A Silvicultural System for Natural Regeneration of Tropical Rain Forest in Suriname Promotor: Dr

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A Silvicultural System for Natural Regeneration of Tropical Rain Forest in Suriname Promotor: Dr a silvicultural system for natural regeneration of tropical rain forest in Suriname Promotor: dr. ir. R.A.A. Oldeman, hoogleraar in de bosteelt Co-promotor: dr. ir. J.H.A. Boerboom, wetenschappelijk hoofdmedewerker N.R. de Graaf A SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM FOR NATURAL REGENERATION OF TROPICAL RAIN FOREST IN SURINAME Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C.C. Oosterlee, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 23 april 1986 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen \5l\i, <LH1 qoO Abstract A polycyclic system is proposed and discussed for the economically accessible mesophytic (evergreen seasonal) forests in Suriname. In this system, known as Celos Silvicultural System, a restricted amount of about 20 m3 quality timber is takenonc eabou t every2 0 yearsi n awel lcontrolle d selection felling operation.Thi s seemed to be the best compromise between economic demands and ecologie constraints inth e highly mixed forest growing on chemically verypoo r soils.I twa s found that selection felling had to be followed by refinement using arboricides, three times during the cycle, to release commercial species, and provide economically sufficient increment. Thesyste mwa steste d experimentally over more than a decade. Main principles were maintenance of a high level of biomass to prevent leaching of nutrients from the ecosystem, and minimum interference, assuming the original forest is best adapted to ecological conditions. The results of four big field experiments are given in many tables, graphs and stereophotographs. CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Graaf, Nicolaüs Reitze de A silvicultural system for natural regeneration of tropical rain forest in Suriname / Nicolaüs Reitzed e Graaf. - Wageningen : Landbouwhogeschool. - 111.Proefschrif t Wageningen. Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands. ISBN 90-9001239-7 SISO 636.2 UDC 630*9(883) (043.3) Trefw.: bosbeheer ; Suriname / tropische regenwouden ; Suriname. Agricultural University, Wageningen, 1986 No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print photocopy, microform, electronic or electromagnetic record without written permission from the publisher, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Cover design by Paul Woei, Paramaribo, Suriname. Typesetting by Provitekst BV, Ede, The Netherlands. Printed by Krips BV, Meppel, The Netherlands. Artwork by Theo Karel Studio's - Zwolle, The Netherlands. yAiBLïOTri^KK j • - • lANDBOir* O0L i i CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0146 3112 à STELLINGEN 1 Een zinvol gebruik van een ecosysteem als produktiemiddel is beter voor het be­ houd - zij het gedeeltelijk - daarvan dan een verbod tot aantasting dat niet kan worden doorgevoerd wegens bestuurlijke onmacht. Dit proefschrift Zonder maatschappelijk waardeerbare productie, bijvoorbeeld van verhandelbaar hout, wordt het beheren enbescherme n van uitgestrekte tropische regenbossen on­ betaalbaar. Dit proefschrift Bij beperkte manipulatie door houtoogst enzuiveringe n blijft tropisch regenbosi n Suriname nog steeds tropisch regenbos, in tegenstelling tot wat Jacobs stelde, namelijk dat door uitkap van hout enbosbouwkundig e manipulaties een regenbos zozeer ontwricht wordt dat het zijn andere dan houtleverende functies verliest. M. JACOBS, 1983.He t tropisch regenwoud: de visie van een bioloog. Panda Nieuws jaargang 19, no. 1. Ingrepen ter vermindering van onderlinge concurrentie in de boompopulatie van regenbos in Suriname zijn, mits weloverwogen toegepast, duidelijk opbrengst- verhogend in economische zin. Dit proefschrift Het idee van Ashton dat bomen in tropisch regenwoud boven een bepaalde afme­ ting niet of nauwelijks meer met versneldegroe ireagere n op eenverminderd e con­ currentie, is waarschijnlijk ontstaan door een verkeerde omschrijving van dominantie, en geldt zeer duidelijk niet voor veel soorten in het Surinaamse drooglandbos. P.S.ASHTON , 1981.I n Age and growth of tropical trees: new directions for research. YaleUniv . Bulletin no 94. Omee nbepaald eecologisc hongewenst eproduktiewijz e teverhindere ni si nhe tver ­ leden door veel samenlevingen het taboe gehanteerd als doeltreffend middel. MARVIN HARRIS, 1977. Cannibals and Kings Het taboe op aantasting van tropisch regenwoud zoals dat door sommige natuur­ beschermers in ontwikkelde landen wordt voorgesteld, zal alleen met bijbetaling aan de man kunnen worden gebracht. 8 Degering ehoeveelhei djaagbaa rwil di nd eregenbosse nva ntropisc hZuid-Amerika , is een van de ernstigste beperkingen voor de welvaart in de enkele nog bestaande traditionele indiaanse gemeenschappen. Om de bevolkingsaanwas te verminderen is dedoeltreffendst e strategie die van het verminderen van het voordeel dat kinderen opleveren, omdat het gebruik van ge­ boortebeperkende middelen vooral gedreven wordt door eigenbelang. MARVIN HARRIS, 1977. Cannibals and Kings. 10 Voorkindere n isweini gpassend earbei d tevinde ni nbosbou w welkegebrui k maakt van natuurlijke verjonging, zodat dit bedrijf minder dan kleinschalige landbouw zal leiden tot kinderrijke gezinnen, al werpt het sprookje van Klein Duimpje een enigszins relativerend licht op deze stelling. 11 Doordat mijnbouw een van de pijlers van de economie van onze w,esterse samen­ leving isgeworde n heeft zij ook dementalitei t van de overigebedrijfstakke n in die zin omgebogen dat duurzaamheid van produktie wel met de mond geroemd maar niet metterdaad vergoed wordt: duurzaamheid lijkt te duur. 12 BijHom o sapiensi she t afbakenen vanhe tterritoriu m metuitwerpselen , zoalsvee l zoogdieren dat doen, een voorbijgaande fase in de ontwikkeling van jeugdige in­ dividuen, welke ontwikkelingsgang bij intellectueel sterk begaafde oudere indivi­ duen tenslotte uitmondt in het produceren van geschriften welke als geurvlaggen in het te bestrijken maatschappelijk gebied staan geplaatst. R.A. WILSON, 1985. Hoe u uw vrienden van de apen kunt onderscheiden. Bres 110. Stellingen behorende bij het proefschrift van N.R. DE GRAAF, Wageningen, 23 april 1986. Aan mijn vrouw Hannie Curriculum vitae Nicolaüs Reitze de Graaf werd geboren op 27 september 1941, in Modjowarno, op Java, en maakte op dat eiland de Tweede Wereldoorlog mee. Na terugkeer in Nederland doorliep hij delager e school teOosterbeek , eenjaa r MULO,e n daarna het Gymnasium B aan het Christelijk Lyceum te Arnhem waarna hij in 1960 aanving met destudi ei n deBosbou w aan deLandbouwhogeschoo l teWageningen . In 1967 behaalde hij het kandidaatsexamen, en in 1970 het ingenieursexamen, waarbij de houtteelt (tropische specialisatie), de bosexploitatie, de fytopathologie (algemene plantenziektenkunde) end etropisch e bodemkunde de ingenieursvakken waren. Na een periode van enkele maanden werken op het Laboratorium voor Fytopathologie van de Landbouwhogeschool, werd hij begin 1971 als wetenschappelijk medewerker van de Landbouwhogeschool uitgezonden naar het Centrum voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek in Suriname omdaa r bosbouwkundig onderzoek te verrichten voor de LH-afdeling Bosbedrijfsregeling en Houtteelt in deTropen , onder andere aan het onderwerp dat in dit proefschrift ter sprake komt. Naee n kort verblijf aan deL Hi nWageninge n in 1976vertro k hij in 1977wee rnaa r Suriname, om eerst als onderzoeker, later als projectleider, medet ewerke n aan het onderzoeksproject 'Antropogene ingrepen in het ecosysteem tropisch regenwoud'. In 1982 keerde hij terug naar Wageningen, en sindsdien werkt hij als wetenschappelijk medewerker bij de huidige Vakgroep Bosteelt van de Landbouwhogeschool. Thisthesi s willals ob epublishe d inth e seriesEcolog y and management of tropical rain forests in Suriname. Preface Often human interference in tropical rain forest is considered to be a negative influence on one of the world's most complex ecosystems. Although this may be true from anecologica l point of view,no t allhuma n interference isdestructive . The task of foresters, especially silviculturists, ist o interfere with forest to makei t more serviceable to man but at the same time to ensure that it is perpetuated. Theories about the silvicultural treatment of tropicalrai n forest havet o beteste d in practice. In Suriname, theories formulated 20year s ago have been put into practice, and the results of moretha n 15year sexperiment s on natural regeneration and forest handling are discussed in this book. While there are still more questions than answers,a ver ypromisin g ecological and economic approach hasbee n found. Part I presents firstly, general information about Suriname, a short description of the Forestry Belt, the categories of silvicultural systems used and a discussion of thenee d for management of tropical lowland forests. In Part II,th e silvicultural system adopted by the Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS) is described withreferenc e toth eexperimenta l results presented inPar t III to support the point of view presented on the direction of future silvicultural practice. In Part III, firstly silvicultural research carried out before 1965 is reviewed and then the methodology and results of four major experiments on silviculture carried out after 1965 are described in detail. A short summary of each experiment has been included. A silvicultural system is defined regionally because flora, fauna, soils, climate and human population all have effect on the course and results of manipulation
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