural and ProPaganda singer in the key role of Alfredo. In 1954 Li came io Beijing to activities for the newlY estab- Li Guangxi, then 27, had been a visit a friend and learned that the lished trade union. Trade professional singer for onIY two then Central Opera Theater was union members in those daYs years. recruiting new singers. He was held many meetings in large Born into a clerk's familY; Li had encouraged to give it a trY. He theaters, and during breaks Li was loved singing since junior middle passed the entrance examination, often asked to sing. Hundreds of school. He joined a WesleYan and faced a crucial moment of de- such presentations helqed give the church choir in Tianjin and cision whether to staY a highlY young man stage Presence and the becarne one of its most active paid clerk- or to start all over again experience of performing before members. When he was 17, as an apprentice singer at the age and pleasing a large audience.- his father died of an illness. of 25. Fired with artistic ambition, - Li'gave up his studies to take over Li threw himself into the world of Mature Artist his father's post as a clerk at the mus1c. CoaI Mines. The was studious, the Kailuan PaY Diligent and Young Between opera Performances, Li good standards of just a by the Chinese man worked hard, and in is often invited to other cities as a time. years was beginning to be that few tenor soloist, for his popularity has Recalling the past, Li saYs: "I new recognized in his Profession. over the He sang was fond of going to films, Peking In addition to playing Alfredc, in increased Years. the Shanghai Ballet TrouPe operas and other musical Perform- La Trat;r,ata, he sang leading roles with France and ances when I was Young. Both in Tchaikovsky's Eogeni Onegin, in when they toured classical Peking opera and popular a modern Soviet comic oPera and Canada for several months in 1977, ballad singing have long traditions in Red Flouers ol Tianshan Moun- and the English and French folk and are loved by most Chinese Peo: taia, based on a legend of one of songs he brought back have en- ple. Before liberation, we had no China's national minorities. riched his repertoire. modern opera of our own, and I Many people have wondered how In 1980 a music Poll was initiated Li could have achieved such suc- by the Central PeoPle's Broadcast- ZIIANG SHUICIIENG is a staff pho- as a ing Station and the magazine Sotzg- tographer of China rReconstructs, who cess after only a few Years - also writes. prof essional singer. APart from book. More than 210,000 letters CHINA EECONSTRUCTS L4 poured in from all over the coun- she was even more opposed. In Li's influence is clear to see in try. "A Toast," a popular song sung the old society, performers were his daughters' activities. Twenty- by Li, had received more votes than considered very low, hardly better year

does his best to watch every in- Li and his family celebrafe Chinese New year. Zhang Shuicheng ternational match. His work takes r t.i'.:..i him all over the country. which .* -4 *- has stimulated a new hobby ,'J "tttti photography. - '

A New-Style Marriage Li's wife Wang Ziwei is a lec- turer on pharmaceutical chemistry at Beijing Medical College" The marriage is a'very happy one" but if Li's conservative mother-in-law had had her way at the beginning, it would never have taken place at all. In her eyes, a clerk with no college education was a poor match for her beloved only daugh- ter. When Li turned to music.

MAY 1982 15 The rNine-splendor' Mountains

DENG SHULIN rfrHE ,Iiuhua mountsins. site oi a ?62) visited the .Iiuhuas three times' Huacheng monasterY u'as where he poetry. I E;""" seenic resorl and a The first was from 744 to 749 when read literature and recited Euddhist sanctuarY. Iie in Anhui on his return from political exile he during his iife as a recluse' Later province south of the Changjiang passed through Anhui' He and people built a Li Bai Studio here. but ' Strung out 100 two other scholars wrote a Poem It was subsequently ciestroyed, iYangtze) River. "ro rebuiid it kilomr-ters. they belong to the same that was instrumental in changing now there are Plans site. range as the Huangshans. TheY are the name of the mountains from on the original know-R fclr ten famous seenes. live Jiuzi (Nine Sons) to Jiuhua (Nine lllonastery and Torvn streams and 99 peaks, among which Splendors). Li Bai left manY me- the Tiantai. Tianzhu, Dawa,ng. Luo- menios of his visit. XiYan Pool To get from the foot of the han and Lianhua are a ferv of the at Shangchan HaII is said to be mountains to the to*'n of Jiuhuajie taliest and the mosl magnificent. where he washed his brushes and in the center of the mountains, peo- In China, famous mountains havt: inkstone. Caotang near the Tian- ple used to have to climb eight alwuys attt'acted poets. Li Bai (?01- chi Buddhist convent east bf the kilometers of stone stePs. TodaY a new highway built in 1978 makes Ilky 'i'errnct,. things much easier. Buses negotiate hairPin curves past green mountains on one side and paddy fields on the other. Peasant cottages stand half-hidden in bamboo groves. Jiuhuajie iies below Mt. Furong in a ring of hills. Through the namow valleY a stream runs through paddy fieids. Private homes are scattered among the many Buddhist monasteries, of which the forernost is the Hua- cheng. It was the first to be built in these mountains and is sited on the place where the Buddha Dizang (Ksitigarbha) performed rites for the souls of the dead. "Huacheng" means "the con- jured-up city" and comes frorn a legend in the Fahua Scriptures. Ac- cording to this legend, SakYamuni was supposed to have been coming down a mountain to Preach when his disciples became hungrY an'd thirsty and did not want to go anY farther, The founder of Buddhism then pointed ahead and said, "There is a city, go and break Your fast!" The city, ltowever, did not exist and was only cdnjured uP bY Sakyamuni. During the Jin dYnastY (31?-420) the monk Bei Du built a cottage here. In the Tang dynastY, Zhtge Jie and other lay Buddhist.s eon-

DENG SHULIN is a staff reporter for China Beconstructs.

BECONSTRUCTS 16 CIIINA Zhiyuan Monastery.

The monastery's 'Island on the Sea.

Daxiong Hall at Zhiyuan Monastery Shizi (Lion) Peak. Baisui Palace.

Gold-Plated mummy of monk Wu Xia, Baisui Palace.

Buddhist monks at Zhantanlin Monasterv. Roushen Hall.

Phoenix pine. Photo.s b1 .Yie Jurt structe{i the present rnonastery. In trates Guanyin fighting a huge Lugouqiao Bridge outside cf Bei* the Ming dynasty the Emperor Iegendary turtle and scenes from jing), he iraveled all over China Wan Li (1573-1619) presented a set other stories in Buddhist mytho- visiting the famous mouni,ains of scriptures to the Scripture Re- Iogy. before settling down here. He pository hehind the monastery. The Two kilometers beyond the Zhi- speni 102 years in meditation and three main ha1ls burned down in yuan Monastery, up the mountain study before dying at the age of 1857 and the present buiidings were along a stone flagged path, is the 126. It is recorded that he expired rebuilt during the leign of Emperor Baisui (Hundred Year) Palace. Its sitting up in his casket holding Guang Xu (1875-1908) of the QinC buiidings, spanning ninety-nine Buddhist verses, and that in his dynasty (1644-1S11). Today oniy and a half jian (a Chinese unit in- last mornents he totrci his disciples the Scripturre Repository is of Ming di.cating the space between lvra to open the easket again tirree years construction. I[ contains 6,777 piliars), still stand majesticaily on later. It is said that they then found r,,olumes of the Nirvana Scriptures the mountainside in spite of cen* his body in a perfeet state of pre- printed in 1440 during the Ming turies of exposure to the elernents. servatior, whereupon they plated dynasty as well as edicts with the Its name ca-n be seen on a large it with gold and enshrine

MAY 1982 ',vorld to the ringing of gol'den ehains, people beLieved that Qiao Jue was the reincarnation -of the Buddha Dizang anC conlerred on him the title Jin Dtzar,g, or "(iol- den Dizang." A pagoda was built over his {inal grave. tr'rorn then on, the Jiuhua Mountains became increasingly famous, and "nowhere eise under l{eaven was there so much burning of incense." The Dizang Pagoda is in the Roushen llall at ihe Huacheng Monastery. The hall is a tower- like temple first Lruilt in 797 and rebuilt in 1866. I.t is 16 meters high. with red walls and a roof of glazed tiles. in the middle of the hall stands the Dizang Pagoda, a seven-story structure of reddish wood with a gilt canoPY and eight cubicles in each storY. Around it are enshrined rePresentations of Buddha Dizang. .Iiu huajie. Photos ba Xie Jun At the height of its glorY the Jiuhua Mountairrs had 300 temPles and 5,000 monks and nuns. TodaY second highest in the Jiuhua Moun- and a big three-legged incense 78 temples remain and there are tains. A poet once wrote that the burner. ].20 monks and nuns. The four visitor who does not climb it comes The view from the top of the largest monasteries are Baisui, Zhi- t'c Jiuhua in vain. The trek is peak takes in most of the Jiuhua yuan, Ganiu and -Dongyan Zen. long and difficult, 7.5 kilometers mountains, with the silvery ribbon Pilgrims came he,re frorn many of stone path. The air is clean and of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River parts of China as well as from fresh. Over onc of the first ridges below Hongkong, Macao and other Places greatest number corne is Zhongminyuan, where there are abroad. The around the 30th day of the 7th sorne twenty Buddhist convents and Buddtrist. Sanctuary month by the lunar calendar the iargest nurnber Buddhist the of The Jiuhuas rank with the Emei, time ihe Buddha Dizang is- suP- Mountains. nu[s in the Jiuhua Wutai and Putuo rrrountains as the posed to have ascended t,c heaven. One nuns washing clothes in sebs four most famous Buddhist places On that day crowds of Pilgrims the crystalline v."aters of a strearn. in China. arxl tourists fill the temples and I-Lere is the famous "Phoenix Pine", One reason for Jiuhua's fame mountain paths, lit up at night b)-- a tree 7,400 years old, rvith was the presence during the Tang candles and torches until dawn the branches tr.visted in the shape of a dynasty of .Iin Dizang, an erninent next mornrng. tr flying phoenix. Buddhist monk. A close relative Further along. the path steepens, of Kim Hun Yong, king of Kim Ra sometimes to as much as 70 de- (Korea), he left home at an early I grees. Grotesque rocks and crags age to becorne a monk, took the Corrections rise on both sides. At one spot, religious name Qiao Jue and sailed 1. In the April 1982 issue, on on a clif{ face carved in huge across the sea to China to settie page 25, the last sentence of characters, are the sen+"iments of Jiuhua the second 'plragraPh, first down at Dongyan in the colurnn, should read, "Co- illustrious travelers of bygone Mountains. Here he meditated and lumbus's ownr copy of the times. studied Buddhist scriptures for 75 book, with many notes in his On the summii of Sky Terrace handwriting, is now preserved years until his death at the age at the Archivos de Indias, Peak siands the Wanfo (Ten of 99. Three years later when his Seviile, Spain." Thousand Buddha) Mouastery, a casket was opened, the accounts In the same issue, the brief five-story structure containing that author's biography on page 32 Say, "his appearance was like thai should read "Yu Shixiong is number of statues of Buddhist of a li'fing person, his hands were an editor of books on! foreign dieties, two big bells and a drum. supple and his joints gave out a his.tory in the Commercial Press, one of China's oidest Gutside the monastery is a hexa- sound as of a golden chain." Since pubiishing houses." gon pavilion with a bronze figure it is written in Bu

22 CIIINA EECONSTRUCTS EmdustrEal ffieadirnstmemt im Tiamiim

Wages in state-owned enterprises ln Noyember 1981 Premier Zhoo Ziyong delivered to the ltlotionol Peo- ple's Congress o progress report on economic reodjustment-a notionwide had not -risen substantially since priority since 1978-ond prineiples for turther growth. ln it he soid: "ln 1957 and.bonuses, if any, were.1ow. the finol onolysis, our econornic construction is oimed ot resolving the Collective services such as day controdiction between the growing moteriol ond culturol needs ol the ireople ond nurseries, canteens, and especially for-reoching tronsformotions in hous.ing, lagged well behind peo- indu n the industriol side of reodjusi- ple's needs. In recent years, some rflen onswer severol questions. Why wos process involve? ls it fulfilling of each crop of middle-school the oirn identilied by Premier Zhoo? "City on the Move" is on overoll look ct graduates found themselves wait- Tianjin's industriol reodjustment; "The Joys ond Heodcches of c Foctory ing to be assigned jobs. Tianjin Monoger" focuses on the'process ol chonge in one porticulor loctoty. was a long way from the dire po- verty and degradation of pre- liberation days, but the improve- Tianjin Gity Move ment in people's livelihood seemed - on the to have stalled. DELI, BISDORF D EADJUSTMENT in Tianjin developed tremendously since 1949. Search for Solutions -fL -*""* the gleam in young Industrial output value had grown Xiang Xinqing's eye as she explains by the very healthy rate of 11.5 When Tianjin's special Industrial how much her monthly bonus has percent annually.* Billions of yuan Readjustment Office (IRO) was set gone up in just one year. Dr a had been invested in new factories. up late in 1978, it knew the city's newspaper consumer poll on the Ey 1981 the industrial work force industrial economy rvas seriously best brand of washing machines. wouid be 35 times what it was in out of joint. After a period It's the fine old gentiemen of the 1949. Thousands of products

DELL BISIIORF is an Amerlc*n staff mernber of China Reconstructs.

MAY 1982 23 overreliance on this model, pro- struction, over light industrY and duced a number of irrationalities. technical renovation. At the tirne ULtraleft biases, which existed

24 'vveaving mills, two dyeing mills the country, almost nothing could had experienced the readjustment and finishing workshop with be sold outside the area. And even of the 1960s, when many plants new machinery, portion a small these figures did not reflect real closed altogether, were afraid of imported, and increased the need. Equipment was allocated to iosing their jobs. Only when they amount of specialization. Quantity, communes according to a cen- were convinced that this tirne plan- quality and variety have vastly tralized p1an, not local conditions, ning was much more sound, that improved. Economic results so so many unnecessary items were transfers and retraining would be far: delivered rvhich then stood idle. carried cut systematically,. did In both light and heavy , in- fears dissipate. No worker lost his dustries, factories similar in nature job through readjustment, and only but operating under different min- a few small piants closed complete- istries went their own way without Iy. And concrete Export ltems results have been coordinating research or produc- so good that grassroots support is tion. During the 'icultural revolu- now strong and enthusiastic. 50Va tion," on the pretext that large- scale enterprises were somehow Output Transition Value inherently capitalist in nature, many industries under the city Before the Domestic Electric Ap. 174 million 345 miliion government pliance Company was set in yuan yuan were broken up into up district workshops. By 1978 there 1978, Tianjin did not produce any were 313 underproductive and washing machines, refrige.r'ators, poliution-creating electroplate electric fans, irons gr.other such 26.4 million 5? million workshops; present plans, based on items. The'compariy was formed yuan yuan real needs, call for 12 independent through the merger and conversion shops and 84 others connected of a number of small workshops Foreigu Exchange Earned with particular factories. Enter- formerly producing such things as prises also tended to be compre- steel furniture and electric drills. US$ 6 million US$ 16 million hensive rather than specialized - It received over 10 million yuan that is, each plant turned out in grants and loans, plus some tax everything from complex machin- breaks, to see it through the tran- And Tianjin consumers welcome ery to the smallest screw that went sition stage. the greater variety of good-quality into the machine. Duplication of Company directors and engi.neers fabrics on the domestic market. effort wasted enormouS sums of visited plants around the country money that might have been better for advice before setting up their spent. own . Bestructuring. operations. As equipment was A large part of the readjustment gradually installed or modified, process Before readjustment, while has thus involved the and workshops specialized to make most rnerging light industries were starved for of similar factories into parts for central assembly plants, single companies, lack of equipment, many heavy the conversion of manufacture of old products such industries their products in- a number of plants to produce as electric drills was kept up light industrial products tended mainly- for other heavy in- or equip- so that income did not cease ment, and the organization of .spe- completely. dustries- oveiproduced to such an extent that goods piled up in cialized production. Since t979' To retrain vrorkers for the new eighteen plants have been closed production lines, the company set warehouses. In some cases, quality and their workers transferred up a permanent college-level train- was so bad that products were elsewhere, 7O into ing school, with advisors drawn unusable" But in part it was sim- .o.r.ilid"t"d 35, and over 200 converted to the from Shanghai plants. (Citywide, ply blind investment in certain production of watches, bicycles, some 400,000 workers now attend kinds of production without real textiles and other consumer training schools full or part-time, investigation of market needs. goods. with wages guaranteed fu1l- -Some 92 factories manufactured Some initial results are for quite dramatic. The city formerly time students.) agricultural equiprnent for the rela- prtrduced only 310,000 sewing Though output and profits are tively small farming area outside machines annually because of norv rising steadily, the company Tianjin. One plant turned out a lack of foundry capacity to make has had its problems. In the first 200,000 sprayers annually, though frames. In 1981, with three former four months of 1981, the washing Iocal need was 20,000 at most. farm inachinery planis and several machine plant lost 220,000 yuan; Another produced 450 large pumps small workshops converted to it only began to make a profit each year-far below capacity- frame foundries, production jump- at midyear. Ai one point it tried and even then its highest sale year ed to 560,000. to make a computer-controlled was 80 pumps. Because similar Initialiy IRO plans faced some model, but dropped it when cost situations existed in other parts of resistance. Workers, some of Whom turned out to be 1,000 yuan, far

MAY T982 25 above the nrarket price" Techno- analysis of industrial problems and reinvestment in productive caPa- logy, management, outpub and their tirm support of Tianjin's ef- city, collective welfare facilities quality are not yet what they forts. Early in 1981 Premier Zb'ats and bonuses to r,vorkers and staff. should be. In retrospect, factory Ziyang came to survey the situa- Plants producing highly profitable leaders think they could have done tion, approved the city's P}ans and iterns keep a smaller percentage of better, and are resolved to do so helped convi.nce a number of offi- the profits, while those producing in the future. cials that the city was the Proper sociaily needed but iess profitabie authority to oversee readjustment. goods, such as certaitr eotton Breaking Down I\{ental Barriers Thereafter, reorganization in 1981 fabrics, are reimbursed with a proeeeded at a much quicker higher percentage of profits oI' problem city- Pace A continuing in than in the previous two Years. lorver laxes. Systematic tax and wide readjustment is lack of co- pricing policies are stil.l being operation from central ministries, . Linking Benelits and worked out. some of which dislike giving up The new system rs itt no wa)' a particular plants to control. over Hesponsib!lities . rejection of the principle of state other authorities, and from planning. It does substitr-rie better' various levels who bureaucrats at Under the old system, initiative and more comprehensive Plan- find it difficult to break with old was not rewarded or inefficiency ning, and planning at more appro- habits of thought. penalized. At the enterprise levei, priate levels, for the older, mrlre plant with 4,000 quotas, were A diesel engine factories had set but irrational system. workers, one of the country's not held accountable for produc- largest, used to produce a cumber- tion cosls, quality or marketability. Worker Initiativc some tractor engine copied from a The waste of energy orrd raw 1930s Soviet model based in turn materials was enormous. Now In the old days a lvor-ker's in- on a still earlier American model. market forces, competition and aP- colne or benefits had little relation Under the new rules for factory propriate material rewards are to how hard or creativeiY he work- operation, these are now regularly allo'wed limited roles within so- ed. And with rnost decisions made rejected by the tractor factories cialist planning. at the very highest leveis, workers which used to buy them. The The state now buys on1Y. a Por- could hardly f eel themselves plant came up with a new model. tion of a factory's output. For the masters of the socialist economy. but it was not approved by the rest, producers have the right Today hard work and initiative ministry concerned. Some attempts to negotiate directly 'with pay off in individual bonuses and to produce consumer goods were customers and modify production collective benefits. Workers' con- a failure, and the plant, as of late according to market needs. But gresses and active trade unions" 1981, was trying to make ends the state still sets prices for- all wiped out during the turmoil of meet by turning out such odd goods, -so factcries wliich compete the "cuitural revolution," are ra- items as chewing gum. Cit5r of- for customers rirust do so by lower- pidly being restored. Over 150 city ficials wanted the plant to try ing costlq or increasing qualiiy and factories have also elected r,l'ork- making textile machinery, and variety. The result will uitimately shop and department heads, and were attempting to persuade plant be better goods at reduced prices, 34 have elected top managers. and ministry leaders to accept this and greater savings in energy and Workers thus have a vital stake in solution or c.orne up with one of raw materials. their plant's operation and the their own" Factories overf ulfilliiig state means to exPress their oPinions. IRO officials give top national quotas can keep a certain Percent- For years the No' I Textile leaders fuii credit for their age of the extra Profits tor Machinery FactorY, with i,500 workers, never ran at full capacity. Its products were of Poor qllality The washing maehine assemhly workshop of the Tianjin Domqstic Eleetric AP- on the rnarket' plianee Company. Tese Winlz and in no demand Total 197? profits were 7,000 Yuan than 5 Yuan Per worker. In -1ess19?9 a new workers' congress con- vened, and delegates heatedlY dis- cussed problems and possible solu- tions. TheY decided that sitting back and waiting for governrnent assignments, and rreYer taking anY initiative, was the keY Problem' Ilundreds of ProPosals were made' Worker-staff teams were sent out to explore consttmer needs and negotiate contracts. On this basis, they began to uPgrade qualitY and

CTIIN.d EECONSTBUCTS 5 h take on small jobs previously dis- missed as too much trouble. trn just years three output value and t r.. leapt up';,ard: Profi"s * Awtput Val.ue Profits 1978 4.G5 million 180,000 yuan yllan 1981 12 rnillion 2.27 million yuan yuan Some of its products are now rat- ed "famous brands" by national standards, and the plant can hard- Iy keep up rvith mariret demand. For workers, besides greatly in- creased individual bonuses, this Vice-director Xing Chengde (center) presides over e meeting oi rvorkers and stafi meant a vfhole range of collective members. benefits the faetory could never manage before: new housing; ino- proved canteens, nurseries an.d The loys arld Headaches kindergartens; a color TV for the single workers' dormitory; a freez- er tcl provide workers with ice of a Factory Mamager cream and soft drinks in summer and to cool w'orkshops; a basket- r,I CTIAOCIIEN ball court and a 100-seat audi- torium. E) ECENTLY Xing Chengde, a shops.and 3,118 workers and sta{I It vice-rlireclor Tian,iin Citywide, individual bonuses rose of the members. It iurns out 40 varieties No. 3 Steei Rolling MiIl, rriade a of rolled steel, and from an average of 3.43 yuan a including rods sales trip to northeast China. Wh;r various month in 1978 to 11.66 in 1980. sniall and medium-size should head state-run products. By 1980 f actories were spend- a of a ing an average of 196 yuan per factory have to go out to promote Before the national econolnic sales himself? Certainly is produciion worker on collec'"i.ve benefits, 33 this readjustment, the yuan per capita more than the something new in socialist China. targets of the factoiy, like a]l otirt-.r 1979 figure. The 1981 figure rose Xing took his sales rnanager and state-run enterprises, were set by an engineer They ad- another 9.8 yuan. And in 1979-80 with him. the state, which also alltcated its alone, some 400,00Onew jobs open- vertised wherever they lvent and raw rnateriais and bcught its ed up for young people. visited as many consumers as they products. The prolits went to the \Vith increased incomes, peopJe could. Result-orders for 30,000 state. Because prices lor it$ ra'w are dernanding more and better- tons of steel products in one month. materials end finished prodtlcts is quality goods- State lvholesale and "Ycu think what I have done were fixed by the staie, the mili retail uniis are now able to re- not like a director. right? On the didn't bother to cal.culate its cost,s" spond to rnarket needs instead of contrary !" Xing says. "Compared The main job o.t a direetor was fixed quotas, and a nurnber of new with the situation before China's to meet state [argets, not tr",rurble collective stores have opened. Most economic readjustment began at himsell about personnel or ordinary goods are in ample sup- the end of 1978, I feel rnuch more finances. Xing admits, "Ar; that ply, and even former luxuries are iike a real director." time. I gave little thought to pro* beginning to be taken for granted. motion and sa1es." The .job was In orr.e new housing project, bath- Slackness Means Worries fairly easy but ''I \^,,as unhappy." "'At rooms are equipped with special Xing became the mill's vice- Asked why. he said, that to outlets and drains, in the expecta- director 14 years ago, after an ap- time, enterprises had no right tion that many farnilies will need pr.enticeship in the business that make independent decisions. I hacl them for washing machines. started when he was only L2" In to do everything accorciing to in- Readjustment is still in its' in- 1949, after Tianjin was liberated, structions frorn above without problems. fancy. If the"re are there he became, at 25, head of a shop in any chance to use my own initia- is also a refreshing attitude that the mill. tive." noMy, yet, has all the answers. The No. 3 Steel Rolling Mill is Since the merger oI several At any rate the experienres of the in the northern part of Tianjin on small factories in 1956, the miil's past few years more than justify 26 hectares of land. It has eight productiorr had gi'orvn a lot. But the elated feeling of Tianjin lead- out-ofdate equipment and tech* ers that they are, at iast, on the I-I CIIAOCIIEN is a staff reporter for nology made for irr.egttlar quality. right track. n China fteconstructs. Some parts they rnade were to-

MAY I9E2 27 Xing Chengde (Iirst left) is often {.o be found rnaking the Angle steel produced in the rolling nrill is now graded 'besi n,*unrtrs oI workshops io keep in touch wi$h proETess and quality' of its type by the Minisl,ry oI Metallurgy. problems.

tall.y unusable, a.nd ended up stack- ing problem became acute. Faced amount of profit turned over tLiaoning Now Xing does as much work in a partner." province some customers wanted. day as he did in five days before One doesn't find a "partner" by angle steel No. 7. The mill pro. the new system was iniroduced. always sitting inside the mill. In duced only Nos. 2-6. Could they "But I'm happier now," he says, 1981 three groups of salesmen went produce No. 7? After a discussion "because I'm using my energies to to I provinces. They were very with his engineer; Xing found it the full. If things still seem disor- successful but at the same time possible with some technical dered, one of the reasons is that they met problems such as not changes. So, on the spo,t, they ac- we're not used to the new way of being able to meet the customers' cepted an advance order. Many managing the mill. Perhaps, like specifications. But the salesmen consumers then came to Xing people in bondage suddenly set didn't make policy in the mill and placing orders for No. 7 angle steel, free, we don't yet know how to couldn't answer whether such which soon exceeded 10,000 tqns. cope with the-situation. We'Il get products could be made in the Since the latter half of 1981, the better at it and find room for future. They could only report back mill has produced 13 new varieties everybody's talents." !

MAY T982 29 T The ciose to 1,000 foreign tourists who arrive every daY to see this and other wonders of Xi'an are following in the footstePs of those ancient u'estern travelers who came to China more than a dozen centuries ago over the Old Silk Road. Xi'an (then called Chang'an) was the eastern terminus of the road, and already had a long history. Chang'an at that time was one of the world's most Pros- perous metropolises comParable to Rome or ConstantinoPle- in their heyday. Just as tourists today find a welcome in the city's hotels and guesthouses, merchants and trave- lers of old found inns that catered to their special needs in a section of the city called the West Market. At its height during the Tang dynasty (618-907), Chang'an cover- ed 89 square kilometers and had a million-strong poPulation. Later the city declined, and bY 1949 Xi'an, as it was now called, had become a shabbY citY of only 13 square kilometers with fewer than 400,000 irrhabitants. Revival The city proper today has almost 1.5 million residents and covers atr area almost 10 times as large as in 1949. It has become an industrial base specializing in Precision machinery and textiles. Its re- search and higher educational institutions are among the most highiy regarded in China. And its historical relics from the great periods of China's historY many of them newly uncovqred- and re- furbished make it a citY with a living past- as weII as a bright future. Xi'an was one o{ the state's A corner o[ the Drum Tox'er priority construction Projects during the first Five-Year Plan period (1953-57). The new Xi'an is centered on the walled ancient city, from which it sPrawis in The Thirty Centuries every direction. The old section has become the chief administra- tive and eornmercial district. The eastern and western suburbs along o$ Xi'an the Longhai railway are now TAN MANNI textiie and electrical engineering centers rcspectively, covering an area of five kilorneters each. D VER siuce tht: discovet'y in the impei'ial tomb of th€ Qin clYnast;' IJ l9?0s of rhe lile-size. miracu- (221-206 B.C.), the city of Xi'an has TAN M.AIIINI is a staff reporter for lou.slv preser'vcd pxr11.'1'y atmv in an become a Mecca for tourists. China Reconstructs, CHINA RECO}.ISTRUCTS 30 The latter spreads for sorne Fifteen kilometers southwest of as to It[orth China and areas distance along the highway. North today's Xi'an, Zhou dynasty em- south of the Changjiang (Yangtze). of the highrvay stand the factories peror Wen Wang (11th century B.C.) At Xianyang he built the magnif- anC research institutes of the Xi'an and his son Wu Wang established icent Liu Guo (Six Nation) Palace, Electropower Machinery Company, their capitals, Fengjing and Hao- and to the south of the Weihe which produces everything from jing, on the banks of the Fenghe River a pleasure palace called small generators to large, com- River. The two cities, combined, Afang. Tang dynasty poet Du I\{u pletely equipped hydropower came to be called Fenghao. From describes the Qin palaces as "ex- stations. Its products are exported here Wu Wang mounted his tending 300 or more li". and to 40 different countries and successful conquest of the state consisting of "a building every regions. Across the highway are of Shang on the western bank five steps and a pavilion the residential quarters for of the Huanghe, after which every ten." The emperor pressed

company workers and staff , Fenghao became China's first hundreds of thousands of civil- housing about 50,000 people. In the capital of nationwide stature. The ian laborers into constructing center of the roadway in front of Han dynasty Artificers' Record these palaces and an elaborate the factories is a 40-meter wide Accaunt of the Rites of Zhau- tomb which contained an entire greenbelt which helps reduce pol- described the Fenghao of this pottery army. lution and wind-borne dust and period: "The constructors built Harsh rule and oppression forced also serves as a site for recreational three gates in the city wall's the peasants to rise in rebellion, activities. circumference of nine li. There and in 207 B.C. the last Qin em- South of the old city is the was a grid of nine roads crossed by peror, Zi Ying, was overthrown newly established cultural and another'nine roads, and on each by rebei armies led by Liu Bang educational district, where Xi'an's road nine carts eould drive abreast. and Xiang Yu. The er4peror sur- 27 colleges and universities are On the right side of the palace were rendered, but Xiang Yu had him housed in tall buildings scattered temples to imperial anoestors and executed along with, it is said, over tree-lined campuses. Because on the left temples to the gods of several hundred thousand soldiers a number of Han dynasty (206 the land. At the front of the palace of the vanquished army. The Qin B.C.-220 A.D.) and Tang dynasty stood the imperial court; behind palaces were put to the torch. sites are north of the city, new con- it lay the marketplace." MArks of this conflagration cao struction is forbidden in this area This is a good exarnple of still be seen today at the site of and archeologists are still making ancient city planning in China, Afang Palace, west of today's important discoveries underneath and it has sern'ed as something of a Xi'an at Afanggong village. There the rolling farmland. model ever since. Archeological a ten-meter mound of earth is said Xi'an is a kaleidoscope of scenes surveys after liberation uncovered to be the remains of the palace's old and new. At the center of the remains of this city only a few Guantiantai (Sky--Scanning Ter- old city, high-rise hotels and the meters underground, and a nearby race). I.{earby are the foundations modern clock tower of the tele- vault in which a numb,er of of the huge Anterior HaIl, reputed communications center share spacef chariots, horses and bronze im- to have had a seating capacity of with a l4th-century bell tower. plements had been buried. 10,000. The ruins are higher than The waters of the old city moat Qin and Han Dynasties a man and contain broken bricks reflect both ancient ramparts and and tiles dating from Qin tirnes, new apartment buildings. After the Zhou dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang in 770 B.C., Kings Land of and Emperors people of the state of Qin began to Beginning in the l1th century move into ihis area from western Sites of the Zhou, B.C., no less than twelve dynasties Shaanxi. During the Warring 0in,Han and Tang Capitals established their capitals here. The States period (475-227 B.C.) Qin geography was ideal for trade, Shihuang, who would become the transport and defense. Mountain first emperor of the Qin dynasty, ranges form natural baruiers established his capital at Xian- around a fertile plain on the Yang, just north of Xi'an. He middle reaches of the Weihe River proceeded to conquer six other that bisects Shaanxi province. To states and set up China's first the east is the Huanghe (Yellow) unified feudal state under River; altogether eight rivers centralized authority. He forced water the site around the nobles and officials of the van- city. This small area was the focal quished states to move their point of China's ancient slave so- families 120,000 in all, the cieties and of the primary periods histories- say to Xianyang. of later feudal societies. It was the Emperor Qin- Shihuang con- Tang dynasty poet Du Fu who structed a system of roads called it "the land of kings and from Xianyang to what is emperors." today Inner Mongolia, as, well

MAY I9t2 31 It 202 B.C. Liu Bang of the fir trees 1,800 years before the alleys linked the residences inside. victorious rebel armies founded building -of the Champs-Elysees in Tang dynasty poet Bai Juyi said of the Western Han dynasty and set Paris, the first tree-lined avenue in Chang'an: up capital Chang'an. The the Western world. Municipal his at Ten thousand homes look Like Weiyang Palace which he con- services wei'e at a fairly high level. a chess game in structed northwest the city Open ditches provided water, and Progress' of The streets resemble uegetable the wastes were carried away by a served for 200 years as plots. imperial residence and center of system of underground ceramic government administration. The pipes. A section of the south- Commerce was concentrated in eastern and moat exist palace was built by Xiao He, first walI still the East and West markets, each today, and archeologists' discove- prime of the dynastY, and occupying two Each market mipister ries include the city arsenal, where fong. and encompassed hundreds of trades, is described as "sumptuous a number of iron arrowheads, large as well as inns where merchants opulent," with "walls coated in swords and shield fragments were stay, store their merchandise vermilion." The emperor, return- recovered. could ing from a military campaign, is and carry out transactions. The have reproved his prime inns for merchants from central said to Tang Dynasty minister: "The countrY is beset and western Asia were con- with troubles. After manY Years In 582 Sui dynasty emperor Yang centrated in the West Market, as of fighting, victory is still un- Jian erected his capital just south were their business establishments certain. Was this costly palace of the Han site of Chang'an. such as jewelry shoPs, restaurants really necessary?" Yuwen Kai, a 28-year-old general anci taverns with foreign women Whereupon Xiao He rePlied: "It and noted architect, was put in attendants. Roman and Arabic was necessary to heighten Your charge of design and construction. coins have been unearthed in this prestige, and'to prevent those after During the Tang dynasty the city district, along with the tombs of you from ever surpassing you." was expanded and a wall built people from areas west of the The palace foundations, rising a around it. Construction was com- Yumen Pass in northwest China. dozen feet above the ground, can pleted in 652, and Chang'an re- The old East Market is todaY the still be seen today. mained China's largest city during site of the well-known Xi'an Han dynasty Chang'an - three this peak period of feudal. society. College of Communications. times the size of Rome dur- The imperial palace lay in the The political center of the Tang ing this period was the northern part of the city, with dynasty was Hanyuan Hall at largest city in China up to that government offices immediately to Daming Palace. Grander than time. Wide streets crossed each the south. Still farther south 11 Taihe Hall in Beijing's Palace other at right angles and divided parallel streets running east-west Museum, the hall was located the city into 160 residential sectors, and 14 running ndrth-south divided about a kiiometer from Xi'an's where inhabitants were grouped the city into 108 fong (districts), or present-day railway station. Tlae together by trade. The streets residential areas. Each district had 10-meter platform which forrned were Iined with acacia, poplar and its own gated walls, and lanes and the base of the hall still exists, and

The city has developetl a modern clock and wateh industry. Xinhua A new residential districi in the souihern suburbs' Yao Zonggi

s,swgrr& ";:+xt*te"d;:

*

cq CHINA RBCONSTRUCTS each protected with two fortified gatehouses. Together with the watchtowers at each corner and the many guardposts around the perimeter, they made up a for- midable defensive system. The northern. southern and western gates are fairly well preserved, and the latter, newly renovated,'is now a historical museum displaying rel- ics from the Old and New Stone ages and from Xi'an's various Foundations of what was oDce the Anterior Hall of the Afang palace. historical periods, Tan Manni A New Era on a clear day offers an excellent in the Ci'en (Good WilI) Monastery, A major event of recent history overview of Xi'an. constructed in 648, where Xuan also took place at Xi'an. In 1936 The Xing Qing Palace was built Zang lived and worked. Zhang Xueliang, commander of by Emperor Xuan Zong as a Xiaoyan Pagoda, erected in 707, the Kuomintang's Northeastern pleasure ground for himself and is located in the courtyard of the Army Corps, and Yang Hucheng, his favorite concubine Yang Jianfu (Offering Happiness) Mon- commander of the Northwestern Guifei. The gr,eat poet Li Bai, astery. This was also the home of Corps, decided that the Japanese summoned here by the emperor in a later Tang d,ynasty monk, Yi occupation of Chinese iterritory 743, wrote his famous poem Qin.g Jing, also famous for fetching could only be ended by the Pi,ng Diao in praise of the palace scriptures from India and trans- national united Iront called for by, peonies. After liberation the lating them. Xiaoyan Pagoda the Communist Party. When grounds were rebuilt as Xing Qing is 45 meters, or 13 stories, Chiang Kai-shek refused to listen Park. Here one can sit in the re- high. Other famous Buddhist to their pleas, they staged a mutiny constructed Chen Xiang Pavilion, monasteries include Xingjiao (Ad- and kidnapped Chiang from the on a small island in the middle of vancement of Teaching) in the guesthouse near Xi'an where he a lake, and look out on a bright southern suburbs. It was founded was staying. The Xi'an Incident array of peonies. in 699 to house the remains of shook China and the world, com- Chang'an was finally destroyed Xuan Zang. and a dagoba con- pelled Chiang to accept coopera- in 904, when the warlord Zhu Wen taining these stands in one of tion with the Communists and seized power and forced the the monastery courtyards. sparked off the resistance that imperial family and city residents The Huajuegang Mosque in the helped save China from national to move to Luoyang. Chang'an's center of the city is one of the ear- subjugation. palaces and buildings were torn liest sti[ standing in China. It is Han and Tang were the two down. Xi'an was erected on the also larger in scale and better pre- peak periods of Xi'an's history. In ruins of the old city during the served than rnost. Four classical- line with projects to preserve major Ming dynasty (1368-1644), but type courtyards and their related historical sites and expand the never quite recaptured its old buildings cover 4,000 square me- modern city. a number of towns splendor as an imperial capital. ters. Every Friday (gaum al-jum'a, within a radius of 50 kilometers the day of assembly) thousands of will become satellites of Xi'an. The Reminders of the Past devout Muslims come to pray in city will then encompass Lantian Tang buildings surviving today the palatial great hall. county, home of Lantian Man of include the Dayan (Big Wild A Ming dynasty Bell Tower and 800,000 years ago; the sites of Goose) and Xiaoyan (Smal1 a Drum Tower still stand near the Fenghao and Xianyang, the Zhou Wild Goose) pagodas. The center of the city, the former at and Qin capitals; Qin Shihuang's former was built in 652 at the the intersection of the four main tomb with its vault of terracotta urging of the monk Xuan Zang thoroughfares. Between the two --warriors; and the natural hot (602-664), a famous Buddhist towers are streets and'Ianes re- springs resort in Lintong. scholar, translator and traveler. taining characteristic Ming and The people of Xi'an are proud The pagoda housed Buddhist scrip- Qing architecture. The area is of their past and determined to tures and images Xuan Zang had being developed into a promenade preserve and. reconstrutt its re- brought back from India. Original- and shopping center for tourists. mains. But in fact most of their Iy a five-story building; it was Xi'an's 14th century fortifications attention is directed to the future rebuilt as a 10-story brick struc- are the most extensive and best and to the tasks of construction ture in the style of a wooden pavi- preserved in China. The city wall and modern deveiopment which lion by the Empress Wu Zetian. was originally 14 kilometers long, they are confident will bring their Damage during later wars reduced 12 meters high and 12 meters wide city to a new peak of prosperity. it to seven stories. It is situated at the top. Its four gates were tr

TTAY T9E2 33 A Colder or Warmer World ? ZHANG JIACHENG

A new Ice Age? Or a period of 20th century. Witl such catas- China, was the first to Probe this descrts? While scierr- trophes happen again? vast sea oi data. ll heat and work world worries. Weather recording based on in- In a half-centurY of hard tists argue, the suc- Chinese scientists, strument observation in most of on these historical records, he Meanwhile, climatic studying centuries of ancient the world is not more than 300 ceeded in outlining China's writings, take more oPtimistic years old. In China its historY is changes over the Past 5,000 Years' a "ElementarY vrew. much longer. Moreover, China's In 19?2 he Published Climate lor the Since 1970, devastating droughts, vast accumulation of historical Studies on China's that was floods and c,old spells have hit documents on the subject include Past 5,000 Years," a Paper many parts of the world. What ?,000 local annals and countless widely hailed bY climatologists will the climate be like in the diaries, biographies and literary everywhere. future? The question has aroused works. Zhu Kezhen (1890-1974), Zhu Kezhen clearlY delineated heated debate among climato- initiator of modern climatology in the limits of climate changes in logists. Some speak of a new Ice Age and global food shortages. Others believe the world's weather is growing warmer, that the pre- Fluctuations in worltl tempera- sent temperate zones will move to ture over the last 1,700 years higher latitudes and that middle- Yeqr Iatitude areas will becorne drY. DYnoslY Warmer weather would melt ice 300 Tsin packs and raise ocean levels, a 4U0 catastrophe no seaside city or vil- 420 lage would survive. Northern ond 500 Southern Sui 58 I 500 Ancierit Records 618 Understanding thil historical 700 is impor- ,Tong changes in world climate 800 tant in predicting future conditions. A Since 1975, Chinese scientists have I 900 paying serious to Five 907 been attention 960 weather remrds gleaned from an- \ I 000 cient Chinese books. For examPle, Northern Sung I 100 analyzing drought and flood rec- 1127 1470 19?9, have r200 ords frorn to they Southern Sung t.. gained a clear picture of the extent these phenomena 1219 D00 and duration of Yuon over period of five centuries. ll68 a 7 1400 They conclude that climate changes today are normal, that the varia- Ming t 1500 tion in average temperatures and in drought and flood conditions are I 600 still weil within the standard range I 700 historically. Natural calamities of the past Chins | 800 have been examined in detail, such as the great drought of 1640, I900 periods during which average tem- temP'temP, peratures dropped 2" or 3o C. below +z"c2'c Present -i"c-i'c 'rt normal, and the great flood of the ,inr, *'"tn', Changjiang (Yangtze) River in the A Based on phenological studl€s of China. B-Based- otr saudies oI the Greenland ice sheet. ZHANG JIACHENG is the director of An increase o{ l" C in t€mperalure brlngs about au increase of 0'69'/m in I (Ore)' the Climate Institute of the Central Meteorology Bureau. CHTNA RECONSTBUCTS 34 history. Average temperatures Iast. On ttre other hand, each cold fluctuated within a range of six period was longer and colder. In degrees centigrade and rainfall the first warm period during the changed within a range of 500 mm. Shang dynasty, elephants roamed China experienced its warmest as far north as the l{uanghe (Yellow) period f or three millennia after River. In the second they 4,000 B.C. Average temperatures moved no farther north than the rvere two to three degrees high- Huaihe River, and in the third no er than today and rainfall was farther than the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. 500 mm. more. China also went Historical records of the freezing through cold periods, such as that of lakes and river.s also show a from 155 to 590 A"D. Of this time, southern progression of the cold Shu Sixie, the Qi Min Yao by Jia periods. In 225 A.D." during the the first Chinese book on agricul- second one, the Huaihe River was ture which was completely pre- frozen. In 1111, during the third, 'fhe author (left) and a colleague look served, recorded such details as Lake Taihu in Jiangsu province over maps ol'the distribution of floods and droughts since 1400, Zhong Jingde apricot trees blooming late, date [.roze. In 1670, during the fourth trees shedding their leaves early period, the Changjiang almost and mulberry flowers withering. froze over'. Through his analysis of Jia's took place north of latitude 35'N. writing, Zhtt Kezhen calculated and lasted five years. Today's Changes [..ess Extreme that the weather in Henan and Comparing the present w_ith the Shandong provinces at that time When Zhu Kezhen died in 19?4 past, scientists find that the limits averaged two degrees colder than his research was continued by other of climatic changes todaY are nar- today. In 366 Bohai Bay between Chinese scientists. Seventy ex- rower than in previous centuries. Changli in Hebei and Yingkou in perts and climatologists deepened In this century, for €xamPle, the Liaoning troze over for three the analysis of local annals and weather tended to be warm during such material winters in successi<;n. Horse carts as the 500 volumes the first 40 years, with an average of the Historg of the Ming Dgnasty increase of only one degree. After' and a tro<.lp of several thousand sol- and the t,220 volumes diers could cross the bay on the of the 1940 the weather turned colder, History of the Qing Dynasty. Their yet the average temPerature low- ice. In Nanjing ice was stored in map sketched in 1980 showing the ered only half a degree. Tempera- icehouses. Today it is not so cold. distribution of floods and droughts tures in previous centuries had Even in January, mid-winter in for every year since 1400 is great of fluctuated by five or .six degrees. Nanjing, the average temperature importance evaluating in today,s sci is 1.9' C. changes. Drought has also not been severe in the 20th centurY. The From these ancient materials They grouped these droughts worst one occurred in 1972. .reach- Zhu Kezhen marked out four and floods into five grades accord- Grade 3.8i, but did not affect warm periods and four cold periods ing to historical descriptions: ing country. in China over the past 5,000 years: Grade 1: serious ftooding lasting the entire In 1978 the area between latitude two or more seasons or that 27"N. and 35"N. suffered a Grade Warm P".ioa., enabled boats to float over land areas; 4.31 drought, but it was shorter and less severe than those of 1639 From 17th to 11th century B.C. Grade 2: floods lasting only one season: and 1640. The damage was also From 770 B.C. to the beginning Grade 3: normal weather for not as serious as that in the 17th of the first century which bumper harvests were century. The 1931 iloods u'ere serious, From 581 to 907 described or nothing unusual was mentioned; though they did not spread to the From 1206 to 1368 Grade 4: droughts lasting one entire country either and averaged season; only Grade 2.26.In 1954 Grade-1.44 Cold Periods: Grade 5: droughts lasting two flooding washed areas between or more seasons, such as those Iatitude 27"N. and 35'N.. causing From llth century to 850 B.C. described as "scenes of utter great but oni-u* local damage. desolation." Scientists have made a good From 25 to 589 A.D. Nationwide flooding of Grade beginning in the study of China's From 1000 to 1200 1.92 occurred in 1569, the worst in climate histor"y. Historical data on the last five centuries, The most climate will continue to Provide From 1400 to the present serious droughts happened in 1528 information valuable fol China's Each warm period tended to be and 1640, both reaching Grade 4.15, modernization and to world clima- shorter and not as warm as the both nationwide. The one in 1640 tologists LJ

MAY 1982 35 Tenth Anniversary

of Edgar Snow's Death

The commemorative meet- ing at Beijing University.

nURING the week of February sidered a symbol and proof of that deeply moved. Today at this com- u 25 a variety of activities com- friendship. memorative meeting I wish to say, memorated the tenth anniversary HUANG HUA (Vice-Premier on behalf of the Chinese people, of the death of Edgar Snow, famous and Minister of Foreign Affairs. with the same depth of feeling: American journalist and friend 'The Chinese people love you too, tthe who interpreted for Chairman Mao of Chinese people. Snowis Zedong and Edgar Snow, when Ed, our dear friend.' widow Mrs. Lois Wheeler Snow, they met in northern Shaanxi): "With the establishment of his family and friends participated "ft was on this campus forty- diplomatic relations between Chi- in many of the public ceremonies eight years ago that I met Ed. na and the United States, the at the invitation of the Chinese Since then, he remained a good friendship and exchanges between government. teacher and helpful friend of mine the two peoples are growing On February 25, a commemora- ,all his life. Just now, we paid tri- steadily, and more and more tive meeting attended by more bute to him in front of his tomb by Americans have become friends of than 1,000 people was held at the side of the Unnamed Lake. China. Had my friend Ed been Beijing University, where Snow Looking at the pure white tomb- told of all these changes, he taught 49 years ago. On the same stone, I felt as if I saw the warm- would undoubtedly feel delighted day, Mrs. Snow cut the ribbon at hearted, sincere and diligent Ed and gratified. Sometimes rela- the opening ceremony of the Ex- again. I saw him running about tions between states may be over- hibition on Edgar Snow and China busily in the midst of demonstra- cast and the road ahead may be held in the Museum of Chinese tors, a camera on his shoulder, dis- rugged. But the friendship be- Revolutionary History at Tian An regarding the icy winds of Beijing tween the peoples is everlasting. Men Square. during the December 9, 1935 The Chinese people will always Over 40 articles written by student movement. I saw him remain united with the people of of Snow's friends both in China and attentive and absorbed while in- the United States and those other countries and work together abroad were camied by various terviewing Chairman Mao and with them to promote our mutual publications in Beijing in Chinese other leading comrades in the understanding and friendship, and foreign languages. The book flickering candlelight the cave of maintain world peace and strive Edgar Snotu's China, compiled dwellings in Baoan Town. I saw -'o5, for a better future for mankind." Mrs. Snow, was issued. A TV him wearing a red-star army cap, program entitled Edgar Snour talking and laughing heartily with MRS. LOIS WHEELER SNOW: in China highlighted his activities officers and men of the Red Army "In 1973, I returned with my through pictures, including many and with country folk under the daughter carrying part of her taken by him, and episodes of docu- clear blue sky of the northern father's ashes to China. They were mentary films. Shaanxi base area. All these in- placed in a garden plot in Beijing Speeches made at the ceremony delible memories, as fresh as ever, University, the site of the former at Beijing University helped ex- flash through my mind. Yenching University campus where, plain the deep friendship between "On his deathbed. Ed said these long before, Edgar Snow had'lec- Snow and the Chinese people and words with deep emotion, 'I love tured for a time. The remainder of the reasons his life can be con- China.' The Chinese people are Ed's ashes were placed in another

36 a ! r i \, ,,\ ,Ii."qCONSTRUCTS garden . - one overlooking the took great interest in the story of MRS. E. GREY DIAMOND, Hudson River. This completed the the eradication of such plagues as (President of the Snow Memorial request which this American friend smallpox, cholera, plague, and Fund): "The world that day iost a oI China had made before his veneral diseases. was He intrigued true world citizen, a man who had death. with the way China eliminated no bias, a warm, brilliant, amus- "In carrying out this request the drug abuse and VD." Chinese and American people ing, courageous, kind, indomitable REWI AI-LEY, further bridged the space between also a cl,:se friend human being. I will quote my their two countries-as had Edgar of Snow, recalled how Edgar and husband's words spoken at the Snow when he was alive. It is for he had worked together to launch memorial service in Switzer'Land on the "Gong Ho," a movement to February I9,1972: 'The this reason above all that we are promote same week gathered here ten years after his industrial cooperatives the President of the United States throughout unoccupied China in death to continue those ties and flew across the Pacific Ocean to a - the 1930s, which played an impor- to strengthen the new ones that rendezvous Beijing, China. . . . tant role in the Anti-Japanese in have developed during the past news the War. During the years since then. The collected media of decade. tvorld rras he said, Ed became a .standarci- rvith him.. br-lt the single "Thirty-Iive years ago, your be- American repolter the most Ioved Premier bearer for Gong Ho wherever he Zhou Enlai said to knowledgeable of them- all, the Edgar Snow, believe our mutual was! in I,ndia, Hongkong, the 'I Philippines, only one who knevu firsthand the efforts are for a common goal and his own USA. cooperation between the American- A Chinese actor recited Alley's scene and the peopie was not to be poem and Chinese people and written for Snou.,'s death ten there. It is hard to claim that for world years peace and democracy.' Despite the ago. there is iustice in such iirning,'"[I yearning for world peace, it seems outside our present grasp; despite Paying their respects at Edgar Snov's tomb (t'rom right to lett! Liao Chengzhi, the cry for democracy it is still out Rewi Alley. Mrs. Snorv. lluang IIua and WanR Bingnan. of the reach of most of humanity. Cooperation between our two countries is yet a young thing; it must be nourished and tended. This joining together here in Bei- jing, ten years after Edgar Snow's death, is, to me, a manifestation of willingness to further all those goals in the name of a man who spent- his life believing they could be achieved." DR. MA HAIDE (George Hatem, Y) close friend of Snow): "Ed during k his China years his and during :;:,.:"1."i China visits was interested in tr:..]i; 1.r- t. medicine and health in China. He ',vas not only interested in learning what was going on, but was active in bringing new health ideas. Ear- ly in the 60s he brought material and literature on family planning Mrs. Lois Whecler Snow with family and friends visit the opening of the ex- and population control. He dis- hibit "Edgar Snow and Ohina," Plrolcrs b.u Zh.ou Y ortnta cussed this with Chairman Mao and with medical authori.ties. Even in the Baoan days of writing Red Star ooer China he visited hospi- tals, checked the diet and nourish- ment of the Little Red Devils,* and looked at the surgical wards and the wounded. He asked me to send him material on health and medicine when possible. He

* Young boys, many of them orphans, who found a home with the Red Army and who served it as messengers and aides.

MAY T982 6l The Tibetan Epic 'Gesar'

XU GUOQIOI'IG rnHE INDIAN eprc ,iVlnhobharata crediting him with magical powers I was once c<-rnsidered the and making hirn a hero who wiPed world's longest epic trxtem. But the out monster-s and evil-doer.s to vast Tibetan folk epic Gesar, with protect the comm<.rn PeoPle, one miliion lines (over' 10 million By word of m

38 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Gesor can be read as an exciting there. Some time later he trans- the collection aud str-idy rll the adventure story dr for the beautY lated and published it in German. written epic. of its style. But it is also a store- In 1900 a third Russian, house of inlormation on the tradi- G.N. PoLanin, discovered a hand- Ilefinitive liecords tional Tibetan language, history, written copy in the Amdo area; it religion, military tactics, econornic is now in the Leningrad Museum. Thtrugh somr. Chinese scholars Iite, social customs, and technology. A Frenchwoman. Madam Alexand- concerned themseives rvith Gesar as early as the lBth century. major When Gesar makes war uPon the er David-Neel, and the Lama systematic sir:dies were not made King of Hell, the tortures inflicted Jongden the 1920s from Sikkim in until after the founding of new on human beings in hell are vivid- collected materials which v/ere boiling in oil, pulling China. Beginning in the 1950s, Iy described: later translated into French. our scholars have regularly flaying alive, the out sinews, Scholars f rom Germany" Britain^ traveled to areas where the epic is pouring molten metal down the of the Soviet Union and India als<> popular to colleet. collate and throat. These horrifying descrip- made valuable coniributions trr translaie the various written ver- tions are reaiistic renderings of the kinds of punishments suffered bY slaves in those dark Periods of old 'Dlessenger' crane and the tlying horse are pari oI this bcauliful illustration Irorn a Han translation ol tht' epic, ,lttt Chirrttttrt Tibet.

Scholarly Research Those who have studied the many handrvritten and few Printed versions of the epic are convinced that it was not written bY a single author, oI' even recorded at the same time. Over several cen- turies, foik-singers undoubtedlY created and PoPuiarized various parts of the story; Tibetan scholar^s and religious scribes compiled and organized it graduallY into its present forrn. Since manuscriPts must have been recoPied a number of times, it is almost impossible t

MAY T982 Ihe Legend ol Gesar ANCE upon a time, ghosts and monsters did all kinds of evil (J and the Tibetan people lived a miserable life. The god Cangba Garbo decided to send one of his own sons down to earth to save .:a u them. So he ealled his three sons together and told them his plan. The two older ones were reluctant the human world was full of hardships. But the youngest, Toinzhub- Garbo, agreed to go and deliver the Tibetan people from the abyss of misery. So the young god was incarnated into the body of an infant born i,nto a serf family, and named Gesar. His new father was Sengloin, a herdsman who tended 500 sheep for the king. His mother was Gogsa, a captive of war. The family lived in the State of Linggar, which was ruled by a tyrant" King Chutung, struck by Gogsa's beauty, tried to force her to leave her husband and Tibetan scholar Tangboin Oedo has devoted years to collecting and collat- marry him. When she refused, he exiled her to a desolate, unin- ing Gesar manrtscripts. Gao Guorong habited place. Gesar was born there, and mother and son sur- vived by catching ground rats and gathering wild plants. When he was fourteen, Gesar took part in a special kingdom- race, he won because of his riding skills and the other cultural data (I wide horse which sions and help of a magic steed. According to law, as winner of the race myself have been Part of this ef- he became king. He married a beautiful girl, Zhugmo. volumes fort since 1958). Some 74 rFHE next year he learned that the Devil King of Yarkam, to the of mdterials transiated into Han I north, was devouring people all over the countryside. With have been printed so far. counsel from heavenly powers, Gesar set off to slay the monster. He kitled the Devil King with his bow and arrow.s, but was then The epic also continues to exist tricked by the Devil Queen. Drinking her magic potion, he fell un- in oral versions which have been conscious and slept for nine years. handed down for generations. Re- While Gesar was away in the north, the former king Chutung named Hor and invaded Gesar's searchers have recentlY located colluded with a neighboring state kingdon-r. Gesar's wife Zhugmo was kidnapped and Gyaca, his several traditional storytellers with brother who was ruling the country on his behalt, was killed. The excellent recall: ?9-year-old Zaba beautiful land was wantonly trampled and people were again can recite the equivalent of about plunged into misery. Zhugmo, imprisoned by the enemy, had been looking for- 31 volumes from rnemory; Yumai, ward to seeing her husband again, and could not understand a herdsrvoman of 23, can recite why he didn't return. She sent three rnagic cranes to find him over 20 volumes. Their accounts and deliver a message. Seeing Gesar in a coma, the cranes fetched a magic liquid for him to drink. Gesar revived and read his wife's are being taped for comparison letter. Filled with grief and anger, he rushed back to gather his with the written texts. forces and fight the usurpers. After fierce warfare lasting The Tibet Autonomous Region twenty-three months, he finally defeated his enemies and rescued Zhugmo. is sponsoring a series of trans- mounted a Iations oi the epic into Modern QOME time later the neighboring state of Jangnagbo ul large-scale offensive to seize the Salt Lake of the State of Ling- Tibetan and Han languages. And a gar. Gesar vanquished this new enemy after eight years of valiant group of experts in Beijing, whose struggle. Then former king Chutung brought more disaster by steal- Dagsig (today's Iran) which work is jointly sponsored by the ing a magic cow from the State of promptly attacked Linggar, and again the people suffered" But Institute of National Minority Lit- under Gesar's command, they won final victory. erature and the Institute of Chi- Relying on his miiitary strength, another aggressor, the king again' nese Folk Literature, continues the of Kaqe came to invade Linggar, and Gesar had to fight Contrary to the expectation of the attackers, Gesar defeated them work research of coordination, and and conquered this state. translation on a national scale: Afterwards, Gesar went through all kinds of hardships and Gesor is a treasure which must difficulties and conquered a number of quarrelsome tribes. Praised for his bravery and skill in battle and for his efforts to protect be preserved for the Tibetans, - people from evil forces, he became known as a hero who "van- for all other nationalities of China, quished demons and monsters." tr and for the world. tr

40 CHINA RECONSTEUCTS German Mathematician Leibniz

and Chinese Emperor Kang Xi

BAI SIIANGSHU

/-\ OTTFRIED Wilhelm Leibniz guages and introduced to Europe. (r 1to+o-tzto1 was a world-re- The Boolt of Changes, translated nowned German philosopher and into Latin by French priest Jean- mathematician. He invented not Baptiste R6gis (1663-1738), caught only the systems of differential and the attention of Leibniz. From integral calculus, but also one of The. Book of Changes, he Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz the world's first mechanical cal- learned that the Eight Dia- culating machines. His work helped grams (eight combinations of lay the basis for modern physics three whole or broken lines for- and other sciences, Less known are merly used in divination) were ar- his correspondence with his con- ranged according to mathematical temporary, the Chinese Emperor principles. Study of them gave Kang Xi (1654-1722), and the con- him insights which he put to work tributions he made to cultural ex- in pioneering papers on the binary change between China and the system and the calculus. West. He admired Fu Xi, said to be the Kangxi was one of the most en- inventor of the Eight Diagrams. "It lightened and scholarly Chinese is almost unimaginable that philo- emperors. He was especially fond sopher Fu Xi could discover the of astronomy and mathematics. He Eight Diagrams over 3,000 years initiated research groups and or- ago. To the Chinese people it must dered edited and translated works really be a matter for rejoicing. Emperor Kang Xi o{ the Qing dynast}. which helped promote the develop- WilI you allow me to visit China?" ment of Chinese science. Interested Leibniz yearned for China. As in Western science, he invited early as 1689, he urged that an letter exisied in Germany. though Joachim Bouvet (1650-1730), a envoy from Germany be sent to its whereabouts are now unknown. priest sent to China by the French establish closer relations with Leibniz also sent Kang Xi a model king Louis XIV and a friend of China. Later, his Neus Treatise on of his calculating mactrine. There Leibniz, to teach him astronomy, China proposed a series of ex- is no record of what Kang Xi did mathematics, surveying and the changes betrveen the two great with it. However, there are today use of western instruments. cultures of China and Europe. ten primitive Chinese-made copper Works on .Chinese philosophy He never reached China, but he calculators in the Imperial Palace were translated into foreign lan- corresponded regularly with Joa- lMuseum in Beijing. Experts be- chim Bouvet and once wrote Em- lieve they were adapted from the BAI SHANGSHU is an associate pro- peror Kang Xi suggesting that he machines designed by Leibniz and fessor of BeiJing Teachers University (1623- specializing in the history of mathe- establish an academy of science in Frenchman Blaise Pascai matics. Beijing. As late as the 1950s this 1 662). I

A primi6ive Chinese ealculator made between 1685 and 1?22, possibly after The hand calculator invented by Leibniz in 16?1. study of Leibniz's model. k^**€*,# ,. ':'i fr,? 8- ui "' -$t s

I)verything from furni(ure to lorvi is sold at tho llei Taipingzhuang {rec market. l,i fr cn How a Free Market Operates

LIU CHENLIE

HE free market at Bei Taiping- and otherwise enlorces regulations some specialized pr

42 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS aquatic products; (5) Vegetables; discussed the situation in our Each day between 800 and 900 and (6) Fruits. On the east side family and with the entire team, stalls are open for business, but of the market is a section for hand- an,d rvith their approval I became the entire operation is very order- icrafts products baskets and a member of the fish-marketing ly and efficient, This is a tribute other wickerware, -and desks, sofas. partnership. Now my family has to the organizing ability and hard wardrobes and other furniture- thr-ee sources of income the work of market leaders and staff. Alccording to Bai Xicfiun, the collective economy. our private- The market is under the authority manager of its administrative plot, and the marl

MrtY fgEz 43 hnpenial euisine

at the Fang Shan Restaur,amt

[,IU HONGFA

their first visit to Beijing fiNv foreigners usually enjoy a meal at Quan Ju De the famous "Peking Duck" restaurant.- If ihey stay longer, they will probably hear of another restaurant - Fang Shan, which specializes in dishes formerly served only in the im- perial palace. The restaurant's head chef Dong Shiguo spent three months in the U.S. in 1981, demon- strating advanced ievels of Chinese cuisine in Chicago, New York and San Francisco, to the great delight of his audiences. Bei Hai Park (Winter Palace) lies just northwest of the Forbidden City. There, on an island in the lake, stands the Fang Shan restaurant" An inscription by the noted Chinese writer Lao She hangs above the gate. Under the eaves of the hall facing the gate is a horizontal scroll "Yi Lan Tang" (Hall of Rippling Water) written by Emperor Qian Long (1?36-1795) of the Qing dynasty. The irnpressive entranee of the Fang Shan Restaurant. Fang Shan

Pu Jie (third left), brother of the last Qing enlperor, dines at Fang Shan. The luxuriously furnished Fang Shan dining-rooms (accornodating 25 tables) are replicas of palace rooms, and occupy three separate court- yards. Some chairs are upholstered in yellow (ihe former imperial color), with satin cushions em- broidered in gold and colored thread with patterns of dragons and phoenixes In feudal times, the dragon was the symbol of the emperor and the phoenix of the empress, and these patterns were formerly restricted to palace rooms. The tablecloths and nap- kins are of the same royal yellow !:)-,ax,* color. LIU HONGFA is a siaff reporter for China Reconstructs.

44 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Porcelain tableware has longev- bod;, lrorn minced meat. with two counts rnost: in cooking, it's the ity symbols painted on a back- cherries for the eYes and sliced soup." The restaurant is justlY ground of yellow glaze, and the cucumbers for the scales. Placed proud of its soups, and verY Par- ivory; chopsticks are all reproduc- in chicken soup, the "fish" looked ticular about using the finest in- tions of palace originals. Hexagonal alive. The complete bancluet had gredients and blending exact' palace lamps, paintings, calligraphy hundreds of collrses. and v/as proportions of chicken. duck, carved by renowned artists and served over several daYs. and pork broths. Grease is grace every room. now ,kePt wooden screens The Fang Shan restaurant to a minimum, in line with the reproduces many of the everYdaY emphasis on iight anC tasty dishes. dishes and some of the fancier BoYal Meals lts snacks are also famous, the dishes - once served in the Palace. steamed Old-time inhabitants of the PaI- Those -in a position to know claim favorites including small ace have left vivid descriptions of that its cooking techniques are breads of chestnut flour, Pancakes royal meals. For a single everYdaY even more refined than those of with minced meat. red-bean-flour' meai, at least half a dozen tables imperial times. of holding several dozen varieties Head chef Dong Shiguo. 46 Io

MAY T982 45 ew eneatiour in the Coumtry$frde

In-Lauss has alstr bee,n very popular in China, setting a number' .A.long with the development of the rural economy, cultural of attendance records something activities have flourished in the countryside, especially in remote whicl.r delights Xin Xianiing,- who and backward areas. In China's rural areas there are now 90,000 wrote the screEnplay. Xin. a stocky film projection teams, some 3,000 regular cinema houses, 3,025 coun- man of medium height, describes ty cultural centers and 25,800 commune cultural stations as well himsell as "an ordinary cultural as a great numkrer oI libraries. Under the leadership of newiy worker" at the cultural center in trained and insplreci cultural workers, arnateur art groups have Pingdu county. Shandong province. produced countless plays, filnr scripts, short stories, poems, paint- where he has worked for l0 years, ings and musicai works. Many have been exhibited in other parts For seven years befr;re that, he of the country, and some even abroad. himself was a farm worker. He In recognition of the achieveinents of rural cultural workers takes very seriously his primary over the past years, and to prornote future grorvth thr

46 CTIINA BECONSTRUCTF People told me that genera). morai- solutions based on actual. lif e. ity in the village had deteriorated I hoped it might help peopie mainly as a result of the ten-year find some answers to the questions turmoil of the "cr-rliural revo1u- on their minds. I wanted it to tion." Family quarrels, iil-treat- promote social morality, restore ment of parents, disputes betrveen sorne fine traditions and help build brothers and sisters and divorce up our socialist 'spiritual civiliza- suits had increased. Fewer young tion.' " coupies still lived with their parents. i\[any newlyweds im- A Popular Film mediately moved to separate quar- ters. Some regarded parents as a "I wrote about my idea to Zhao burden which they tried to throw Huanzhang, a director at the off. Thtx ruany families disin- Shanghai Film Studio, and he ex- tegrated, ieavin-g a number of old pressed immediate support. It peopie helpless and alone. took me only 20 days to finish the "This made me think of condi- first draft; my mind was full of tions i,n my own home viilage and people and incidents from real life. other villages where I'd worked. I was not familiar with film tech- It was true, this was a major prob- niques, and my style was rather lem. But also there were many clumsy. Yet some scenes pleased positive examples of peopie who me. Director Zhao came from stood up against such trends and Shanghai to read the script, and behaved in an eihical, sociaList suggested a number of improve- He Xia0ping sees way. ments. Thus, gradually, my idea lhat books are dis- tributed to sentry posts all over the "At the same time, young people was turned into a film. frontier. had their own grievances. Many "Since the film was shown to ambitious young people who the public. I have received,many wanted to do their part for socialist letters from ail over the country. modernization found themselves They have taught me a lesson: onJy constantly embroiled in family when a writer goes deep into real disputes after they got married" iife to get his theme and inspira- Team or brigade leaders did not tion can he produce something know how to handle these troubles. worthwhile. Only then can he gain They often had the same situations the respect and love of the people. in their own families. Inevitably, "Another screenplay of mine, the unity and stability of viiiage this iime about rural youth (A Iife were damaged, and production Ripe Melon Falls from lts Stem) su{fered. is now being filmed, and I am "I wanted to write a film dealing working on a third about ideolo- with ihese contradictions in a gical education in a rural Party realistic way and presenting good branch. He Xiaopiog on duty in the reading roorn of the Shuikou Cullural Center.

'The tlower ol (!ur Frontier Post' good socialist goals. moved to her new job and set to work. "Serve the people" was a worthy principle. f T'S not easy to live in a Chinese gion was fairly poor. In 1979, in She would gladly help enrich the I border village u-nder the inter- order to keep up the peasants' Iife of China's soldiers and peas- m,ittent buliets and shelLs of the morale and eniiven their cultural just ants in this danger"ous frontier Vietnamese across the river. and recreational life, the commune regron Yet He Xiaoping, 22, a liveIy and decided to set up a center. They There lvasn't a roonr for the enthlisjastic young woman, volun- chose her to head it. Two ehoices: tarily gave up her teaching job to stay in a relatively safe teaching center, tables or chairs, or even head up her. commune's cultural job at fairly good pay, or go to a place to hang out a sign. He and recreational center in this the new post with only her basic Xiaoping began by putting a few dangerous spot. living expenses. hundred books, the center's bud- The Shuikolr commune in the He Xi.aoping, deciding that ding library, on a table out in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Re- safety and rnoney were hardly street like a vendor. She scur- luAY 1982 47 lied around talking about the cen- without the frontier soldiers. the cliff road by the river in full. vieu' ter's value and its needs. center and perhaps even the whole of Vietnamese snipers on the other Her enthusiasm moved the peo- commune w-ould go up in the side. She often helped the teams ple. The manager of the supply flames of an invasion. She began until late nighi. In one year. the and marketing co-op donated a going out along the border to the two groups gave 50 perforrnances room. From the differen[ brigades militia members and army units, for frontier guards, remote moun- and teams came tables, benches then putting up tt'all newspapers tain villages and farms. People and other furniture. Today the to keep people up to rlate on the came from alL over the area to "Shuikou Cultural Center" is a curuent situation. She started see the performances. popular place for soldiers and Under the Shuihou Pos.s, a mim- He Xiaoping carries books on civilians to read newspapers and eographed paper describing the her back through the mountains books, play games such as chess, defense of the homeland and and valleys out to isolated sentry and study science and other sub- singling out the good work of posts along the frontier. Typical of jects. There are now 2,000 books soldiers and peasants. the comments was that of a com- in the library. In the last three Morale went up. Not content pany commander who said to her, years they have been borrowed with this, He Xiaoping helped "How can we thank you for your 80,000 times. organize two "propaganda teams" trouble?" Her anslver was, "How On October 12, i980, while He to give stage performancbs, do iion can we thank Aou? after all, you Xiaoping was working, a Vietnam- and dragon dances at festivals, and defend the border- for us!" The ese shell from across the river organize sports matches and dif- soldiers and peasants have another expioded ten meters flom the cen- ferent kinds of entertainment. way of putting it: they call her ter. Damage was siight. but she Her work was dangerous, for she "the f lower of our frontier realized even more clearly that rode her bicycle alcne along the post." !

A Florol Village

YOU SHEN

set up a garderl. Thus the village chest congestion; the chrysan- name. Today the village cultivates themum in treating headache, the several thousand varieties of flow- Chinese rose for injuries resulting ers, selling them in many cities from bruises and fractures, and the of China and even abroad. This azalea for stopping nosebleeds. brings in 590,000 yuan a year, near- AII parts of the flowers, includ- 1y 1,000 yuan per person, a higher- in$ roots, stems and seeds, are used than-average incorte for Chinese in medicines. Pollen gces into vil.lagers, high-grade nutrients. It is said liaising flurr t'rs in a gt t'cnhortsc itl vilLage about 800 people gain weight 'fonsjia Huayuan brigade. Thls has to help people. The flower crop is grown withourt becoming too fat, so it on 20 hectares of land and in 52 is used by the pharmaceutical and rflHERE greenhouse rooms. Each farnily food industries, and tonics and is a village of 160 fam- wiih it. t iiies at a bend of the an- also raises flowers. and many have candies are made their own greenhouses. Some blooms, such as the Chi- cient Grand Canal near Cangzhou Bees and butterflies inhabit this nese rose, the jasmine and PeonY, in eastern Hebei province. Here, .,rrorld of flowers, buzzing and are the base for perfumes. Flowers winter and surnmer, there is hovering among magnolias pure even find a use as contamination always a delightful fragrance. This as white jade, elegant red Peonies, monitors in pollution checks and village is Tongjia Huayuan (Tong dignified Chinese roses, graceful sometimes as aids in locating cer- FamiLy Garden), known far and azaleas, camellias and Persian tain mineral deposits. wide for its flowers. chrysanthemums. V-isitors and Though small, this floral vil- Morc than 200 years ago a rnan buyers flock there the year round. lage provides beauty and frag- surnamed Tong, whose sister mar- N{any of the flovn ers grown here rance for people's lives, medicines ried a Qing dynasty prince, held are made into Chinese medicines. for health, and plants whose sur- the posiiion of \4inister of the In- The ordinary rose, for example, is prising uses scientists are still terior. Later exiled to Cangzhou, he used in a prescription to relieve exploring. n

48 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Chinese Cloth Shoes

XIA GONG

rfrODAY Chinese cloth shoes have colors to compiement light sum- I become popurlar in many parts mer dresses. of the world. Some Portuguese According to the ancient Chinese women stock up on the shoes manuscript Historical Records, whenever they go to [ondon and pearls were used tc decorate shoes. Paris. The shoes are inexpensive Of cource, only aristocrats or the and practical, lighter and softer very rich could afford them. How- than leather or plastic shoes, and ever, hand-ernbrciidered shoes have often very attractive. been popuiar for a long, long time The shoes are available in many among peopJ.e of every class. Yuan colors and styies (though men Mei, a poet of the Qing dy'nasty usually stick t

MAY 1982 49 The Beijing "June First" Shoe works in a garmerrt factory. In Sports Factory, with a floor space of junior middle school. she alu,ays 10,000 square meters, is one of got good marks in fine arts. After China's biggest. It produces four going to work in the shoe factory miliion pairs of cioth shoes annual- in 1962, she began to study design ilew $tars in iy. Li Shilin, about 50, is the fac- and manuf acturing techniques. tory director. He often takes part Whenever she went shopping or on in negotiations with foreign cus- outingsi she was careful to observe Field nlrd Track torners. In 1980, a Dutch business- what styles of shoes were most man ordered one million pairs of popular among people of different IIE LU cloth shoes in a single transaction. ages. Up to now she has designed Japanese customers have ordered about 80 different styles. hand-embroidered shoes w-ith Liu Baozhu is sometimes invited /rHlNA's Iield-and-track athletes phoenix and peony designs. More to join trade talks with foreign L, h"r" made rapid progress in and more foreign businessmen are merchants in order to keep up the past tew years. In all events placing orders. In 1981 the factory with customer needs. Once a except the women's 800-meter run got three million yuan in profits, businessman wanted to see more they often break national records. an amount which could build one sanrples before he made a final Some have come close to u.orld and a haif shoe {actories like this decision. Liu and some colleagues records. one. worked around the clock to make three dozen pairs in the styles he High Jumper wanted. He was \rery surprised to New Design Shanghai's Zhu Jianhua, 19. is a be presented with the shoes the high-jump who has Lru Baozhu, a 36-year-old wom- following day was new star and delighted at brought China's performance into an designer, has been elected dn the evidence of workers' initiative. international competitlon In 1980 advanced worker Beijing's The contract was signed and sales in cleared 2.19 meters straddle Bureau of Light Industry. Build- totaled U.S. he $600,000. style in a u'orld middle-schooi ing on the experience of veteran Neiliansheng Shoe Store. the track and field meet, in the same workers. she created a more ac- oldest in Beijing, has a history of year 2.25 m. at the World Youth curate method designing to over 100 years. now sells new- of It Athletic Tournament in Mexico, in replace the old one based on eye style lightweight cloth traveling April 1981 2.26 rn. in the Track and hand estimates. Among her shoes. One llne in a Chirrese poem and Field Invitational Tournanrent new designs is a novel pair of light runs, mountains wears "Climbing at Shanghai. And in June 1981 he blue cloth shoes, in the style of out several pairs shoes." of cloth jumped 2.30 m. at the 4th Asian Ieather shoes, which has attracted In recent years both domestic and Athietic Meet, passing Ni Zhiqin, considerable attention. tourists. flocked to foreign have national record holder for 11 years. was born a worker's Liu in fami- the store to buy these long-wearing Zhu is 1.93 meters iall and u'ell Her interest aesthetics may shoes their ly. in before setting out on built. Experts agree that he is a stem fact that her from the father travels D rising star. His was not a sPorts family. His f ather occa-sionally watched football games, the rest of Workers of the injection moulding shop at Beijing's 'June First' Shoe Faetory. Photos by Wtr Chuping the family wasn't interested and his mother didn't know what high jump was. The youngest of five brothers and sisters, Zhu was re- garded as a weakLing and was not aliowed to jump or run too much for fear he would become sick. At 11 he began to play table tennis but still didnit show any aptitude lor track and field. Tati for his age, he was nicknamed "bean sprout." it was not long before his height and long legs attracted the notice of the coach of a sparetirne sports school. He went to the school as if he were in a completely new workl. Eager to learn, he was fascinated by such exercises' for jumping as hops, skipping, leapfrog, skiPPing steps and box horse jumPing. Un- der the guidance of his coach and

RECONSTRUCTS 50 CHII{A physique. "Only when I can endure hardships no one else ca-ti." he said, "lvill I be abl.e to hit'arorid rnarks." 4 s Zou is good at training and learning from others. When his coach gave hirn a series of photos showing the movements of . the USSR's world-title ;'umper, V. Sanyeyev, he always carried them with hirn, studying them even at breaks or in the evening. Zou took off with his left foot, Sanyeyev with the right. He failed many times using Sanyeyev's technique. At last he got the right foot take- High-jump stal Zhu Jianhua. off correctly. Though he didn't mechanically copy Sanyeyev, he with the encouragement of his an Asian had gone over 17 meters. deveJ.oped a f ast start and big parents, he made rapid progress. After registering 17.32 m. at the stride, trying to create his own He became accustomd to vigorous World Universiade last July, he got style' to suit his physique. He practice and 'a often did five or ten silver medai with 17.34 m. at the swings both arms upward during times more than his coach World Cups in September. the hop, step and jump. Jaoanese demanded. Zou 1.84 rueights is m. tall and athletes call his styie "Zou's jump." Those 'arho watched his training 72 kg. He did the high hurdles for It i.s fast, loose, Iight arxdi well called Zhu a "phoenix out of a a year in the Liaoning p::ovincial grass hut." To practice under dif- team before he became a triple coordinated. Zow Zhenxian, now his ficult conditions, he often used only jumper, Already 18, he trained in top form, is confident of a small gym uzithout standard hard to rnake up for lost time. Dif- results in the coming Asian Meet jumping bars or mats. He exercised ficult and dull practice buiit up in 1982 and the Olympic Games in in spite of bad weather and even his speed, strength. spring and 1 984. I when he had a coid. Zhu Jianhua has won many gold medals at major international iour- naments and become one of the few top high jumpers of the world. But he doesn't rest on this. ,'My goal is to break the world record of 2,36 m.," he says. "I want to hit the top in the 1984 Otympic Games or at least place among the first three.- "

Asian Triple Jumper

Zou Zhenxian was a gold medal winner at the World Universiade for the hop, step and jump everrt. Mr. Paulen, chairman of the Inter- national Track and Field Associa- tion, told him, "You are a first- rate athlete. I hope you'Il try hard to achieve good results in the Asian dhampion triple iumper Zou ZhenxiaD,- 1984 Olympic Games." Photos b11 Xinhua trn 1979 Z

MAY 1982 E a,redsr,rl,pes hgf New:,er Pailru,ters

HUANG NIIAOZI

A number of very accomplished Zhang Bu, 48, a student of the with the natural scenery of Mount A .r"*", painters frorn differ- great Li Keran, was forrnerly a Tai and the East China Sea give ent parts of the country recently carpenter in a Hebei province vil- something new to their stYles. exhibited fresh, new works in tsei- lage. He often painted the shadow- With time and energY devoted to jing's National Art Gallery, win- play figures made of donkeY skin more succinct portraYals, their ning comments from critics and for rural performers. In the 1950s artistry wiil take a leaP forward. viewers alike. Each has developed he traveled extensively as an elec- Li Huasheng, 38, a student of the a different style, and all have trician in an installation teanr" In late master painter, Chen Shihu, is studied under dif f erent master 1958 he began his studies under from Sichuan provilce. His father artists. Li Keran in the Central AcademY lvas a docklvorker, sailor and final- of Fine Arts. ly chief ship's engineer. Li sPent Zhang Bu has gradually evolved his childhood on the docks of Ditferent Experiences his own innovative style in works Chongqing and deePlY loved the ideas and the beautiful Among the exhibitors were Liu characterized by versatile mountain city colors, in sharP rivei: scenery He has traveled Baochun, at 50 the oldest, and some done in vigorous f amous Ctrangjiang painter:s mid-3Os. is in contrasi with the rich blackness through the in their It gorges many times and saiied years that creativitY of his ink. The result is new and River this span of other rivers of the south. His With a cer- lresh. is in its fullest vigor. works, mainly the forested hills tain amount of basic training in Zhang Dengtang, 39, and Liu Sichuan, show a cool ease and Chinese traditional painting and Baochun, 50. both from Shandong of sirnply executeC atmosPhere of with hard work. each of these province, did not have the opPor- a tranquility and relaxation. artists has traveled widely through tunity to attend art school. Because Zhu 44, came from a the famous scenery of China and for many years they studied to- Xiuti, Poor He studied probed into the theoryz, techniques. gether and learned from each family o{ Shanghai. univ-ersity only landscape other, their wprks shor,r' a simi- hard anci finished styles and future of He painting. larity in siyle. Their light touch because of his rnother's thrift. went to the Art Institute of Nan- jing. Much oi his insPiration was gained on a sketching triP led bY the late Fu Bacshi, famous Painter oI the Art Institute of Jiangsu province. The idyllic rural life of south China is the theme of fresh, strong works that give a sPecial f eeling of pleasure. More and more of his paintings treat the scenes of the Huangshan Mountains and the Xin'an River in Anhui province where he now lives.

Diverse Techniques

Cottage in the Ali these painters come from mountains, poor families, are hard working, Li Huasherug have a foundation in traditional techniques and take nature as their teacher. There are some PeoPIe who iook down on Chinese land-

HUANG MIAOZI, council member of the Chinese Artists Association, is a well-known art critic and calligrapber.

CHINA REC\ONSTRUCT.S 52 Golden World, Henan Province. N

Moonlight. Zhttng Btt

drffi

A Cool and Delicate World. Zhtt Xiult

Mountainside Homes, Anhui Province. Zhu Xiuli Song of a Fishing \/illage. Li Huasheng Peace and Quiet. Li Htrasheng

Spring Rain, Sichuan. Zhutrg Dertgturtg t

I Zhang Dengtang

Spring Tide. I-iu Baothun

L .::i scape paintings, seeing them as repetitious eopying of peaks rising one after the other, with typical huts and trees. More careful study, however, would show the igno- rance of this view. Each of the Chinese masters has had his own styie and characteristics. It is true that in the last two or three hundred years there has been some emphasis on copying traditional iandscapes, though usually a mat- ter of routine study and not the main trend. In the history of art, Chinese traditional landscapes have not only The plant has re- cently produced reflected the spirit of different the biggest stretch times but each outstanding painter straightener in has had his own unique techniques China, with a pulling force of of expression and distinctive style. 6,000 tons, /used to Especially in the first decades of straighten large this century, famous painters such sheets of alumi- as Qi Baishi, Huang Binhong and num. Fu Baoshi have shown characteris- tics widely departing from tradi- tion. These younger artists of today also show new styles that reflect not just their different ex- perience, the regions they come from and the various teachers they have had, but a proeess of "weeding through the old to bring forth the new." Moreover, dissatis- Northeastern Heavy l'lachinery Plant tied with the mere copying of older techniques, they have carried the traditions of Chinese painting for- Developing. New Technology to Serve lndustry ward by going deep into nature and the realities of life. Techniques such as speckling, The Hulan Ergi Heavy Machinery Plant in Heilongjiang prov- wash and drawing the btush lightiy ince in the northeast is one of the biggest of its kind in China. It over: wrinkled paper did not derive produces metallurgical and electrical equipment in manufacturing from ancient practices but from automobiles, trucks and tractors and in the light and chemical in- critical observation of life. First dustries. came a meticulous study of the real Photos by Fang Huichen landscapes of nature and the mas- One of the plant workshops. tery of composition and color. One can see this clearly in a careful comparison of famous ancient and modern paintings. Emphasizing this. Zhang Bu and others have taken the correct road in creative work.

The Source "You ask why the river is so clear? It is because the water comes from the source." These ancient lines point out that out- ll . standing achievements in art come 1,g from practice and the absorption.all of real tife the source of BJI art. - D

MAY T982 tew Uses for [are Earths

T,I CHTJANG

The lanthanum hexaborate, e single l crystal eight mm in diameter, is a new development in China.

IU[OST peopie are not familiar Their manufacture has been ac* pany produces 40 varieties of rare- -LVr with the fact that rare earths celerated in the past three years. earth metals in 100 specifications. are part of the products they use There are several hundred research Its products go to 3,000 customets every day" A National Rare- units studying exploitation and ap- in China alone. Earth Products Fair in Beijing not plication, and 20 refineries in Rare earths are widely used in long ago demonstrated this. Rare the country. The Baotou Irori industry to improve the quality of earths are used in glass and cera- and Steel Company, for example, alloys. When a violent typhoon mics to make colors so{ter and not only manufacture-q rare-earth struck Guangdong provinee in more beautiful. They are added to products but carries on research 1981, a number of high-tension TV picture tubes for better reds. in extraction, ore dressing and wires made of aluminium alloy They go into eyeglass and camera refining. snapped. But those containing cer- Ienses, lighter flints and certain The Baiyun Obo Rare Earths tain amounts of rare earths with- kinds of magnetic medical equip- Mine on the Inner Mongolian prai- stood the storm. ment. rie is a major producer. Because China has abundant deposits of it was too dflfficult to separate Uses and Fnrnctions these elements in 18 provinces and rare earths from iron ore, for years autonomous regions * industrial The Baotou Iron and Steel Com- the mine only produced iron ore, reserves equivalent to five times pany is a leader in the study the total for the rest of the world. allowing the rare-earth elements to and production of a steel contain- As technological levels rise year flow out as waste tailings. In 1963 ing rare earths and niobium. It has by year, a fairly comprehensive the government set up three re- developed 18 types with different extraction, separation and applica- search institutes to study the tensile strengths and shapes. They tion industry has developed. separation and use of these and are widely used in the railway, au- Rare

58 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS gears made at the Daye Steel Plant in Hubei province, for example, doubled with the addition of these elements. China now pro- duces 20 kinds of new rare-earth steel such as low-alloy, high-speed and spring steels. In the petrochemical industry rare earth elements are mainly used as catalytic agents. China's first catalytic agent plant was con- structed in Lanzhou in Gansu province in 1976. Two more have been built, one in Hunan province in 1978 and the other in Shandong province in 1981. The methanation catalyst of rare earths, used in synthetic arnmonia plants for years, has proven as good or better than similar agents made abroad. In 1980 two big synthetic ammonia plants with a 300,000-ton annual capacity began to use the methanation catalyst of ra.re earths. China started studying the ap- plication of rare earths in fertilizer ten years ago. Laboratory tests and practical use around Tianjin and in Hunan, Itreilongjiang, Jiang- xi, Yunnan and Hebei provinces proved that the application of cer- tain amounts of rare earihs on crops increases their yield. In a Hunan province area such fertilizer increased rice harvests from five to ten percent. Rare earths have found their greatest use in the manufacture of % Processing operatioDs at the No" I Rare Earths Plant' consumer goods. In iron used in making pots, for example, they render them less breakable. Wool produced in the No. 1 Wooien Mill in Inner Nlongolia using rare earths in the coloring agent has improved the quatity with softness and brighter color. With its rare-earths industry still in an early stage, China has a long way to go in broadening their utilization. Nevertheless, the ex- port of products involving them has gone up rapidly in the last three years. Exports in 1980 were over 20 times more than the totai of the previous seven years. Exports in 198i increased four tirnes more. The fastest moving items were rare-earth chlorides, oxides, flourides, metals and alloys, the bulk going to Japan, the United States and western Europe. tr Specialized equipment at the Baiyun Obo Mine. Photos bE Su Junhui

MAY T982 59 square kilometer, of which its buildings occupy 150,000 square meters. Restoration has been going on constantly since liberation. As work on the Donghuamen rostrum was completed, for exampie, its golden glazed roof, colorful paint- ed eaves and vermilion pillars sparkled in the sunshine. Yet even while the workers were taking the scaffolds down, another building in the southeast corner was being covered by a huge shed. inside of which a new job was beginning. At the same time. workers on the roof of the Hall of MentaI Cultivation (Yangxin Dian) were measuring its size in preparation for more renovations. Full-scale rebuilding is some- times needed. This was often the case in the Summer Palace. For instance, the north slope of Longevity Hill (Wanshou Shan) used to have nothing attractive and was often overlooked by tour- jsts. Looking down from the top of the hill today, however, one can see a cluster of buildings in their original style being con- structed. Here once were the ruins oI structures known as the "Four Big Continents". According to Buddhism. Buddha is the center of the universe, which is surround- ed by four continents at the four corners of the compass. Emperor Qian Long of the Qing dynasty de- signed this complex of buiidings predeces- RooI for his Qingyi Park, the of the Qi Palace in Temple oI Heal,en park under repair. Il,'o rr o i- r;l; u

Senior Engineer Yu Zhrroyun (right) end architect Fu Lianxing plan another Restoring repair projec[. Wone Xiimin Ancient Buildingls PENG XIANCHU pEIJINC. China's capital rnany ings. involving more than 2.000 l) limss in many centuries, con- architects, 40,000,000 yuan and tains a great number of ancient 2,000 ounces of goldleaf. buildings. Forty-two of them have been placed under the protection of 'Repairing and Rebuilding the government. A huge amount of work has been done since 1gT? The Forbidden City is the largest to repair and restore these build- historical complex. The imperial palace of both the Ming and Qing PENG XIANCHU is a staff reporter dynasties (14th-2Oth century), it for China Reconstructs. covers almost three-fourths of a

60 CHINA EBCONSTRUCTS Restoring old painted designs in a delicate operation.

Repainting a window frame.

The refurbished Long Corridor at the Summer Palace now looks as it did when an empress and her ladies first strolled there. Eaves of an ancient building gleam with color after being restored.

An ancient signboard is duplicated in exacting detail.

Working on Donghuamen Gate- part of the constant round of repairs in the Forbid

MAY T982 63 Legends and Tales from History servants spread the news that a girl baby had been born, and died soon after. Tu Angu did not be- lieve it. He promised a huge re- ward to anyone who would reveal The Orphan the wheieabouts of the child. Whoever concealed him would be executed together with his whole of the Zhao tamily family. Guards stationed at the palace gates questioned and search- ed everyone going in or out. Meanwhile, Cheng Ying and WEI TANG Gongsun Chujiu, 4nother loYal friend of the Zhao family, came up with a bold plan to save the infant Zhao Wu. But carrying it out would T N the state of Jin in today's trusting Zhuang Ji to one of his involve great sacrifices. Gongsun r southern Shanxi province dur- men, Cheng Ylng, Zhao told his asked Cheng, "Which is easier, do ing the Spring and Autumn period wife, "If it is a boy, name him you think dying for the child or (770-476 B.C.), the reigning mon- Zhao Wu and tell him to revenge staying alive- to protect and raise arch Duke Jing became jealous Lls." The sorrowing woman was him?" Cheng answered, "Dying is of the growing power and popular- hidden in a remote part of the easier." Gongsun's reply: "Then I ity of an upright r:ninister named royal palace. choose the easier part." Zhao Shuo. The duke decided to The false counsellor Tu Angu eliminate Zhao, and found a ready discovered Zhuang Ji's hiding plan went into ef [ect. ally in the clever and unscrupulous Q O the piace and urged Duke Jing to L-/ pretending in- Tu Angu, a court official. Cheng, to be an put her to death. The duke was former, went to Tu Angu and told The wily Tu began spread to naturally reluctant to have his him that Zhao's son had been se- false runrors about Zhao and his owzt aunt kill€d, and Tu tried hard cretly hidden in Gongsun's house. two brothers, Zhao Tong and to persuade him, saying, "The prin- Tu was delighted, and immediate- Zhao Kuo. His big chance came cess herself is not the danger. But took some soldiers to arrest when a serious landslide in the ly she bears a child of the Zhao Gongsun. the basement of his mountains traf- In blocked river family. When the child grows up a baby wrapped fic. Tu blamed the disaster on the house they found it could bring disastdr. You cannot in silk and brocade. Actually, this misdeeds of the Zhao brothers. ignore this." the duke decreed was Cheng's youngest son. Tu those days, natural calamities Qo In that iI the child turned out to ordered that both the infant and were often believed to be signs of be a boy, he should be slain im- Gongsun be put to death. Before heavenly disfavor caused by the mediately. the execution Gongsun pretended evil actions of rulers or officials. Zhuang Ji did give birth to a son. to be very angry, and cursed his Seizing this chance, the duke sent The boy was hidden and faithful "faithless" friend Cheng who in armed troops to attack the Zhao - mansion. An official signboard was posted before the house branding the Zhaos as criminals. The soldiers mercilessly slaughtered every member of the family, and even ) the servants. When the massacre was over, several hundred people lay dead. But among the bodies Tu Angu could not find that of Zhao Shuo's wife Zhuang Ji also happened to be the aunt-who of Duke Jing.

THAO Shuo had been warned be- ' ' forehand by his friend Han Jue of the plot against his family. He saw no hope of resisting the duke's power, but if his pregnant wife cpuld be taken into hiding, the family line might still survive. En- Draun by Yang Yangqing

64 CHINA EECONSTRUCTS turn contrived to look guilty and defiant. Believing that the danger was The Chinese '(lrphan' over, Tu called off the massive European Hearts search. Han Jue then smuggled Gaptured the real Zhao infant out of the OR several centuries a series of musical dramas called Yuan palace and gave it into Cheng's plays were extremely popular in China. care. Cheng took the boy to a Besides being lively entertainment, they were loved for their mountain hideout and for fifteen subtle attacks on the tyranny and oppression of the times. The years raised him as his father would have wished. In the meantime, Duke Jing had died and Duke Dao (572-551 B.C.) succeeded him. Dao was a much better ruler than Jing, and offered a vision of hope to those who saw the play' soon he appointe'd Han Jue to This same play was the first Chinese drama to be tr:anslated a high position and dismissed into a European language. A French version by the Jesuit Father dishonest officiats such as Tu An- Premar6 was included in an encyclopedic collectj.on of materials gu. The new dtlke also believed compiled by another Jesuit, Jean Baptiste Du Halde, about the that the Zhao brothers had been geography, history and customs of China and other parts of Asia' treated unjust).y, and expressed his ihe collection lvas published in 1736, and soon after separate edi- sorrow that none of the familY re- tions of the play appeare.d in English, German and Dutch. mained alive. Han then revealed The theme was so popular that a number of adaptations fol- the truth and Dao ordered the lowed in different countries. In 1?41 the Errglishman William young man brought to court. Hatchett wrote his own version, The C'lt'i'nese Orphan. Things Chi- Zhao Wu and his teacher Cheng nese were then very nuch in vogue in England. which probably Ying were overjoyed. When Tu's accounts for his original interest. But haifway through the play he treachery was revealed, justice was seems to have seen the political possibilities of the theme, and prime minister done at last. The Zhao familY Pro- thereafter he turned it into an attack on the English German and perty was restored to Young Wu, Sir Robert Walpole. Other adaptations in French, and and all his familY were Italian kept to the theme of the orphan's revenge but changed Tu relevant to executed (in those days considered many characters and incidents to rnake it more the supreme penalty and deterrent audiences in those countries. to evil-doers). rnHE French philosopher Voltaire's vet'sion, L'Orpheilin de la I Chine,was.written soon after his arrest by his patron Frederick T\UKE Dao wanted to reward II of Prussia. Voltaire was pardoned, and the play was first per- Ll 96"r,9 Ylrrg for his faithful formed at his home in Geneva, and later in Paris (1755). The phi- get at service, but Cheng refused. "I en- Iosopher's interest in the play was not simply a desire to back dured many humiliations and Frederick. He greatty admired Chinese society, which he thought highly' Iived for this day when I could see had achieved the order, morality and reason he valu'ed so the boy grown and vengeance Years later, at age 70, he acted the role of Genghis in a performance done. It would not be just to in his home (his version included historical figures from different take any reward while Gongsun eras). probably never produced, lies innocent in his grave." He In England, the Hatchett play was but a later one inspired by Voltaire's drama became a big hit' This then took his own life. The duke thur had him buried together with was The Orpltan oJ Chi,na, written APriI 1?59 and Gongsun and erected a monument Murphy. Opening in w actor David Garrick a was inscribed "Tomb of Two Heroes." the famous one writer described as "universal applause'" The story of the Zhao familY greeted with what This version was revived many times over succeeding years' was recorded in the Hi,storical Rec- he started to write his own ords by Sima Qian (2nd centurY name of his main character B.C.) and in the Neto Anecd'otes bY ada - se of Problems in his Personal Liu Xiang (77-6 B.C.). Captur- but ing the popular imagination, it Iife. has been retold in manY forms. Ji Junxiang, a dramatist of the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) wrote a plaY called Zhao Familg OrYthan. In the 18th century this in one observer, "welcomed by the public, especially the younger PlaY, Krarrer translation, became a favorite of element, with sustained aPPlause." -Ione European audiences. D

'MAY 1982 65 Festival of the Banller$

XIAO YOU rFHE Lantern Festival, tradi- the western suburbs of Beijing. I tionally the time to celebrate Though banned for a time during the previous season's harvest and the "cultural revolution" as a express hopes for good years to remnant of old superstitions, this come, falls on the fifteenth day of popular folk pageant has been the first month by the lunar revived in the past several years. calendar (usually in late January This year's parade attracted more or early February). Though na- people than ever before from tional in scope, the festival is Beijing anci nearby villages. enlivened by many different local Mentougou district is known for eustoms and ceremonies. its coal and limestone deposits. Everybody loves the Lion Dancers' The colorful Parade of the Qianjuntai is rich in limestone de- Banners is a centuries-old tradition posits, Zhuanghu rich in coal. villages has in the villages of Zhuanghu and Because coal is used in processing ship between the two Qianjuntai, Mentougou district, in limestone into lime. the relation- always been close and friendlY. Preparations for the Pageant go on for some time beforehand, each Spectators erowd the slopes of nearby hills. village preparing to astound the other with the brilliance of its costumes and decor and the skill of its performers. The festival gives villagers a chance to dress up in fancY costumes as characters frorn Chinese mythology. Formerly, this was a way of calling on gods and spirits to bring happiness and good harvests. These days no one be- Iieves that good harvests have anything to do with propitiating the gods, but these are familiar and beloved folk figures, symbols of joy, and amusing in their exaggerated dress and antics. On the third day of the festival (February 9 this year), Qianjuntai, village brought its performers to the streets of Zhuanghu. Bathed in sunshine and buoyed with the joy of early spring, viewers lined the sJ.opes of the two hills on either side of the village. Carried at the forefront of the parade was the tallest of the banners that give the celebration its name, about five meters high and three meters wide. This banner and the smaller ones are emb{oidered with slogans or

66 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS ,"

f

tsalancing one of rhe taller long-pole ban- ners requires lots of practice.

Pltotos bt Ll.?n,q Httti2';ttir. 7jlt,.ttt ) outitu ttttl .\itn )'ntsltutt Yangko performers.

Two clowns.

'Boating' on land. the images of ancient heroes and gods. The Zhuanghu banner, troupe waited at the village entrance to greet the Qianjuntai troupe. pine branches ,i symbols oI eternal rfi ! I:i" -l irr.]! i i: friendship- sv f , L r a 3 | i.i ! - were attached to the banners. As the march began, gongs. drums and firecrackers blended into a merr.y avalanche of sound. Folk ZHANG SHEN musicians played-elders familiar tunes. and village Domes(irated magpies at the head of each troupe led the singing and the choruses of friend_ ly good wishes. Following each banner were gl.{rups of yangko llIANY birds catch insects as When a whistle blew,at dusk, dancrels IYl the dressed up as gods or thsi. food. Can some oI them birds returned to a roost made for spirits. Among the children's be trained as tree "doctors,'? A them. A count showed favorites that in were the Iio tht: county on the coast of the yellor.t, 20 days, 18 birds ate 8.800 floats larvae and the "big h ets. Sea has tried it. and 1,700 pupae of the pine But the moths banners a all In 1977 the forestry research in a I B hectare area of pine forest. in themselves, great It takes personnel in Rizhao eliminating 62 percent of larvae, ?0 strength and county. Shan- skill to balance the dong province, trained percent of the pupae and g0 per- banners, especiall.v some azLlre- on a windv winged magpies cent of the adult moths. day, and young in the Huashan male villagers IikL brigade In the past when pine moths. the to show off bit perhaps of the Taoluo commune. a with They put most harmful insects in the Sishan one eye on their.admiring- nestlings weighing only audience 50 grams into forest. were killed with pesticides. of young women. A strong young small cages and signaled them with the chemicals led to air pollution. man can balance a banner a whistle killed rvhenever they were natural enemies of the weighing 40 kilos with t-rne arm. on fed. When the pests young birds and damaged the ecoltl- his abdornen. or even in his teeth. were able to fly. they gical baiance. method transferred them The was Some can even pass the bannet. to a huge cage uneconomical and for many years from one arm to another or behind in the forest which encompassed one couldn't pines hear a single bird. their baeks. and locusts, a pond and Since the new method was adopted. a feeding The Festival of Banner.s in these terrace. Here. the birds the cu,ckoo and some 20 species two villages goes back over. three could fly, bathq and seek food of other birds have come back. The hundred years, to the Ming freely. Later the nesearchers taught mantis and the par.asitir.w.asp. dynasty. The celcbrations have them to concentrate on the harmful both natural enemies of the pine been camied on in good times and insects. They threw pine moths moth. are also returning. in bad. Villagers report that and other insects into the air to The Rizhao county expelience during the Anti-Japanese War.. the birds and put some on branches has led ta l'urther studies oI the occupying Japanese forces _ for them to sgek. Sometimes they domestication and utilization of afraid of what activil.ies might be simply held. the insects in their. birds for killing harmful insecrs. L- carried on under covel of the palms and blew the rn'histle to call festivities tried -- to stop the the birds to eat. As they became Training magpies to prey parade b1, saving on harmlul that tlle slreets accustomed to the sound of the insects. Photor bLt Shcn \l,onLrti had been mined. But the people whistle, they would readily come defied them, and the, parade went and perch on the shoulders and on as usual, It was a particularly heads of their trainers with a great ,:.- bitter blow. then. when the gang flapping of wings. of loul and their tollower.s .{ banneJ After birds this traditional festival. the had been domesticated This year. besides the traditional for three yearS, the worker.s loosed them greetings, blessings and good in an area of ,,Strive the Sishan wishes, words Iike foi the torest to experiment on Four, Modelnizations with One eliminating harmful insects. They Heart'' were seen on the banners. didn't flv far away after being As one old villager commented. treed. When the trainers went int<; "The ceiebration is a fine old the forest and blew the whistle, entertainment as well as a way to they flew near- and began inspire people to work harder for searching for insects in the trees. next year's harvest." I which were soon stripped clean.

MAY T982 69 Lesson 77 TIUANG WENYAN The Oowherdl and the H/eavims Df,aid

Hn*ftrt|&& rt1 ntE' 4 d. 4 frXfr 4&, +f " Tiinh6 lilngbiiin Jdu liAng kE mingli:ing de xingxing"" ti de qlzi" Heavenly River both sides have two bright stars. his wife. ) *t ii. fr*fr E, -;r"r+a + Enn ffi=x, +EIs X/X frnt ii;t Guinyti zhd lilng kE xlng, liirchudnzhe -yl ge mCiti Di Cr tiiin, Niiling gudrAn kinjiinle zhc ge About the two stars, circulate a beautiful (The) second day, Cowherd, as expected, saw this ila dt h1t x *(+ " 'f'I-Jc" +Ffs+iftM,A a,F'lit"+ f, 6r ddngr6n de gishi. xiinnll. NiulAng giosu ti, ziji z6nying he ni6 zAi and moving story. fairymaiden. Cowherd tell her. himself how with cow at t+ frlr + 4*.,d +tr4.1 , \ + frr 6t+ i!-a &+ *-i# " Gi shihou, y6u ge Mizi, fU mi ddu -&.,yiqi, z6nying guir zhe jiinkfi de shEnghu6. (In) ancient times, there is a boy, father mother both together, how living hard life. /L1 ,WA ++ 49_t it H+" ,f,!+ s,x n,ta l&, rErt" IM, si Ie, g6nzhe g6ge siozi gud rizi. Xiinnli ii t6ngqine lA, ydu xlhuan ti, died. (he) with brother(and)sister-in-faw pass (his) days. Fairy maiden both sympathize (with) him, and like , him, ,,1 .lt, ++ -ttf ++ 4&- lk 4 )1, .-ei. lu A ahIJ 'lh)X. *- +iftT +v- GEge s6ozi dii te hCn bil hio, jiio td jin bd ziji de qingkuing yE giosule tE." Brother(and)sister-jn-lawtreat him very not well, tellhim then take(her) own situation also told him. A f.- ik- +, nft,L 4, * fl+ f" R*, +uk 6 L +6irfr,J.+, MitiEn fing nii, w[nshang h6 nii shuizAi-*9. yiqi. YuAnl6i, te shi Xi Wdng M[ de wiisfinnii, daytime graze cow, at night with cow sleep together. Originally, she was Western Queen Mother's granddaughter, A{n X *"€ 4&, fr! A+ ol +FIt" tle. l. ry, fr , ,L + r''f ,N* R6nmen zhi zhiddo te de mingzi iiiro Ni6ldng. shinchdng zhl bir, mingzi jiiro Zhltl." People only know his name called Cowherd. (is) good at weaving. name called Weaving Maid, +Fr( &t1, ++ Xr* 4e. np * ,R* fi" * i.ls 2* t 4g + BF 4*tf , Nirtldng zMngdir le, gege zhi gCi tA ni t6u Zhinl) h6 Nirildng ji6 le h[n." Ni6l6ng gEng'zhirng, Cowherd grow up, (his) brother only give him that head Weaving Maid and Cowherd get married. Cowherd plow plant, lv 4M *L y.* ,i tr1r<+ ffi *+ lv- * T 4" rN, *-it " lloni6 he yi-ffi+, liirng chE, bL te gin ch0 - le jie. Zhinil fingzhi. shdnghu6 h6n xingffi. old cow and a cart, (make) him drive out (of) home. Weaving Maid spin (and) weave. (their) life very happy. ,lu,fit ,t. 4e, xfi a x. h *.+* fi, E *, Ll fl 14" )L, Te zh\ hlo Mi tiSn di chdi, {eng zhdng, Hdul6i, temen shingle -^yi ge n6nhiir, - yi ge He can only daytime cut firewood plow (and)plant, Later, they bore a boy, (and) a Bft,L iJL fl+i, |L" *tr*. tL winshang iiir shui ziri ch€shdng. nilhiir. " at night then sleep at cart on. girl- ++ +ift 4L, ffi R *+ ,_ xt +BF ii_t '*" Yi-n, tiiin, lio nii gdosu td, di =6r tien Yi-n, tiEn, ltroni[ ydu dui NitlAng shu6: "W6 One day, old cow tell him, (the) second day One day, old cow again to Cowherd say, "I 6 .fJi* + + -ix.-,*, +lF f Thv + +,# |tr.,nf:g-)L1" & /a! ydu ge xiinn[ ldi 'Jnhuzhdng xi ztro, nA bir n6ng zii bdng nimen gdn hu6r !e. W6 si le have fairy maidens come (to) lake in take bath, that one can't again help you work. I die f i\9- ?- 2r r[\ frl 4+ + f," h t^ E , lv, ,\. Al H. fiif *, €4,1 chudn qilnh6ng si shiiyi de iiSng hui ch6ngw6i yindu, bd wb de pi bdoxiilai, wdao wearing light red color gauze dress (in future) will become after, have my skin stripped off, meet

70 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS :FA F, JA.L 8...... " + fr. 1 , trF. ,t,* ++ -L n +, E iinil shi, p6ishang te...... " Ni6 si Ie, NiulAng Zhin[ mdi ni6n ql yuC qi ri emergency matter, put on it . . . ." Cow died, Cowherd, Weaving Maid every year seventh month seventh day *.+ ,Ifi K T. n, )A fr, f'l 1 flF R f,*9, fIqI Ut kfr Ie. iinn yi ci mihn. Diole nir tien ydli' husband and wife both cried. see once face. Arrive that day night, -K4,1 6 a + T 1+ Y.* gt, fe"f+ a4J +ffi fri X-it1i + # XI WAng Mi bi! xi Zhinl tifziri ch6ngqin de xiquC d6u Giddro tidnhdshing qir de WestemQueen Mother not allowWeaving Maidstay(in) flock of magpies all fly to Heavenly River to create ,\ l'6J , FIs 4lt, ir 4&,lrt fF.u Lfr le, *& ilt AT" + t, jiinmiin." r6njiiin, bI tE zhuE z$u le. Niul{ng qi6o, rdng timen ziri qidoshing abridge, let them at bridge on meet. human world, (have) her seized and taken away. Cowherd .. ie- &, tr E t+ hV L "X- "foz Translation xi6ng zhut, din z6nying n6ng shing tiEn ne? On either the Milky Way there is a bright star. A want (to) pursue, but how can go up (to) sky? side of beautiful story about the two stars is widely known among the 4t ig-€ 1 *+ tl6 fr- rt rt' fr1i+, f ,&. people. Te xiingqile llonit lin si shi shu6 de huir, ynshi In ancient times, there was an orphan who lived with his He thought (of) old cow neardeath time say words, then brother and sister-in-law, who treated him badly. They made J&.-L ,,i. him graze a cow during the day and sleep with it at night. He +A_, J{* ffi + Et, was known only as Cowherd. p6ishang niripi, zhiol{i ge kuEngzi, yl ge lilng When Cowherd grew up his brother gave him the old cow put on cow each skin, find two baskets, and a cart and drove him out of the house. He had to cut Et g ik- +Fr1 h..fu E, firewood and farm during the day and sleep in the cart at night. kudnpili firng -+tr2.1yi ge hdizi. " Niriling tidoqi kuing, One day the cow told him that the next dav fairy maidens basket in put one child. Cowherd shoulder basket, would come down to bathe in the lake, and the one in pink gauze -*L would become his wife. * l1 t€+T. Hkfr * The next day, Cowherd really saw the maiden. He told yi chD m6n jii' feiqilai le. Ylnkin yio her about his hard life and she sympathized and took a fancy to (go) once out door then fly up. Eyes see (he) will him, She told him her own story. She was the granddaughter ib l- y,+1" Ifl of the Queen Mother of the West oo her mother's side. She was 6L#. Maid. zhuishang Zhin[ Ie. Xi W6ng Mi ydng good at weaving and was called Weaving Maid Cowherd were married and led a happy catch up (with) Weaving Maid, Western Queen Mother use Weaving and life, the one farming and the other weaying. Later a boy and a + t, +W fie 9R+ f i6l i,l, girl were born to them. sh6u zdri Nifldng hd Zhinf zhdngjiiin yi hui, One day the old cow told Cowherd, "I can no longer help hand at Cowherd and Weaving Maid middle draw (a line), you work. Afier I die, strip ofl my skin and if you are in a tight 6t frf ;"J-. spot, put it over your shoulders." The cow died and the husband +FIs {. iAl *tn l ft and wife cried. Nirildng de qi6nbi[n like ch0xiinle -yi ti6o h6. The Mother did not want Weaving Maid to stay in (at)Cowherd's front immediately appear a river. Queen the human world, and so seized her and took her away' Cow- 'lt, E z dl 1^ it+ 1" herd rvanted to pursue her, but how could he go up to the sky? TE z6nme yo IET DU re' Remembering the old cow's words, he put on the skin, found two He however fly not T;*: baskets and put one child in eaih. Carrying the baskets on his * shoulder pole, he flew up as soon as he went out the door. He l,Llt, s El f,s-tft,, ,\,ftl eli" T v,( almost caught up with Weaving Maid, but the Queen Mother C6ngci, yi dio y0wln, r6nmen iin kEyi drew a line with her hand. In front of Cowherd appeared a river From then on, arrive evening, people then can which he could not cross. ii ;{, x,)6[. From then on, people could see this river (the Milky Way) hn + kF,\ tr at night. They called it the Heavenly River. The stars on both kdniihn zhC ti6o h6. Dnjie jiio ta tiiinh6. they called Cowherd (Altair) and Weaving Maid (Vega). see this river. Everybody cali it Heavenly River. sides It is said the Queen Mother allows them to meet only once a X-irt fr_A1Jfr #fr E" ,F^ rrf ++ year on the seventh day of the seventh lunar rnonth. On that Tiiinhd biin deliing kE xing, -yi kC jidro qiEnnif night, flocks of magpies fly to the Heavenly River and form a HeavenlyRiversider{ two sta6, one called Cowherd bridge so the two can meet. E, ffi Y.* E" Notes xing, yi kE iiiro zhinll xing. star, one called Weaving Maid star. How tosay where it's at: Noun suffixes of location. A'fll t+iL 6 A * ,"., i+ Chinese has a whole lot of words that denote R6nmen chuddshu6 Xi W6ng Mri zhl xi location. They are known as noun suffixes of People say Western Queen Mother only allow location. Some of the main ones are:

MAY T982 7l shirng L up xiir T down There are a few exceptions: We can only say li E in wiri ,l- out pdngbidn f 4 (beside), not p6ngmiin *A and qi6n it front hiru E back zhdng f is used only with jiEn 1b1 as in zhdngjiin d6ng f. east xi 6 west f th-l (between.) nfn fi south b6i )u. north Those two-syliable nouns of location can be pdng + side zhdng f middle used alone or after other nouns, with or without These words follow a noun (in fact they are de 6l as in shingdiin (de) hirubian ,te GI)EW suffixed to the noun)" Most are never used alone. (behind the store), w6 (de) p{ngbidn Jt (6t) +{" zhudzishing *t L on the table (beside me). lduqifn +*at in front of the Libian 8 4. is not used after place names. Z i building Zh6nggu6 tr+ g (in China), but not ziri Zhdnggttd wfrzh6ng fe-f in the middle libian 6+tr-q;4. the room of Everyday Expressions chudngp6ng R+ at the side of the bed l. it gud pass, (in this usage) live l{ E f gud rizi pass one's days BiIn @ (side) or . miin 6 (face) are often it+aa h1L-it guir xingfri de shEnghu6 live a added to these nouns of location. happy life. shdngbian }.{. above, over 2. 4, chfixiin appear, emerge shdngmian }.6 on top of * h tfl,lh;[. chfixiin qingku]rng situation emerges xidbian Td below, under rn lE chflxiin wdnti a problem arose Iibian 94- inside * @ 3. jiirnmiirn meet or meet each other wiibian rl. outside 4.6 {. ',,i.tl{q jiirnjian miin rneet each other briefly qiflnbian if 4. before fl-..;kfr jinn yi ci miin meet somebody once. hdubian E fr- behind d6ngbian t 4- east side Exercises xibian 6 t west side Complete the following sentences with nouns n{nbian fi 4- south side of location. bEibian te )v,4- north side (r ) *_)t d -t#-a " ydubian E fr- right side (2) ft,tu_t&;6 6ti'c" zu6bian Lfr- left side 3) lL*. tL*,a1-,, pdngbi[n h't +il- beside 4) fr )e-**t lK'l'* " zhdngjiin f t;l between. among 5) #"4 + ,l' ;;r . -_#--.- -A

A new poperbock series lounched by CHINESE LITERATURE Shen Congwen's The Border Totnn and Oth,er Srories Set in colourful, pre-liberotion Western Hunon irl Bo Jin's Autumn in Spring and Other Stories ie Youth fighting feudolism in the 20s ond 30s fi Xin Fengxio's Reminiscences I I Life of on opero stor in old ond new Chino lfr rt v- Excerpts from Three Clossicql Chinese Novels: : The Three Kingdoms,Pilgrimage to the West and -- Flotners iru the Mirror, I A French edition of writings by six Chinese women writers, ; Femmes Sft Ecriuains )L /-\ Order Pondo Books through Guoji Shudion, P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chinq -1l fr lL '!l 72 CHINA EECONSTRUCTS The Fragrance of Rice Permeates the South lVo1tlt ilt h,, SnlS -\ ilrrA,irrl ln the 0rient discover the difference between travel and Lindblad Travel Lindblad Travel has created a series of different and Tenzing Norgay, world famous mountaineer and first man flexible travel itineraries in the Orient. These programs are to reach the top of Mt. Qomolangma (Mount Everest), operated on a weekly basis. This means you can combine personally takes you on a trekking expedition. visits to different areas to suit your particular wishes. Lindblad Travel stands for quality of travel, quality of For instance, many want to see China. Let us suggest planning, handling and leadership. Because we hive oper- then that you spend two weeks there and add another in ut"d to*. in the brien t for 24 y:"u., *" are well known. Japan. Or you want to simply go to Beijing for a full week, Wherever you go, you find our own Lindblad staff on hand, wherethereismoreandmoretoseeeveryyear.Thenyou ready and urr*io,r. to assist you-whether it be with proceed to Thailand and from there to Indonesia for a third shopiing, hotels, restaurants oi ti"k"tr for entertainment. week. It is also possible to combine our Beijing program '--- with visits to India, Nepal or Bhutan. Or you may combine We use only the very finest hotels. In China we can beautiful Burma with India or any of our other Orient guarantee luxury accommodations. You will discover that traveling to the Orient with 'programs. "W" ofer a totally different Himalaya tour where Lindblad Travel is a delightfully diflerent experience. Please contact Lindblad Travel at any of the locations listed below. LTNDBLAD TRAVEL, lNC.

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d }E d'= c o STAfYIPS OF NEW CHINA , f+,i:;,i9n Ea -or U ZacoOLttu'laL)l E'' !oo -o-o .:= cYm a -E E+E6 ii" OM The Twelve Beauties of Jinling from 'A Dream of Red 0) e3,f dE N3 -o \ 9 o €o6* o&E 5-o o . orU :E Mansions' c '-=:ur:5.qo=v'ioEA -iili;6) U] YYo Ei(6 A l)rcutrt ol llcd tl.f untiorr.r', by Cao Xueqin (7-1763), one of China,s !> greatest literary masterpieces, has won worldwide renown. Stamps l, 3,5, iooPY; o ! ooooooooooooo b-o a,= O < a o qoqq9qqqqNoooo oe o .o (' u.) .o CD c! co co eo cd ed o.i 3 ft, c, c\l C! c.i 3 3 o- S C\ - 5 a' st $ S - -iI Stamp l, Daiyu burying flowers, 4 /2rr . O O c{ Y', O -. -^i Stamp 2, Baochai chasing abutterfly,4 lttr r_y Stamp 3, Yuanchun visits her parents, 8 /21 5 Stamp 4, Yingchun recites Buddhist sutras, 8 /i,l =A2U Stamp 5. Tanchun helps form a poetry o OOOOOC)c)c)Oc,c)OO !o society, 8 lcrr o croo-oc.rooooooN Stamp 6, Xichun sketching, 8 (s-