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Archaeology of the Queen Victoria Jubilee Home for Indian Children

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Archaeology of the Queen Victoria Jubilee Home for Indian Children TEACHING A SCHOOL TO TALK: ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE QUEEN VICTORIA JUBILEE HOME FOR INDIAN CHILDREN by Sandra U. Dielissen B.A. (Hons.), Simon Fraser University, 2008 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of Archaeology Faculty of Environment © Sandra Dielissen 2012 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2012 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for Fair Dealing. Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Partial Copyright Licence Ethics Statement The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: a. human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, or b. advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research c. as a co-investigator, collaborator or research assistant in a research project approved in advance, or d. as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics. A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project. The original application for approval and letter of approval are filed with the relevant offices. Inquiries may be directed to those authorities. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada update Spring 2010 Abstract The Indian Residential School System had a profound and devastating effect on Aboriginal people in Canada. The Victoria Jubilee Home (1897-1926) on the Piikani Reserve was one of the many schools with the mandate to civilize and assimilate Indian children. Although there have been many studies and research projects illuminating the social and political context in which the residential schools resided, little research has been done that concentrates specifically on the material culture. My research is an initial examination of this gap. Utilizing the methods of historical archaeology, I retell the history of the Victoria Jubilee Home to shed light on the daily activities within the school, and how the material culture facilitated, along with the imposition of institutional forces and behaviour, the transition to a reserve lifestyle. This project underscores how the historic and social differences begun in the past remain pervasive in present society. Keywords: Residential School; Piikani First Nation; Historical Archaeology; Early Reserve Era; Truth and Reconciliation iii Acknowledgements There are many people whom I wish to acknowledge and thank for their guidance, patience, friendship, and encouragement. First, I thank the Piikani First Nation and the Piikani Chief and Council for welcoming me into their territory and onto the reserve, and for their support of this project. Dr. Eldon Yellowhorn provided me with this unique opportunity and I am grateful for his wisdom and patience through this process. To Joe and Barb Yellow Horn who taught me about cultural protocols. Eric North Peigan, Wallace Yellowface, and Pat Provost – I am honoured that you shared your stories with me. And to Bruce Potts and family for enduring our daily work in front of your home. I also want to acknowledge my committee member, Dr. Rudy Reimer, and my external examiner, Dr. Stan Copp, for valuable organizing and editing suggestions. Thank you to Dr. Ross Jamieson and Dr. Doug Ross – my historical archaeology go tos. To dr. annie ross and Dr. George Nicholas, I express my thanks for your insights and humour. Team Yellowhorn: Kristina Hannis, Simon Solomon, Robyn Ewing, Caitlin Dodd, and the infamous Red Coat Inn. I will always consider you family. And, I acknowledge the archivists and curators from small towns with big hearts: Dawn Lauder, Farley Wuth, Mrs. Bernice Pilling. Finally, none of this would have happened without the love and support of my family. iv Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ viii Words about Words ......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 Paegan, Peigan, Piikani .................................................................................................................... 3 Thesis Goal and Objectives .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter Progression ....................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Teaching A School to Talk ................................................................................... 12 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 12 The Discourse of Residential Schooling in Canada ....................................................................... 13 A is for Archaeology ...................................................................................................................... 18 Archaeology of Education ..................................................................................................... 19 Mission Archaeology ............................................................................................................ 21 Children in Archaeology ....................................................................................................... 23 Remembering Memories ................................................................................................................ 25 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 26 Chapter 3: Indian Education as the Pedagogy of Work ....................................................... 27 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 27 Making Proper Citizens .................................................................................................................. 28 The Bible and the Plough ............................................................................................................... 35 The Missionaries ................................................................................................................... 40 Treaty 7 Education ......................................................................................................................... 48 The Queen Victoria Jubilee Home for Indian Children (1897-1926)............................................. 52 St. Peter’s Mission – Boarding School .................................................................................. 53 Victoria Jubilee Home ........................................................................................................... 57 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 69 Chapter 4: Bearing Witness: Gathering Memories, Sampling Data ................................... 70 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 70 Digging the Rez in Residential School ........................................................................................... 71 Site Location ......................................................................................................................... 72 Recent Historical Archaeology on the Piikani Reserve ........................................................ 75 v 2008 Field Season – Ground Truthing .................................................................................. 76 2009 Field Season ................................................................................................................. 76 Laboratory Methods .............................................................................................................. 78 Archival Resources ......................................................................................................................... 79 Anglican Church of
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