DOCSLIB.ORG

Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use As Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use As Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination medicines Review Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination Joana Gonçalves 1,†, Tiago Rosado 1,†, Sofia Soares 1,†, Ana Y. Simão 1,†,Débora Caramelo 1,†, Ângelo Luís 1,† , Nicolás Fernández 2,†,Mário Barroso 3, Eugenia Gallardo 1 and Ana Paula Duarte 1,* 1 Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; [email protected] (J.G.); [email protected] (T.R.); sofi[email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.Y.S.); [email protected] (D.C.); afl[email protected] (Â.L.); [email protected] (E.G.) 2 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Toxicología y Química Legal, Laboratorio de Asesoramiento Toxicológico Analítico (CENATOXA). Junín 956 7mo piso. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; [email protected] 3 Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +35-127-532-9002 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 31 January 2019; Accepted: 18 February 2019; Published: 23 February 2019 Abstract: Although the medicinal properties of Cannabis species have been known for centuries, the interest on its main active secondary metabolites as therapeutic alternatives for several pathologies has grown in recent years. This potential use has been a revolution worldwide concerning public health, production, use and sale of cannabis, and has led inclusively to legislation changes in some countries. The scientific advances and concerns of the scientific community have allowed a better understanding of cannabis derivatives as pharmacological options in several conditions, such as appetite stimulation, pain treatment, skin pathologies, anticonvulsant therapy, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. However, there is some controversy regarding the legal and ethical implications of their use and routes of administration, also concerning the adverse health consequences and deaths attributed to marijuana consumption, and these represent some of the complexities associated with the use of these compounds as therapeutic drugs. This review comprehends the main secondary metabolites of Cannabis, approaching their therapeutic potential and applications, as well as their potential risks, in order to differentiate the consumption as recreational drugs. There will be also a focus on the analytical methodologies for their analysis, in order to aid health professionals and toxicologists in cases where these compounds are present. Keywords: cannabis; cannabinoids; therapeutics; toxicology; analytical determination; legalization 1. Introduction The secondary metabolism of plants plays an important role in their survival in its environment. Secondary metabolites are able to attract pollinators, to defend plants against predators and diseases, and for that reason have been exploited for biopharmaceutical purposes. The secondary metabolites are also present in great amounts in the so-called food plants, conferring them taste, color, and scent. Moreover, numerous plant secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, Medicines 2019, 6, 31; doi:10.3390/medicines6010031 www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines Medicines 2019, 6, 31 2 of 47 quinones, lignans, steroids, and terpenoids have found commercial applications, namely as drugs, dye, flavor, fragrance, and insecticides [1]. Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabinaceae), also known as marijuana or hemp, belongs to a group of herbaceous shrubs 1 to 2 m in height, and is widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas. Three species are usually recognized: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis (the latter may be included under C. sativa), and all may be treated as subspecies of a single species, C. sativa. The plant is accepted as being native from Central Asia. Several preparations of C. sativa including marijuana, hashish, charas, dagga, and bhang, are estimated to be consumed by 200–300 million people around the world [2], being the most popular illicit drug of the 21st century according to the United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) [3]. Cannabis has been cultivated widely in the world for its achene fruits (often wrongly referred to as seeds), which are rich in oils and other phytonutrients, and are frequently used as human food or animal feedstuff, as well as for its fibers, for traditional medicine and spiritual purposes as therapeutic and hallucinogenic drug [2,4]. Cannabis is one of the most consumed drugs worldwide, together with legal drugs such as tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine. Cannabis plants contain more than 545 known compounds. In addition to phytocannabinoids (which are C21 terpenophenolic, or C22 for the carboxylated forms, compounds with physiological and often psychotogenic effects, possessing monoterpene and alkylresorcinol moieties in their molecules [4–6]), they include alkanes, sugars, nitrogenous compounds (such as spermidine alkaloids or muscarine), flavonoids, non-cannabinoid phenols, phenylpropanoids, steroids, fatty acids, approximately 140 different terpenes that are predominantly monoterpenes such as β-myrcene, α- and β-pinene, α-terpinolene, but also sesquiterpenes including β-caryophyllene, di- and triterpenes, as well as various other common compounds [4,5]. Out of over 100 cannabinoids identified so far, the most potent in terms of psychoactive activity is trans-D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) [7]. Four stereoisomers of THC exist, but only the (–)-trans isomer occurs naturally. Two structurally related substances (D9-tetrahydrocannabinol-2-oic acid and D9-tetrahydrocannabinol-4-oic acid - THCA) are usually also present, sometimes in large amounts. The heat of combustion during smoking converts partly THCA to THC. One isomer which is also active (D8-THC) occurs in much smaller amounts. Other related compounds include cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN), the latter particularly in aged samples, and presenting pharmacological effects different than those attributed to THC (Figure1). All these compounds are collectively known as cannabinoids and, unlike many other psychoactive substances, are not nitrogenous bases [8]. Individual cannabinoids are being developed and identified in Cannabis strains, and their effects on symptoms of illnesses suffered by patients are being studied. The main types of natural cannabinoids belong to the families of the cannabigerol-type, cannabichromene-type, cannabidiol-type, cannabinodiol-type, tetrahydrocannabinol-type, cannabinol-type, cannabitriol-type, cannabielsoin-type, isocannabinoids, cannabicyclol-type, cannabicitran-type, and cannabichromanone-type [9]. Medicines 2019, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 46 Medicines 2019, 6, 31 3 of 47 Figure 1. Some natural cannabinoids from the cannabis plant. THC has been used as an anti-vomiting drug in cancer chemotherapy and as an appetite stimulant, especially for AIDS patients [2]. On the other hand, CBD, the isomer of THC, has no psychotropic effect. However, it possesses aFigure variety 1. Some of other natural pharmacological cannabinoids from activities the cannabis [2], namely, plant. it reduces aggressive behavior in the L-pyroglutamate-treated rat, spontaneous dyskinesias in the dystonic rat, and turning behaviorTHC in has the been 6-hydroxyldopamine-treated used as an anti-vomiting rat drug caused in by cancer apomorphine chemotherapy [2]. Cannabichromene and as an appetite and relatedstimulant, compounds especially possess for AIDS anti-inflammatory, patients [2]. On anti-fungal, the other andhand, anti-microbial CBD, the isomer activities of [THC,2]. Therefore, has no cannabinoidspsychotropic areeffect. considered However, to it be possesses promising a agentsvariety forof other the treatment pharmacological of several activities types of diseases[2], namely, [2]. it reducesBased aggressive on the content behavior of the psychoactivein the L-pyroglut constituentamate-treated THC, the rat, chemotypes spontaneous of C. dyskinesias sativa include in the drugdystonic type rat, (marijuana, and turning 1.0–20% behavior THC), in intermediate the 6-hydroxyldopamine-treated type (0.3–1.0% THC), andrat caused fiber type by (hemp,apomorphine <0.3% THC)[2]. Cannabichromene [10,11]. The drug typeand related is regarded compounds as an illicit possess drug ofanti-inflammatory, abuse and its cultivation anti-fungal, is prohibited and anti- in mostmicrobial nations activities due to the[2]. psychotropic Therefore, cannabinoids effect [10]. While are theconsidered fiber type to (hemp), be promising cultivated agents as a source for the of textilestreatment and of food, several is legal types in of several diseases countries [2]. [10]. CannabinoidsBased on the content are synthesized of the psychoactive and stored constituent predominantly THC, the in chemotypes glandular trichomes, of C. sativa hair-like include epidermalthe drug type protrusions (marijuana, densely 1.0–20% concentrated THC), intermedia in the bractste type and flowers(0.3–1.0% of THC), cannabis and plants fiber [type12]. Various(hemp, strategies<0.3% THC) have [10,11]. been pursued The drug to extracttype is and regarded deliver theas an pharmacological illicit drug of agents abuse from and cannabis.its cultivation The use is ofprohibited chemical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • When It Comes to Cannabis Potency?
    Testimony Should Canada “Start Low and Go Slow” When It Comes to Cannabis Potency? CT-­492 Testimony presented before the Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science, and Technology Senate of Canada on May 7, 2018. C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT492.html Testimonies RAND testimonies record testimony presented or submitted by RAND associates to federal, state, or local legislative committees; government-appointed commissions and panels; and private review and oversight bodies. Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation RA® is a registered trademark. Limited Print andElectronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. www.rand.org Should Canada “Start Low and Go Slow” When It Comes to Cannabis Potency? Testimony of Beau Kilmer1 The RAND Corporation2 Before the Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science, and Technology Senate of Canada May 7, 2018 hairperson Eggleton, Deputy Chairperson Petitclerc, Deputy Chairperson Seidman, and other distinguished members of the Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science, and C Technology, thank you very much for the opportunity to testify before you today.
    [Show full text]
  • Clearing the Smoke on Cannabis Edible Cannabis Products, Cannabis Extracts and Cannabis Topicals
    7 Clearing the Smoke on Cannabis Edible Cannabis Products, Cannabis Extracts and Cannabis Topicals Robert Gabrys, Ph.D., Research and Policy Analyst, CCSA Key Points • Edible cannabis products, cannabis extracts and cannabis topicals have unique health and safety risks that are not inherent to dried cannabis. • High-potency cannabis extracts increase the risk of over-intoxication more This is the seventh in a series of than dried cannabis. Although limited, the available evidence indicates that reports that reviews the effects of frequent use of these products is associated with problematic cannabis use, cannabis use on various aspects of cannabis use disorder and mental health disorders. human functioning and development. • Edible cannabis products can increase the risk of over-consumption and Other reports in this series address subsequent over-intoxication and impairment. Because when unpackaged they look like ordinary food and beverage products, edible cannabis products the link between regular cannabis use also increase the risk of unintentional ingestion, especially by children. and mental health, regular cannabis • Research on cannabis topicals, including the use of topical and transdermal use and cognitive functioning, maternal cannabidiol products, is limited. There is, however, growing interest among cannabis use during pregnancy, dermatologists and consumers in these cannabis products. cannabis use and driving, respiratory • The health impacts associated with long-term use of edible cannabis and cardiovascular effects of smoking products, cannabis extracts and cannabis topicals are not known. cannabis, and the medical use of • Public education efforts will play an important role in mitigating the harms cannabis and cannabinoids. This series associated with new cannabis products.
    [Show full text]
  • Marijuana Legalization in Uruguay and Beyond
    Marijuana Legalization in Uruguay and Beyond Maria Fernanda Boidi Insights Research Group José Miguel Cruz Latin American and Caribbean Center, FIU Rosario Queirolo Universidad Católica del Uruguay (UCU) Emily Bello-Pardo Latin American and Caribbean Center, FIU FIU College of Arts & Sciences - School of International and Public Affairs n 2013, Uruguay became the first country in the world to regulate Ithe possession, growth, and distribution of cannabis. The initiative of marijuana regulation by President José Mujica, was passed by the Uruguayan Congress and signed into Law as 19172 by the president in December 20, 2013. The regulation of marijuana, however, has been met with important challenges. According to the AmericasBarometer 2014, over sixty percent of Uruguayan citizens have expressed disagreement with the law. Additionally, leaders within the International Narcotics Control Board have expressed opposition to legalization, characterizing the new law as being in direct defiance of the international drug control treaties. As a result, Uruguay faces both domestic and international opposition in pursuing its innovative marijuana regulation model. This report summarizes the preliminary results from the first systematic research project conducted on the process of marijuana regulation in Uruguay. It revolves around two surveys. First, a Respondent-Driven Sample survey conducted with marijuana consumers in the metropolitan area of Montevideo; and second, the 2014 AmericasBarometer survey in Uruguay conducted by the Latin American Public Opinion Project. The research has been conducted by the Latin American Marijuana Research Initiative (LAMRI), formed by the Latin American and Caribbean Center (LACC) at Florida International University and the Universidad Católica del Uruguay (UCU), with funds from the Open Society Foundations.
    [Show full text]
  • Nurturing New Growth Canada Gets Ready for Cannabis 2.0 Table of Contents
    Nurturing new growth Canada gets ready for Cannabis 2.0 Table of contents Introduction 1 Cannabis 2.0: Canadian survey insights 4 Perspectives on Cannabis 2.0 22 The way forward: Thriving in a Cannabis 2.0 world 30 Remain bold 32 Nurturing new growth | Canada gets ready for Cannabis 2.0 | Introduction Introduction ll eyes remain on Canada as it prepares for the next stage of cannabis legalization—a step that will keep A the country firmly at the vanguard of a societal revolution and a new industry exploding with potential. “Cannabis 2.0” will see edibles containing cannabis and cannabis concentrates become legal on October 17, 2019. Their legalization will mean seven classes of cannabis products will be approved for sale in Canada, as dried cannabis, cannabis oil, fresh cannabis, cannabis plants, cannabis plant seeds, were legalized in 2018. The speed with which Canada’s cannabis industry has evolved over the past 18 months has been truly remarkable. In this, our third annual report on Canada’s cannabis industry, Deloitte has taken a broader approach in our research. As in previous years, we conducted comprehensive market research to understand Canadian consumer sentiment on cannabis edibles and other alternative products coming with Cannabis 2.0 legalization. The introduction of these new products is creating new opportunities in product mixes, reaching new cannabis consumers not fully comfortable with traditional consumption methods currently available. 1 Nurturing new growth | Canada gets ready for Cannabis 2.0 | Introduction As well, we explore trends and Our research suggests that the new However, we do need to acknowledge issues affecting the cannabis sector, alternative cannabis products becoming that Canada’s legal recreational drawing on extensive interviews and legal in late 2019 will be a significant cannabis industry is still in its infancy.
    [Show full text]
  • CANNABIS in LATIN AMERICA: the Regulations and Opportunities
    CANNABIS IN LATIN AMERICA: The Regulations and Opportunities © 2019 Anne Holland Ventures Inc. All Rights Reserved RE S GIS N T IG E S R E E D D C Y O T I M N M U Cannabis in Latin America: The Regulations and Opportunities MJBIZDAILY.COM/INTL CANNABIS IN LATIN AMERICA: THE REGULATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES The marijuana industry continues to expand internationally, with Latin America and the Caribbean becoming increasingly more difficult to ignore for companies with global aspirations. The geographical region that stretches from the southern border of the United States until the southern tip of South America, including the Caribbean, is home to about 650 million people, of which the vast majority live in a country with some sort of legal medical cannabis. The sheer number of inhabitants, ideal growing conditions in large parts of the region and jurisdictions in favor of production for export signal potentially huge business opportunities. With this report, our goal is to provide a sober analysis, recognizing the prospects that the region as a whole and each country in particular offer. But we also pay close attention to Alfredo Pascual the other side of the coin: weighing the unique challenges of investing or doing business in these jurisdictions. Whenever world maps are colored to show the countries that have some form of legal medical cannabis framework, Latin America is included almost in its entirety. But, as is often the case, the devil is in the details. Restrictive access schemes, lack of health insurance coverage and widespread home growing moderate any initial excitement about the commercial opportunities in these markets.
    [Show full text]
  • CREW Cannabis E-Use
    CANNABIS INFORMATION GUIDE ON USE, EFFECTS, SAFETY AND HELP V1.0 9/20 INTRODUCTION Cannabis is the most commonly used controlled Laws controlling the use of cannabis emerged drug in the UK. It is a plant that contains hundreds as early as the 14th century. The way that of different compounds called cannabinoids. The cannabis is legally controlled varies around the main psychoactive cannabinoid is called THC world. Some countries enforce strict laws that (tetrahydrocannabinol). Other cannabinoids in prohibit the minor possession of cannabis, some the cannabis plant include CBD (cannabidiol), provide cannabis for medicinal use, and others CBG (cannabigerol) and CBN (cannabinol). offer cannabis for sale to the public to use Plants are grown to contain different cannabinoid recreationally, in a similar way to the sale of concentrations and can therefore produce alcohol. different effects. All drug use has risks. This booklet is for inform- Cannabis plants have been a part of human history ation only and does not constitute or replace for thousands of years. The plant material can be medical advice. If you have medical concerns used for rope and fibres in addition to being used about your drug use, please speak to a medical for medicinal, psychoactive and religious professional. purposes. 02 GETTING HIGH? Before taking any drug… Spend at least two hours researching the drug you are planning to take. These sites contain more information about the risks and effects of different drugs: crew.scot drugsand.me psychonautwiki.org erowid.org tripsit.me l Test the drug. If you don't have access to a drug checking service, reagent testing kits are available online and can give a greater under- standing of what the drug contains, but they may not be suitable for identifying newer compounds or adulterants and can tell you nothing about purity or strength.
    [Show full text]
  • Recreational Marijuana Effect in Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from Uruguay
    Universidad de San Andr´es Departamento de Econom´ıa Licenciatura en Econom´ıa Recreational marijuana effect in labour market outcomes: Evidence from Uruguay Authors: Mat´ıasHern´anMolina Svarre (28072) Pablo Daniel Z´arate(28240) Mentor: Mart´ınRossi Victoria, January 2020 1 Introduction Recreational marijuana usage has been introduced in plenty of countries' debates as a possible progressive reform, now more than ever. On the one hand, people against recreational marijuana usage argue that the legalization would result in an increase in drug addiction, criminal behavior and consumption, and even in a low performance overall. On the other hand, supporters of this policy state that it helps to reduce crime by jeopardizing illegal marijuana producers and dealers. Also, by regulating the marijuana market, government and consumers can profit, respectively, by taxing this new market and by getting a lower price as a result of higher competition, in contrast to the monopoly held in the black market. In 2013, Uruguay became the first Latin American country to allow recreational marijuana consumption, and it is still the only one in the continent. About 6 years after its approval, we want to focus on the impact it had on the labour market, more precisely on the unemployment rate. To do this, we will employ a synthetic control to identify the effect of this policy. In the last few years, marijuana was legalized for recreational use in Uruguay, Canada and in many states of the US. The social and economic implications of such policies have been a major concern for policymakers and researchers. However, there is evidence that suggests positive effects of cannabis on multiple outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Cannabis-Infused Edibles Extraction and Enhanced Matrix Removal Lipid Cleanup
    1 2 Joan Stevens , and Sue D’Antonio ; AOAC 2017 Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Cannabis-Infused Edibles by 1 Agilent Technologies, Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE 19808, USA P-W-026 Extraction and Enhanced Matrix Removal-Lipid Cleanup 2 Agilent Technologies, Inc., 1834 TX-71, Cedar Creek, TX 78612, USA Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Results and Discussion A cannabis edible, also called cannabis-infused food, is a food product that contains cannabinoids, New EMR-Lipid Formulation Cleanup: High Lipid Chocolate Chip Cannabis Cookies especially THC and CBD. Cannabis edibles are Cannabis-Infused Products EMR sorbent technology effectively traps lipids consumed for both medical and recreational To 2 mL of the ACN extract 0.5 mL of water is added, through two mechanisms: vortexed. C Figure 2 is a picture of the purposes. ➢ Size exclusion – Unbranched hydrocarbon chains The extract is passed through a new EMR-Lipid (lipids) enter the sorbent; bulky analytes do not. extracts. Photo A. after ACN Because cannabinoids are soluble formulation cartridge, 300 mg/3 mL by gravity, pull extraction of the cookie in lipids and alcohols, cannabis must be mixed with ➢ Sorbent chemistry – Lipid chains that enter the material (left), after cleanup d- vacuum at end to evacuate the cartridge. A B SPE (C18/PSA) (middle) or new one of these two substances in order to infuse the The eluted extract is analyzed by LC/MS/MS. sorbent are trapped by hydrophobic interactions. cannabinoids into the food. The oil-solubility of EMR-Lipid formulation cleanup Cascadia Herbal Tincture (right). A yellow color is still cannabis extracts has been known since ancient LC-MS/MS Instrument Conditions times.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Cycle Assessment of Hemp Biomass Fields for Commercial Cannabidiol Resin Produced in Uruguay
    LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF HEMP BIOMASS FIELDS FOR COMMERCIAL CANNABIDIOL RESIN PRODUCED IN URUGUAY Juan Silva Förnamn EfternamnDegree Thesis Materials Processing Technology 2021 DEGREE THESIS Arcada Degree Programme: Material Processing Technology Identification number: 24098 Author: Juan Silva Title: Life cycle assessment of hemp biomass fields for commercial cannabidiol resin produced in Uruguay Supervisor (Arcada): Stewart Makkonen-Craig Abstract: A life cycle assessment (LCA) for hemp biomass with data supplied by a Uruguayan company “Innovaterra Ltd.” was conducted in this study. The LCA analyses only the agricultural phase and not the industrial production of the resin. Therefore, the system boundary utilized is “cradle-to-gate”. The functional unit is kgs fibre/hectare, with the time constrain from the vegetative to the flowering phase until the harvest of the plant (approximately seven months). The aim of the thesis is to discover how much greenhouse gasses (GHG) will be produced in one hectare of hemp biomass field and to reveal the environmental impacts. GaBi LCA software is utilized for the computation of the LCA. This LCA was conducted through following the ISO standards 14040-140440 The inputs and outputs for creating the scenarios, plan, and processes of the LCA are based on literature review and data provided by Innovaterra Ltd. A negative result from the CO2 total emission was achieved, with a value of – 2.8 tons of CO2 equivalent. This is due to the higher CO2 sequestration that one hectare of hemp produces a year with the sowing density and fields design with grass corridors. Additionally, the irrigation system is powered by hydroelectric power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Official High Times Cannabis Cookbook: More Than 50 Irresistible Recipes That Will Get You High
    CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION TO CANNABIS COOKERY CHAPTER 1: Active Ingredients Basic Recipes THC Oil (Cannabis-Infused Oil) Cannacoconut Oil Cannabis-Infused Mayonnaise Simple Cannabutter Long-Simmering Cannabutter Wamm Marijuana Flour Tinctures Quick Cannabis Glycerite Long-Simmering Ganja Glycerin Green Avenger Cannabis Tincture CHAPTER 2: Irie Appetizers Roasted Ganja Garlic Cannellini Dip Hookah Lounge Hummus Green Leafy Kale Salad in Brown Cannabutter Vinaigrette Obama’S Sativa Samosas Stuffed Stoned JalapeñO Poppers Sativa Shrimp Spring Rolls with Mango Sauce Ganja Guacamole Mini Kind Veggie Burritos Pico de Ganja and Nachos Kind Bud Bruschetta with Pot Pesto Stoner Celebrity Favorite: Lil’ Snoop Hot Doggy Doggs CHAPTER 3: Munchie Meals Reggae Rice and Bean Soup Cream of Sinsemilla Soup Tom Yum Ganja Stoner Celebrity Favorite: Texas Cannabis Chili Shroomin’ Broccoli Casserole Om Circle Stuffed Butternut Squash Chicken and Andouille Ganja Gumbo Time-Warp Tamales Red, Green, and Gold Rasta Pasta Potato Gnocchi with Wild Mushroom Ragu Big Easy Eggplant Alfredo Ganja Granny’s Smoked Mac ‘n’ Cheese Psychedelic Spanakopita Sour Diesel Pot Pie Cheeto Fried Chicken Bacon-Wrapped Pork Tenderloin with Mango Chipotle Glaze Pot-and-Pancetta-Stuffed Beef Tenderloin with Port Mushrooms CHAPTER 4: High Holidays Valentine’s Day, February 14: Sexy Ganja–Dipped Strawberries St. Patrick’s Day, March 17: Green Ganja Garlic Smashed Potatoes 4/20, Cannabis Day, April 20: 420 Farmers’ Market Risotto Independence Day, July 4: Sweet and Tangy Bar–B–Cannabis
    [Show full text]
  • Marijuana Legalization in Uruguay and Beyond Executive Summary
    Marijuana Legalization in Uruguay and Beyond Executive Summary María Fernanda Boidi, Insights Research Group José Miguel Cruz, Latin American and Caribbean Center, FIU Rosario Queirolo, Universidad Católica del Uruguay Emily Bello-Pardo, Latin American and Caribbean Center, FIU In 2013, Uruguay became the first country in the world to regulate the possession, growth, and distribution of cannabis. The initiative of marijuana regulation by President José Mujica, was passed by the Uruguayan Congress and signed into Law19172 by the president in December 20, 2013. The regulation of marijuana, however, has been met with important challenges. According to the AmericasBarometer 2014, over sixty percent of Uruguayan citizens have expressed disagreement with the law. Additionally, leaders within the International Narcotics Control Board have expressed opposition to legalization, characterizing the new law as being in direct defiance of the international drug control treaties. As a result, Uruguay faces both domestic and international opposition in pursuing its innovative marijuana regulation model. This report summarizes the preliminary results from the first systematic research project conducted on the process of marijuana regulation in Uruguay. It revolves around two surveys. First, a Respondent-Driven Sample survey conducted with marijuana consumers in the metropolitan area of Montevideo; and second, the 2014 AmericasBarometer survey in Uruguay conducted by the Latin American Public Opinion Project. The research has been conducted by the Latin American Marijuana Research Initiative (LAMRI), formed by the Latin American and Caribbean Center (LACC) at Florida International University and the Universidad Católica del Uruguay (UCU), with funds from the Open Society Foundations. I. The Legal Framework Law 19172 provides three ways to legally obtain cannabis in Uruguay.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabis Edibles, Cannabis Topicals and Cannabis Concentrates Will Be Legally Produced for Recreational Use and Sold to Adults in Canada As of October 17, 2019
    CANNABIS PRODUCTS, INCLUDING EDIBLES Drug Free Kids Canada Where families come for help This year, a variety of cannabis products for recreational use* will be entering the retail market. Cannabis edibles, cannabis topicals and cannabis concentrates will be legally produced for recreational use and sold to adults in Canada as of October 17, 2019. Only licensed cannabis producers will be able to develop these products for legal sale. These products will be available for purchase in stores and online. Chances are that your kids may have already heard about cannabis edibles, topicals and concentrates on the news, social media or from their friends or other adults. Cannabis and a variety of cannabis products like edibles and oils have been around for decades, most of them homemade. It’s normal that young people may be curious about the legalisation of these new cannabis products, and it’s important to keep in mind that curiosity doesn’t necessarily lead to experimentation. Being informed about these cannabis products will help you understand exactly what they are, how they are consumed and the potential impact their use could have on youth. As parents, you are one of the most powerful influences in your child’s life, and having thoughtful and well-informed conversations about cannabis with your pre-teen or teen can help them make informed and healthy choices. We are here to help. Youth and Cannabis Use in Canada: A recent study in Canada shows that 17% or nearly one in five students in grades 7 through 12 reported using cannabis products between October 2016 and June 2017.
    [Show full text]