ENT Physicians' Efforts to Treat Allergic Diseases at Schools

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ENT Physicians' Efforts to Treat Allergic Diseases at Schools Research and Reviews ENT Physicians’ Efforts to Treat Allergic Diseases at Schools JMAJ 52(3): 178–183, 2009 Kazuya SHIMADA*1 Abstract Recently Sinusitis is declining in severity, while allergic rhinitis is increasing in prevalence. Although improved nutrition and the spread of hygiene information have caused a decline of sinusitis, air pollution has caused an increase in rhinitis. Behind these changes, the first factor to consider is air pollution. While areas with no air pollution have more schoolchildren with infectious rhinitis, sinusitis and allergic rhinitis are both notably more prevalent among schoolchildren in air-polluted areas. In a nationwide survey, the prevalence of cedar and cypress pollen allergies was the highest at 26.9% in Yamanashi Prefecture, followed by Nagano, Kochi, and Shizuoka Prefectures. Although it is said that pollen allergies have come to affect children at younger ages, teenagers and younger children are also more likely to have perennial allergic rhinitis. Analysis of the association between allergic rhinitis and sports showed that the prevalence rate was higher among children playing indoor sports and lower among children playing outdoor sports or no sports. The prevalence rate was lower among children who received treatment, health management guidance, and hygiene management guidance. With respect to the association between allergic rhinitis and learning, healthy children had better academic performance records, while placebo-treated children performed worse, and those who received medication showed varying results, with some children performing well depending on what drugs were administered. Key words Allergic rhinitis, School health, Health management, ENT physicians 50% of students had sinusitis around 1950, and A Shift from Sinusitis to Allergic Rhinitis this rate dropped to 10% after 30 years. In a survey of outpatients at a hospital in Before discussing allergic rhinitis, let us take a Tokyo where I worked, sinusitis decreased from historical look at the changes in nose and sinus 59.9% in 1963 to 34.5% in 1979, while allergic inflammations. Shortly after World War II, many rhinitis increased from 14.5% to 24% during children had purulent nasal discharge as a sign the same period. This trend is believed to have of so-called empyema. Nowadays, they present expanded further in later years. Considering with watery nasal discharge and sneezing. Behind changes such as this transition, the management this change are factors reflecting the changing of allergic rhinitis and patient support at schools times, such as improved nutrition, the spread of is discussed below. hygiene information, air pollution, and lifestyle changes, and the progress of this gradual change Epidemiology—Nose and sinus can be traced through the records of school inflammations in school health health screening. Sinusitis, which was relatively screening uncommon before World War II, increased in the postwar period, particularly in rural areas. A With respect to nutrition, there has been a decline survey of one village showed that approximately in the severity of sinusitis associated with the *1 Vice-President, Yamanashi Medical Association, Kofu, Japan ([email protected]). This article is a revised English version of a paper originally published in the Journal of the Japan Medical Association (Separate Vol.137, No.4, 2008, pages 53–56). The article is based on a presentation made at the school physician symposium “Allergic Diseases at Schools: Support and Management” held at the JMA hall on February 23, 2008. 178 JMAJ, May/June 2009 — Vol. 52, No. 3 ENT PHYSICIANS’ EFFORTS TO TREAT ALLERGIC DISEASES AT SCHOOLS (%) Areas with no air pollution Areas with air pollution 40 Rhinitis Sinusitis Allergic rhinitis 30 20 Prevalence rate Prevalence 10 A e.s. B e.s. C j.h. D e.s. E e.s. F e.s. G e.s. H j.h. I j.h. J e.s. K e.s. L e.s. M e.s. N n.s. (Kaneko Y, et al. Oto-rhino-laryngology Tokyo. 1979;22(supple. 3):247–295, supplemented with recent observation results.) Fig. 1 Prevalence rates of various nasal disorders by area and school e.s.: elementary school, j.h.: junior high school, n.s.: nursery school change from the postwar period when people to house dust in their childhood, a great majority combated hunger with carbohydrates to nowa- of patients have perennial allergic rhinitis. Non- days when plenty of protein (animal protein, in allergic diseases that need to be distinguished particular) and fat are consumed. A nutritional from allergic rhinitis include vasomotor rhinitis survey conducted by a university has shown that and eosinophilic rhinitis, which are subtypes of the areas in which people pay less for food have non-infectious hyperesthetic rhinitis, as well as more sinusitis than the areas in which people pay infectious rhinitis and irritative rhinitis. more for food. In essence, these differences seem to have arisen because well-balanced, adequate Allergic Rhinitis nutrition enhances resistance to inflammation. The next question is why allergic rhinitis has Prevalence rate by prefecture increased. In considering this problem, we should The most widely quoted data are those from the first look at air pollution. A comparison between survey of ENT physicians and their families con- the prevalence rates of allergic rhinitis at schools ducted by Baba,2 and the following is based on in areas with and without air pollution (Fig. 1) these data. The survey found that among the types shows that the areas with no air pollution have of seasonal allergic rhinitis, the prevalence of more schoolchildren with infectious rhinitis, while cedar and cypress pollen allergies was the highest sinusitis and allergic rhinitis are both remarkably at 26.9% in Yamanashi Prefecture, followed by more prevalent among schoolchildren in air- Nagano, Kochi, Shizuoka, and Mie Prefectures; it polluted areas.1 was the lowest in Okinawa, Kagoshima, and Hokkaido Prefectures. Including allergy to other Classification pollen species, pollen allergies as a whole, includ- ing those other than cedar and cypress pollen There are several types of rhinitis. Although allergies, were the most prevalent in Nagano and allergic rhinitis is generally equated with pollen Yamanashi Prefectures. In contrast, perennial allergies, it is divided into perennial allergic rhi- allergic rhinitis was most common in Fukui and nitis and seasonal allergic rhinitis, and pollen Gifu Prefectures. It was also relatively common allergies are the typical form of seasonal allergic in Hokkaido, Aomori, Yamagata, Miyazaki, and rhinitis. Because many people were sensitized Kagoshima Prefectures, where cedar and cypress JMAJ, May/June 2009 — Vol. 52, No. 3 179 Shimada K Woodlands in Yamanashi Prefecture Yatsugatake Coniferous forest zones (Subarctic zones) Deciduous broad-leaved forest zones Chichibu cordillera (Temperate zones) Evergreen broad-leaved forest zones (Warm-temperate zones) Nirasaki Kofu Enzan Kitadake Otsuki Misakasankai Akaishi cordillera Hokkaido Fujiyoshida 2.2 Minobu Mr. Fuji (3,776) Cedar plants grow well in evergreen broad-leaved forest zones. Aomori 12.5 (Kazuya Shimada: Hospital-Clinic and Clinic-Clinic Collaboration for Allergic Diseases in Cross-Disciplinary Areas. Allergy Frontier, April 2004; Vol.4, No.2. Medical Revies Co., Ltd.) Akita Iwate 14.0 12.1 Yamagata Miyagi Yamanashi Prefecture : 44.5% 25.0 32.5 National average : 26.5% Ishikawa 20.5 Toyama Niigata Fukushima 17.4 15.0 26.4 Gunma Tochigi Ibaraki Nagasaki Saga Fukuoka 31.9 39.6 Shimane Tottori Fukui 21.6 25.6 15.2 26.3 18.2 13.1 24.4 Gifu Nagano Ya maguchi Hyogo Kyoto Shiga 36.5 25.0 Saitama 39.6 27.3 20.5 32.8 26.4 Oita Hiroshima Okayama 22.7 27.8 19.1 Yamanashi Tokyo Kumamoto Osaka 44.5 32.1 Chiba 13.6 25.2 Nara 32.4 Miyazaki Mie Kagawa 21.5 35.0 Kanagawa 8.2 Ehime 33.2 Aichi Shizuoka 33.1 28.3 Tokushima 28.8 28.0 39.3 Kagoshima 20.3 12.1 Kochi 41.2 Wakayama Okinawa 6.0 (Kotaro Baba, et al.: The 2008 National Survey of Nassl Allergy (comparison with 1998)—Epidemiological data from ENT doctors and their families. Progress in Medicine, August 2008; Vol.28, No.8. Life Science Co., Ltd.) Fig. 2 Prevalence of cedar pollen allergy pollen allergies were rare. This may reflect the tion, followed in decreasing order by ragweed, fact that the Hokkaido and Tohoku regions have candida, mugwort, orchard grass and Humulus more house dust and mites, while the Chugoku scandens, and Japanese red pine. and Kyushu regions have more varieties of pollen allergens. The national survey reported in 2007 Allergic rhinitis and age by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, It is said that pollen allergies in general, including Science and Technology 3 presented somewhat cedar and cypress pollen allergies, have started to lower prevalence rates. affect children at lower ages. However, the preva- The survey conducted at my clinic also showed lence of pollen allergies has become substantially a predominance of cedar and cypress pollen and high only in adults aged 30 years or over. It is house dust irrespective of the time of examina- uncommon among elementary school students in 180 JMAJ, May/June 2009 — Vol. 52, No. 3 ENT PHYSICIANS’ EFFORTS TO TREAT ALLERGIC DISEASES AT SCHOOLS 6,000 1998 5,000 1999 4,000 2000 3,000 2001 2002 2,000 2003 1,000 The amount of airborne pollen per year 2004 0 Nirasaki Kofu Tamaho Kasugai Kajikazawa Nakatomi Fujiyoshida Uenohara (Source: Survey by the Yamanashi Environmental Allergy Study Group) Fig. 3 Variations in the amount of cedar pollen in the air in various areas of Yamanashi Prefecture lower grades. Teenagers are more likely to have prevalence rate for allergic rhinitis was lower perennial allergic rhinitis. among children who received treatment, health management guidance, and hygiene management Allergic rhinitis and swimming guidance based on the results of health screening Because allergic rhinitis develops through com- than among those who did not.
Recommended publications
  • Lions Clubs International Club Membership Register
    LIONS CLUBS INTERNATIONAL CLUB MEMBERSHIP REGISTER SUMMARY THE CLUBS AND MEMBERSHIP FIGURES REFLECT CHANGES AS OF SEPTEMBER 2017 MEMBERSHI P CHANGES CLUB CLUB LAST MMR FCL YR TOTAL IDENT CLUB NAME DIST NBR COUNTRY STATUS RPT DATE OB NEW RENST TRANS DROPS NETCG MEMBERS 5128 025024 ATSUGI JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 44 0 0 1 0 1 45 5128 025026 EBINA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 15 0 0 0 0 0 15 5128 025027 ENZAN JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 29 0 0 0 0 0 29 5128 025028 FUJISAWA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 45 0 0 0 -1 -1 44 5128 025029 FUJISAWA SHONAN JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 53 0 0 0 0 0 53 5128 025030 FUJIYOSHIDA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 42 3 0 0 -3 0 42 5128 025031 HAKONE JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 36 1 0 0 0 1 37 5128 025032 HADANO JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 48 2 0 0 -1 1 49 5128 025033 HIRATSUKA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 40 0 0 0 0 0 40 5128 025034 HIRATSUKA NADESHIKO JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 13 1 0 0 0 1 14 5128 025035 ICHIKAWADAIMON MITAMA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 21 0 0 0 0 0 21 5128 025036 FUEFUKI JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 30 0 0 0 0 0 30 5128 025037 ISEHARA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 61 2 1 0 0 3 64 5128 025038 IZU OSHIMA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 20 0 0 0 -1 -1 19 5128 025040 KAMAKURA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 5128 025042 KAWASAKI NAKAHARA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 20 1 0 0 -1 0 20 5128 025043 KAWASAKI AOI JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 46 0 0 0 0 0 46 5128 025044 KAWASAKI JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 40 0 0 0 -1 -1 39 5128 025046 KAWASAKI MIYUKI JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 14 5 0 0 0 5 19 5128 025047 KAWASAKI TAJIMA JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 5128 025048 KAWASAKI CHUO JAPAN 330 B 4 09-2017 12 0
    [Show full text]
  • Local Dishes Loved by the Nation
    Sapporo 1 Hakodate 2 Japan 5 3 Niigata 6 4 Kanazawa 15 7 Sendai Kyoto 17 16 Kobe 10 9 18 20 31 11 8 ocal dishes Hiroshima 32 21 33 28 26 19 13 Fukuoka 34 25 12 35 23 22 14 40 37 27 24 29 Tokyo loved by 41 38 36 Nagoya 42 44 39 30 Shizuoka Yokohama 43 45 Osaka Nagasaki 46 Kochi the nation Kumamoto ■ Hokkaido ■ Tohoku Kagoshima L ■ Kanto ■ Chubu ■ Kansai 47 ■ Chugoku ■ Shikoku Naha ■ Kyushu ■ Okinawa 1 Hokkaido 17 Ishikawa Prefecture 33 Okayama Prefecture 2 Aomori Prefecture 18 Fukui Prefecture 34 Hiroshima Prefecture 3 Iwate Prefecture 19 Yamanashi Prefecture 35 Yamaguchi Prefecture 4 Miyagi Prefecture 20 Nagano Prefecture 36 Tokushima Prefecture 5 Akita Prefecture 21 Gifu Prefecture 37 Kagawa Prefecture 6 Yamagata Prefecture 22 Shizuoka Prefecture 38 Ehime Prefecture 7 Fukushima Prefecture 23 Aichi Prefecture 39 Kochi Prefecture 8 Ibaraki Prefecture 24 Mie Prefecture 40 Fukuoka Prefecture 9 Tochigi Prefecture 25 Shiga Prefecture 41 Saga Prefecture 10 Gunma Prefecture 26 Kyoto Prefecture 42 Nagasaki Prefecture 11 Saitama Prefecture 27 Osaka Prefecture 43 Kumamoto Prefecture 12 Chiba Prefecture 28 Hyogo Prefecture 44 Oita Prefecture 13 Tokyo 29 Nara Prefecture 45 Miyazaki Prefecture 14 Kanagawa Prefecture 30 Wakayama Prefecture 46 Kagoshima Prefecture 15 Niigata Prefecture 31 Tottori Prefecture 47 Okinawa Prefecture 16 Toyama Prefecture 32 Shimane Prefecture Local dishes loved by the nation Hokkaido Map No.1 Northern delights Iwate Map No.3 Cool noodles Hokkaido Rice bowl with Tohoku Uni-ikura-don sea urchin and Morioka Reimen Chilled noodles
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Japan
    HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS IN JAPAN JONATHAN ARIAS Tokyo, October 2019 EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation ABOUT THE AUTHOR Jonathan Arias is a Mining Engineer (Energy and Combustibles) with an Executive Master in Renewable Energies and a Master in Occupational Health and Safety Management. He has fourteen years of international work experience in the energy field, with several publications, and more than a year working in Japan as an energy consultant. He is passionate about renewable energies, energy transition technologies, electric and fuel cell vehicles, and sustainability. He also published a report about “Solar Energy, Energy Storage and Virtual Power Plants in Japan” that can be considered the first part of this document and is available in https://lnkd.in/ff8Fc3S. He can be reached on LinkedIn and at [email protected]. ABOUT THE EU-JAPAN CENTRE FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION The EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation (http://www.eu-japan.eu/) is a unique venture between the European Commission and the Japanese Government. It is a non-profit organisation established as an affiliate of the Institute of International Studies and Training (https://www.iist.or.jp/en/). It aims at promoting all forms of industrial, trade and investment cooperation between the EU and Japan and at improving EU and Japanese companies’ competitiveness and cooperation by facilitating exchanges of experience and know-how between EU and Japanese businesses. (c) Iwatani Corporation kindly allowed the use of the image on the title page in this document. Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... I List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ III List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fuji Kyuko and Tourism in Mt Fuji Area
    Railways and Tourism (part 3) Fuji Kyuko and Tourism in Mt Fuji Area Ken’ichi Ishii The 26.6-km Fuji Kyuko Line is the closest railway to Mt Fuji over the longer term. (Japan’s highest mountain at 3776 m) and connects Otsuki One reason explaining the gradual drop in ridership is Station on JR East’s Chuo Line about 70 km from Tokyo with the Chuo Expressway running parallel to the line, and the Kawaguchiko Station in Fujikawaguchiko, a lakeside town at easy access from the Kawaguchiko Exit. Highway buses the base of Mt Fuji. also operate on the expressway and there has been a clear Otsuki Station is 358 m above sea level (asl), and the modal shift from rail to bus due to lower bus fares and more line terminus at Kawaguchiko Station is 857 m asl, giving convenient timetables. In other words, cars are the first a difference in elevation of about 500 m. As a result, this choice of visitors to Mt Fuji and the Fuji Five Lakes area, mountain line has a maximum grade of 40‰ and the tightest followed by highway buses, and rail as a last resort. curve radius is 160 m. It takes about 1 hour to travel all 18 The current economic situation with flat-rate expressway stations on the line. tolls of ¥1000 at weekends, proposals to make expressways The line celebrated 80 years of operations this year and free in the near future, and convenient electronic toll is an important transport link for the trackside communities. collection, are driving further declines in rail transport.
    [Show full text]
  • The Yamanashi Grapevine
    The Yamanashi Grapevine July 2003 Editor’s note Before summer’s heat saps all our energy, we went to visit two cities in Yamanashi. The first, Fujiyoshida, is probably the most famous place in Yamanashi as it is the point from where most Mount Fuji climbers start their long journey to the top. The second, Nirasaki, may not be as well renowned, but it might be known to some football (or should I say “soccer”?!) fans as the home of the high school where current Parma player Hidetoshi Nakata’s talent was discovered. On page 8, Geoff Wigan, an Assistant Language Teacher on the Table of Contents JET programme, takes us on a philosophical journey through his first year in p.2 Nirasaki City Yamanashi. p.4 Fujiyoshida City This edition holds a special meaning to me as it marks my last contribution to the P.6 News Spotlight Grapevine. As a writer and an editor, I have had the opportunity to experience and share the richness of nature in Yamanashi as well as the warmth of its p.8 ALT Experiences people, which is something I will never forget. p.10 Upcoming Events Lastly, you might be surprised by the cover photograph. But don’t! This is one of p.12 Meet the Authors the Showa Era houses destined to become a trendy bar in Fujiyoshida. Maguelonne Billy Nirasaki. “Leek point.” The name of this city in Whilst the area has a long and varied history, the city of Nirasaki itself the north-western region of Yamanashi Prefecture is preparing to greet its 50th anniversary in the coming year, 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Yamanashi Guide to Coronavirus COVID-19
    April 6th , 2020 May 8 th , 2020rev A comprehensive Yamanashi Guide to Coronavirus COVID-19 What is COVID-19? What are the symptoms? How does it spread? Who is at High Risk? Can I take leave? Government issued Guidelines When should I, and how can I consult a medical professional? HELPFUL RESOURCES April 6th , 2020 May 8 th , 2020rev What is COVID-19? COVID-19 is the new respiratory disease spreading around the world and it is caused by a coronavirus. COVID-19 is short for Coronavirus Disease 2019. The 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) often referred to as COVID-19 or more simply, the coronavirus is a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) that was newley identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Since the first cases were reported, the outbreak has rapidly spread through China and many locations worldwide. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illness in both humans and animals. The illnesses brought about from the coronavirus have ranged from the common cold (ex. Respiratory syndrome, fever, cough, etc.) to more severe sicknesses such as pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome . PLEASE NOTE: The virus that causes COVID-19 and the one that caused the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 are related to each other genetically, but the diseases they cause are quite different. SARS was more deadly but much less infectious than COVID-19, the SARS that may be caused by the coronavirus is a different strain of this so please keep this in mind. As of April 06, 2020 there have been over 1,270,000 in at least 180 countries and territories with the highest numbers being in America, Italy, Spain, China and Germany in that order.
    [Show full text]
  • Mt. FUJI (Heads Up.) (Advanced Warning.) (Evacuation Necessary.) in the Case That Volcanic Activity Develops Around Mt
    How should we evacuate in the event of an eruption? ① Volcanic Advisory. ② Volcanic Advisory. ③ Volcanic Alert. Mt. FUJI (Heads up.) (Advanced Warning.) (Evacuation Necessary.) In the case that volcanic activity develops around Mt. Fuji, In the case that dangerous volcanic activity becomes more Emergency Evacuation Announcements will be broadcast when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) will broadcast a frequent and an eruption is imminent, advanced warnings volcanic eruptions become large enough to threaten lives. VOLCANIC HAZARD MAP Heads Up. will be broadcast. Refrain from Mountain mountain climbing Climbers and or sightseeing in Mountain Climbers Sightseers must Evacuation Zone 1. and Sightseers in evacuate from Zone 1 should the eruption area. evacuate ~ Being Prepared immediately. for a Possible Eruption ~ People in Zone 2 and Zone 3 should begin preparations for evacuation. Following public evacuation instructions, persons in Zone 2 must evacuate. Follow emergency Persons in Zone 3 should warnings broadcast over Elderly or disabled persons return to their homes, prepare TV, radio, intercom, and in Zone 2 and Zone 3 to evacuate, and refrain from public address systems. should evacuate at this time. attempts to view the eruptions. A Volcanic Alert may be announced without warning when dangerous volcanic activity occurs or is imminent. Fuji Northern Region →Follow public announcements and evacuate in a calm and orderly manner. Though Mt. Fuji is famous for its clean, When is Mt. Fuji expected to erupt? The Latest volcanic information may be found Important! Nobody knows for sure, however over the past 2200 years at the Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) pure water and amazing scenery, it is also there have been 75 different eruptions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jomon Clay Figurines of the Kaminabe Site, Kyushu, Japan By
    The Jomon Clay Figurines of the Kaminabe Site, Kyushu, Japan by Minako Togawa Department of Anthropology McGill University, Montreal June 2003 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts © Minako Togawa 2003 InoGi!' Ur-v Bi \ * / ^f V ABSTRACT This study considers the phenomenon of the sudden and brief appearance of clay figurines in west-central Kyushu towards the end of the Jomon Period (13,000-2,300 C years BP). The baked clay figurines representing humans were made throughout the Jomon Period, but mostly in central and northern Honshu. Following a review of previous interpretations of the Jomon clay figurines in general, the study focuses on the case of the numerous figurines recovered at the Kaminabe (ca. 2,800 14C years BP) site in Kyushu. Data on lithic assemblages and plant remains at Kaminabe and the sites in the surrounding area during the period under consideration indicate that small-scale cultivation was being practiced in the region. It is suggested here that the Kaminabe figurines represent the females who played important role in production of plant resources. 11 RESUME Cette etude examine le phenomene de la soudaine et breve apparition de figurines d'argile dans le centre sud de Kyushu vers la fin de l'epoque Jomon (13,000-2,300 l4C annees BP). Des figurines de terre cuite representant des humains ont ete fabriquees tout au long de la periode Jomon, mais essentiellement dans le centre et le nord de Honshu. Apres avoir passe en revue les interpretations precedentes concernant ces figurines, cette etude se penche sur le cas des nombreuses figurines trouvees a Kaminabe (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Seismotectonic Modeling of the Repeating M 7-Class Disastrous Odawara Earthquake in the Izu Collision Zone, Central Japan
    Earth Planets Space, 56, 843–858, 2004 Seismotectonic modeling of the repeating M 7-class disastrous Odawara earthquake in the Izu collision zone, central Japan Katsuhiko Ishibashi Research Center for Urban Safety and Security/Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (Received February 16, 2004; Revised July 15, 2004; Accepted July 21, 2004) Odawara City in central Japan, in the northernmost margin of the Philippine Sea (PHS) plate, suffered from severe earthquake disasters five times during the last 400 years with a mean repeat time of 73 years; in 1633, 1703, 1782, 1853 and 1923. In this region, non-volcanic Izu outer arc (IOA), the easternmost part of the PHS plate, has been subducted beneath Honshu (Japanese main island), and volcanic Izu inner arc (IIA) on the west of IOA has made multiple collision against Honshu. I hypothesize ‘West-Sagami-Bay Fracture’ (WSBF) beneath Odawara, a north-south striking tear fault within the PHS plate that has separated the descending IOA crust from the buoyant IIA crust, through examinations of multiple collision process and the PHS plate configuration. WSBF is considered a blind causative fault of the 1633, 1782 and 1853 M 7 Odawara earthquakes, and is inferred to have ruptured also during the 1703 and 1923 great Kanto earthquakes simultaneously with the interplate main fault. A presumable asperity on WSBF just beneath Odawara seems to control the temporal regularity of earthquake occurrence. Though WSBF has not yet been detected directly, it is considered an essential tectonic element in this region, which might be a fracture zone with a few or several kilometer thickness actually.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analytical Model on Time Series Data in Inland Prefecture of Japan
    Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Bandung, Indonesia, March 6-8, 2018 An Analytical Model on Time Series Data in Inland Prefecture of Japan Shoichi Kaneko Faculty of Management Information Yamanashi Gakuin University Kofu, Yamanashi, JAPAN [email protected] Takaaki Kawanaka Institute for Innovation in International Engineering Education The University of Tokyo Tokyo, JAPAN [email protected] Nyunho Jung Faculty of Business Aichi Shukutoku University Nagoya, JAPAN [email protected] Hiroshi Yamashita Department of Commerce Meiji University Tokyo, JAPAN [email protected] Masanobu Matsumaru Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department Kanagawa University Kanagawa, JAPAN [email protected] Abstract In Japan, administrative divisions are classified in 47 prefectures. Among them, there are 8 prefectures with “inland prefecture” that isn’t facing the sea. These inland prefectures are considered to have different properties from “coastal prefecture” that is facing the sea. Therefore, in this study, we quantitatively analyze the influence of the following factors on value of manufactured goods shipments of “inland prefecture” and “coastal prefecture”, based on our previous studies. These factors are population, area, value of forestry goods shipments, value of fishery goods shipments, presence of ordinance designated city, before and after the collapse of the bubble, before and after the Lehman shock, and so on. This analysis model is characterized by handling time series quantitative data and qualitative data. In this study, we validate the model by conducting empirical analysis model using time series data. Furthermore, we will try to quantitatively grasp the common points and differences of the industrial structure between inland prefecture and coastal prefecture based on estimates of parameters obtained from such empirical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Value and Protection of Geographical Indications by the Japanese Wine Law
    BIO Web of Conferences 15, 03004 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191503004 42nd World Congress of Vine and Wine Value and protection of geographical indications by the Japanese Wine Law K. Ebihara1 and M. Omura2 1 Department of Global Legal Studies, Meiji Gakuin University, 1-2-37 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, 1088636 Tokyo, Japan 2 Department of Economics, Meiji Gakuin University Abstract. Recently, Japanese wine law has changed dramatically. In October 2015, the definition of “Japan wine” and the labelling rules were introduced, and the registration guidelines for the geographical indication (GI) were formulated. Up to now, the Commissioner of the National Tax Agency has designated two wine GIs: “Yamanashi” and “Hokkaido”. However, it is not easy for Japanese consumers to understand the value and the role of GI. The National Tax Agency, prefectures, municipal authorities and winery associations organise from time to time promotional events of GI wines to spread the notion of GI. Even though the majority of “Japan wine”, including GI wine, is consumed in the internal market, it is necessary to protect the Japanese GIs in foreign countries. Due to the EU-Japan EPA that ensures the mutual protection of GIs, it is quite probable that the GI will play an important role in the export of Japanese wine, liquor and agricultural products. 1. Introduction authorises the Commissioner of the National Tax Agency to formulate the labelling standards for liquor products. As a member state of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), Japan introduced the geographical indication 2.1. Application for GI system for liquor products in 1994, following the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual In Japan, the geographical indications for liquor products Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), but for a long time, are granted by the Commissioner of the National Tax this system was not applied in practice.
    [Show full text]
  • YAMANASHI PREFECTURE Latest Update: August 2013
    www.EUbusinessinJapan.eu YAMANASHI PREFECTURE Latest update: August 2013 Prefecture’s Flag Main City: Kofu Population: 847,000 people ranking 41/47 prefecture (2013) [1] Area: 4,465 km2 [2] Geographical / Landscape description The prefecture is landlocked, with mountains surrounding the central Kofu Basin. Mount Fuji is located on the southern border with Shizuoka. As of 1 April 2012, 27% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks. [2] Climate Thanks to Mt. Fuji rain shadow effects, the prefecture receives only about 818 mm of rainfall a year. [2] Time zone GMT +7 in summer (+8 in winter) International dialling code: 0081 Recent history, culture Given the local affection for Mount Fuji, which can also be found in the prefectural flag, many festivals held in Yamanashi are strongly related to the majestic volcano. For example the Fuji-Yoshida Fire Festival is celebrated at Fuji Sengen shrine on August 26th, and announces the ending of the climbing season of Mount Fuji. During this festival torches are kindled at every house-front in in Fuji-Yoshida and the city is then said to resemble a sea of fire. [3] Economic overview In addition to a wealth of traditional technologies, represented best by Yamanashi jewellery making, the prefecture offers excellent access to the mechanical electronics industry concentrated in Tokyo’s Tama region; for this reason many companies, such as electronic component manufacturers, semiconductor device manufacturers, semiconductor manufacturing device makers, liquid crystal manufacturing device makers, mechatronics (such as robotics) manufacturers and electronics manufacturers, have expanded into Yamanashi, making it one of the largest mechanical electronics industry concentration in Japan.
    [Show full text]