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The Middle Miocene Flora of the Chalk Mountain Formation, Warrumbungle Volcano Complex, NSW, Australia

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The Middle Miocene Flora of the Chalk Mountain Formation, Warrumbungle Volcano Complex, NSW, Australia The Middle Miocene Flora of the Chalk Mountain Formation, Warrumbungle Volcano Complex, NSW, Australia 1 2 HOLMES, W.B.K. AND ANDERSON, H.M. 1[[email protected]] 46 Kurrajong Street, Dorrigo, NSW 2453, Australia, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 2[[email protected]], Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 20150, South Africa Published on 8 August 2019 at https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/LIN/index Holmes, W.B.K. and Anderson, H.M. (2019). The Middle Miocene fl ora of the Chalk Mountain Formation, Warrumbungle Volcano Complex, NSW, Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 141, S19-S32. A Miocene fl ora from the Chalk Mountain Formation occurring on a spur of the Warrumbungle Volcano Complex to the north-west of Coonabarabran, near Bugaldie is described. The fl ora consists of representatives in the families Equisetaceae (Equisetum sp. indet.), Isoetaceae and Araucariaceae (Agathis sp.). Among the angiosperm families are Cunoniaceae (Ceratopetalum priscum), Moraceae, Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus bugaldiensis), Urticaceae (Dendrocnide sp. A aff. D. excelsa). This paper describes the fi rst fossil record of Dendrocnide (Urticaceae) leaves from Australia and the second post-Cretaceous record of the genus Equisetum, the fi rst from the Miocene. The fl ora includes rainforest, swamp and sclerophyll plant forms and indicates a warming and drying climate as the Australian plate moved northwards during the Middle Miocene. Manuscript received 18 February 2019, accepted for publication 22 July 2019. Key Words: Chalk Mountain, Equisetum, Eucalyptus, fossil plants, Miocene, Warrumbungle volcano. INTRODUCTION genera. This paper describes additional rainforest and sclerophyll macrofossil plant material and the second The Chalk Mountain Formation occurs on a post-Cretaceous record of the genus Equisetum, the spur of the Warrumbungle Volcano Complex to the fi rst record of Dendrocnide (Urticaceae) leaves from north-west of Coonabarabran, near Bugaldie. It is Australia. The diatomite and lignite beds of the Chalk a caldera deposit of diatomite, tuffs and a band of Mountain Formation are now weathered, overgrown lignite underlain by basalt dated at 17.2 million with weeds and natural regrowth. The location is years and overlain by basalt dated at 13.7 million closed to the public and further collecting is unlikely years, confi rming the Miocene age. The Formation to eventuate. was well-known for the numerous fossils of small Macquarie codfi sh (Hills 1946) and a fossil owlet- nightjar (Rich and McEvey 1977). The senior CHALK MOUNTAIN GEOLOGY author and his family visited Chalk Mountain in the 1970’s to collect plant fossils. Papers describing The Chalk Mountain Formation (Grid reference the eucalypt and Ceratopetalum collected material 199148 Gilgandra 1:250 000 Geological Series Sheet were published by Holmes et al. (1983), Holmes and SH 55–16) comprises 15–18 metres of lacustrine Holmes (1992). The eucalypt paper (Holmes et al. sediments of siltstone, mudstone, clay, tuff, lignite 1983) included a comprehensive palynological study and mostly of pure diatomite underlain and overlain by Dr Helene Martin of the spores and pollen from by volcanic fl ows (Griffi n 1961, Herbert 1968). the Chalk Mountain diatomite and lignite beds that The unit is exposed in the now abandoned revealed the presence of ferns, gymnosperms and quarry on Chalk Mountain (Fig. 1) situated on private angiosperms and evidence of still extant Australian property approximately 6 kilometres south of the MIDDLE MIOCENE FLORA OF THE CHALK MOUNTAIN FORMATION Figure 1. Chalk Mountain Formation exposure in the abandoned quarry ca 1980. village of Bugaldie and at the northern margin of very friable and breaks into tiny, granular fragments. the Warrumbungle Volcano complex (White 1994, Kenny 1924). The Formation covers an area of approximately 38 hectares. The rich deposit of pure SYSTEMATIC PALAEOBOTANY diatomite was worked from 1919 to 1968 by the Davis Gelatine Co. and produced over 85,000 tonnes to be Order Equisetales transported by rail to Sydney for use as an abrasive, Family Equisetaceae fi lter, insulation material and many other purposes. Genus Equisetum The Formation is underlain by a thick bed of volcanic Equisetum sp. indet. basalt, andesite and trachyte and overlain by a basalt Figs. 2A–E fl ow. K/Ar dating was carried out by Dr A. Ewart of the University of Queensland (Holmes and Holmes, Material. 1992). The underlying basalt was dated at 17.2 mya AMF 145067. and the overlying basalt at 13.7 mya, both results at ± 2%, thus confi rming the Middle Miocene age. Description This taxon is based on an impression of an equisetalean stem fragment. Length preserved 120 MATERIAL mm, base and apex missing; margins almost parallel; average width 6 mm with ca 15 longitudinal striations; The fossil fl ora is based on collections of past impressions of four nodes located from the stem base published material housed in the Australian Museum at 25 mm, 55 mm, 85 mm and 104 mm (Fig. 2A). (AMF) and the Geological and Mining Museum Branch scars are not well preserved (Figs 2D, C). One (MMF) and from private collections now also node shows fi ve scars each ca 1mm roundish-square registered with the Australian Museum. The fossils are (Fig. 2E). No leaf whorls or nodal diaphragms are preserved as impressions and no cuticles are available evident. for study. If carbonaceous material is present then it is S20 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 141, 2019 W.B.K. HOLMES AND H.M. ANDERSON Figure 2. [A–E] Equisetum sp. indet. AMF 145067, [F, G] Leaf whorl Isoetaceae, AMF 145068, (scale bar = 10 mm). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 141, 2019 S21 MIDDLE MIOCENE FLORA OF THE CHALK MOUNTAIN FORMATION Discussion. by Rozefelds et al. (2019) who described the fi rst Based on the gross form of AMF 145067 (Fig. Equisetum from the late Eocene or early Oligocene, 2A) this stem with nodal scars (Figs 2B–E) closely Makowata, Queensland, Australia. The fossil here resembles the New Zealand Miocene Equisetum sp. described from the Chalk Mountain is signifi cant in described by Pole and McLoughlin (2017) but differs that it now extends the range for Australia into the by the generally narrower stem with less branch scars Miocene. The cause of extinction of Equisetum from at the node. The characters preserved are considered Australia and New Zealand remains obscure but Pole insuffi cient to warrant the erection of a new specifi c and McLoughlin (2017) suggest it may have been name. The only other Australian Cenozoic Equisetum related to substantial environmental changes. was described recently by Rozefelds et al. (2019) Given the age of the fl ora it could be argued that from Makowata, Queensland. This consists of a short this fossil may be more closely compared to some stem (ca 9 x 2.5 mm) with a slightly detached node, angiosperm genus. However, it is most unlikely that to which are attached, in a whorl, numerous leaves this fossil belongs to Casuarina or Allocasuarina (24–30), joined at the base into a sheath and distally even though such plants have branchlets with free. No nodes are evident on this stem but the large whorls of leaves (tiny teeth) with regular articles number of leaves clearly sets it apart from the low (internodes) and bear a superfi cial resemblance to number of about fi ve leaf or branch scars in the Equisetum. Their branchlets (stems) in all species are Chalk Mountain fossil. The Makowata fossil is rather about 1 mm in diameter or less, (this fossil stem is unique in showing a whorl of leaves conjoined in a 6 mm in diameter) the articles are very short about sheath with distal free leaves (not short teeth) similar 10 mm (this fossil internode is from 25 mm up to to some genera occurring in the Triassic of Gondwana 104 mm in length). Vegetative Casuarinaceae fossils such as Townroviamites (Holmes 2001, Anderson and are well known from the Paleocene of Australia Anderson 2018) which have more numerous and (Scriven & Hill 1995) and the Miocene of New much longer leaves. Zealand (Campbell & Holden 1984) and these show The sphenophyte family Equisetaceae (which the typical tiny stems occurring in branchlets. includes the genus Equisetum with about 15 extant species commonly known as horsetails) is an ancient group of plants fi rst appearing in the Devonian Order Lycopodiales Period ca 300 million years ago (Taylor et al. 2009). Family Isoetaceae By the Carboniferous Period they had evolved into Leaf whorl, genus and species uncertain many diverse forms including tree-sized plants. In Gondwana during the Permian Period, sphenophytes Fig. 2F, G formed an understory association with glossopterids that produced some of the World’s greatest coal beds Material. (Beeston 1991, McLoughlin 1993). Following the AMF. 145068. End-Permian extinction event many sphenophyte forms recovered and regained a cosmopolitan Description. distribution (Taylor et al. 2009) and a great diversity A diatomite block shows three whorls of linear in the Triassic of Gondwana (Anderson and Anderson leaves on one surface and on the reverse side a poorly 2018). They are well documented from the Australian preserved whorl surrounding a stem, possibly a and New Zealand Gondwana fossil plant collections continuation of the stem on the other surface bearing (Rigby 1966, Gould 1968, Retallack 1980, Holmes the large leaf whorl. The main leaf whorl shows 1982, 2000, 2001). However during Cretaceous time about 16 linear leaves with parallel margins and faint the sphenophytes declined in frequency and diversity parallel striations, to >40 mm in length and 4 mm in throughout the World. Equisetum, the only width surrounding a circular depression of a stem ca surviving sphenophyte genus has an almost world- 12 mm in circumference.
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