History of the Church

Home , Charles Bayard Mitchell, Christian Newcomer, Evangelical Association, Iriy, Martin Boehm, Philip William Otterbein

Abram Paul Funkhouser HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

OF THE UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST VIRGINIA CONFERENCE

REV. A. P.FUNKHOUSER A. M., D. D. [SEE NOTE1

COMPILED BY

OREN F. MORTON, B. Lit. Autlior of "Under the Cottonwoods," "Winning or Losing?" "Land of tlie Laurel," "A Practical History of Music," "The Story of Dank1 Boone," "A History of Preston County, W. Va.," "A History of Pendleton County, W. Va.," "A History of Highland County, W. Va.," "A History of Rock- bridge County," "Ann$s of sath County, Va.

Dr. Funkhouser died before the work was completed. The material gathered and the language used by the Author have been carefully preserved by the Compiler.

The Virginia Conference ordercd the publication of this History and appointed Drs. A. S. Hammock, W. F. Gruver, J. H. Brunk, Rev. J N. Fries, Mr. W. I. Good and J. K. Ruebush as a committee on publication. We present to the Church this History which we regard as of the greatest value to the church, not only of to-day but of the future.

EI 'CVilliani Otterbein and the German Refornied Chiirch I11 Martiil Hoehin aild thc Mennonites IV German Immigration in the Eightcenih Centiiry V Thc Evaiigelical Movemcnt ainoiig :kL Gerrnsn Immigrants V1 Early Years of tlie Church TI1 Planting the Cliiirch in Virginia VIII Extracts from Newcomer's Jouriial lS The Early Preachers X Remiiiiscences of Soinc of the Early Preaeliers XI Thc Transition from German to English SII Tlie Cliurch in the War of 1861 SI11 The Chiirch in Reccnt Times x1v Movemciits toward Union with Other Chiirches Y Conccriiing Slavcry and Intoxicants XYI Coi:ccining Secret Societics XYII List oF Prcachers: Chronological XVIII List of Prcachcrs: Alphabetical . XIS Bishops, Missionaries, and Others SX Biographical Sketches of Ministcrs XXI Early Deaths aniong Ministers XXII Church Dcdications XXIII Sketch of A. P. Funkhouser XXIV The Church and Education XXV The Virginia Conference School XSVI A Digest of the Conference Minutes treating of the Virginia Coiiferencc of the United Brethreii Church, should "incliidc the origin, growth, and develop- iiicnt of thc Cliurch witliin jts bounds, and its distirictive featuires, together with portraits and brief biographies of nimy of its ministers." For this purpose he gathered a largc and valuable store of material, but did not preparc a nnaniiscript copy of tlie projected work. In early May of the present year, the undersigned was asked by the owner and custodians of the collection to supply this lack. In carrying out the coiriiiiission to compile a manuscript, thc editor has adhcred as closely as practicable to the topical plan fouiid among the papcrs mentioned. He has . also sought to put liimself in the placc of the expectant author. But in constructiiig several of the chapters made iiecessary by the topical plan aforesaid, the collectioii aff'orded little aid. Dr. Fimkhouscr could undoubtedly havc written these chaptcrs without feeling niuch nced for documents and other authorities. On the other hand, the cditor had never inet Dr. Funkhouser, is not himsclf of the IJiaited Brethren, and was not previously familiar with the risc aiid developnient of the United Hrethren Church. He was therefore coinpelled to make large use of source material not found in the collcction. This is why chapters I to V11 inclusivc, IS, SI to SV1 inclusivc, and XXIV and XXV are, in the niaiii, of his own authorship. In the quoted paragraphs, without referencc as to source, that occur in some of these chapters, hc has followed the Phraseology of Dr. Funkhouser. It is hardly iiecessary to add that no writer can take up an outline formulated by another crafts- man, and pursue it with the same freedom as is possible to by sonie onc clse, it is hoped that the preseiit volume will, in at least a fair ineasure, fiilfill the proinise iinplied in the title. The books and pamphlets not found in the collection, and consulted bg the editor, are these: "History of the Ghurch of the Gnited Brethrcn in Christ," by John Law- reilce; "Our Bishops," by H. A. Thompson; "Our Heroes; or Uiiited Brethren Home Missionaries," by W.M. Weekley and H. H. Fout; "Landmark History of the United srethren Ghurch," by D. Eberly, I. H. Albright, aiid C. I. H. Krane; "Tlie Gerinan and Snriss Settlements of Colonial Pci:risyl- vania," by Oscar Kuhns; "The German Element in the Shenandoah Valley," by J. \I7. Waylaad; "History of Rock- inghain County, Virginia," by J. W. Wayland; "Oriqin, Doctrine, Coiistitiition, and Discipline of tlie United Breth- ren in Christ (1841) ;" "Life of J. J. Glossbrenner," by A. W.Drury; "Life of William Otterbein," by A. W. Drury; "Life of David Edwards," by Lcwis Davis; "Life arid Carcer of James W. Hott," by M. R. Drury; "Life and Journal of Christian Newcomer," edited by John Hildt; "Michael " SchlattefiMeinorial Addresses," by J. E. Roller and otliers; "Aiitobiography of Peter Cartwright," edited by Ti'. P. Strickland; "History of the Rise and Progress of the Wap- tists in Virginia," by R. B. Semple; "Life of Jacob Raclitel," by Z. Warner; the piiblished Minutcs of the Coiifercnce, 1800-1818, and 1880-1920. The editor is much iiidebted to Mr. Joseph K. Ruebiish for thc helpful interest shou~~in the undertakinp, partic- ularEy in furilishiilg authorities to supplement tlie data gathered by Dr. Funkhouser; also to tl~eRev. J. E. Hott for varied and valuable oral information. OREN F. MORTON. Dayton, Virginia, August 20, 1919. CHAPTER I APOSTOLIC CHRISTIANITY BEFORE OTTERBEIN The Apostolic Church was the Christian organization that existed from the days of the apostles to the so-called coriversion of the Roman emperor Constantine, a period of more than tliree centuries. There is excellent reasori for tlie belief that it was made up only of converted men and uromen, and that its governiiient arid worship were very simple. There was no liturgy, neither were there any stately formalities, or any high-soundirig ecclesiastical titles. Whoever believed the Gospel with the heart and made public coiifession was baptized and received into the church. He was tlien oiie of the brethreii, and this term was applied witliout aiiy discriminatiori as to wealth or rank. The worship coiisisted in reading from the Scriptures, in serinons aiid eshortations, in the singing of spiritual songs, in the relations of Christian csperience, and in a simpEc celebration of the ordinances established by Christ. Diiriiig these threc ceiitusies tlie primitive Christian Church was a positivc power aiid irresistiblle force. It endured persistent and bloody persecution, and yet it made iio compromse with evil. Thc Christian religion was preachcd almost s\~rywliere,aiid was rapidly advancing to a general coiiqucst of the world, altliough this was taking place without rccourse to physical miglit. In the fourth ceiltury of the Cfiristiaii era, the Roman ernpire was still by far the inost dominant political power on earth. The cmperor Constantine accepted Christianity as a state religon. This allegcd conversion is olle of time greatest frauds iii all human history. Political expediency was undoubtedly the commanding niotive of this nionarch. The Christian Church now became popular and soon was growing wealtliy. So long as paganisni was in coiitrol, 2 UNITED BRETHREN the graiidces sneered at the Christians. They riow crervled high positions in the Churcli for the gratificatioii of ttneir pride and power. Preacliiiig ceased, iiew and strsange doctrines canie into vogiie, wliile a petrified ccrenior~ial, claborate yet einpty, took the place of the primitive worship. The Church, as it was now constituted, was aniade superior to the BibBe, and to the nlass of the peopile thc latter became an uriknown bouk. This church of the Middle Ages was a veiieered paganism. It inade itself a supreme political power, arid as such it was iiothirig less than the Roiiiaii einpire in a ncm form. Yet cven n-ith the help of popes and kings, this political cliurch ceascd to espand and begaii to retreat. For sorne time it was in great danger of being ovcrthrown by Mohainined;inisnn. This dark age in tlic history of tlie Christian Chur.cli lasted inany ccnturies. Tet all tliis whilc, tliere were Bsands of Christians, sonietimes iiunierous, mho inaiiitaiiied thc doctrine, discipliiie, aiid spirit of the Apostolic Cliureh. Their Christianity was a liviiig protesi against the eor- ruption of the papal systeni, whicli was willing to tder:itc no other type than its own. These apostolic C11risti:ins consequently drem upon thernselves Ihe wratli of thc. papacy, which was even worse thari that of pagaiaianal, The best known of tlie carly Protestants arc Klie Waldensees of the southeast of France. Thcy hax? had a continuous history for fifteen centuries, aiid halt congregations in Arnerica. Peter Waldo, a nierchant of Fraiice. translatt-kl tlie Gospels into French, this beiiig the first traiislation of any part of tlie Rible into a inoderii toiigue. Until iiow, and iiiclecd for several inore centuries, the papal ch-hircln ii:d only a Latin versioii, which could he understood oidy by scholars. It resisted any cffort to place the sibile in the liands of the pcople generally. About thc year 1400 it is believed there were ilo fcwer I than 800,000 of the Waldensees. They were most riurner- ous in thc south of France aiid the north of Italy, but had large congregations in what was until a ycar ago the t 1 CHCHCH HISTORY J

.luslrian Empire. Their coiisistency was such as to force tiic.,:. words of praise from a papal officer: "They are orderly and modest in their behavior. They avoid all ' appearaiice of pride in drcss. They neither i~idulgein fincry of attire, iior arc- they remarkable for being mean and ragged. They gct tlicir living by rnanual industry. Thcy :ire not ansious about aiiiassing riches, but content t21ernseli~cswith the necessaries of life. Even wheii they work tlicy either learri or teacli." Pctcr Waldo died iii Woheinia iii 1180. That country becamc a stronghold of tlie early Protestants, and in 1350 it contaiiied 200 of their cliurches. In the fourtcenth century tlieir greatest religious teachcr was Johii Hus, who by meaiis of the basest treachcry was burned at the stake by a papal council. This deed of iiifainy lcd to civil war in Wnhciiiia, but the Hiissitc coiniii>iiitlcr-iii-chicfdefeated evcry arniy scnt against liiin. After his death, however, tlic papal party succceded by intrigue aiid persistent inas- sacre in very ncarly iiprootiiig the Hussite church. Hut in 1437 tlie scattered rciiinaiits organizcd a society, giviiig it tlie naiiie of Unitas Fratruni, this Latin espressioii iiiean- iiig ,a Ciiity of Brothcrs, or Uiiitcd Ihtlircii. This nanie has ever since beeil retuiiicd. But up to the time of the . iiiov~mciitlcd by Martin Luthcr, tliese Christians were harried by almost constant persecution. Nevertheless, it ~astliey wlio in 1470 paiblished the first printed translation of the Hible iiito any Europeaii language. In 1474 a delegatioii of the I3rethreii was seilt oiit to sec if tliere were anywhere in Christeiidoiii any "coiigre- gatmons free froni popish errors, arid lived conformably to the rule of Christ and his apostles, that they might form a union with theni." Thesc men ment as far as Constantinoplc and Egypt, but could not find mhat they werc looking for. A deputation traveling in France and Italy tn-elve years later fouiid sonie "upright souls, who secretly sighed over the prevailing aboininatons." A synod of 6489 unanimously resolved that "If it should please God, in ariy country, to raise up sincere teachers and re- 4 UNITED BRETHREN formers in the church, they would make coinmon cause with them." In conformity therewith, the Brethren sent dele- qates to Martin Luther, who received them kindly. They urged the necessity of strict discipline. Luther admitted that during the time he was a papist his "zeal for religion made him hate the Brethren and the writing of Hus," but could now say that "since the day of the apostles, there has existed no church, which, in her doctrine an$ rites, has more nearly approximated to the spirit of that age than the Bohemian Brethren. They far excel us in the observance of regular discipline, and in this respect are more deserving of praise than we. Our Gerinan people will not bend under the yoke of discipline." But the religious wars that followed the death of Luther were very demoralizing. The Brethren were persecuted by the Lutherans and the Reformed Church as well as by the Catholics. They were driven from Prussia to Poland, where in 1627 a new organization was effected undcr the title of the Church of the United Brethren. But in the same year all their property in what is now Czecho- Slovakia was confiscated, and all their churches and schools closed. The membership was scattered in all directions. These United Brethren agreed in doctrine with the Waldensees. They had superintendents, but recognized only one order of ministers as of divine appointment. They laid greater stress on piety, moral conduct, and knowledge of the Bible, in persons holding the pastoral office, than on human learning. The head of every family was required to send his children regularly to church, to instruct them at home, and to hold family devotions. Their churches were unadorncd, and the sexes sat apart. There was vocal but no instrumental music, and there was no prescribed form of prayer. In the opinion of the Brethren the Protestant Reforma- tion accomplished only a part of its mission. They could not see that the churches that arose from it were moulded according to the apostolic pattern. One formal religion had been exchanged for another. Few of those who em- Tliere was little discipline. All who conforined to certain very easy conditions were recognized as niembers of the church for life, although they inight be notorious for impiety and immorality. All grades of unbelievers came to the communion table. Church and state were united. Men loved their creeds more than they loved God. They were orthodox, but only in an intellectual sense. In 1722, Christiari David led a band of United Brethren refugees to the estate of Count Zinzendorf, a Lutheran iioblenian of Saxony. David had some time before met some iniprisoned Brethren and their influence led to his conversion. He decided to join the Lutherans, but finding among them that any person seeking the salvation of his soul was exposed to jeers and taunts, he enlisted as a soldier. After his discharge he preached to such of the 'Brethren as he could find. On the Zinzendorf lands the refugees built the village of Herrnhut in a forest. Since lhis time they have been commonly known as Moravians. Count Zinzendorf was born in 1700. Losing his father in childhood he was reared by a grandmother, who had a daily prayer meeting in her home. Such a thing was then regarded as fanatical. The count was religiously inclined from his childhood, and Herrnhut grew into a flourishing village. Its people organized themselves into a religious society in 1727, in which year there was a great revival, thousands of people assembling to attend the meetings. Thus arose the Moravian Church, which has been greatly distinguished by self-sacrifice and by missionary zeal and success. As early as 1723 some of their missionaries . visited England and were the inspiration of the remarkable Wesleyan revival of after years. Much of the spirit of the Moravians was carried into the Methodist movement, both Wesley and Whitefield having a very warm feeling for these people. In 1735 Moravian missionaries reached America, Count Zinzendorf himself following in 1742. In 1741 Bishop Spangenburg and others issued a call for any Christians of 6 UNITED BRETHKEN whatsoever name to meet in a coiiventioii at Gerinantown, "to see how near all could come together on fundamental points." Representatives of all the German sects, and perhaps others, were present at the meeting on New Year's day, 1742. The spirit of it was exactly similar to the rnsve- ment afterward led by Otterbein. The doctrinal spirit of those taking part in it was Arminian and not Calvinistk. It was prc-emineiitly a missionary body. Yet this movement, begun in so promising a way, was wrecked by the bitter opposition of the Lutheran and Reformed pastors, who were opposed to the idea of a church composed only of converted persons. Whereveg the Moravian missionaries went, they found the seeds of prejudice sown in advance, to embarrass and in some degree to frustrate their efforts. This opening chapter of our book inay not at a first glance seem to have a direct bearing on the history of the United Brethren in Christ. Yet it will show that the ollder bodies bearing almost precisely the same name were pse- cisely the same in spirit, and also that they had brought down to our modern era the spirit of the Apostolic C1~up.eP.i. "The number of enlightened Christians, who, before tht risc of Luther, adhered unswervingly to the doctrinc and discipline of the Church which Christ had established, was very great; and the unblenching testimony they bcrrc against popery, the evangelical light they dispersed by their preaching and their circulation of the Swiptures, and the rcmarkable heroism displayed by so niany thousasads, while suffering a cruel death, did far inorc to make the papal power odious, and to prepare the public mind to respond to the voice of the reformers, than is generully siipnosed." To the above quotation from Lawrence, it may be :eddeti that the very existente of the pre-Reformation Protestants is an irresistible argument for the correctness of their views concerning the Apostolic Church. The chiirch as reorganized by Constantine and his successors has a long history of bigoted intolerance and savage presecution, and CHURCH HISTORY 7 is mainly resporisible for the religious wars that for several centuries drenched Europe in blood. Yet it is no more thaii fair to state that if the church of the Middle Ages appears in the light of history as an apostate church, the Catholic Church of to-day is the product of a counter- reformation within that church, just as the various Pro- testant churches are the product of the Protestant Reformation. CHAPTER 11 WILLIAM OTTERBEIN AND THE GERMAN REFORMED CHURCH The Protestant Reformation began two centuries before the high tide of German emigration to America. In Ger- many the reformers split at the very outset into tuTowings, the Lutheran and ihe Reformed churches, the latter bearing much the same relation to the former as the Pres- byterian Church bears to the Church of England. The stronghold of the Reformed Church was in Switzerland and the valley of the Rhine, whence it spread into France and Holland. In the remainder of Germany, except where the Catholics retained their hold, Protestantism was represented almost exclusively by the Lutherans. In each of the petty monarchies of Germany there was a state churcli, and it was either Catholic, Lutheran, or Reformed. Not one of the three looked with any favor on small sects that made no claims to being supported by the state. Despite the geileral opinion to the contrary, the Refor- mation was to a great extent superficial. It had to do with thc intellect iather than the heart. Wliere the Catholics lost power, another formal religion was set up in its placc. Gonsequently the Reformation soon began to lose its original force and at length stagnated. But as before the Reformation, so it was afterward. There was still an apostolic element, and it was no longer confined to the Moravians or the Mennonites. Philip James Spener was an Alsatian and Lutheran and died in 1705. It is estimated that 40,000 persons were converted as a result of his extensive preacbing. The "collegia pietatis" that he established were Bible classes, prayer meetings, and class meetings, all in one. Spencer said he brough treligion from the head to the heart. He insisted that no one but a pious man- had any business in the pulpit. He also condemned all forms of questioia- of the established churches were enragcd at such ob\''ious truihs indicates a very low degree of spirituality. Pietisrn, which was the name given to thc teachings of Spe~er, was the immediate application of Christian teaclnirig to the heart as well as to the liead. Spencr and Pictism were to Gern-iany what Wesley and early Methodisnl were to Englai:d, and Wesley was greatly influenced by his Ger- man forerunner. Pietisin, by whomsoever professed, was an emotional form of religion. But by the year 1800 emotionalism had died out in Germany, although it lived on in America, especially among the Americans of German descent. It is also worthy of remark that Spener made no effort to establish a new sect. All he sought was to infuse a more apostolic life into the established churches. Philip William Otterbein, otherwise known simply as William Otterbein, was born June 3, 1726," at Dillenberg, a town of about 3,000 inhabitants in the valley of the Rhine. His father, a minister of the German Reformed Church, was also principal of the Latin school in his home town. He died in the prime of life, the oldest of his seven children being only eighteen years of age. The widow was left with slender means, but like her husband she had character, piety, and learning. She had the satisfaction of seeing all her six sons complete a collegiate course of study. As rapidly as the older ones became qualified to teach, they assumed a leading share in the support of the household and helped to educate the younger brothers. All the sons lived to a ripe age. Three of them became authors. All of them, lilie their father, their father's father, and their own sister's husband, became ministers. We are sometimes told that the sons of preachers are always bad. Occasionally they are wayward, like some of the boys

*Old Style, and equivalent to June 15 at the present day. The change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar took place in England in 1752. The former was then eleven days behind the carrect time. In Germany the change to New Style had previously froiii other homes, aiid when this is the case fhe fad & truinpeted about. Far more usually they hcome irien of substantial qualities. Herborn Acadeiny, the school in which fk Otterbeim were educated, arose while the Protestant Refo~mationwas) 11i in full vigor, and it was under strong religiouc influences, It could alniost be classed as a university. In its theological departnient the tencts of Calvii-iism were less rigidy upheld than was the usual custoin in Protestant lands. It is due to this circunistaiice that Willianr Otterbein became the priniary founder of a church that is Arminiari in its theology. It was a Gerr-iian custom for the graduate, if a candichte for the ininistry, to demonstrate his fitness to teach beforc he could receive ordiiiatioii. He was expected to serve this apprenticeship by being a "l-iouse-teacher" in some well-to-do family. In accoidance with this custom TVilIiam Otterbein took up the work of tutoring, but when not quite twenty-two years of age was made an instructor in the very school wl-iere he had been ediicated. One year later,- June 13, 1749,-hc was ordained to the ininistry in the Reformed church of Dillenburg, wliich was tlie only Iiouse to worship in the town. He had already been appointed vicar,-assistant preach@r,-in a small village ricar by. But although non a ininister he tiid not cease to teach. His ministerial duties required hin1 to preach every Sun- day, and occasionally on otlier days, and to hold a prayer meeting once eacli weck. The prayer meeting was then rare in Gerrnany. It is still rare, dthough we hear of the "'Rible hour" amoiig groups of South Gerinans in whom the religious feeling is particulaily strong. During the four years of pastoral work in his motlier country, Otter- bein laid great stress oii a pure lifc and aii active religious spirit. This aroused some opposition amoiig the worldly- minded church-goers, and there was an unsuccessful attempt to muzzle his speech. His mother said the home town was too narrow for one like him and that he would hve to become a missionary. noiriinations are sister churches. Aside from the inore rigid Calvinisin of the foriiier, arid tlie fact that the oiie arose in Holland aird the other in Germany, there is no wcll iiiarked distinctioii between tlieni. Tlie Dutcli Reforriicd Church was tlie first to appear in Ainerica for thc sirnple reasoii that New York was at first a Dutcli coloiiy and seilt eiriigrants across the Atlantic before any canie frorn Gerniaiiy. Holland was theri wealthy, while Gerinaiiy was poor. The sinaller country was thereforc tlie better able to contribute to the missioriary work so greatly iieeded at this time in America. In additioii to thcir direct con tribu tioris, the people of Holland crea ted a fund of $60,000,-fully ec~ualto $500,000 at the date of this book,-tlie iiiconie frorn which was applied to niis- sioiiary activities beyond the Atlantic. It is inuch to the credit of tlie Ilollaiiders in that intolerant age that thcy wcrc williiig to coinc to the relicf of the sister church. 111 1746 Micliael Schlatter, a native of Switzerlai?d and a young nian'of zeal and enthusiasni, arrived in America. He caine to visit thc various settlcments, and there orgariize societies, secure pastors whcn possible, haptize children, adininister tlie Lord's Supper, and prepare church rccords. In efiect, he was a bishop. After five years he returned to Holland to iiiakc a personal rcport and ask further assistancc, both in inissionaries arid money. In carrying out this errand hc cnnie to Herborn, the home of tlie Otter- beim, and there sccurcd five hclpers, olle of whoni was William. The mother did not mitlihold her coiiseilt, even in tlie facc of the strong probability that she would never see hiin again in this life. So he weilt amay with her blcss- ing and arrived at New York July 28, 1752. However, a bronchial ailment had something to do with his leaving Germany. It was thought the Anierican cliinate would prove beireficial. This seems to have been the result, for Williaii-i Otterbeiii reached a greater age tharr aiiy of his brothers, although there was at tiines a recurrencc of the 12 UNITED BRETHREN

About one month after reaching America Otterbein was installed as pastor of the German Reformed Church at Lancaster, then a thrifty Pennsylvania town of 2,000 inhabitants. In importance this congregation ranked second among the Reformed churches in the colonies. But discipline and spirituality were at a low ebb. In 1757 he asked to be relieved but consented to remain another year on condition that the rules of order which he drew up should be adopted. These rules were signed by eighty of the male members of the church, and were so salutary that they remained in force till about 1830. That Otterbein did not toil at Lancaster in vain is further evident in the fact that this city remains a stronghold of the Reformed Church and is the seat of one of its foremost collegiate institutions. Furthermore, the small wooden house of worship was superseded during his ministry by a massive stone building, used as such for almost a century. It was during this pastorate that there was a turning- point in the character and effect of Otterbein's preaching. In the state-supported churches of that age, religion was vicwed as a form of intellectual education. If an adult had learncd the catechism, had been confirrned, and partook at stated times of the sacrainent of the Lord's Supper, and, if furthermore, his general deportment presentcd no loopholc fon well-aimed criticism, he was considered to be a modcl Christian. But such educational religion had no spirituality, because it was not founded on the iiew birtli. The appeal was to the head and not to tlie heart. It was all very well, so far as it went, baxt it did not go far enough. One morning Otterbein preached with morc than his usual fervor and several of his hcarers were deeply moved. At the close of the Sermon one of them came forward to ask counsel. Yet the rninistcr could only reply that "advice was scarce with him to-day." He awoke to the discovery that he had been preaching truths he had studied in a formal manner, but had not adequately experienced. Almost at once he went to his closest to pray until he possessed a inore perfect coiisciousiiess of personal salvation. This does not necessarily mean that up to this point he was an unconverted man. It does rneaii that lie was not satisfied with the ground on wliich he had been staiid- ing. This explains the answer he gave, many years afterward, to a question by Bishop Asbury: "By degrees was I brought to a knowledge of the truth, while I was at Lan- easter." 17rom this time forward, Otterbein insisted on a true spiritual experience as bot11 the privilege and the duty of every member of any Christian churdi. It was the be- giniiiiig of a new aiid more eff'ective epoch in his ministry. Hitlierto he had used inanuscript in his pulpit. Heiice- forward he discarded the practice and preached extempore. Leaving Lancaster in 1758, Otterbein preached two years on filpehocken Creek, near Readiiig. He now introduced the week-day evening prayer meeting. To see the preacher and his flock kneeling at such a tirne was a novelty to the people and soine of theni thought it improper. Even the pastors of that age sonietimes persecuted those who attended such meetings. The iiext pastorate was at Frederick, Marylaiid, and continued five years. It was very successful, although the formalists in the coiigregation chafed un,Uer his denial that an observance of conventional worship has power in itself to save the unconverted man. At one time a niajority decided upon his abrupt dismissal. Finding the church door locked, the minister weilt into the burial ground and preached from a tombstone. Another service was an- nounced for the same place the fonowing Sunday. But ihis time the door was opened. At Frederick, as at Lan- caster, one result of his efforts was a substantial house of worship built of stone. The f ourth American pastorate was at York, Pennsyl- vania, and lasted from 1765 to 1774, excepting an absence of about one year, during which he visited the old home in Germany. He sailed for Europe in April, 1770, having now been eighteen years in America. His mother and all ESbiothers were still living. 14 UNlTED BRESHREN The fifth pastorate, which was not oiily the last but the langest, took Otterbein to Baltimore, then a city of 6,000 people. His congregation was small, and did not acknowledge the authority of the German Reforrned organization. This independent attitude had much to do with the formation of the United Brethren Church, as will be explained in a later chapter. Otterbein came to America as a missionary, and carried the niissionary spirit with him during all his pastorates, making long journeys in order to reach people who were without the gospel. His traveling work began while he was on the Tulpehocken. He visited all the German counties of Pe~msylvaniaand Maryland, and went up the Valley of Virginia as far as Strasburg. He was entirely evai-ige- lical, cared little for creeds, and less for church names. ]In early youth he was deeply impressed by the teachings of the Pietists, who were to Germany what the Wesleyan societies were to England. To him and those agreeing with hirn religion was almost wholly an inner work, personal and individual, within the soul, and was effective and of value oiily when the personal experience was conscious of the mystic union of the divine spirit with the human, witncssing the conscious forgiveness of sins, and produc- iiig a pence of rniiid which the world could not give. Right living was to follow as a matter of course, but was a necessary prcduct of a right heart. Kisl-iop Otterbein was recognized as one of the scholars of his age. He was faniiliar with the Greek and Hebrew langiiapes, and was so much at home in the Latin that he sometimes wrote tlie original draft of his sermons in that tongue. Asbury speaks of hiin as "one of the best scholars and the gieatest divines in America." But in the line of t authorship he left no evidence of his learning except what may be gleaned from a few personal letters and the records of his church work. His industry found expression in &her lines. As a preacher he was argumentative and eloquent, and an exceptionally clear expounder of the Scriptures. CHUKCH HISTOHY 1; Throu~Eiouthis loiig life Otterbein cnjoyeti ilic affec- tlonate estcciri of great nuinbcrs of people, bot11 in liis o\\.,im and other churches. In Iiis last years lie was too irifirrin . to attelid ilic ani~ualconfcrences. J~LI~as "Father Otter- bein," h~ coiitinried to bc hcld in deep veneration. His personal appearaiice is tlius dcscribcd by Henry J3ocliira, a soll of his CO-laborer: "Iii person he was tall, heilig sis feet high, with a noble franie aiid a coninianding apllear- aiice. He had a thoughtful, opeii coiinicnance, full ot bcnignity, and a dark-bluish eye that was very esprcssivc. In readiiig tlie lcssons lie r.scd spectaclcs, which Iic would take ofl and hold in his lcfi haid \vhile spcaking. Hc hac! a high forchead, a doub!c chin, witli a beautiful diriiplc ira the center. His locks wcre gay, his drcss parsoiiic." Stevens in Iiis "History of the Methodist Episcopal Chrircli," makes thcse obscrvatioils: "Otterbeiii was large, aiid very commanding in Iris personal appearancc, mitli a prorriiiicnt forehead, up011 which tlie seal of thc Lord seemed to bc plainly irripressed. His Christian kindness and benevolcncit Btnew iio bounds, aiid all lie receivcd, like Wesley, he gavc way in charitics." Otterbciii's parsonagc at Baltimorc contained oiily four rooms. He was at this time a midower without faniily. Anyonc wiio liwd with hin1 was required to attend churcli. Tlie bishop was sociable aiid charitable, very regular aiid systcmatic in his habits, and very precise in his costuriic. After coming to Raltimorc, he gavc up wearing a clerical gol-qn in thc piilpit and prcached in the attirc of a citizeii. He was opposed to church organs, and hc did not belickc a Freeiiiasoi~couId be a Christian. TLTiIianiOtterbein died at Baltimorc, Novenibcr 17, 1813, nt tl2p :l(rc ()f ci(~hty-se\re~iycars, liaviilg spcnt skdy-fi~c ycars iii il-ic Cliristian iriiiiistry. That the funeral eserciscs for tlle vellerable bishol) were conducted by miiiisters ~f the Li~theraii, Methodist, and Episcopal churches is 3i sigi-iificant witness to the breadth of his sympathies. For several years Otterbein had been too infirm to aravel outside of Raltimore. Only six weeks beforc bis 16 CKITED BRETHREN death he was assisted froni his bed to an easy chair that he might ordain Christian Newcomer, Joseph Hoffnlan, , and Frederic Schaeffer, two of whom became bishops. The certificates of ordination were written in English as well as in German. CHAPTER 111 MARTIN BOEHM AND THE MENNONITES The Mennonite Church was founded in Snitzerland in 1522, and very soon it sprcad into Gcrrnany, Holland, and France. Persecution was prompt to appear, and it is claimed that in nearly evcry instaiice Ihe Mennonite can trace his ancestry to some forbear who was burned at the state or tortured. Protcstantism was represented in Switzerland by the Reforined Church, and the churchly pride which this denomination had inherited from the mother church, the Roman Catholic, led it to look upon the Mennonites as conternptible. It pcrseciited the new sect as cheerfully as did the Luthcrans or the Catholics. One of the ways of contending with what was deemed a heresy was to drown the Mennonite offender. This was looked upon as baptizing him in his ourn way. Meniio Simon, a Catholic priest, espoused the cause of the harassed people, gave thern his name, and added the principle of non-resistance to their creed. Between 1670 and 1710 large numbers were driven to Austria and Russia by the Protestants of their home-lands because they re- fused to have their children baptized. The first to appear in America weie a little party who came in the fall of 1683 at the solicitation of William Penn. Their first meeting-house was built at Gerrnantown in his colony in 1708. When the war for Americsn indepeiidence rose, the Arnei- ican Mennonites had 13 congregations and 15 bishops. There are now about 60,000 members in the United States. The Mennonite Church came into existente as an effort to bring back to life the primitive Christian Church, according to Menno's conception of it. There are points of resemblance between the German Mennonites and the English Quakers, arid this is why William Penn showed them so much hospitality. Both sects practice simplicity in personal attire, have no paid ministers, and refuse to make 0 UNITED BRETHREN formal oaths or to perforin military service. It was their opposition to war that inade thein particularly ab~ioxious to thc Swiss. The government of Switzcrland ruled tliat tliosc of its people wlio were unwilling to bear arms in thc defciise of the state were tindeserving of its protection. They liad iio tlieology. "Helieve and let believe," xvas their inotto. The Meiii~oiiitesgo so far iii tlie diree tioii of pacifisiii as to forbid thcir niembers from engagiilg iii pcrsoiial conibat. They are iiiucli opposed to the baptisni of infants. They do not countenance secrel societies, neither do they accept civil oflice or escrcise tlie right of s~iff'ragc. Aiiiong their religious practices are tlie anointing with oil, the kiss of cliarity, and the wasliirig of feet. Txihat- cver iriay be tliought of their vicws oii non-resistarice aiid oii iioii-participation in civic life, the Meniioiiites have always been iiotcd for tenipesance, pure liviiig, strict Imicsty, arid co~iscic.ntiousdevotiori to the observances of their crced. l3ut the Mcniioiiites of colonial Airicrica allo\vcd tlie spiritual side of religioii to fall iiito vcry great rieglect, Thcy driftcd into a hidcboiind forinalisrri, which riiadc tliein estrcinely esact in rnatters of costuriie, and to iiasist oii a precise morality in the affairs of everyday conduct. Mennonites were aniong the very earliest setllers in tlic VaIley pf Virginia, yet it was almost a century before they built any special housc of morship. The first was Frissel's, near Baker's mill, thrce riiiles west of Broadway. Ilt is iiow called the Briisli churcli and was built iii 1822. Meyer's rnceting house, oii the Valley Pike, was built about tlirce years later. Froni the settleiiicrit north of Woodstock the younger generation pushed up the Vallcy and occupied the region about Tiinberville, Broadway, arid Turleytown. From the thirty fainilies around Coote's store, numbers rrioved south ::::CI west from Marrisonburg. Here was a district of wood- land so Iate as 1780. The previous sparse population of English aiid Scotch-Irish cabin-dwellers, each coiitrolling froni 600 to 1.000 acres, lived mainly by hutning and About 1825 therc was a schism aiiioiig tlic Meiiiionitcs of Rockinghani county. It came about throiigh tlie association of Frederick Rhodcs, oiie of their preachers, with the C'iiited Brethreii of the congregatioii at IT71iitescl's, Abount onc-half tlie Merilionitc body took offense at tlie lorrd and c:irriest preacliing of Rhodes, and not bccausc ot the doctrines Iie sct fort11 or of takirig aii active park in thc ~neetiiigsof the Rrcthren. Petcr Eby and tlircc otlier niinistcrs came froiii Peri~isylvaiiiaand restored liariiioiiy. They ruled that Rhodcs had not traiisgrcssed the gospc.1. Marti~iHoclnrii, soll oi a Swiss iiriiriigrant, \vas born in karicaster coiinty, Pennsylvania, Novciiiber 30, 1'72.5. His father, rcared as a iiiembcr of tlic Rcfornied Cliui.cli, Fcll wider the iniliieiicc of thc Pictists. For this lapse iiito \\.hat was deeined a lieresy, Iie was deiiounced by his pareaits :is welll as his pastor, and was sciitenccd to jail. But he escaped to France, aiid in 171,'i iiiadc his way to A~xicrica, mlierc he bccariic a Mciinoiiitc, Iiis \vife bcirig of tlic .saint. faith. The alert intellectuality of the soii atoncd in a great degree for his rneager ediicational opportuiiities. He had a clear aiid ready grasp of idcas, aiitf was a fluciit s!~e:ilicr i~iGerrnali, Icarriing also to express Iiiinsclf in Etiglish. His gift of esprcssion caused hin1 to be selccted :is :i preaclier \?.lieii tliirty-threc ycars old. Evcn theii, lio\v- cver, he was diflidciit a~idtolr?guc-tied in Iiis first atteiiipts to Cxhort. Likc Qtterbein hc no\v rcalizcd that hc liad 110 gospel message for thc pcoplc iintil lic had becn niade a ne\\l niail by tlic powcr of tlie Hol? Spirit. Tliis radical cllangc caiiic as ali aiiswer to loiig contiiiiied prayer for ]icslit al1d giii

"New Light" preachers from the Valley of Virginia were preseriting the same gospel message to the German-speaking people. The New Lights were the followers of George Whitefield, an English evangelist who traveled extensively in America. The Mennonite settlers of thc Valley listened to these disciplcs with interest. They had iio ministers of their owii, neither were they yet organized into societies. They now seilt for a niinister and soehm responded to the call. His niissionary labors in Virginia were very helpful to hirnself as well as the people. After his return to Pennsylvania hc thought it was no longer his duty to con- fine his efforts to his own neigliborhood. He preached wherever he felt inipelled to go. As before, sorne of the Mennonites listened to his teachings with approval and some with astonishment. The voice of opposition proved itself the stronger force. Articles of indictnient were drawn up and soehm was expclled from the Mennonite communion. Yet his Christian character was not cpestioned, and he could now preach with more freedom than ever. At length he turned over the care of his farm to his son so that he rnight now give his wholc time to evangelistic work. After 1789 his ministerial carecr is a part of the history of the Cnited Rrelhren Church. sishop Roehm died March 12, 1812, at thc advanced age of eighty-six years. He was hale and strong almost to the very last, and could ride a Iiorse until his final and very brief illness. His longevity was ineherited by his son Henry, who preached a sermon in the city of New York on his one hundrcdth birthday. Doctor Drury speaks of Martin Boehnn as "a short, stout man, with a vigorous constitution, an intellectual countenance, and a fine flowing beard, which gave Iiini in his later years a patriarchal appearance." Boehni was alwnys plaiii and simple in costuine, aiid scenis never to have discardcd the scvcrely plain atiirc of the Mennonites. His estimable personal qualilies :uid his sincere Cllristian character iriade hiin deeply rrvered in the churcli Iic hclped to fouiid arid very much rcs;>cctcd by ot1:er deiiorriinatioiis. CHAPTER 1V

GERMAN IMMIGRATION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The well iiiforined Aniericaii kiiows that the Ciiitcd States is a nation of 48 states and nlore than 100,000,000 people. In some particulm respects it is outranked, here by one couiitry aiid thcre by another. Yet the substantial fact rernains that in a massing of the fundamental fcatures of national grcatness, tlic American Rcpublic stands first in what was style& iintil 1914, tht. sisterliood of iiatioiis. In P783 it was neither popiilous iior rich. To-day it is the wealthiest country oii thc facc of the globc, thc richest in natural resources, and thc strongest in physical might. It requires no far-reachirig ccxaininatisil of tlic census returns to learn that amoiig the Protestant bodies the Methodists and Baptists are easily in tlie lead. Nest, but at some distance, follow thc Presbyterians, LutIierans, Episcopalians, Christians, and Congrcgatiorialists. The de- nominatioiis tliat are still srnaller are inore numerous, and it is amoiig thesc that the one known as the United Breth- reii in Christ is classified. Yet it must be remembercd that the larger communions, and many of the smaller as well, are made ~ipof aggrcgations iiidcpeildent of one another. Tlie census of 1890 enuinerates 141 distinct religious organizations, Yet not onc of the niimber is supported by thc gcneral goveriiment or by the goveraimeiit of any state. A rapid survcy of the Ainerica of 1752 will be of much iiiterest. It was in that year that William Ottebein came to Amcrica after spcnding nearly four months in crossing the Atlantic on a sailiiig vcsscl. There was not yet any political bond between thc thir- tren coloi-iies tliat were to become the first members of thc Federal Ilnion. Thcy wcre still a part of the British rcalm, arid prospectively tlie most important part. The million and a half of inhabitants,-less than tlie present poprilatioii of the little state of Maryland,-were scat tcred a tliousand iiiiles along the Atlaritic coast. Thcre were . vcry fern indeed who lived niore thari severity iiiiles iiilaiid froni tlie vcry shore itself. Only a fcw thousaiids were in tlic recently settled couiltry west of the Blut Ridqe. Pliila- dclpliia, Boston, and Xew York were the largesf cities, aiid not oiie of the thrcc was rriuch iriore populoiis iliian Staun- ton, Va., is now. Atnerica was inainly an agricultural land. Thcrc was an active coniiiierce by sea, but no industriai cstablislirnents which now would be coiisidercd wortliy of any iiiciition. l'hcrc werc oiily five colleges, nild cxcept 111 tlie Ncw England sectioii there were iio frec scliools. Ita Ihe othcr colonies schooliiig was looked eipoii us a private interest, to be purchased and paid for like a suit of clothes. rlliierica was a riew coimtry and in a gciieral sense it m-as criidc. Yet it was a prosperous land. Furtherniorc, the 3iriicricaiis already regardcd tliemselves as a people distinct from any other. They bad a higher level of intelligente than was true of England, and they had a higher sense of eivic spirit than tlie inhabitants of the Rritish Is!es. They were proud of their local institutions, jealous of tlieir political rights, aiid were con~incedthat thc future hcld midi iii store for thein. But there was no iiiultiplicity of religious denoriiiiiatioiis in 1752. Religion was free orily in Rhode Islarid aiid Penrisylvania. The first of these coloiiies was founded by Haptists and thc second by Qualters. Elsewhere the Euro- pcari practice prevailed and there was a state church, supported by public tasation. To a certain extent all adults were expccted to attend its services. In two of the four New England coloiiies the state church was tlie Corigrega- tioiial, which iinder the name of Indepeiideiit, ranked as the establishment in England during Crornwell's rule. Tri niiie of the colonies tlie Church of Eiigland was in poner, tlic sarnc as in England itself. When the Hollanders foiinded New York they introduced their owii riatioiial churcli, the Dutch Reforrned, and it is in New York that this dciiorniriation has its chief footholcl in Anicrica to-day. fhe YerY heavy Scotch-Irish irnniigration, begilining i11 earnest about 1725, gavc that sect a very stroiig fol!owirig, particularly all along the inlarid frontier. The half-crntiiry, 1725-1775, witnessed a very large Gerrimi inflon-. In this way the Lutheran, the state church of tlie Protestant Ger- nian monarchies, appcared in the 3fiddle Coloriies and in Maryland and Virginia. Nearly all this Gcrrrian elemeiit was frorn the upper valley of tlie Rhine, especially Switzer- land and the Palatinate. Arid sillcc the Germaii Rcformd Church was well represented in this vcry regiori, iliat de- noinination also came to America. Still otlier Germalis were Moravia~isor were Meriiionites of various branches. Tlie denorninations we have iiamed are suhstantially all that were represented in Ariierica of 1752. Thcy origi- riated in Europe, arid with tlie exception of tlie Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Moraviaiis, they hegaii there as state churches. Several organizations very stroiig in America to-day were then quite unkiiowri. This is conspicuously true of thc Methodist Church, whicli began as a society withiii the Church of England, arid did not become an iiidependeiit body in Anierica until 1784. It was unknowii in 1752 aiid had little more than a thousaiid mcriibers in 1774. Alexan- der Campbell was not yet born, and conseqiiently tlic church fouridcd by hirii was still in the future. It is in place to say sornethiiig more about established chuiches. Two centuries before the birth of Otterbein it was strictly true that there was but one ch~~rchin all West- ern Europe. This church was the Roman Catliolic. There was a small wave of dissent, but it was the custoniary practice to hunt down thc objector as though he were a wild beast. If emphatic persuasiori would not silence his voice he was piit out of the way as though a positive danger to society. Toward the middle of the sixtecrith ceritury, Henry broke with Roirie aiid withiii the horders of England he took the place of the pope as the head of the ehureh. For a while there uas rio oiher coiispicuous point 24 UNITED BRETHREN of difference betueen tlie Church of Rome and the Cliurcli of Eiigland. But within the latter body an influence sprang up which conformed its theology to the Protestant standard, while inaking little alteration in its ritual and its forms of worship, so far as outward appearance was C?:-ccriied. Somewhat thc Same tliing happened in Gcrniany. LI-der thc lead of Martiii Luther a large portion of Northt,m Europe threw off all allegiance to Rome, and adogted t'.e creed on which the Protestant Reformation had restcd its cause. Yet the exten~als of worship in tl:c Church, as in thc Cliiir~hof England, were much tlie same as in the mother cliurcli. Tliis is an illustratioii of tlie fact that inariltind is far inore prone to efYect a change by steps and not by j~iliil)~.A largc section of the Prot- estant world did not coiisider the change radical eiiotigh, and the Calvinistic crccd m7as the result. Thus arose the Calviiiistic churches; the Presbyterian in Scotland, the Indepeiidcnt in England, the Dutch Wcformcd in Holland, the German Reforined in Switzerland and the soutli of Ger- many, and the Huguenot, 01- French Protestant Church, in France. Before thc coniing of the Reformation and for many years aftcrward, it was generally believed that no counfry should permit rnorc than one church organization x~itliin its confincs. The chiirch aiid the civil authority were viewed as the twin pilllars that supporied tlre state. It X- 'is plain Ihat no state coiild eiidure if it were to toleratc aiiy rival political organization inside of its borders. How, theil, it was argued, could therc safely be more tliaii snc standard of religious belief within a state? Religious dissent was viewed with angcr and horror, just as anarchy and bolshevism are viewed in thc political world to-day. Rut the spirit of that age was more than intolerant. It was cruel. Tl-ie religious rcnionstrant was boycotted, both socially and re!igiously. Tliis policy alone was severe cnough in its practical cffect. But if relatively mild nieasures did not effect the desired result, the hcretic was buriied at the stake, or was skinned and disembowelcd in CHURCH HISTOHY 23 the hideous belief that his torture in this world meant the salvation of his soul for the next. The Church of Rome tried to stamp out Protestantisiii, root and branch. It nearly succeeded in France and more fully succeeded in some other regioiis. In Germany it was obliged to corne to terms. An agreement was reached whereby each of the petty states into which Gerniany was then divided should clioose betweeii Catholicisni and Protestantism. Religious toleration was not by any means a first fruit of the Reformation. The early Protestants were themselves intolerant. Freedom of coriscience was not recognized until torrents of blood had flowed on the battlefields of Eiirope. When brave, stubborn men fought other men as brave and stubborn as themselves, each party found at lengtli that the nnly way out of the difficulty was to agrce to live and let live. It was next found out that unity in political governineiit aiid uiiity in churcli orgaiiization do not rest on tlie same hase. It was gradually discovered tIiat the assumed pcril to tlie statc iii permitting more than oiie sect within its borders xvas a inere creature of the iinagiiiation. Nevertheless, tolcration was rcsisted in Eiiropc, inch by incli, year by year, and had not becoiiie generally acccptcd at the time whcn Otterbein sailed for .4mcrica. Aiid eveii after intolerai~cehad lost the support of tlie civil arm of tlie state, its spirit survived in tlie form of animosity betwcen sect and sect. Instead of presenting n iinited front against the iiianifold forces of evil, the Protestant churches scattered their cnergies by persis teil tly firiilg iiito each otlicr's raiiks. This spirit has becn waning a long wliile, yet it is a matter of coiiiirion observatioii that it is still a force to be recltoned with. Religious toleration grew out of the Reformation, althougli the non-Catholic churclies persecuted free!y and eveii severely, burning some of thc inore promirient offeni- ders hi the stake. Thc Chiircli of Ronie weiit furtlmer arid rcxxled to wholesale massacre. The Huguenots of France were either iiiurdercd or had to get out of their native land the easiest way possible. Tlie goveriinient of Englaiid worried the Protestant iioii-coinforniists as well as the Catholics. Cririie perpetrated in the riame of religioii was tlie Icad- ing cause in tlie peopling of Ainerica. Thiis \-Te--? driven the Puritans to New England, the Qiiakers to Peiliisyi\u;~ia, thc Catholics to Maryland, and the Prcsbyteriaiis to the Middle Coloiiies. The tragcdy of the Thirty Ycars War, occurring i-> the first ha!f of the sevciiieeth ceiitury, shook Gerrnaiiy to its fouiidatioiis. Three-foiirtlis of its populatioii perished, and the country was sct back onc hiindred and fifty years in its civilization. Iii tliis long drawii out coiitcst religious arid political ariibitions were i~iter\voven. Rut war continued to follow war at short intervals, and thc Gcrinaiis Iiad a surfeit of strife that lasted until the full development of militarism since 1860. On the left baiik of the Rhiiie and adjaceiit to the froiitier of France is the finc region known as the Pala- tinate. It is oiie-half the size of Ncw Jersey aiid is justly calleci the gardeii spot of Gerina~iy. The Palatines, as the inhabitants are called, possess Ihc steadiness, tliorough- ness, and iiidustry that arc characteristic of tlic Gcrinaii iiatioi:. They are good gardeners aiid are foiid of flowcrs. John Iijske has reinarkcd that in going froiii Strasb~wg to Rotterdain by way of the Palatinate, "oiic is pcrpctiially stiuck with the gencral diffusion of iiitelligence, refinc- inciit, strengt11 of charalter, and personal digiiity." One of the later episodes of tlie interinittent warfare of whicli nre have just spoke~iwas the dcvnstation of this fertile province. Three times was it laid waste withiii twenty ycars, the last time,-in 1693,-with a ferocity which recalls the far inom horrible doings of the Gcrinan arinies iii Helgirxm aild Frailce in 1914-18. Dwellii~gsnrere burned, orchards urerc ciit do\vii, wells were filled up, aild cemeteries were violated. This havoc is justly regaided as onc of the darkest pages in thc history of Eusopc, althoucyli it has been ccast iiito tlie backgroiind by the CHCRCH HISTORY 27 diabolic iiifamies perpetrated during the recent war by the express coinniaiid of the Geriiian goverriinciit. The Palatines were alrriost \vholly Protestant at this time, arid thcy suffered because they were not Catholics. Hut although their oppressors had the power to make them honielcss and destitute, they could not inake them recant. U'illiaiii Penn visitcd thc Rliine and addressed the refugees in their o\irii tongiie. He invited thern to go to his colony of Peiinsylvania. h few of thcni niigratcd as early as 1683, and fo~iidcdGcrnianto\vn, theii six niires from Pliiladel- phia, but iiow a part of that city. Oiic oL" trlc nkiii:,r.iilts wrote back tliat, '"\\hat plcases nie licre is tL xt c.,e caz be pcasaiit, scholar, priest, and noblenian at lhc Same time." Favorable rcports like this werc certaiil to induce furtlier cmigration. After 1702, and particular after 1726, the Geriiiaii e~nigrationbecarne heavy. It was the Palatinate that siipplied the greater share of the coniers froni the vallcy of the Rliine, in the period, 1725-1775. A siiialler sh: mnie frorn Switzcrlaiid. Tliis littlc coiirrtrg did not suii'ci in tlic Thirty Year's war aiid reniained prosperous. Bi1 1 Swiizc.rla~:dwas fciidalistic at tliat time and tlierc Tvas lit!'c real frccdoni for thc niass of the inhabitants. The Swic s cniigrated to better their condition, the Palatines to escapc. ilic tyrainiy and corruptioii of their iiew govermneiit. Tlie rcniaiiiing portioii of the Geriiian iininigration to Ainerica was chicfly froin Wurteniburg. Thus it will be secn that this Gcrniaii influx was alniost excliisively from the upper part of thc vallcy of the Rliinc. pxccpt for the few Moraviaiis froni Sasony, the north of Germany had iio haiid in thc inoveincnt. The South Germans differ from thc Prussiaiis, wlio are not true Ger~naiis,but Gernianized Slavs. Yct iieither are tlie pcople of thc upper Rhine typicai Gernians. Tlie black hair aiid dark coinplexion they so ii-equcntly exhibit are duc to a very extensive blend with an earlier and brunettc population. Tliis helps to explain why the Alsatians, though speaking a dialect of Gernian, ure so thorouglily Frmch in Sentiment. Whcn the Palatines began coming, the only settled por- 28 UNITED BRETHREN tion of Pennsylvania was the soutlieast Corner. Here were the English Quakers, a sprinkling of Swedes, and the clus- ter of earlier comers at Germantown. The Scotch-Irish were also pouring in. When it came to a "showdown," there was no very cordial welcome for the deluge of strangers that bade fair to submerge the population already on the ground. The Sco: ch-Irish spoke English but were not meek nor easy to get along with. The Germans did not speak English and some of their customs were un- familiar. (Nevertlieless, they were from the industrial classes of Germany.) They were intelligent, moral, self- sacrificing, and most of them were religiously inclined. "No people in America were so subject to religious excitement as the Germans of the eighteenth century." They became so numerous in the colony that Benjamin Franklin began the publication of a German newspaper in 1734. I Certain restrictive laws were enacted by the provincial government. One of these required all German immigrants I I to swear allegiance to the British government as a condi-

I tion of their admission to the province. The records kept

I as a result of this act give the name of the ship, the port I from which it sailed, the date of its arrival, and the names of its passengers. These records are therefore of much genealogic interest. Entire counties of Pennsylvania, such as Lancaster, York, Berks, Bucks, and Montgoinery, were occupied almost wholIy by these German immigrants. The wave overflowed in& the counties of Frederick and Washingtorn in Maryland. In 1727 began the peopling of "New Virginia," which name was then applied to the section of Virginia between the slue Ridge and the Alleghanies. Along and near the Potomac this district was settled mainly by English and Scotch-Irish piorieers. sut southward from Winchester, nearly to the line between Rockingham and Augusta, the German element was much in the lead. Augusta was founded by the Scotch-Irish and had at first almost no Ger- maris at all. Of the two classes the Scotcli-Irish werc the CHURCH HISTORY 29 more venturesome, although the Germans liked plenty of elbow room on behalf of their descendants. So the former exhibited a strong propensity to sell out and get nearer, ever nearer, to the inland frontier. Their places were often taken by the Germans. By the operation of this tendency, the German blood,in varying but generally large proportions, is now found tliroughout the great length of the Valley of Virginia. Nearly all the German settlers arrived by way of * Pennsylvania. A small number canie across the Blue Ridge from the colony on the upper Rapidan founded by Gover- nor Spottswood about 1710. In 1775, one-third of the 300,000 inhabitants of Pennsyl- vania were of Gcrman birth or parentage. So far as they adlicred to any church, they were of the German Reformed, Lutheran, and Mennonite faiths, the strength of the three bodies being in the order of their mention. As with all the border communities of that day there was much lapsing with respect to religious conduct. Many of the settlements were without pastors, houses of worship, or organized societies. There was much lasity in manners arid morals, arid consequently a grcat need of missioriary efl'ort. The Geriiian pastors were so fern that they could seldorn visit a frontier neighborhood oftener than once or twice a year. In the early spring of 1748, Gottschalk, a Moravian missionary, speaks thus of the Massanutten settleiiient, situ- atcd oii the South Branch of Shenandoah river just above tlic Liiray vallcy: "Many Germans live there. Most of them Ure Meniiisten (Merinonites), who are in a bad condition. Searly all religious earnestness and zeal is extinguished aiiiong them. Resides them, a few church people live thei-c, partly Lutheran, partly Reformed." Gottschalk was riauch liindered in his efforts by tlie opposition of tlie resident Lutlieran pastor, and the prejudice aroused by stories circiilated against the Moravians. In the fall of ttie Same year tmo missionaries of this sect were journeying LI^ the valley of the South Fork in what is now Pendleton coiinty. They appointed a preachiiig service in the house of a Ger- 30 UNITED BRETHREN man liviiig a few miles above where Brandyw'me now stands. The congregation was made up almost \vholly of TTTomen and children. The men of the settlement were hunting bear in Shenandoah Mountain. The valley had been settled only about three years, and the style of living is described iri the journal of thcse inissionaries as primitive in the extreme. They did not hesitate to call it a near approach to savagery. By a snuch more recent writer it is thus described: "The food, clothing, furniture and mode of life arnoiig the early German scttlers werc very plain and simple. They drank nothing but water and milk (sosnetimes garden tea) , except Sunday morning, when they always had coffee. Meat was seldom eaten, and in their time it was considered something quite extra to have meat on the table. At dinner time only, did they have rneat, and then thc father would cui it in small picces, give to each one of tlie familg his alllottcd share, and with that they had to be satisfied. During thc grcater part of the year they had hot inush and cold milk for supper, and cold mush and warm milk for breukfast. It would have becn considered extravagant to havc the mush fried in fat. Soup, of different kinds, was inuch uscd. The plates from which they ate were rnade of pewter, and the cups froin which they drank werc earthen mugs. They used no table cloths. The father sat at one end of the table; the mother at the other. The children stood, sometimes sat, along each side of the table ai-id ate their meal in silcnce: there was little talking at the tablc. Each olle ate what was placed beforc hiin withcut murmuring. A blessing was asked before every mcal by tlie father or mother. As soon as the children werc oPd cnougli to understand thc ~neaning,they were taiight short prayers which they would pray in regular order, each olle his particular and distiiict prayer, commencing \irith tlmc oldest and ending with the youngest. No carpets graced the floor but every Satairday it was scou~dclean and whitt? with sand aiid water. The furniture was as simple as the fare. On each side of the hearth a square hlock was ~nade CHURCH HISTORY 31 siatioiiary for a seat. Benches a~idhome-rnade chairs with seats plaited with split hickory were used. Several beds aiid a few chests made up the principal part of the furniture. Thcy lived in this plain and simple way but they were coinfortable, and what is better still, they were con- tented." By what has beeil set fort11 in the above paragraphs it is possible to gain a close idea of social and religious conditions in 1752 in the region now covered by the Vir- ginia Confcrence of the Cnited Brethren Church. It was a very ncw country. It was the American West of 1752 in jiist as real a sense as the line of the middle Missouri was the American West of 1860. In each instance there was rnuch rccklessness aniong thc frontiersmen, and there was a falling away from the staridard of activc religious life in thc homeland. In closing this chapter 011s attention is called to the circiinistance that, with Ihe olle exception of the Quakers, all the religious pacifists in colonial America were Ger- nians. Was not the growth of these German sects pro- foundly aided by the social turmoil grow7ing out of the religious wars of the seventeenth century? Aad did not this very turmoil engender ainong those who suffered from it a dcep-seated antipathy to warfare? Perhaps the tenet of non-resistance, adopted by several of the German sects, was primarily a protest against efforts to advance the cause of religion by the use of military power. It was but a step further to object to political as well as reIigious wars. everyn-Iiere the rule and not the exception. TIie tinies werc very much in need of a loosening up of tlie parched surfacc. In Germany, something was being ddrne in t!iis direction by the Moravians and the Pietists; in England, by the Wesleys, whose niethods mere substantially thc sariie as those of Speiler, the founder of the Pietists; iii Arneriea, by Wesleyan niissionaries, by the New Lights, aiid at a later period by the founders of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church. I11 a political sense thc Americari Revolution was a good, but from another point of view it was an eveil. It inter- rupted the peaceful trend of the evangelistic movement. Partly through the influence of foreigners, the free thought then so rampant in Europe was scattered broadcast on the American soil. Religion was discredited by the formalism so often seen among the church people. In the popular estimation it was looked upon as a lifeless garment which might as well be thrown aside. Thus was prepared a con- genial field for the nurture of infidelity and near-infidelity. Experimental religion was deemed weak and silly. Family worship was thought to be affectation, and many of the ministers themselves gloried in letting it alone. Among the students at Yale College in 1795 were only about five members of any church. William and Mary, which was the only college in Virginia, was a hotbed of unbelief. Bishop Meade of the Episcopal Church said in 1810 that nearly every educated young Virginian was a skeptic. The Same fact was generally true of the professional men in all the states. In short, the Christian religion was held in scorn and it was the common opinion that it was outworn and would soon pass out of existence. Gross drunkenness was not only an everyday occurrence, but it was alniost as common among ministers and other church members as among people in general. The portrait of the times that has been drawn in the last paragraph is startling. And yet its accuracy is attested by the best of evidence. After 1825 there was a marked iniprovement with respect to religion and temperai-ice, but this only emphasizes the fact that during the long pcriod between 1750 and 1825,-the lifetime of an elderly person,-Anierica was sadly in need of evangelical instruction. -4s in the instances of Otterbeiii arid Boehni, tliere wcre a fcw evangelistic reformers in all the churches. Finding themselves lonesome in the stifliiig atmosphere of their owii denominations, they leapcd over sectarian lines and sought each other's society in religious gatl-ierings. These gatheriiigs developed into the "big meetiiigs" held in barns arid groves, owing to the lack of cliurch buildings of sufficient size. Oiir narrative iiow brings us to the nieinorable meeting betwceii Otterbeiii and Hochm. It took place in the large barn of Isaac Long in Lancaster coinity in Pennsylvania. There were more people piesent than could get iiito the huge structure. Those who crowded into the barn were addrcsscd by Boehin. An overflo\v meeting in the orchard was conducted by one or more of the "Virginia preachers" who were present. The New Light followers of White- fie!d in the Valley of Virginia were knowii as tlie "Virginia preachers." The nieeting took place on Whitsunday, and the year is believed to have becn 1768. Otterbein Iiad left the city of Lancaster and was preaching on the Tulpe- hocken. Boehm had not yet beeil disfellowshiped by the Mennonites. The crowd at Long's was made up of Ger- mans and the preaching was in the German language. Perhaps all the distinctively Gernian sects then known in America were represented at this meeting. In what way Otterbein came to be here is not kiio\l-11. There was little in common between the Refornied and the Mennonite churches, and there was a great lack of cordiality in the relations between them. But Otterbein sat on the platform near Boehm and listeiled to that minister with warm- hearted appreciation. At the close of the Sermon he clasped Boehm in his arms with the significant exclamatioii: "We are brethren." From this time forward, these two men, dissimilar in training and education, were united in the CHURCH HISTORY 35 firm bonds of religious fellowship. Early traditioii lias it that at the close of this meetiiig Otterbein, Boehni, and the J'irgiriia preachers entered iiito a form of unioii oii sonie simple yet definite conditions. Everi the official name of the Cnited Brethren in Christ is believed to date fror11 the esclaination by Otterbcin. In fellowship with the leadcrs of such iiieetings as this, Otterbein fouiid what he desired. The leaders were at first regular authorized ininis ters of various Psotes tan t sects. But in evangelical spirit thcy stood oii cornmoii ground. Thus canie into being the ministerial iiitiinacy bctween the scholarly Otterbein aiid the coniparatively unlettered farnier-preachers, Roehrn arid Newcomer. Aii- other associatc was Guetliing, a Rcfornied niiiiistcr, yet with oiily criough educatioii to teacli a country school. However, Otterbein was not without othcr coiigenial spirits in his own church. Hendel, Wagner, Hautz, Henop, and Weimer were brother ministers who agreed with hirii as to inetliods. Adoptiiig thc system of Speiler, they fornied in the spring of 1774 the society known as "The United Ministers.'' They formed classes withiii their own coiigregations and congregations that were withoiit pastors. General meetings were held twice a year, "that those thiis united may encourage one another, pray and sing in unison, aild watch over onc another's coi~duct. All those who are thus uiiited are to take heed that rio disturbances occur among them, and that the affairs of the congregations be conducted arid managed in an orderly manner." sut the war for American Indepeiidence seems to have worked a suspension of these efforts. We have remarked that it was an independent congregation of the Reformed Church to which Otterbein was called in 1774. It had had a pastor whose ministrations were very formal and whose life was inconsistent. The evangelical minority seceded in 1771, called Benedict Swope as their pastor, boubrht a Iot, and built a frame house, succeeded in 1786 by the historic brick church now standing on tbe spot. The title to the property was not vested in 36 UNITED BRETHREN the Reformed Church at all, but in chosen members of the congregation. After a long drawn out law suit the validity of the title was upheld. The authorities of the Reformed Church tried without success to bring about a reconciliation. In 1774 Otterbein, who was already no stranger in Baltimore, was called. This independent body styled itself an "Evangelical Reformed" church, and was not definitely received into the United Brethren fold until 1817. It did not acknowledge the authority of the Re- formed synod, nor was it disowned by that body. But in theology Otterbein's church was Arminian, while the Reformed Church upheld Calvinism. The class-meeting adopted as a feature of the Baltimore church, was unknown to the Reformed Church. The congregation adopted its own rules of government. In substance these rules were as follows: Each member was to attend faithfully at all times of worship, and to per- form no business or needless travel on Sunday; family worship was enjoined on all members, and offenses between member and member were to be dealt with as in the eighteenth chapter of Matthew; the slanderer was first to be admonished privately, then, if necessary, openly rebuked in class-meeting; members of other churches were admitted to communion, and persons who were not memhers were admitted by consent of the vestry if no objection were made. Still other rules were these: There was to be a class-meeting each wcck, an evening session for the men, a day-time session for the women. No person was to be admitted to such meeting unless resolved to seek his salvation and obey thc disciplinary rules. The meetings were to hcgin arid end with singing and prayer. Persistent absence without cause was to work expulsion. No preacher was to be retained who upheld predestination or the per- severance of the saiilts, or who was out of harmony with the disciplinary rules and the modes of worship, and on an acciisation of iminorality he inight at once be suspended. One of the highest duties was to watch over the rising youth. There was to be one day of fasting in the spring and i) CHURCH HISTORY

one in the fall. A parochial school witli instruction in the German tongue was to be established. The pastor, the three elders, and the three trustees were to constitute the vestry, which was the custodian of aIl deeds and other Papers of importance. A highly significant rule was that the pastor was to care for the various churches in Mary- land, Pennsylvania, and Virginia that were supervised by Otterbein and "in unity with us," and to give all possible encouragemcnt to lay preacherc and exliorters. Thus Ofterbein's churcli in Baltimore was a mother church to various congrcgations scaitered over several couiities of the three states, and may bc rcpnrded as the prirnary organization of the sect 154th which it was to unite. The men who founded the Cliurch of the United Breth- ren in Christ did not wish to come out from the churches with which they had been associated. Tlieir aim was to promote spirituality withiii the paient body. Spiritual inertia and a rising tide of opposition extinguished Otter- bein's hope of working wholly within the Reformed Church. Nevertheless, he never actually withdrew from it, and until the very last his name was carricd on its ministerial roll. And this was in face of the fact that he was criticized and persecuted by some of the Reformed ministers. Boehm, as we have seen, was cast out from the Mennonite sect. His followers were also excluded "until in true sorrow and penitence they should return and acknowledge their errors, both to God and the Church." Both Otterbein and Boehm felt impelled to extend their usefulness by going beyond their own immediate boundaries. Each of these men preached with greatly enlarged power, because endowed with a special baptism of the 4 Holy Spirit. But each labored chiefly among the people of his own denomination and such other persons as came within his sphere of influence. For some years the adherents of the new rnovement came most largely from the Reformcd Church. After the fathers of the United Brethren died, a revival spirit within the Reformed Church curtailed the number of accessions 38 UNITED BRETHRES froni that yuarter. But for forty years semi-independcnt Mennonite circles continued to push their way into the iiewly founded church. Otterbein arid Hoehni and their co-laborers had no choice. The duty was upon them to provide an ecclesiastical home for their followers. These followers were ostracized and even persecuted in tlie churches from which they had come, and they were derided by worldly peoplc. They must have some placc to go. It was the logic of circumstanccs that founded the Uriited Rrethren. In the gradual development of the work by Otterbein and Boehm, congregations were formed, and these were presided over by local preachers, who were at the same time lay preachcrs, since they had to derive their livcli- hood from secular pursuits. Some of thesc men were class-leaders at first. Others fclt more distinctly the call to an activc niinistry. As a rule they were nien of little education yet of \varm spirituality. For a long while these local preachers morked under the general direction of Ottcrbein arid Hoehrn, who were therefore self-constituted bishops. The great rneetings afforded much opportunity for counscl. Eut it was increasingly felt that a inore definite and systematc procedure should be adopted. The first actual conference in the history of the United Brethren Church met in Baltimore in 1789, and in the parsonage of William Otterbein. sesides the two leaders, there were present Georgc A. Guething, Christian New- comer, Henry Weidner, Adam Lehman, and John Ernst. Seven others were absent. Of the fourteen preachers rccognizcd as belonging to the conference, nine had come from the Reformed Church, four from the Mennonites, and one from the Moravians. It had been twenty-two years since the first meeting between Otterbein and sochm at Long's barn, and more than ten years since Boehm bad heen cast out of the Mennonite Church. Both men were past their prime and were more than sixty years of age. This marshaling of figures shows in an impressive mariner how gradual and informal had been the rise of the united not fo so far as to effect a coniplete and well-rounded organization. It is not certain that it adopted the actual naine by whicli the churcli is officially known. Yet it did adopt a comprehciisive Confession of Faith and Rules of Discipline. Doubtless this little group of men realized that the hour had not quite arrived for the precise details of a tlioroughgoing organizatioii. The church tlicy were founding was a growth, an evolution. It was not a thing niade to order. The final clause of thc Corifession of Faith then adopted is significant of thc concessions madc by the two lcading elements which combined to form the C'nited l3rcilirci-i. In traditioii and tcndency thc Gernian Refornicd arid Meii- nonite churclies wcrc far apart. The former baptizcd infants, whilc the 'latter did not. Tlic latter rnade the \\T&- ing of feet a sacrarnent, whilc tlic fornier regardcd it nierely as an exainple. Neither party could bc expccted to come at oiice and unrescrvcdly to tlic vicwpoint of tlie other side. But each party could be charitablc with rcgard to a difference of upinion, and this is wlxit took plucc. The claiise in question is a comproinisc and is tolerant and broad. In the United srctliren Churcli, three modcs of baptisrn are recognized, and it is the privilege of the candidate to choosc between sprinking, pouring, and inirncr- sion. The washing of feet is not lield to be an ordinance. The second confercncc was held in 1791 at thc horne of JoIin Spaiigler, eight inilcs from the city of York. Nine ~iiembersmere present and thirtecn wcre abseilt. But tlie large iiuniber of abscntees does not indicate indifference. At that tiiiie the highways nrerc aboniinable. Thcre wcre iio railroads, automobiles, or telephones. Tlic mails were slow, and lctttr postage was high. And as therc was not yet an orpanizcd itineraiicy, it was not the busincss of the conference to decide wllere the several preachcrs were to lvork. This was a matter they decided for themselvcs. CHAPTER V1 EARLY YEARS OF THE CHCRCH In the early conferences of the United Brethren, business was a very subordinate matter. There were no committees. Everything done was done by the body as a whole. Circuits were laid out by the preachers themselves and not by the conference. The preachers met for mutual encouragement and spent nearly all the session in religious services. It is therefore easy to account for the brevity of the minutes of these conferences. The conferences of 1789 and 1791 were in the nature of informal, advisory ineetings between two ,de facto bishops and the small band of local preachers working under their direction. Otterbein and Boehm acted as bishops, but there was no definite organization to elect them to the ofice. The primary object of these two assemblages was mutual advice and consultatio~~.This fact helps to bring out the progressive nature of what began as a movement and gradually developed into a compact organization. The United Brethren movement Gas one of thc results of the revival period of 1750-1825. It was very hard to reform the old German congregations and bring them to the New Testarncnt standard of law and ordcr. Otter- bein's flock at Lailcaster was disorderly, and like some others it had been in the hands of iricompetent pastors. The fathers of tlie United Brethren denomination were committed to thc idea of a spiritual church. They were not designedly "come-outers." Yet they could not stay in the church hoines 'that had reared them, because of the narrow and vituperative coiiservatism whidh could not brook any change in the old order of things. The followers of tlie new movemcnt had not been known by any generaI iiame. Such ternis as "the srethren," "the Ilnsectariaii," aiid "tlie Libwty People" were applied to theiri. Still other designations were the "New names of the leaders would be used, and they would be styled "Otterbein's People," or "Boehm's People." There were also semi-independent groups of Mennonites, such as "Light's People," who were drifting toward the new church. In 1820 Peter Cartwright speaks of a tavern-keeper at Knoxville, Tennessee, whom he calls an "Otterbein Metho- dist." As a distinct church tlie United Brethreii sect begins with the nieeting held in September, 1800, at the house of Peter Kemp, two miles west of Frederick, Maryland. Fourteen preachers appeared. Their two-day meeting did not call itself a general conference, although it exercised the furictions of one. It chose a naine for the new denomination and it elected bishops. It seeins to have been easy for these men to agree on the name by which the church lias ever since beeii known. It w-as not enough to use the simpler form of "United Rrethren," because this was already the official name of the Moravian body. To avoid uiicertaiiity, especially in matters that might involve questions in law, the words "in Christ" were added. William Otterbein and Martin Roehm, who were already bishops in effect, wcre now elected as such. Ottcrbein was ncpw seventy-four ytars of age and Roehm was sevcnty-five. The first priiited Discipliiie says this of the first coriference: "The preachers were obliged to appoiiit an aiinual conference in order to unite themselves more closely, arid tu Iabor more successfully in the vineyard of the Lord; for some had beeii Presbyteriaii, or Gerinan Refornied, sonie Lutherans, and othcrs Menoiiists." I11 1801 came the beginiiing of an itineraiit systcm, ten rnen consenting to travel as directed by tlie bishops, instead of laying out circuits for theinselves. Still more method was introduced into the system by the conference of 1802. One or two of the preachers would agree to serve as presiding elders. The action taken in this matter was qenerally informal and usually unaninioiis. C 42 CNETED BRETHREN

Ever since the mceting at Keinp's, there has becn a regular aiid uninterrupted succession of general conferences. Until 1810 there was but olle annual conference for the entire church. The first new conference was the Miami, set off in that year. In 1829 the Eastern, or original, Con- ference was divided into the Hagerstown and Harrisburg conferences, the fornicr iilcluding the Virginia territoyy, and the latter becoming the Pennsylvania Conferciicc. The first conference to be definitely known as a gencsal conference was held in June, 1815, in a log schoolliouse of Westmoreland coiinty, Peiinsylvania. It adopted a Con- fcssioii of Faith, substantially the same as that of 1780, and Rules of Discipline, based on those of Otterbein's cliurch in Raltiinore. The Discipliiie was ordered to be printed, but only in German. Mowever, the next gencrai conference, that of 1817, ordered that 100 copies of the Reviscd Discipliiie be printed in English. This book in- cludes forins for the ccreinony of marriage and the ordination of bishops aild ~ninisfers. The Confessiona of Faith "rests on the Apostles' Creed aiid the New Testament, aiid adds only those necessary specifications in regard to the applicalion and mission of the gospel that even the sirnplest of thc later creeds have been conipclled to include. The creed nlight be called a working crced for a sevival 1x0- ple."* In 1841 Ihe Confessioii of Faitli was revised and a Con- stituiioii adopted. Thcse remained in force until 1889. It had iiow been half a ceiitury since the meetiiig of Otterbein and Boehm in Loiig's barn. Thc early fathers of the Unitcd Brethren had passed away. Thirteen years iiiore and the ininistry had ceased to be exclusively local. The pioneer period in the history of the church may therefore be considered to close in 1830. Of the three leading fathers of the church, Otterbein was the skilled theologian. He was eloquent and argumentative, and his eliucidation of Scriptural truth was exceptionally clear. Boehm was essentially an exhorter, and CHURCH HISTORY I bis appeal was to thc feclings. Geetiiig was regarded by Henry Roehrn as tlie greatest orator aiiiong the United Rrethren. It is well for us to speak further of George Adam Geet- ing, whose name in Germaii tongue is spelled Guething. He canie to America in his youth, aiid settled about 1759 on Antietani Creek iiear the present town of Keedysville. In winter he taiiglit school and in the warm weather he quarricd rock and dug wells. He seems to liave been converted through the prcaching of Otterbein and he at once became an earnest Christian. For a while he read printcd sermons to liis coiigregation. Disceriiing that Gc eting was capable of doing better than this, Ottcrbein liad a friend eonie "1) behind the youiig preacher arid take the book out of his hand. Geeting was tliiis thro\vii back on liis own rcsources, yet delivered an impressive discourse. I11 1783 hc was ordained as a ininister of thc Reformed Church. The Geeting nieeting house, a sniall log biiilding dating frcni a little before the bcginniiig of the Rcvoliition, is believcd to Iiave been the first house of worship built by Ot [crbicn's followcrs of the revival niovement. Otterbein was too lieavy a inan to be cast out of the Rcfornied Churcli, yet Gecting was expelled for "wildly fanatica17' preachirig that was at variaiice with "decency and order." Thenceforward, his hoiiic was with tlie new church, of xvhich he lras becii called the St. John, aiid also the Apollos. He was thc travehg coinpanion aiid adviser of Otterbein. His housc was a favorite stopping place for Newcomer and other early preachcrs. His meeting house was an Antioch to thc young church and inany revivals took place iicre. Geeting dicd in 1812 at the age of seventy-three years. Otterbein, Boehm, aiid Geeting were the "clover lcaf" of thc early church, aiid their departure occurred at nearly thc same time. This coincidence, coming as it did in the formative period of the church, had a depressing efl'cct. Much depended on the new leadership that becaine necessary. CHAPTER V11 PLANTING THE CHURCH IN VIRGINIA The German immigration to America made its earliest home in tlie southeast of Pennsylvania. The county of Lancaster, in that state, is, more than any other, the first seat of United Brethrenism. Like all other immigrants, the German wanted plenty of elbow room. To be nearer than half a mile to a neigh- bor was considering crowding. A mile was thought near enough to be comfortable. And there seemed to be plenty of elbow room, for the continent appeared to stretch in- terminably westward. So, as their numbers increased, the Gernian families flocked over the colonial boundary into Marylaig, arid thence into that part of the Valley of Virginia lying betweeri Winchester and the vicinity of Harrisonburg. The district next the Potomac, on the Virginia side, was rather avoided because of the litigation between Lord Fairfax and Joist Hite, and the consequent diEculty of getting good titles. The country south of Harrisonburg was at first peopled only by the Scotch-Irish, but it was not long until German settlers moved oriward as the more restless Scotch-Irish pressed still farther to the south and west. The German settlers were partial to good lands, such as the limestone belts in the Valley of Virginia. Also, they were unwilling to make a home unless it could be near a good spring. Furthermore, tliey were conservative. They did not want change. They waiited to do as they had been used to doing, and they held to the old everi at the cost of becorning unprogressive. And so far as they adhered tenaciously to their mother tongue they remained foreigners in feeling. Among the Germans coming to the Shenandoah couiitry were families who had taken part in the great meetings in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Some of them were CHURCH HISTORY 45 related to Geeting, Newcomer, and others of the early preachers. So the preachers they had known north of the Potomac followed them and held great meetings in the Valley, particularly near Mount Jackson. The site of Keedysville, near Antietam Creek in Mary- land, was the home of George Geetiiig, Otterbein's chief adviser. His home was also a headquarters for Boehm, Newcomer, and other preachers. At Beaver Creek, a dozen miles eastward across the mountains, was where New- comer lived. Farther east were the Kemps aiid others. A few niiles farther north were the Draksels, Mayers, Baers, Browns, Hersheys, Russells, and others, while on the Virginia side of the Potomac and within a day's ride were Ambrose, Strickler, Senseny, the Niswandcrs,-Isaac and Abraham, and the three Duckwalds,-Ludwig, Henry, and Fredcrick. Still others were the twin brotliers,-Henry and Christian Crum. Thus there were gathered at Antie- tam, as a central point, those who were fired with a com- 111on spirit. The great religious experiences they had enjoyed were told in a wonderful uTay to the throngs uttracted by interest and novelty. Strong coiigregations were soon formed around Win- chester, at Sleepy Creek, and east of the Rlue Ridge in Loudoun county. The last named locality was often visitcd by Bishop Newcomer. But by reason of emigration this flock passed out of existente more than a century ago. Before 1815 there was quite an exodus of these people across tlie Alleglianies into Ohio and tlie west of Pennsyl- via. It came thus that the Mianii, tlie first daughter conference, was organized largely by the preachers who had come from the East, for up to this time, the whole work was ernbraced in the Eastern, or original, copfer- eiice. The families who settled in the we3t of Pennsyl- vania, especially in I&7estmorelandcounty, m-ere active and loyal, and laid tlie foundations for tlie present prosperous United Bretliren Church in that favored region. Almost the only record we have of thc early work of these circuit riders is found in Kewcorries's Journal, pub- 4 6 UNITED BHETHREN lished in 1835. It was not intended for publication, and its brevity is often disappointing to those who \\.ould like more coinplete information. The Journal, after its publication, was evidcntly sold by the itinerants." When eighty-one years old, Newcomer atteinpted a trip into Virginia. Sunday, March 1, 1830, he rode to ehe home of Michacl Thomas at Boonsborc, nine miles froni his own house, and lodgcd there for the night. Next morniing he was too ill to go on and he retiirned. Wednesday, Iie u-rote thus: "This forenoon I tried to write in my joiiriial, but alas! I find that I am not ablc to pcrform tbe task, so 1 lay down iny pen. The Lord alone knoms whether 1 shall 'be able to resiime it again. Tlic Lord's will bc dolle. Amen. Mallelujah." It is this record of Newcomer that gives early cisaeiits in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Ohio. It is not by any means a complete record, as it gives only the tosirs by himself and his companions, for he seldoin travrleci alone. Just before the first annual conference at Iiennp's. in Stepember, 1800, Newcomer made a tour of the Virginia circuit. This time he was accompanied by Martinn Roehni and his son, Henry. Anotlier preacher, Christiara Creim, lived at Pleasant Valley, eight rniles northcast of Wiaielies- ter, on what has since becn known as the Jacob Hott place. For years this was the first stopping place of tlic Geririan preachers, and here these three inen held their opeiiiiig service on the Virginia circuit. They arrived Monday niglit, September 1, and the elder Boehm preached. He preaeiied again at Dr. Seiiseny's in Winchester, and a Methodist preacher followed with an cxhortation. Wcdiicsda y, they hcld a meeting at Abraham Niswander's, near Middletowii, and \hcn rode to the house of A. soehm, a relative to the bishop, where Newcomer preached and was followed by Henry Boehm. Thursday forenoon they preached at Jaeob Funkhouser's west of Fisher's Hill, riding thence to Wood- *She copy owned by A. P. Funkhouser was purchaseti t~yhis paternal grandfather in 1837, as witnessed by his autograph qigna- ture and the date. pve a lot for a church in Woodstock. This gift was made inore thaii a hundred years ago. The bishop preached in a churcli at Woodstock Friday morning, and then they rode to Jacob Rhinehart's, where Newcomer preached. Satrirday and Sunday there was a irieeting at the widow Kagcy's on Smitlr's Creek. Mishop Roehm preached in Gernian and was followed by his son Henry in Englisll. Then they rode to a Mr. Bender's, where Newcomer preaclied. After they had retired, Bender's wife began nioaiiing aloud. They arose and prayed with her. The preachers tarned out very early Monday morning, September 8, and rode to the house of John Peters near New Markct, where Newcomer and soehrn preaclied in Gerrnan aiid Henry BoeIiiii in English. After dismissing the people, the crowd coiitinued to stand around in groups, crying and inoaning, so another meeting was held. sen- der's hvif'e had followed them to this place, was converted, arid made shoutingly happy. The preachers then rode to Hoinan's in srock's Gap. In thc afternoon they accom- paiiicd Strickler to his hoiiie sixteen miles away, arriving late at night. Thcir nest stopping place was at Peter Bibey's in Aiigiista couiity. Passing through Staunton, they called on tlie Methodist pastor arid went on to the house of Chris- tiaii Hess. On Saturday the 13th, a great mceting begaii at Henry Menger's on the side of the mountain, southwest of Swoope's Depot. In the afternoon they rode to a Mr. Harris's. Nest day, returning through Staunton, they dined witli tliv Methodist pastor, and then rode seventeen miles to Widorr's. Tuesday iiiorning Newcomer preached at Zirnmermaia'ii in Keezeltown, and then the party rode sixteen niiles to John Peters' near New Market, where the bishop was again the preacher. Next day they crossed the mountain into Page, spending the night with Christian Fori, near the South Fork. Thursday, sishop Boehm conducted a funeral servicc at Woodstock, and the night was spent with John Funkhouser west of Fisher's Hill. Sat~w 48 UNITED BRETHREN day a sacramental meeting began at Niswander's near Middletown. Continuing their return journed the party reached New- comer's home, Tuesday the 23d, just two days before the opening of conference. The Boehms must have gone on to Kemp's, for there was not tirne to reach their own homes and be at conference on the first day, this being the time when Newcomer found them there. The next visit to Virginia was two years later, in June, and it occupied eight days. Otterbein, Newcomer, Crum, and Strickler were the preachers and they traveled together. Their first poiiit was a sacramental meeting at Jacob Funkhouser's west of Fisher's Hill, The services Sunday night were at Christian Funkhouser's. The place was appropriately called Funkhouser Hollow, since there were seven families of this name, all with farms adjoining. They all spoke the German language, built their houses alike, each one over a spring, professed the same religion, and yet each family had jts own burial ground on a hill- side, Their relationship has never been traced by any one of the present time. On this journey Otterbein preached nearly every night. Services were held at Cruin's, at Geeting's, at Newtown, at Niswander's in Middletown, and at Winchester. In October of the same year Newcomer and Geeting traveled the Virginia circuit, one or the other preaching every day for nineteen days and always in German. Their preaching places were much as before, Stoverstown (Stras- burg) being one of the appointments. At Mengen's, their most southern point, was the great meeting for which they set out. To attend the two-day services the people came in some instances thirty to fifty miles. "Year after year for almost thirty years NewcnmVr made visits to Virginia, continuing them almost to thc time when GIossbrenner began his work as circuit rider. "The meeting places were changed to suit local coin- ditions. From Hoflman's the meetings were chailged to Peter Myer's near the present Pike nfennonite church. CHURCH HISTORY 49

George Hoffman moved to Augusta, taking his religion with him, and Mount Zion became an early preaching place. Pctcr Myers built a dwelling house with a large room in it for meetings, which were held regularly here for many years. "In ihe spring 1809 Newcomer mide a uniqirc vfsit to Harrisonburg. He came as a committee to coiifcr with Bishop Asbury and the Baltimore Conference of the Metho- dist Church on the subject of church union. This conference was held in the log church on the hill whcre the old bdal ground still remains. Two bishops, Asbury and George, and sixty preachers were present. The day after it closed Newcomer, delighted with his cordial entertain- ment, rode down the Valley with Asbury and other preachers, among whom was Henry Boehm, son of the bishop. "The last visit by Newcomer was in 1828, when he was seventy-nine years old. That summer he held eight camp meetings, three of tliem in Virginia. In company with William Brown, afterward bishop, and William R. Rhine- hart, a sweet singer and later the Erst editor of the Religious Telescope, he made the usual stops until he came to a camp meeting on Mi11 Creek, two miles west of Mount Jackson. Such meetings were held here from 1825 to 1830 inclusive, on the farm of the great grandfather of A. P. Funkhouser. The camp spring is yetapointed out in the middle of Mi11 Creek. After the close of the meeting, the preachers went on to Rockingham and spent the night with Jacob Whitesell, who had married Brown's sister in Pennsylvania, and who had now an old mill on Dry River, a mile or two below Rawley Springs. Whitesell and his family later moved to Vigo county, Indiana, where his descendants are among the pillars of the strong chiirch now in that section. The preachers then went to the camp meeting on Beaver Creek just opposite the home of the late John Whitmore. Mrs. Maria Paul attended this meeting, being then a girl, and remembered the bishop as tall, spare, and clean-shaven. During one of his discourses a large, fat man walked into the congregation and stood leariing against a tree. His name was Koogler, and he was a paper-shaver with a reputation not very savory. Newconier pointed him out, rerriarking, 'Oh me, if that man would become converted, how much religion he could hold.' "At the close of the camp ineetirig, Newconier aiid his conipanioiis rode to Peter Whitesell's, where Brown preached in German and Newcomer in English. Simon, father of J. D. Whitesell of Harrisonburg, was then but eight years old, yet preserved to the end of his life a clear recollection of the visit. Whitesell's church had been built here the year previous. It was the first United Brethren church built in Virginia, and a most influential center for many years. This house of worship grew out of tlie meet- irigs at Hoffman's and Peter Myers': Passing throiigh Har- risonburg to the head of Brock's Gap, the party took dinner with Henry Tutwiler, a brother-in-lau. to Whitesell, and a tanner of buckskin. He was postmaster at Harrisonburg thirty-one years. Tutwiler was a zealous class leader of the Methodists, and was the father of one of the first gradu- ates of the University of Virginia. Years afterward, he died shoutingly happy after a sudden illness, the day after holding a watch ineeting on New Year's eve. "The next day found Newcorner at a camp niceting on the land of Jacob Lentz, at the head of Brock's Gap four miles above Dovesville. Lentz had come from Loudoun county years before, bringing his C'nited Brethrenism with him, and though he was more thaii thirty iniles from the county seat, he was not too far away for his old friends to find him. Near him at Dovesville, was another United Brethren, Frederick Doub (Dove), who had coine from Frederick county, Maryland. The postofice was named after him. The descendants of the Lentzs and Doves, and the intermarried families now form a large eleinent of the population here. The present Keplinger chapel, recently remodeled, was dedicated November 27, 1858, by Jacob Markwood, then a presiding elder." The compiler of this volume finds amonq the papers given hiiii the statement that the first United Brethren conference,-presumably of Virginia,-was held June 3, 1794, in thc stoiie house that was used as a law office of the late General John E. Roller. But as this meeting is not nien- tioned in the general histories of tlie church, it must have been a gathering of the Virginia preachers of that decade arid perhaps a few from the other side of the Potomac. The first official coiiference in Virginia was held in tlie same town, March 2, 1809. Mentioii has been made of the Whitesell church. As late as 1830 there \\rere but two otlicr church buildiiigs of the Cnited Rrethren in Virginia. In 1860 the total mem- , hership in hoth Virginia and Maryland was not over 3,000. There was for a long wliile a feeling that there should be no gathering of diurcli statistics, aiid none were given out by the United Brethren Church until 1837. This prejudice seenis to have grown out of the relation of David's sin in iiumbering the people. A niore complete account of Newcomer's travels in Virginia will be fo~indin the ~icxtchapter. CHAPTER V111 EXTRACTS FROM NEWCOMER'S JOURNAL Christian Newcomer was of Swiss descent and was born near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, January 21, 1749. His parents were Mennonites and the son was reared in their faith. He learned the carpenter's trade from his father, but when he was about twenty years old the parent died. At the deathbed request of the Iatter, he took upon himself the care of the farm and thus provided a home for the mother and a sister. After a year the sister found a husband, and as the mother was a midwife and much away from home, Christian was married in 1770 to Elizabeth Baer. Not long afterward he was converted at home as a result of personal seeking. Thinking he should become a preacher, he took counsel with one of the Mennqnite preachers, a person who stood high in the young man's estimation. But this elder could not comprehend the experience his friend had undergone, and cast doubts upon it. However, when stretched on a bed of sickness, the older man bccame convinced that the younger man was in the rilt Newcomer removed to Maryland, where he found that his neighbors, tlioiigh well-meaning and friendly, were unacquainted wilh experimentaal religion. He had long continued misgivings with respcct to becominp a preachcr. It was not until he had overcome this reluctance, through rccourse to earnest prayer, that Newcomer found restoraticn from what he regarded as a backslidden state. He had already listened to Otterbein and Geeting. Find- ing that he and they were in entire harmony in the matter of experimental religion, hc joined a society of what were then called Otterbein's people, and in 1777 becamc a preacher among what were derisively called the "Dutch Methodists." Newconicr continiied to preach very nearly to the end of his long life. In 1813 he was made a bishop and thenceforward he led a particularly active career. He horseback six thousand miles a year. When nearly eighty years of age he thus travelcd to Ohio and Indiana, held several corifercnce, and returned in his usual health. A little later he made a similar trip to Virginia, where he held a great mecting near Swoopc's. These trips werc kept up iill 1828. There is a striking pardlelisrn bctnwm Christian Ncw- Corner of tlic United Brethr.cn Ciiurcli arid Francis Asbury of the Methodist Church. The former hns very justly beeil called the Asbury of the Cliited Brethren. soth men were bishops in the pioneer period of their rcspective orgaiiiza- tions. Each was an einpire-bui!dcr in thc ecclesiastical sensc. Each was an indefatigablc workcr. Each was a prodigious traveler, speiiding so much time on horseback that it is sinall stretchiiig of the Fact 10 say that hc lived in the saddle. Each of these early bishops kept a joiirnai and each journal has been published. Newcomer was tall, commanding in figure, aiid robust in pliysique. No portrait is in existente. In 1828 I-ie held a camp rneeting near Crider's store in Rrock's Gap, at a spring still known as the "camp spring." Seventy years later, Mrs. Maria Paul remembered seeing him there. Her description of him as a tall, slim, smoothly shaven man of serious appearance tallies with other accounts. The bishop was not a great preachcr exccpt in earnest- ncss of purpose. He had a slight impediment in his speech and his voice was but modcrately strong. Yet he was a successful evangclist, and as a siipcrintendcnt he was fcarless as well as diligeiit. He was a firm believer in tl-ie itinerant system, perceivinq that it is pcculiarly adapted to new and sparsely settled districts. Newcomer's journal, written in German arid trans- lated by John Hildt, was published at Hagerstown in 1834. It is prefaced with an autobiography, this denling almest wholly with his religious experiences. The journal becins October 27, 1795, and continues until March 4, 1830, only eight days before his death. To many persons it has been 54 UNITED BKETHREN

a matter of regret that niost of the entries are so brief and fragmentary. This brevity impairs the historic value. But it is highly probable that the bishop never thought his manuscript would ever appear iii book forni. Perhaps his iiotes were regarded by liiniself as little more than an aid to his memory. With a view of allowing the journal to throw all tlie light possible on the history of the Virginia Conference prior to 1830, we iiow present the following extracts. * >> * * * * * * * * 1795 I'reached at Virunibach's in Virginia froin John 2:14. 1796 Preached at Henry Cruni's Thursday, October 13. (Note: Henry and Christian Crum were twin brothers who went to Winchester from near Frederick, Md. They strongly resembled one another. Both were verg useful preachers.) Preached Friday at Millers- town. Next day a sacramental nieeting began at Stony Creek. I gave the first discourse,-from Psalm XI,. On Monday, the last day, many <;innerswere converted. Tuesday, preached at Snider's near Linville Creek, and in the evening carne to the home of a Mennonite uncle, a preacher, where I spoke frorn Psalin XXIV, 15. Wednesday, though amicted with a severe toothache, I preached twice at J. P.'s near Smith Creek. Thursday rode to Massanutten and preached there Friday at Mr. Hiestand's but found the people of that neighborhood rather hardened. Saturday, rode to the forks of the Shenandoah and lodged with Jacob Weaver, a very sick man. Sunday morning, preached at the house of J. Fa- frorn "It is time that judgnient should begin at the house of God," and in the afternoon the Lion roared wonderfully. A meeting Monday at the home of a widow whose husband had lately died, but the people seemed cold and lifeless. Tuesday spoke in New- town from Hebrews XII, 15, and found the Lord present. In the evening preached in Winchester to a large congregation. Next day, before returning home, visited two criminals under sentence of death. Seemed to make some impression on one but none on the other. 1797 Met Mr. Geeting at Newtown, September 20, and preached in the evening. Next evening (Thursday) preached at Woodstock from Revelations 111, 19, 20. Friday there was a meeting in New Market, where the Lord was present with saving power. A meeting at Mr. Steffy's and lodged with hirn. Spoke first Saturday CHCRCH HISTORY 55 niorning at eleven in a threc days nieeting beginning at Feier Meyer's in Kockinghani. Sunday niorning Geeting preached with remarkable power from, "\\'hosoever will be niy disciple let him take up his Cross and follow Ale.'' Exhorted after hiin and then followed the 1,ord's Supper. Candle-light meeting at Mr. Klein's several young people prayed for salvation. .4t the close of the ineeting (on Slonday) there was a glorious time, and the people were so much affected that niost of them crieil aloud. Tuesday, an appointnient with Henry Geeting, son of George, and lodged with Mr. srunk. \\'ednesd:iy niorning preached to a large assembl~ in a schoolhouse near Shenandoah River, and then rode to the home of a relative who entertained nie in a ver? friendly way but cared very little about religion. Thursday, preached at a widow's to :i syiiipathetic congregation that incluiled two Gerinan Baptist preachers. Fridaj, visitetf Mr. Zehrung in \\'o•âdstock, and then rode to .lohn Funkhouser's, staying there all night. Next tlay a sacramental nieeting began in Frederick county. The people were iincominonly affected. An aged nian came foi-\vard with trars trickling dmvn his cheeks. Jlonday evening preached from Psalm I. 1798 August 10, an uncommonly warm day with a torrential rain after crossing the Potoiiiac. Lost niy patir in tht. woods and had no otl-ier light than the occasional flaslies froin ariotlier thun- derstorni. Got off my horse and prayed for protection. On rising from iny knees, I saw the path only a fe\v yards away, and soon reached the house of Mr. Ambrose, where I dried iny clothes and had a comfortable rest. The next day was Saturday and a sacramental ineeting began here. Christian Cruni nntl Dr. Sen3eny preaching ~vithpower. Among the seekers was a native of Ger- many, who praised God he had come to America, and to a people froni whonl lie liad learned the w:ty of salvation. The people :iround here generally poor but concerned for the wlvation of their soiils. Suntlay :* great many people were present. Monilay, rode to Warm Springs (Herkeley Springs) anti crossed to Hancock, Md. \\'etlnesd:ry, September 26, stayetl with rny tlaiigliter, Mrs. Jacob Hess, fiear Martinsburg. Sext niorning preached at si~clrlestown and at iiight at \\'inchester. Friday evening preached at Slillers- town to a little flock. Saturday, spoke first in a sacramental nieeting with \variiith anti feeling. Preached at eieven, and after the sacrament exhortctl in English. Monday, visited :in uncle and aunt on Linville, anct rode on lodging with Henry Huber. Tiies- day morning preached at the widow srunk's anil lodged at Mr. Grove's. \VednescIay e\~ening,spoke in a schoolhouse, and at night at the widow Kegis's on S~nithCreek. Thursday, preached at Mr. Meiles's, a few miles froni Slillerstown, and the next day came to John Funkhouser's. Saturday, October 6, a sacramental nieet- I 56 CNITED BRETHREN I

ing at Abraham Niswander's near Middletown. Feit so stripped of all grace that I did not know what to say, but at night there was a glorious time. Sunday I spoke after Geeting, and next day preached at Henry Crum's. At this meeting a Quaker sister was moved by the Spirit and gave an exhortation and prayer with astonishing power. 1799 Wednesday, May 1, the first appointnient at Henry Crum's. Sext day attempted to speak after Geeting at Jacob's church in Frederick county, but because of a leg bruised by a falling crow- bar, I had to desist, and Friday I had to stay at Crum's starting honie Saturday. Thursday, July 25, preached in Winchester, and Friday came unexpectedly upon a nieeting held by Henry Crum, after whorn I spoke to an attentive audience. Then rode with Crum to Stovers- town (Strasburg), visiting old Mr. Stauffer, a man of 83. Preachecl next morning at Jacob Funkhouser's. Sunday, preached to a little flock in the old church at Woodstock, and at night held a class- riieeting at Zehrung's. Monday, reached Henry Geeting's. His house was struck by lightning a few days ago, but no one injured although the whole family were inside. Next morning preached at Andrew Kauffrnan's, and in the afternoon at the house of Mr. Renker, a justice of the peace. Wednesday morning preached at Stony Creek, and in the evening at Niswander's, where there was a small but attentive congregation. Thursday, preached at Jacob Funkhouser's on Mill Creek and lodged at S. Peter's in Rocking- ham. Friday morning preached here to as many people as the roorn would hold, and put ~ipwith Mr. Brunk in Brock's Gap. Saturday, arrived at George Homan's where a great niultitude were assembled for a sacramental meeting. Sunday afternoon I spoke froni Hebrews I1 :3. Geeting and Stricliler were herc on the whole we had a blessed time. Tuesday preached at Christian Kauffman's. Wednesday I lodged with Mr. Weber antl next day reached Niswander's, whence I rode with Geeting to Winchester and was the guest of Mr. Kurtz. Friday morning I went into a drugstore to purchase some medicine. The druggist then took me into an adjoiining room, called the farnily togetlier, antl requested me to hold family worship, which 1 did. Among those present was an intelligent young man, a son of the Hev. Mr. Ifinkle. After brealrfast I went with Ceeting to visii Dr. Seiiseiiy, who had been taken very ill. Nine miles beyond we held a ineeting ai Mr. Sweyer's and then went to Ambrose's, where a two-da? rneeting lmi beeri appointed. Saturday the assemblage was so large that I could not see how so niany people could live in such a mountainous region. Sunday, a Methodist brother preached in English. CHURCH HISTORY 57

1800 Thursday, August 7, Geeting and myself had an appointment at Shepherdstown. Friday I lodged with Mr. Duckwalt, and Saturday began a meeting on Sleepy Creek, which lasted through Sunday. Monday I preached at Berkeley Springs and stayed with Mr. Grammer. Monday, September 1, came to Christian Crum's where a great congregation assembled the following day. Father Boehm preached first, and at night with great power at Dr. Senseny's in Winchester. A Methodist followed him in English. Thursday there was a meeting at Niswander's, the people being very atetntive. Also preached at A. Boehm's and was followed by Henry Boehni. Fri- day a meeting at Jacob Funkhouser's, and visited old Mr. Yager at Woodstock. Father Boehm preached here in the church. I rode on to Rhinehart's and preached there, speaking Saturday at the widow Kegis's. Sunday, Father Boehm preached in Gernian, antl his son Henry followed in English. The grace of God seemed visible in almost every countenance. The people were so reluctant to go away that we prayed once more for them. I rode with Henry Boehm to Mr. Bender's, where we preached but to all appearance without any effect. Monday morning we came to the home of John Peters, where a houseful of people were already gathered. Mgself and the Boehms preached. 4t the close the people would not leave, so we began again arid prayed with them. Rode thence to Hoiiian's, where many young people had collected, and whorri Father Boehni exhorted. Tuesday morning a great many people gathercd within a short time. I spoke after Father Boehni. The whole congregation shed tears and uTe had to break away to g9 to the next appointment, leaving them praying. Mr. Strickler had come :is a guide to his home, 16 miles distant. Passing into Rock- ingham we visited Mr. Welch, a Methodist preacher and rriost excellent man. There was a great crowd Wednesday. Father Boehm, following ine, had not spoken long until several persons rose to their feet, striking their hands and shouting in an esta5y of joy. The evening meeting lasted till niidnight and the houie could not hold all who were present. Shursday we rode to Peter Biber's in Augusta, where I preached and was followed by Father Boehni, but the word seemed to make little or no inipression. Fri- day we came into Staunton, where we called on Mr. King, a sincere and affectionate Xfethodist preacher, took some iefreih- ments, and then rode on to Christian Hess's, where we lodged. A great meeting began Saturday at Henry Mengen's. I addreised a Iarge audience and was followed by King and Henry Roehni. After Boehm had spoken a few words, the power of God ieenied to perbade the whole congregation. There was praver and clas4 ~neetingat night. I'arents shouted for joy to see their children 58 UXITED BRETHHEN converted to God. Father Boehm was followed by King Sunday morning. After a sacramental service we rode to Mr. Harr's, where I was followed by King in English, but nothing would touch these people. Monday we returned to Staunton, dined with King, and rode on 17 miles to one Widore's, where Father Boehm spoke with wonderful power to a great manv people. Tuesday morning, Henry Boehm and inyself preached at Simner- man's in Keezeltown. We went on 16 miles to .lohn Pete-5's, where Father Boehm spoke to a numerous congregation. Wcd- nesday we preached at Mr. Barshbarger's, :ind lodged with Ch-is- tian Fori at Massanutten. He does not seem concerned nhut religion. Thursday morning Henry Boehrn preaclivi i.-\ E:iglish in an old church near by. Many accompanied us after the meeting and we had to tear ourselves away. Soine rode with U.; across Three Top Mountain. We passed the night at Mt. Stover's, and reached Woodstock next day, where Father Boehm preached the funeral Sermon for a Mr. Grove, using this text: "Set thy house in order, for thou shalt die and not live.'' At John Funkhouier's I preached from Romans VIII, 17. Saturday a sacramental meeting began at Niswander's in the Open air. I was followed by Crurn. At night I preached at Senseny's and met the class. Sunday, Sep- tember 21, I delivered an opening discourse to a vast multitiide, but the word had not the desired effect. I preached in the afternoon, and was followed by Henry Boehm, who made some impression. We had to leave them to meet an appointment at the Methodist church in Winchester. Father Boehm spoke first and in German. Henry Boehm and myself followed in English. There was a blessed time. Lodged with Mr. Lauck. Monday I passed through Shepherdstown on my way home, lodging with John Mumma. 1801 Sunday, August 2, I heard Enoch George, a powerful siseaher, preach in Shepherdstown. (George was a Methodist bishoy.) August 26 L was told by sishop Whatcoat (Methodist) in Hagerstowil that at different places in America powerful revivals had taken place. Next day I reached ljerkeley Springs, lodging with Mr. Kremer. The second day (Friday) a blessed meeting at Duck- walt's began. Saturday it was protracted till late. Siiiiday I spoke in both languages and went home with a Mr. Frosh. Monday crossed North Mountain to Martinsburg, stopping for a iuncki at Mr. Winter's on Back Creek. 1802 A sacramental meeting begins Saturday, June 12, at Jacob Funkhouser's in Shenandoah, Otterbein delivering the first serrilon. Eight were converted at night at Christian Funkhouser's. Sunday there was a great congregation, Otterbein speaking first,-Erom amazenient at the power and energy with which this old servant of God declares the counsel of his Master. The people were very attentive. \Ve rode on to Niswander's and tarried. Otterbein preached at Sewtown on Monday. At night I spoke in the Metho- dist meeting house and lodged with Mr. Rush. Tuesday Otter- bein preached in the Refornied church at \Trinchester. At night we heard Enoch George and Quinn, the Methodist brethren. Wed- nesday Otterbein preached again and I followed him. Thursday, August 26, I came to John Miller's in Berkeley, and at the Springs next day niet the English brethren (Methodists), Mitchell and Pitts. Saturcki-, Geeting, Cruni, Geisinger, and Sen- seny arr-ived before nie at n sacraniental nieeting at J. s!.'~, :ii:iny hinging their chililren for 1)uptisiri. I baptised a child ' ~L'?F'::" to an English lady, using tlie English language. (Newcomer only rrieans that he used tlie English language). 1,odged at J. Funk'\. Wednesday, Octobei- 13, preached at Cliristian Cruin's, next niorning at Dr. Senseny's in Winchester, and at night to a Inrge congregation in the Methodist church at Newtown. Friday, Geet- ing spoke in Stoverstown, anci at night there was a meeting at John Funkhouser's. Saturday the preaching by Geeting mcl niyself at a great ineeting at Andrew I

I \T1ednesday we preached to a large congregation at Funkhouser's, 10 miles anray. Thursday, I rode 40 miles to Hoinan's finclinr! the house full of people. Saturday, I opened a quarterly nieeting at Peter Meyer's, and at night preached at Kauffman's in English. Many people were present Sunday. Rode 15 miles to Jacoh srunk's. Monday there was a meeting at Mr. Shauter's Tuesday one at Rhinehart's, Wednesday one at Woodstock. Saturday and Sunday there was a quarterly meeting at P\'iswander's and at night 1 preached in Winchester. Thursday, August 27, 1 reached a camp ilieeting near Cr~iiri's. Saturday and Sunday there was a quarterly meeting on Slren~- Creek. Monday, at the camp ground, we had the most powerful time I ever beheld. Septenihcr 2, 1 lodqed with Josepli C:ri\op beyond Frankford. A thunderstorm at night was so severe that the family got out of bed and spent some time singing and praying. Preached at Mr. Roth's and at Christian Funkhouser's. Wed- nesday, September 30, and next day at A. Kauffman's. Friday I heard the celebrated Lorenzo Dow in Woodstock, and rode 2-5 miles with him to a camp meeting, where he prearheti at candle- light and at sunrise next morning. A quarterly meeting at Horrmi's, Saturday and Sunday. Return to the camp ground, where the singing, praying, and shouting continue all night. Preachirig at Shangpeter's Tuesday, at Peter hleyer's Wednestlay, and at Dider's Thursday. Quarterly meeting begins at John Shuey's Saturtiay, October 10. Lambert, a Methodist, preaches Sunday. At niqht I preach in Middlebrook and lodge with Eernard 1,auman. Sarrn- mental meeting at Senseny's, near Middletown, Sunday, Octoher 18, and Same night I preached in Newtown. 1808 Monday, May 23, I lodge at Shepherdstown on my way to eonference, and see an elephant for the first time. I am 59 years old. Conference began Wednesday and closed Friday. The hrethren were assembled at Senseny's. A quarterly meeting on Sleepy Creek, Sunday, September 18. Ride home with Henry Reiner. Preached in German and English at Henry Frey's in Loudoim, December 31. The meeting (a watcli-night) continued till afder ~nidnight. On New Year's day, preached at Philip Frey's. 1809 Arrived at Ilarrisonburg, Sunday, March 5, where a thousnntl people were attending the Methociist conference. Henry Eoehin preached in German after Bishop Asbury, and was followed by .Jacob Gruber and myself. Wext day a committee was appoirifed to consult with me to see whether any union could be effected between the two churches, and it met the day following. We discussed many and different subjects, but had nothing else in view than the furtherance of the cause of our Master. In the afternoon CHCHCH HISTORY 63

J was invited to attend the conference, and received a resolution in ivriting which I was to deliver to William Otterbein. Sunday, 3inrch 12, I preached at Middleto~vnin both languages, and rode to \Vinchester, where Roberts and Henry soehm preached at night. Preached in Loudoun at Frey's antl Philip Eberhardt's, March 24-26. Sacraiiiental nieeting in sanie county, July 29-30. Camp meeting at Sniithfield, August 25-29, about 6,000 being present. Spoke at Winchester last day of rneeting, then go to Harrisonburg, where there is a large congregation, Sunday, Sep- tember 3. After the 1,ord's supper an old Methodist narned Greaves spoke in a most wonderful strain. Monday, a rneeting at Shuey's, vihere orie person fell to the ground with the jerks and shook in every linib in a very remarkable manner. Tuesday, a rrieeting at John Peters', and Friday one at David Funkhouser's, where I spoke in English. Quarterly nieeting at Stony Creek Sunday. Preaching in Woodstock Tuesday, September 12, and Wednesday iit Huddle's schoolhouse and Christian Funkhouser's. Sacramental nxeting at John Sensenl's Thursday and Friday. Saturday, preachetl at Winchester in the Gernian Presbyterian (German Refornietl) church. A very large congregation here Sunday, Hinkle, a Jfetliodist, closing the sacraniental service. A two-day meeting lxgan at 1)uckwalt's on Sleepy Creek, October 14, Hinlcle preaching Sunday. 1810 Preaclied at Frey's in Loudoun, Septerriber 22. Preached at hlr. Evans's near Shepherdstown, Deceriiber 3. 1811 Meeting in Shepherdstown, March 3, at John Fuiikhouser's, March 10. April 22, my wife dies and I hreak up housekeeping, moving to riiy son Andrew's where I have rny own room antl tny hoard when I arn at home with hini. Preaclied in Shepherdstown, Tuesday, June 4, and at John Senseny's Friday. Quarterly rneeting began at Jacoh Funkhouser's Saturday. Preached at Woodstock Sunday night, and at Michael Honian's Monday. A two-day nieeting began at Peter Meyers's Tuesday, June 11. Preached at Peter Rider's Thursday. Sacra- mental nieeting began at Lewis Shuey's Saturday, Christian Smidt 5eing present. Preached at Altdorfer's Monday, at Henry Huff's Tuesday, at John Peters's Wednesday, at George Funkhouser's Thursday, at Henry Geeting's Friday, and Sunday at Abraham Funkhouser's and Niswander's. At Shepherdstown, Wednesday, June 26, I exhorted after Enoch George. A young wornan was converted and next morning we learned that her father cow- hided her for going to a Methodist meeting. UNITED BRETHREN

Saturday, August 3, a two-day meeting began at Pliilip Frey's in Loudoun. August 31, reached a quarterly meeting on Sleepy Creek, Crum, Duckwalt, and Reiser being present. Next day, Strawbridge, a Methodist, preached with great effect, some coming forward with streaming eyes, while others stood giggling and laughing. 1812 C Preached at Henry Frey's March 22. 1814 Preached at Henry Frey's January 9. March 23, heard Asbury's funeral discourse on the late William Otterbein. The church was much too small to contain all who came, among them being Methodists, United Brethren, Lutherans, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians. Bishop McKendree (Methodist) closed the service. June 4, sacramental meeting at Mt. Artz's in Shenandoah. The people could not leave, but continued to sing and pray all night. Sacramental meeting at Lewis Shuey's, June 11-12, James Sewell, a fine young Methodist, assisting. Two-day meeting began at Peter Meyers's, June 14. Night preaching in English at Zim- merman's near Keezeltown. Rode more than 40 miles and preached at Millerstown, June 17. Sunday, June 19, preached at the widow Funkhouser's and at Niswander's. 1815 Preached at Henry Frey's, September 17. 1816 Quarterly meeting began at the widow Funkhouser's, Saturday, April 13. Spoke at Mr. Hay's Monday. 1817 At a camp meeting August 22-26, where more than 120 tents were up and many thousand people present. Great good was done. Preached in Stoverstown, Wednesday, August 27, Thursday at Melchor's on Stony Creek, Friday morning at Yellow Springs, Friday night at the house of John Matthias in Hardy. Sacramental meeting at Frederick Doubs, August 30-31, at Niswander's Septem- ber 3, next day at Bear's. One at Swoope's, September 6-7. 1818 Praeched to a large congregation at John Senseny's, March 12. 1819 Preached at Christian Crum's, Wednesday, September 1. Sun- f day, preached at Mill Creek in both languages. September 8-14, a camp meeting in Rockingham, one of the best I ever attended. 1820 Rode to Winchester, July 30, finding Christian Crum very near X the end. Preached the .funeral discourse. Camp nieeting at George Hoffman's in Rockingham, August 2-8. with delightful weather the whole week. Meeting in the schoolhouse near the widow Funkhouser's, August 8. 1821 Preaclied in Winchester, Sunday, August 12. A meeting Monday at Mr. Blind's. Camp meeting at George Hoffman, August 16-21. Exhorted in Stoverstown, August C Many will remeinber it. 22. 1822 Sacramental meeting at M'illiam Smidt's in Newtown. 1823 I attended the dedicatiun of our new meeting house at Littles- town, Pa. (This is the erst dedication rnentioned by Newcomer.) 1828 Attenc!ed a Sunday School with the children, June 22, and rlosed it with prayer. (This is Newcomer's first niention of a Sunday School.) Preaclied Saturday, August 30, at a camp ineeting in Shenan- tloali from Psalm XL, 3-5. Sunday. preachctl from John V, 6-8. Lodged at Jacob Weitzel's in RoLi.inghain, September 4. 1 had inarried him to Peter Brown's daughter, September 5, 1820. Mon- day, caiiie to a camp rneeting in this neighborhood. It closed September 10, then rode io Mr. Weitzel's and preached there at night in English. Next day a meeting at Lauman's. September 12, came to a camp meeting at Jacob Lentz's in Brock's Gap, the seventh I have attended this summer. Many people present, but most of thern hard and unaffected. I CHAPTER IX

THE EARLY PREACHERS Let us pass in review the "great iiieetirigs" that were s~ prominerit a feature of the United Brethren inoveinerit in its early period. Otterbein was a city preacher. With a single esception his pastorates werc in places large for a tiine wlien Arner- ican cities were few and small. Arid yet his greatest work was done in the couritry at those seasons of the year \dien meetings could be held in the open air or in large, fireless buildings. His leading associates, Boehin aiid Geeting, preached only to congregations of conntry people. The great meeting took pliace onee a year in a given locality, but sometimes twice. It began on Saturday aiid usually lasted three days. It was annoirnced well in advance, and miich preparation was niade for the occasion. The great meeting was the event of thc year, becanse some noted pseachers came from a distaiice to hold it. Even the best settled parts of America were comparatively a wilderness to the end of the colonial agc. Postofices were exceedingly fetv, and the rates of postage merc nrell niph prohibitive. A letter was very ofteii cntrusted to some private pesson who could act as a messenger. Tidiiigs of thc mccting were therefore spread oraIly. Most of the attendants carne on horseback or afoot, becaiise there was no vehicle except the road wagon and not every trail could be used by it. Nevertheless, great crowds pathered, aiid the community was taxed to the utmost to feed and lodge them. Sometimes the meeting was in tlie open air. But the thrifty farmer of German birth or parentage was quite sure to have an immense barn, and such a building served quite well to accommodate the thronp. Newcomer once mentions a meeting in a mill. These meetings were looked forward to with satisfac- CHURCH HISTORY 67

tion by the evangelists themselves. Finding theinselves loiiesome in their ouw fornial denorninations, they sought each other's society in religious gatheririgs. A leader in the great nieeting fomd sweet fellowship in his associates. Other ministers were often preseiit, aiid if they had the evangclical spirit they woiild take part. The preaching was positive aiid doginatic. "Thus saitli the Lord," settled all questions. Great stress was laid on tlie new birth. The contrast was drawri between ruh and deuth by siri and salvation and cternal life through faitli in Jcsiis Christ. Preacher arid followcr were alike spiritual and eniotional. It was the coininori thing for peniteiits and converts to make their appearance at every servicc. "The great tenet of this new prcaching was a iiiystical ~inionwith God tlirough Christ Jesus, causing a spiritual regeneration, wliich changed the heart so radical!y as to producc a new man in ideals aiid desires, aiid, therefore, in cthical conduct. Form and cerernony wcre iiothiiig; everything was contiiiued in spirit and life. Frorn thc riatiire of the case, the position assiinied by these rcforni- ers on questioris of riiorals and conduct was radical. Their religion was individual, their scriptural interpretation literal, arid their etliical standards high. Helice they had little toleraiice for what they deeined unscriptural." During thc intervals between two great nieetings the people mere Icft rnainly to their class and prayer nieetii~gs. There was an occasioiial serinon if a preaclier could be found. These prayer and experience meetings wcre hcld in private hoines, thc experience consisting in the feelings or ideas with respect to the inner and spiritual life. There werc not yet any organized church activities, and all tlie people could talk of was what they thought or felt. Men and wornen accustomed thcmselves to oral prayer, and sonie of thern could pray in public with great power and effect. These home meetings developed leaders, wlio were vcry instrumental in grounding in faith and hope tlie people who zealously followed them. We now pass oii to the period 1800-1830. 68 UNITED BRETHREN

The United Brethren organization arose as a revival church. It took its adlierents mainly from "Satan's side of tlie line," instead of from other folds or from people with a training in churchliness. "The early preachers were therefore heralds of salvation to lost men. When they had faithfully urged their hearers to flee the wrath to come, they considered their duty performed. After 'going svea the circuit' and preaching gratuitously they went home. They built no liouses of worship, gave no attention to the training of the young, set in motion no working activities, and collected no money, unless for the benefit of the poor." So the preacher came, preached, and went home, and he paid his own way. He worked on his farm till well into Saturday, then rode a long distance, preached that night and two or threc times Sunday, giving his religious experiences and his meditations on the Scriptures witCa special reference to the future life. All the people had to do was to hear the preacher, feed him and his horse, and then wait till he came again. It was the general opinion that preaching could be done by men almost wholly engaged in other callings and without previous training. Otterbein and Boehm had licensed converts who felt it their dtity to preach. This practice ~i-ascontiniucd a?di converts were often licensed immediately on their conversion. The preacher who could produce the greatest effect was considered to be moved by divine power. The convert called was in niost instances in possession of a wonderrul religious experience, and liis sermon would en- force that experience with a powerful appeal calculated to stir the emotions tremendously. It is not strange that with such a hasty method both ministers and members were often irregular and unreliable. Thousands of people know nathinq of Christianity except as it is illustrated in the lives of those who possess it. scing unacquainted with the Bible and far from God, they have no other standards of measurement. Backsliding was likely to have a wide reaching influence. But a close discipline was put into practice in the new church. Hearing CHURCH HISTORY 69 complaints against ministc:-s was a prominent fcature in the procecdings of almost any conferencc. A ~vell-devcloped itinerant systeni did not come in a ciay. The eurly preadiers in the Ilnited Rrethrcn movement had some outside enlployinent, on whicli they depended for support. Thcy were really local preachers. Each formcd a circuit about his own honie, \\-itli the presence and assistance at irrcgular intcrvals of the lcading preachers. He left honie mhcri hc corild do so with thc least prej~diceto his bread winning prirsuit. It was rulcd that those who preached only whcrc tlicy livcd wcrc to have no cornpensation, a: d v,lliat tliey did collect tliey were to turn ovcr to the bcnefit of the traveling prcacliers. A regular itinerancy be; an in 1SO!. ~vhciiteil prcachers consented to travel as dirxtcd by their superior ofricers. Newcomer sought to improve Ilic iiiellid tlirrs beguii. Ne considered the itineiancy an apostolic iiiode, aizd was quick to see its adaptability to new and thinly peopled districts, like those into whicli his chiirch was penetrating. The imperfect itinerancy of tlic pioneer epoch was criticized by Hishop Asbury. In his church tlie systeiii was well organized and ran like clock-work. It was because of this efficiency that the Methodist Churcli was niakinq its wonderful growth. After 1830 there was better organization in tlie United Brethren Church, and a ministry that gave its wholc timc to the work, although its ~iipportwas meagcr. The number of local preachers on the roll of tlie Virginia Confer- ence has steadily diminished, and during the last quarter- century not one has been received. Until 1841 the circuit-rider had a maximum salary of $80 a year if a single man, and twice that allowance if he were inarried. The salaries were then raised to $100 and $200, respectively. No higher compensation was allowed the bishop than to the preacher working under him. CHAPTER X REMINISCENCES OF SOME EARLY PREACHERS In the prcsent chapter we present some reminiscent observations of several of the United Brethren iniiiisters who were in active Service betweeri 1800 and 1860. Chief aniong those writiiig their rccollections, wlieri oii "the western slope of the rugged mountain of life," was George W. Stattoii, wlio in 1900 was hing in Colorado. * * * * * * * * * * The rerriiiiiscences below are by John W. Fulkerson. The ITirgiiiiaConference of 1855, held at Mount Hebron, is spoken of as containing forty-three nien, present aiid absent. All wcre of good preaching ability, sound in doctrine, devotional, zcalous, and bold as lions. Tltiey sensibly enjoyed the Christian religion themselves, and insisted that all other persons should have a realizing knowledge of thc divinc power to salvation, if they desjre to be sure of heavcn at tlie end of the present life. They felt called upon to take a stand for vital piety, to advocate a purc spirituality, to preach a religion that has in it the power of the HoIy Spirit to such an extent that the professor niay know he lias passed from death iinto life. The fathers of thc conference had a heavy conflict on their hands, for the formal churches liad brains, education, and influence, and thoiight the United Brethren were fariatics, or fit subjects for a hospital for the insane. These formalists united to scpelch the evangelical movement with all the powers they could corninand, and these were not insignificant. Tlie aff'airs of the conferences of the 50's wcre managed by three strong men: Henry Burtner, Jacob Mark- wood, and Jacob Bachtel. The measures they originated :md advocated were adoptcd, and what they opposed was sure to fail, 110 matter by whorn it was supported. They were invulnerable, but the conferences were well managed. These inen were intellectually ahead of the other members. CHLRCH HISTORY 71 They wcrc devotedly attaclied to one aiiother and to the church. Burtner was the oldest of the three, and was at this time a retircd itiiieraiit, his educatioii being wholly in the German. In 1842 he carrie to Dayton froni Cuinberland county, Peiiiisglvania, and was iiow hing on a fine farm. His preaching, which was mainly in Gcriiian was of depth and power. He was above the medium liciglit, of coni- ~nandingappearance, and possessed a finc coiiiiteiiaiioe and a very penctrating ey. Rurtricr was genial, bcli(~o1- ent, and hospitable. His home was Open to all his hrother mninisters, from the higliest to the lowest, and to the nieili- bership of the chiirch as well. He was admittcd to conference in 1820, arid died at Ilaytoii in 1857. A po\vcrful man, hc was a factor not to be ignored in the councils of his church. His voicc was Iicard with no unccrtaiii soiliid in sewral of tlie general confercnccs. Jacob R'larkwood stood iicxt in authority, biit unlike what was triie of Burtncr liis power and influeiice did not Iie in Iiis business ability. He was a closc student, a good thinkcr, and a great orator. In flucncy aiid in use of beautiful laiiguagc he was rarely excelled. In his hest riioments he woiild carry as by magic, aiid whithersocver hc pleaseci, thc largest and niost iinruly audiencc. In his denunciatioris of the popular evils of the day, he was sevcre, sarcastic, and einphatic in the extreme, aiid withal so regardlcss of thc possibile conseqiiences to himsclf, that l7e would liave his audicncc mad enough to mant to haiig Emim. Then, in a fcw ~nomentsand with cyclonic power, he would have his hearers nreeping, as thoiiph with hrokcii hearts, and somc of thcin screaming for mercy as if the fl:lmcs of hcll werc consiiriiing them. In another inornent, tfnd as with the speed of tlie lightniiig's flash, the power of his eloqtience woiild bc tiirned to the iipliftinq influence of the gospel, to tlic abundant blessiiigs of Christianity, aild for its siiprciiic ciijoyiiicnt in this life and tlic lifc beyolid. The n-hole audiciicc woi~ldsoon be in a whirl of glorg, and loud hallelujahs would coine from every part 1 72 UNITEI) BRETHREN of the house. At the dedicatioii of Mount Zion church near the village of Mount Solon, he yreached two and one-half hours from the text, "We have come u~itoMQLII~~ Zion." But sometimes Markwood failed arid failed badly. He was tender-hearted and often gave his last dol?ar to the poor. It is told of him that while he was on the road to preside over a conference in Ohio, he overtook an old inan, thinly clad, and to all appearance in ill henlth. Markwood .at once got out of his buggy, and walked with the man a short distance, meanwliile putting several questions to him. Then he took off his double-cape overcoat arid gave it to the stranger. News of the inciderit reached the conference, and another warm coat was provided for the bishop. Jacob Bachtel was in some particulars second to neitlier of the other men. In personal appearance he was of medium lieigl-it, well-proportioned, and keen-eyed. His hair was bushy and stood straight up. His fine appearance and commanding address gave him mucli infiuence in the camp-meetings and other out-of-door gatherings. He was moral in eveIy sense of the word and strictly coiiscientious. Bachtel was not a man to be trifled with, for he felt tliat the life and work of a ininister of the gospel is a most important and serious thing. In the pulpit he was plain and psactical. He hated every form of sham arid handled it without glovcs. He was particularly severe on aqnosticisrn, infidelity, and Romanism, 2nd in this direction he was iio mean antagonist. Although Iie stood unflinchinglly for what he considered fo be the right, he had in llis private charactcr tlie tenderness of a loving Christian ~nothtr. He would never go back on a persmal friend. In the general csnferences he was an infiueratial faetor, and as a presiding elder, to which offke he was repcatedly cleeied, Iie was always helpful to the preachers urider Iiis care. Jaccb' J. Glossbrenner was a charter mernbcr of tlie Virginia Coriference arid in mmy respects a great inan. He was tall and slender, with a corairnandiiig forehrad. His black eyes flashcd intelligence. His language was spade when dealing with the etekl destiny of iinrnortal souls. Though not deep in his thought, he was popular as a preacher, and the pulpits of other churches were open to hini. His themes were of the inost exalted character and always dwelt on the bright eiicouraging side of Chris- tianity and the happy results of Christian living. He appeared to have no taste for dwelling on the sins of wicked ineil or the corruption of the timcs. As a bishop he was careful and coiiservative, his maiiagement giving geiieral satisfaction. By his fainily he was rnuch loved. William R. Coursey was prominent in the early liistory of the church in the Shenandoah Vnlley. He was long an itinerant, and this ineant preaching iiearly every day, week days as well as Sundays, and on a rneager salary. He liad a wife and sis or seven children. It seems now an iinpossi- bility to Iteep eight or nine persoiis oii an incoine of $200 a year, yet it was done,'aiid Frederick circuit, which was Icnrgc nnd wealthy, allowcd it to be endured. There were bv mty-sis appointnlents in this circuit, and yct he had few pstsents, arid his assistant, $90 salary aiid no prescnts. NeilEier did Courscy receivc anything for his children, although it was left for the quarterly conference to makt. an additional allowance for tlie siipport of tlie ininister's cl~ildreii. Courscy was modest, retiring, aiid a safe couii- se80r. He was of a good faniily, a good stiideiit, a ~a-i~thodicalthinker, one of the inast successful of teacliers, a~:d hvas considered a model prcachcr. He was devotedly pioiis and strictly religious. He was oftcn a presiding c.1dt.r aiid was sent to the gcncral conference. Johii Ruebush Jiad but a limited education, yet was aelive and liard-working, aiid in niaiiy respects a iiiost re- rni:iirkablc preacher. During his iiiinistry, niany persoiis v2.c.sepathered into the churcli, arti many olhers were so almwii toward it that they wcre never able to break away firrhnn its influence, and years later cainc into the foM. The g,athos in his voice when he was preaching or siiiqing was 74 UNITED BRETHREN coilsidereti Icarncd, nor was his rhctoric accordiiig to the rules; yet lic rnovcd whole audiences as the tempest moves the trees of the forest. He was great as a revivalist. A pastoral charge in his carc was a very poor place for back- slidin9, and this happened to but few. He arid Fis co- laborers dependcd entirely oii the earnest preachiiig of thc gospel, the power of spiritual soiig, the influence of the Holy Spirit, and thc gracious assistance of spiritual enthusiastic chilrch incinbers. Revivals thcn ineant sniiie- thing. Thcy ineant pcsrnanent societies. Rucbxsli would liave scorned the kiiiks, twists, and stratagems of the average professioiial rcvi~distof to-day. To the old Uiiited Hrcthreii iiiinistcr or mcmber, their methods would havc been disgusting and \voiild havc beeil decrncd a travcsty 011 the Cliristian rcligion. Riiebush was the first regiilar prcachcr to be sent to thc South Rraiich of the Potornac, and was largcly instrumental in establishing the United Bretliren Clii~rchtlierc. He was sent as a missionary to cstablish the church in Tcnncssee. Such an erraiid nieaiit severc perscciition and even jcopardy of life, because of thc anti-slavery record of oiir church. Yet at much financial loss Rriebush faced the dangers aiid cndured the liard- ships imtil Iie had plantcd the church on that uiifavorable soil, wliere it is still growing and prospering. Beirjainin Stickley was iiniqiic. Tlic Virginia Confer- ciice ncver had biit one "k'ncle Ben," and will nevcr hme anothcr. Before coiiversion it was his special dcliglit to aniioy the religious gatherings of Christian people. He would not raise a disturbancc hiniself, but would induce others to do so by bribirig them witli plenty of whiskcy. Tlic niore fiiss he could make the greater his fun, although Iie would keep hjmself out of sight. Wlien he was convcrtcd at a camp meeting he had two bottles of wliiskey in his pockets. His whiskey was a free trcat to his rowdy comrades. He did not sa!l it to them as camp meeting roughs havc doric in later years. Whcn Stickley was convcrted, he was converted through arid throiigh. All his chums in wickediiess were forsaken. His still was at once

76 UNITED BRETHREN gether." The lawyer had nothing further to say. Stickley was lmowii to be an uncompromising Union man. When the civil war broke out and the Southern feeling became iritcnscly bitter, S'tickley was thrown as a traitor into a filthy prisoii. He soon became broken-hearted and his glorious rnanhood was squelched. When liberated, he sacrificed his farm and other propcrty, left the home and friends of a lifetime, and inigratcd to Iowa, where in 110 long time he died, never recoveririg his formcr spirit and ambition. After preaching a Sermon at Washington, Iowa, and asking the people to sing a hymn, he died in thc pulpit. In 1847 George Hoffman was still a local preacher, though still an elderly man. He was the senior rnember and had lraveled a circuit before the old confererice was divided. He did not now go home and do nothing, but re,ularly attendcd tlie quarterlies and the annual coiifer- erices, preacliing wlienever asked. For some years he was the conference book agent, serving without a salary and gettiiig only a small commission on his sales. He thus made himself a most useful man and was much a factor in shaping the policies of the church. Hoffman had little cducatisn and was not a great preacher, yet he had great influeiice, having the faculty of irnpressiiig himself and his opinioiis inost powerfully on both rninisters and laity. He h:id vcry decided convictions as to what was right in the afTairs of the clmurch, and he had the backbone to stand up to his convictians. Splendid cornmon sense and a great fund of psactical knowledge were his, both in worldly matters artd the afairs of the chiirch. Hoffman was a very Eielpful assseiate, aiid the ruling autliorities of the cliiirch callcd him much into their councils. He was also mmt coinpa~iionabk,being a fine talker, full of aniecdote and thrilliimg incident connccted with his long and useful life, and hc had thc happy faculty of relating these things in an interesting way. Many was the time, when the writer of thcse rcminisccnces would go to Hoffinan's hause, ar-d werk hard all day, perhaps cuttin~aiid hauling in fire- nvod, so that the old ::entleman might go with hin1 to hk CHCRCH HISTORY 7 7 quarterly iiiectings iri arid across thc nio~intairis. For HofT11i:iii \vas acqu:iiritetl ~vithevery patli and every liorne, and was lowd and respectcd hy all tlic rrioiiiitairi people. r.lhe sarrie writer gives a personal iiicideiit. At a cori- fcrc~iicc~sessiori in March, 18.50, the ori?y tiuiightc~rof Jacob Funkliouscr, an iritercstiiig yoi~iiiiglady, sc>veritceiiycars of agc, C;IIIIC hto cliur~liiri tlic nfteriioori, this heilig tlie first tiriic, slie atlciidcd confcrciicc in day time. Thc pc\vs faced tlie doors, and by lookiiig straight aliead, onc coiild sec vvcry oi7ccoiiiirig into tlie cliiirch. Tlie ~vritcrlookcd, Samr, :tiitl nxs conqucrcd. ISy thc time slic liad rcnclicd 11cr seat, Iic liud dccided slie \vas tlie ideal of tlic \vorii:iii lie ~vaiitcd. Hc, liutl not b~ritliiriliiirg of rriarryiiig for ut least five years, :iiid in liis case tlicrc wcrc pood re:isoiis wliy iiiar- riapc sliould bc dclaycd. Hut iri loolii~ir:at Miss Funk- hous(>r,t1i~matter was scttlcd at orice. Slie aiid licr farriily n~rcperfect strarigcrs, yct 1ie ~riadciip liis iriiiid to rriarry licr vcry soo~iif it wcre all riglit with her. He liad becn tr:iwliiig a circuit tlircc ycurs, liad beci-i ovcr thc wliole coiif'c,rci:cc district, arid had becoriic acqiiaintcd witli huri- drcds of in tcrcstiiig yoiiiig Ilaciics, iii:iriy of tlicrii siiitable for bccoxiiiiig tlic \vives of prcachcrs. Yct not oiic of therii liud appcalcd to hirii as a hvife. Tlirrc was now tlie pur- posc to iiiarry :I?; soon us h:, could. I3iit it took riioriths of tlir riiost assiduous courting before the wisli was accom- pklicd. The Furiklioiiscrs wert IA~itlierans. A young Liit1icr:iii riiiiiistcr \vaiitcd her as ~iiiichas 11c did, aiid proscciilcd Iiis suit jvitli all tht power that was in him. Ikvoiio:~,pcr.s~ic:-~m;ce. niid ardeiit lovc \von a triiirriph, :i;icl tlic iriurriagc uas solciii~iizcdby Jacoh Markwood. Yct t!ic coiiplc werc perrnitteci to walk togcther oiily fourtecii 111011~11s. Mmut tliis tiiiic the iiarrator was assigried to \JTiiichcs- Irr circiiit, wliicli iiicludeci twenty-iiinc appointiiierits scat?erctl ovcr tlie coiintics of Prcderick, Morgan, Herkeley, Clarke, arid Warren. His colleague was John E. I'crry, a nicxit iii~pro~iiisingcarididatc, wlio find a Iiard time getting iri to cor~ferciicc, although il turried out thcse V, :ts no riiis- '78 UXITED BRETHREN takc in admitting him. Each of the two men madc a round e\cry five weeks, xnecting tmice in evcry round at thc liouse of Isaac Staiiholtz, not far from the Morgan line. There ihcy spcnt one night together, thc preachiiig bcing alter- naicly by thc two iiien. Tlic iiarrator's revival nieeting at the Quakcr niecting liouse near Anthony Funltliouscr's rcsultcd in about cighty conversions and tliree iicw church huiIdings: Uiiitcd Brcthren, Lutheran, and Keformed. As l~reacher-ili-cliarge,hc gavc a scrnioir orie Sunday niorning at the rnwtiiig: at Grceia Spring. Thc barge buildilmg wnc wcll fillcd, both floor and gallcry, with iritelligcnt, ~~11- to-do pcel~lc. The narsator was thnrrght io kie rnuch thc better prcacher, and uscd for his tcd, "Vanity of vanlties, sdith thc preachcr, all is vanity." But the serrrion was a rnost vm+clicd failrirc aiid vcry inortifyiiig to tlie preacher as \wll as to al! fhc friends of tlic church. Jacob Hott invitcd hirn to diraner, as was liic cristom, his h<:inc kkag Open to all the preachcrs. Hott was a most esccllcnt jiidge of preacliing and onc of thc grcatcst "Scriptorian.;" tlie writcr ever knew. When about halfway honic he Eoolted toward the preachers and said in a laughing inanizcr, "Brother Statton, it was vanity of vanitics all tb: nTay through and nothing but vanity. Why did you not take a text that had something in it? Then you could have prcached a sermon that we would not be ashained of." The good dinner was not enjoyed by a ccrtain onc of the guccis. At niglit Pcrry preached to anothcr crowded lioiise a ser- nioii that was esccllcnt, coiisidcring Ihat at that timt he was inexpcrienced, and uncoiith aiid awkward in addrcss. This time he weil thc larirels and carried thcm away in glorious triimiph. 011 this circuit Stattoii's salary was $l/fO,his collcague's $100. Yet they lived on what they rcccived and were happy. Perry was a dcvout Christian, livcd an honored life, and died in old agc at Philadelphia. Bcforc his conversion George B. Rimel was a iiard- working farmcr, and afterward he still labored witli his haiids a good deal. He was without human polish and destitute of the learning of the schools, 2nd from a Iiurnan CHCRCH HISTOHT 7 9 \kvpoiiit was a rriost unproriiising candidate for the imiiistry. Yet he liad a strong niind and was ~iriquestiow ably called to preach the gospel. He was powerful in prayer und clcar arid pointed in liis applicatiori of Bible trutli to tlie conscience. Churclies sonietirnes crr in calling nieri into cliurch work, biit God never does. The work Rirnel perforriicd could not have been dorie by anyone clse. He was forceful and liis style of preachirig was rnucli needcd in tlie early liistory of the coiiference. He was its Roancrgts He gave sledgehariiriicr blows at siri without fear of the coiiseqiiences, for tlierc was no fcar iii liirri. During u revival in Harbaugh's Yalley, Marylaritl, liis speecli \vas so plairi and liard tliat tlie people were grcatly off'crided. Soiiie half dozeri nicn iiiade an attack on hirn as lie \vas going lionle frorii riieetiiig. "Boys," said lie, "lct nie alone. Don't touch nie. If yoii do, I will straigliten niy arm on you tliat tlie Lord 1x1s givcii me witli which to dcfend niyself, aiid yoii will tliink a Iiorse lias kicked you. 1 don't want to hurt you." There was rio further trouble iii tliat iiciglihorhood. At anothcr time, wliile oii his way to I3rock's Gap, Rinicl lodgcd witli Aiidrew Horn, a proniineiit rriciiihcr iiear Turlcyto\vri. There was a uriioti cliurch in liis neigliborhood, arid it was a nioderatcly good huildirig for those days. Horn was asked wliy it was not uscd, and was told tliat every preaclier had becn run off by rowdies, tliis elenicnt having sworn tlicrc slioiild bc no niorc prcnching in Tiirlcytowri. Rinicl asked Horn to circulate uii appointnient, an evcning iii tlie followiiig wcek, arid lie would prc:ich oii his rctiirn frorn tlie Gap. Horn at lengtli con- scrited, and therc was a largc congrcgation. Tlie scrvices began iri the regiilar Kvay, arid until the niiddle of the serrnon the house was quiet. Theri a disturbance arose in the fartlier end of tlie room. 111 a ge~itlemanlyway Rirnel asked tlie toughs to behave thenisclves. This only madc matters morse. Then tlie preacher paused in his discoursc, arid askcd if some person would give hirn the riames of tlle disturbers. The rowdies bawled out their own names, arid thcse urere written down by Rimel. "To-morrow," 80 UNITED BRETHREN

said he, "I shall see the proper oflicers of the law, and have you arrestcd and presented for gour unruly conduct here to-night." There was quiet during the remainder of thc services and another appointinent was made. In the morn- iiig Rimel had to pass through the town, wherc a crowd of furious men were awaiting him. Thc leader of the gang caught the preacher's horse by thc bridlc and de- niandcd that tlie paper containing the naines be givcn up. Rimcl refiiscd and tlic bully then attempted to pul1 hirn off the horse. "Hold on," said Rimel, "I can get off myself." Xs he dismountcd he slipped off his overcoat, and theii niade the following announcement: "I am not afraid of all the pcople in Turleytown, and I can whip them all if they will fight fair. I can whip the whole pack of you. I shall only need to get in one or two licks on a man, and every man I hit will ncvcr know wliat hurt hirn." He theii made a pass at the rowdy captairi, who at oiice showed tl-ie white featlier and ran. Rimel remounted, but had gone only a littlc way when sonic onc shouted for hin1 to stop. The preaclier turned about. The spokesman said the men were sorry fos what they had done, and if the matter were dropped, they would be his friends and protect him in his ineetings, for they much admired a brave man. There wcre no more interruptions and Turleytown bccame a reformed place. The Virginia, Maryland, and Parkersbiirg confcrcnccs were all onc in 1848, and included only seven circuits: Frcderick, Hagcrstown, Winchester, Woodstock, Rocking- ham, Augusta, and South Rraiich. Fredcrick included all of Frederick (in Marylaiid) , Carroll, parts of Baltimore and Montgomery, and some territory in Virginia (Lou- doun?). It was a four weeks circuit. Now (1899) tIicre arc seven charges: Frederick station, Frederick circuit, Meyersvillc, Mechanicstown, Keys, Littletown, and Man- chester. Hagerstown circuit covcred all Washington and parts of Alleghany and Berkeley. In this tcrritory are now Hagerstown station, Middleburg, Williamsport, Boons- boro, Keedysville, Berkeley, and Martinsburg station. Win- ehester circiiit includcd all of Frcderick and Morgan, arid parts of IYarrcn, IZcrkelcy, arid Jcfi'erso~i. In 1839 it was :i fivc wccks circuit with thirty-two appointnients. IVood- stock circiiit iricludcti all of Shcnarido:iIi arid took in the J,c:st Ri: er co,,litry, thc fatliizs ~)rcaclii19 at iiiei7y ;)':ICCS not no\\ occ:il)i:d by tlic Lnitcd I3rc~tl!:.cn. Rockiiig!i,irri circriit took in :111 Rockirighnni, iiicludiiiq thc LZrock's G:ip rccion. Aitqist:~circiiil n7:is :I trip of c-iic 1iiindrc.d i?iilcs, covt1riii- nll of Aiigiista antl Rockbridgc., tlic Pasturcs, :tnd pxrt d Higldniid. I3iit tlic Prcsbytc,ri:iii Cli~ircli\vns too ccll pIQ.riteti iii niost of tliis tcrritory f'or oiir d<'~ioiiiiii:\- tion to gairi iiiiicli foothold. Tlie Soilili 13rarich circitit co\ crcd Ii:rnipsliirc, Hardy, Gr:iiit, Mint s:il, uiid :I p:irt of I'c~iidIe:c~ii. Tra\clirig onc ot' t!ic SC. circiiits iricaiit sonic- tll~iiig: :df-d(wial, liarcisliip, 1iC7. f'i-oiii liornc :111 tlic ycar, d!ic yrc:it ci::iigc.r froni crossing ssn)ol!cv strcariis, arid tlic iiiucliii :itions of nicn \:lio tlioiiplit it :i qrcnt tliin:: if tlicy coiild gc t tliv bcttcr of n prcaclicr of tl.1~. I_'nitcd 13r~~tlir<~i.i :irid Mctliodist cliiirclics. In c:ir.ly (1:iys Soutli IIruiicli circiiit \ixs callcd "tlw Col- Icgrc." IWwn a prc'aclicr foiind liinis(~1f :issigiicti to tliis ficld it U eiit \ cry liard to tliinli of goiri~;;;tlicre. IZiit Iiis conirndcs would come to his rcsciic, s,iyii-ig hc iiiiisk go to "tlic Collegc" willingly or lie coultd not hc grntliiatcd iiito tlic itincrancy :W u pcriiiancnt rncnibcr. So lic n-oiiid :il\va?js :-,o,hiit witli a wry Face arid tlioii&litsvciy criiph;~tic in tlicir ~iicaiiiii;:. Oiic c~fthcsc nicii \WS Albcrt D:iy, Iiirri- scllf :i iiativc of thc Nortli Fork v:illey, ard tlicrc corivcrted. His first ycar's salary \WS $50, yct inariy ywrs aftcrn,,:rd lic \\.rote that it \v:is his "firm convicliori tliat no yoili~g iiian is fit for tlic iriiriistry who would rcfiisc to mwrk for $50 during hic. erst yc,tr aild t!,c ;~(dtliat Iic C-uld accolii- plisli." Writing fronl Minncsota in 1900, John W. Fulkerson \vondcrs if tlic walriiits and locusts in front of his childhood liornc are iiow iiiariiinotli trccs, the spring a lalic, tlic Iiills iiiountaiiis, thc narro\v vallcys great plains, thc shcep- iiosc and daiiison trces scattcrcd to tlie winds. He was 82 UNITED RHETHREN reccived into confereiice in 1843. The preachers of that period were stcrling meii, conipetent, iiidustrious, and economical. Ministerial support was meager and called for economy in the home. Fulkerson was first seilt to "the College," which he found "inarvelous in extent, but the scenery sublime, tlie air baliny and bracing." The twenty- four appoiiitmeilts paid $64.40, but Selim, tlie dapple rid- iiig hone, made the salary go far enough. Thc moral atinosphere for producing ministerial life was strong in Pendletoii and Frederick. In his soliloquy on what "some of our collcge-padded preacliers of to-day would do with such a charge," Mr. Fulkerson observes that "simplicity of dress with both men and women has always been an admonitioii with me. lf the greedy, unnecessary expenses of thc Christian Church in dress, living, and house furnishing were wisely applied to the building of church houses arid missionary effort, the world would soon be brought to God." United Brethren services were then being transferred from thc German to the English. Tlie Virginia Con- ference was having four stubborn difficultie to deal with. The German speech was giving way to the English. The church could hold Ihe parerits, but the children were passing out of its control. George Hildt, a strong rcpresenta- tive prcacher, had four sons prcaching in other dcnomina- tions. Anothcr was too loiig a delay in opening churcli schools. A third was slavery. Many good, honest slave- holders attending tlic services of the church approved its doctrines and methods. Yet they did not see their way to become members because they sometimes became owners of slaves not froni choice, but by iegacy or marriage. Tlie last cases of slavery in the United Brethren Church were disposed of in 1851. A fourth cause was secrecy, which tiirned away hundreds. Fulkersori, however, mentions a fifth, when he reinarks that a falsc attitude 011 church support is hard to correct. He preached one full year where one mcmber of his flock was said to be worth $80,000. At the end of the ycar this man haaided him a dollar. The preacher looked at tlie rnunificent gift with astoiiishment. "Do not be startled," reniarkdd tlie nioney-grubber, "I have heard better preaclii11,r than you gave,- (rcf erririg to the fathers) , and it did not cost nie a cerit." Kefore aiiy of the Statton faniily joined tlie Cnited Uretliren, they called tlie sect fariatical, because tlicy liad beeri rearcd in the bl~ic-stoclting idea tliat all religious riieetiiigs niust be coiiducted in deccncy aiid order. \\'heil Riiiicl Lvas presidiiig elder tlie Urethren iiad a camp-nieetiiig ut Culp's old ground. J. F. Statton attcnded, niore tliroiigli curiosity than aiiythiiig elsc. He was then a young niuii of twenty-four arid had tauglit several years iri his lioirmc neigliborliood. At tlic Sunday niglit service Rirnel preached in Gcrman, giving siniiers such sledgcliariiriier blo\vs tliat Stattoii was pouridcd into uricoiisciolisiiess. lYlien lie caiiic1 to liiiiiself lic fourid liiniself at tlie niouriier's bencli, a place lie had dcspised above any otlier, not exceptiiig thc saloon. Before tlie altar scrvice closcd, Stattori was riiost po\vcrfully convertcd, and lie never got ovc.:. tlie shoiitirig proclivity lieh tlicri acquircd. Tlie Statton :':tiiiily hat1 a tcnder recollcclioii of the iiariies of Gcorge 13. Riniel, Johii Rucbusli, and Johii Fulkersori. It \\ras tlie dcvout prayer of J. F. Statton that the outpouring of tlic Holy Spirit in Pcntecostal showcrs niight return to the churcli in all her revivals. "Somc of the old fcllows are gcttirig awfully tired of tlie iiiacliincry revivals of tlie pro- fcssioiial evangelist." Aiidrew J. Haney entered tlic confcrence in 1831. He ope~iedthc iiiission betwwn Knobby Hills ancl tlic South 13ranch. Hershcy, Markwood, Rucbusli, a~idFulkcrson followed corisecutively. "The Colltge" was fiealtliy, Iiappy, roniantic, the pictiircsque sccriery adding encliantnient to tlie toil. 1845 was a good ycar on Soiitli srarich, arid thc good ef-r'ccts were to be secn inany years later. An aged niaii dying of cancer asked Fulkersori to preach liis fiinerai scrnioii. A day was appoi~itcd,thc wliole country nround gathered, and the preacher talked to them and the sick man from Isaiali XLVI, 4. The man died within the month. This was the first arid last time he conducted a funeral servicc for a person stiIl liviiig. Hancy changcd his preaching frorn Geriiian to English, aiid though it was a "kind of inixture," hc was still very successful. He made it a point to look after the young and to interest them in church activitics. His first horne as a preacher was with Abraham Furikhouser, whose two children werc taught in English and this conipclled hiiii to conversc with thein iii tlie sanic language. He visited about oiie hundred families this year. He rode up to Benjamin Stickley's placc aiid asked hiiii if he would keep a preacher. "Yes, aiid his horse too," was the response. Hancy praised the purity of tlic water and though Iic did not say so, he thought it ran into a very filthy place. As they turned away froin the spring, he told Stickley hc kriew of a purer fouritain. Thc distillcr understood the allusion and said Haney must prcach here. Stickley sent out his children to solicit an audience arid fixed seats uiider the sugar trees iiear the stillhouse. It was after this that Stickley bccame a Christian arid torc out his still. Both Haney and Hershey held meetings at hls house aiid a nurnber were there coilverted. Stickley told others that aftcr Haney preached his first Sermon at Iiis placc lic could mrrlic no more whiskey, and that what hc Irad iri I~isbarrels Ieaked out. George E. Deneal was "smart aiid s1m-p as a tack," but once forind Iiis equal. He was prcaching on a wcck-day in a private home anc! fcw pcopk wer-c prescnt. At thc end of ihe scrrnon thc prcacher asketi all who mantcd to $0 to l~eavento rise to their feet. Ai1 slood exccpt Mr. Sliniliolt. Ilcncal tlxn asked all who wished to go to hell lo stal-d. Siiinhit rcmaincd scated. The rninistcr was non-plusscd. "You aic a strange man. You iieitlier nmlt to go to hca~cr~•ár hell. TV!T:~Yd:, gou want to go?" "Whcn I arn rcgularly disniisscd, I want to go home," was thc man's reply. J. Zahn was a pood inusiciaii aiid coriipanioriablc. Hc was poor, settled down, aiid got iiiarricd. In driving up lo a hotel in Rornney he thus addresscd thc negro porter: "Monsicur, seize this quadruped by its governmeaat: CHCR(:H HISTOKY 85

extricate it f'roiri tlic veliick, arraiige it in :I s(>~)arate(]C- partmciit, polisli it with care, give provcncier accordiiig to dcbility of iis bcdy, and nt cvcri I \\ill coriipcrisate yo:ir iiiastcr." Ilic \vl:ite iii thc d:irky's cycs ciilargttl, liis te,;lli sliorie, aiid hc rnade tliis rcimrk to thc proprictor, nho \vus irisidcx tlic Iiotcl of'ficc: "Coiiic. out, licrc is a Frciicli- man talkiilg Grcck." -2ftcr siippcr tlic iicgro ti~rii(~dthe tahlts ori Ziliii hy a ti~iiioii~l~:tIic<%f liis poi\,cr-s as n siiigcr. Tlic f'oilo\viiig pitlry eh iractcrizaLioii lias hccii iiindv M to ccrtaiii of tlic c.arly prc~ic1ic.r:;: 12:ier 1.. :is tlioiiylitf'iil orld n:iIclifii'; Sliuc~y\\~ts lil)!'i:!l ;ind gcncroiis; Spcssard \V:,,: fciiiii-;i~cs.:ild iiiodcst ; 12:ichtc.l \\W fc:irlc ss :ind ii~dcpciid*iit; 'Tobry \v:is critical :iiid ~vcil iriforiricd; Milcs liandsoriic aiid :iiiiiriatcti; I3r:islir*ar. \vns a scrriion riicrnorizcr; Hircs \v:is :i iioblc siiigcr anti stroiig re\,iv:ilist; Iirrott was :i giaiit in csliortutioii, an cscrcisc tliat iisiially followcd a scrriioii; Rliiircliart \vas of finc physiqric, 1)o\vcrfiil voicc, iiiiiisti;11 prcacliitig tnlcnt, aiid trciiiciidoiis cncrgy in c~xliortation. "Williaiii R. Rliiiic1i:iri was a tdl, st:itc.ly iiiaii, nttruc- tivc aiid coiiiiiiaiidiiig, a good scrihc, n finc siiigcr, a coiii- 1)osci- aiid coriipilcr of riiiisic, :I good orgunizcr, witli aggrcs- sivc spirit :iiid \vas an iiicessniit workcr. At tiiiics lic l:ick(d in tlic iisc :ind applicntioii of iiicans to tlic cwd 1ic liad in i . Hc was soiiic\vh:it lcuritcd biit not firiishctl. At ti1nc.s lic coiild prodiicc d:tslic~s of fiiic tastc. aiid crcatc drafts of statcirieiit witli forciblc sirrrplicity aiid qciic)i-nl adiiiiratioii. Soriie of liis piilpit 'fiiic sayiiigs' woiild occasioiially turri a soincrsaiilt, aiid hastily pliingc iiito a coiiiic aiiecdotc or illustratioii bringiiig his attitudc aiid systein of tlioiiglit to patt oii tlic iiiinds of the fastidious. Rhiiie- Iiart's raiigc of tliouglit arid infliieiice as an advocat:ir \vns iiiadc presidiiig c>lspericiicc :it tlic. Miniiesota coiifcrcncc iii 189.7, "'l'licse \\.cLrc.thc 11:il)pic'st tlaysof riiy lif'c. I lind iiothiiig tto (10 hiit to galliacr in tlic) lost shccp of tlic) Iioiisc~of Israel." "I arn :i roiigli iiinii, hiit tlic roiiglicst prt is 011 tlic ocilsidc. 1 spcyik iiiy iniiid rlglit out; hiit I iicvcr :illo\vcd iiiy \vr:ith to sec tlic sirii go clo\vii. No\v iiiy werk is doiic. I Iiave 12l:idc prcw:~r:itioiis to lcavc.. I li:i\~bccn iriiich aloiic-- only tlic Tclescopc. 011, blcss tlic Telcscopc. Goti hlt~~ yoii XI!. I sl~~illnot sc~yoli agajii." Hc IIC\C~' i?ecdrti to usc plasscs in rcnding aiid \vritiiig.

Fr.t.tlcrick Hiscy dicd ili Ediiihiir'~,'\Ta.. Jiiiic 26. 1862, ;agcd ;ibout 71 ycars. In thc midst of thc confiisioii of \var :ir;lcs lic T--:ishr:ricd in I::is!c and withoiil n fiincral scrinon. He was n ii~cii~b~rof tlw TTir-inia confcrei~cc,always a local prcuclicr, for :ihout 25 ycars. He was an exccllent hlacksmitli arld n-orkcd at Iiis tradf. on tlic main street in the ccntre of the viIlage. His home was the preacher'e home. He was of the strictest integrity aiid his conversation was aiways turned to the religious. He reproved, warried arid expounded the Scriptures on thc street, at the shop, arid in the social circle, to saint arid simer dil;c. He died triumphant, eridcuvoriiig to siiig, "A charge to kcep I have, A God to glorify." THE TRANSITIOS FROM GERMXS T0 ESGLISH In 172.5, probably riiiietcen-t\vcntietlis of Ilie half riiil- liori iiiliabitaiits of tlie Tliirtceii Coloiiics wcrc usiiig tlie Eriglisli laliguage csclusivcly. The Hollaiiders of S(wr York arid the Shvcdes of Perinsylvaiiia aiid 1)el:iwarc wcre fast breakiiig away frorii a dcpeiideiice ori tlic iiiotlicr torigue. Thc Geri-iians iii Xiiicricn \verc as yct felv. After tlie date just iiieiitioiied, tlie Gcriiiaii iiiiiiiigrn- tioii bvcatiie licavy arid it aliriost accupicd wliole courities bct\vecn tlic Hridsori aiid tlie Jarries. Tlicse forcigiiers \vc.rc. iiidustrious aiid tlirifty aiid show(d a capacity for siih- staiitial citizeiisliip. I3ut to a grcat csteiit tlicy rcsistcd Airieric:iiiization, ai~dto a still grcatcr csteiit tliry resisteci tlic adoptioii of tlic Eiiplisli l:iiiguagc. 'I'liey csliibitcd ari cstrc~rictciiacity in cliiigiiig to tlic Gcriiiari idioni, cspeci:illy iii tliv tnlk of tlic l~oiiic,circlc. \Ylicrc Gerniaris livcd in closc corilact ~vitliIkglisli-speakiiig peoplc, aiid wlicre, as a coiiscqiieiicc, in tcriiiarriages ivcrc frccpcri t, tlic foreigri spcccli slo\vIy yiclcied. Hut wheii a Scotcli-lrisliii~aii,for iiistaiicc, took a Gcrrriaii \vife, tlie cliildren \vcrc !ikcly to bccoiiie Gcrriiaii-spcakirig and 11ius ricw lcrritory \voultf be coiiqiiercd for tlic iise of aii iiii-hicrican rricdium of tliouglit. Soo fmv of the ricwcoriicrs mere so hroad-iiiiiided as pastor Prctorius. Hc ~vrotcIiis sons that altlioii~litlicy \vc,re of a Gcriiiaii fatlier, thty Lvere rievcrtlic~lesshrii in Ariivric:~, aiid lic poiiited out to thciii tfiat it \:oiild Iw a sllarric. if tiiey did not iise tlic Iaiigiiagc of tlic coiiiitry. Over a colisidcrable part of Peniisylvariia tlie degeiicrate form of Gcriiiaii kiiowii as Peiiiisylvaiiia 1)utcIi is :still iii d:dy iiscX. It Iias rio education:il valiie, ~icithcrhas it aiiy litcrary dcvclopiiicrit wortliy of iiiciitiori. I3iit in the Val- lcy of Yirgixiia, tliosc who spoke Gerinan aiid tliosc \~ho spoke Eiiylisli livcd as iieighbors, and ihcrc v~isriiiich iiitercoursc betwecii tlierri. 1Zefore thr presciit cciitiiry began, thc use of Gernian had been alrnost absolutely ubantloncd ini this region. There is, however, an area in the soiitheast of Pendleton that was settled almost exclusively by Geriiians. Were are iiiore than a thousand people, ~~110,in conversing among themsclvcs, scldoni use anythiiig elsc tliari a corrupt jargon iiow rediiced ii; :1 vcry fe~vhiindred foreign words. ?Jot only havc these \vi,rds lost thcir grarnniatical termina tions, but tliv coinmon t~t idea can hartilly be expressed witliout sonie hclp fror11 F g- lisli v;orcts. As in the ease of the Pcriiisylvania Diitc!., tliis crunibling patois scrkes no necessary or uscful piirpose wliativcr. Tlie pcople mho aise it as laoinc talk can neither riziderstand standard German nor rcad the liuge Gcr:nari Bibles piirchased by their grcat gramitiparciits. Bccause . of this tlcvotioii to a irscless form of spccch, the dwellcrs in ihesc vallcys are superstitious as \~cllas iiiiprogressivc. It hol& tlieni back fsom cnkring into the full spirit of Arrieriean lifc and Anierican institiitions. Tliis groiip of peoplc docs not iilcludc. any Cnited Brethrcn congrcgntioiis. As a mcdiuni of preaching, thc Gcrnian tongiie has been cxtinct within tlic limits of thc Virginia Conference for at least ciglity years. Wlierc the Gcrriian specch has tlroroiaghly and for sorrie time becn discarc-ied, the descendants of the Gcrman imni- grants of tlie eiglitecnth centiiry arc akrnost indistiii~irisla- able froiii the niass of tEic Anicrican poi~ulation. Wiere this llas not bccn the case, the descendants still cxhibit foreigii peculiarities, arc rcactionary in spirit, aed as Ariiericans are even yet inconipletely assiniilated. An eflicient systcni of popular edi~catioii,put into foi-ce at least a ccrilury ago, would long since have cxtinquishcd this iinfortunatc display of obstinate conservatisni. Not until 1870 did Virginia take any effectiial step in this direc- tim. Peniisylvania has becn almost as great a Eaggard. For many decades botli thesc states wcre inuclti rcniiss in thc civic as well as cducational dutics toward their citizcns of non-British origin. In the colonial era the German immigrant was tolerated rather than inade ut home. Too CHCRCH HISTOHY 91

often lie was looked iipon as a subject for cstortion. Iii- stead of seeing that his children, if not himsclf, developed into genuine Xrnericaris, thc propcnsity of the inirniprant to be clannish was fostercd and littlc Gernianys on Aiiicri- t can soil wcre iinwittingly cricoiiraged. Otterbeiri \vas twenty-sevcn when he :irrivd in Amcrica, and hc continiied to preach mholly in Gcrnian to pcople who kricw littlc Englisli. To tlie last his convcrsational English easily betraycd his forcign hirtli, ultlioiigli lie fimlly niastercd thc art of writing English lvitli forcc. :ind clearncss. sochni was born in I'cnnsylvania, biit like Ottcrbeiri Iic prcnched only in Gcrrnan. To the end of his long lifc lic coi!!d not csprcss Iii~nself in Englisli witli ~niiclicasc. Gccting, tlic third of thc foiintlcrs of thc Uiiited I3rctlircn Cliurcli, :ilso confincd liinisclf to tlic Gcrrnan in his prcncliing. IZiit Nc\vconicr sooii foiirid it ritwss:iry to prcach in English as ~vellns in Gcrrnan. As carly as 1800 11~foiind that littlc Gerinan \v:is iinticrstood at onc of Iiis Virginia appointniciits. Hc rcninrks tliat tlioiigli liis Eng- lisli was brokcn it secnicd to ninkc sonic irnprcssioii. His aiidieiicc~sin ilic Vallcy of Virginia secni oftcn to 1i:ive bccn riiis

CHAPTER XI1 THE CHURCH IN THE WAR OF 1861 t When the result of the elcction of 1860 was made public, the quarre1 between North and South came to a head. Within six more moiiths there was open war betweeii the sectioils. In an economic, or industrial, sense, the territory covered then by the coiiference was much more Northern thari Southern. Slaves were few in nearly all its counties, and were owiied by a very small number of the white people. This was iiotably the case where the German element was strongest. The jireat majority of the farm- ers worked tlieir Iand themselves. They had no interest in slavcry and no love for the institution. There was not the social ban on manual labor that existed in the planting sectioil of thc South. The chief commercial outlct of the Shenandoah Valley was toward Baltimore and not toward Richmond. But on the other hand, the dominating political scriti- ment of the entire valley was of the Southern type, altbough not unanimous on the subject of secession. Virginia gave only a few scattering votes for Lincoln. The electoral vote of the state was thrown to Bell and Everett, the candidates of the Constitutional Union party, their ticket being heavily supported in the Valley counties. On the Mary- land side of the Potomac, secession was held in the great disfavor. In the Virginia couiities on or near the Potomac were not a few persons who were equally hostile to the doctrine. In the war, the Maryland portion was in Con- federatc hands only on three or four occasions, and for a very few days at a tirne. As far soutli as Strasburg and Front Royal, the Virginia side alteriiated from one ariny to the other, yet was within the Federal lines the greater portion of the four years. Still farther southward, the Valley was nearly all the while within the Confederate lines. The CHCRCH HISTORY 95 military situation was therefore such as to encourage Cnionism in the northern half of the Conference district arid discourage it in the southern half. The stronghold of the United Brethren was first in the southeast of Pennsylvania and also in the very part of Maryland that was most hostile to secession. The Cliurch had been pressing numerously into the West. South of tlie Potomac its foothold was very small in area, and esisted only where agriculture was organized about the same as in tlie North. As to slavery, we have already seen that the attitude of the Church was uncompromising. Un- der all these circumstances, it was inevitable that the United Brcthren, taken in tlie mass, should have no sympathy with tlie Southcrn program. The small section of the Church in thc two slave states of Maryland and Virginia could not fail to be out of liarmony with the Confederate govern- nicnt, arid to have sympathetic relations with their much niore numcroiis brctliren in the free states. Thus the 3,000 membcrs of the Conference urere pluced in a difficult position. To all intents and piirposes they were iindeniably sympathetic toward tlie Union cause. Thcir feelings nrcre rio secret to such of tl-ieir neighbors as fclt it their duty to side with the Confederacy. To them the United Brethren were wliat tlie pro-Germans were to tlie loyal Americans of 191418. Thcy were lield in dis- trust and subjected to some pcrsecution. Some of their preachers were jailed, and some others had to flee from the state they were hing in. Some of the members crossed over into the Federal lines for the primary purpose of enlisting in tlie Federal armies. Throughout the northern side of the Mason and Dixon line, the Brethren were patriotic in the highest degree. To be a Democrat even, was in some conferences to be under suspicion or in some instances to be pushed out of the Church, whilc to be a secessionist was to receive no quarter. We have observed that the northern portion of the Conference was usually within the Federal lines, while the contrary was the case with the southern portion. This 96 UNITED BRETHREN caused a temporary division of the Conference. During the four years beginning with 1862, one group of its ~rcach- ers held sessions within Federal territory, while another group held sessions in Confederate territory. But as a rule the membership of the two bodies were not at odds in political sympathy. They were simply making a virtue of stern necessity. Bishop Markwood was fiery and uncompromisinc. No one could be more fierce in his invective against secession and everything that was involved with it. There was a reward for Markwood's arrest, but he made his escape to the other side of the Potomac. During the war he presided ovcr the sessions of the northern section of the Conference. Bishop Glossbrenner, who presided over the southern scction, was of another temperament. He was calm and conservative. There were a thousand or more of the membcrs of his church who were at the outset within the limits controiled by the government at Richmond. With brief intervals this continued to be the case until the close of the war. He was convinced that it was his duty to remain with them and see that they had such advice and protection as his influence might command. Otherwise, it was Cer- tain that their hardships would be more severe. It speaks volumcs for the well-balanced prudence of the bishop that in spitc of Ihe suspicion in which his sect was held, he would still be able to retain the respect and confidence of those in Confederate authority. In 1863 he applied for permission to go within the Federal lines in order to attend the nbrthern section of his conference and also the Pennsylvania Conference. The rcquest was granted, although, as a matter of Course, Glossbrenner was enjoined not to convey any information that might work to the disadvantage of the Confederacy. He was thus put on his honor and the trust was not abused. On his r~turnsimiiar restrictions were imposed by the Federal military authority. Yet there was some difficulty in getting over the lines, both going and coming. For staying in the South the bishop's motives were L CHUHCH HISTORY 97

sharply assailed. After the return of peace he was called upon to defend his Course. This he did to the satisfaction of his critics. He assured them that he had never wavered in his loyalty to the Federal government. He had told Stonewall Jackson to his face that he did not wish the success of the Confederate arms. The United Brethren preachers did not pray for the success of the Confederacy, yet had to be circumspect if they were to observe the civil authority in force where they were. The northern section of the Conference was at fuli liberty to pass resolutions in support of the Union cause and did not hesitate to do so. T. F. Brashear, presiding elder of the southern district in 1862, prayed for Federal success at the time the army under General Banks was in camp around Harrisonburg. But Banks had to retire, and Brashear had to flee. In 1862 the northern conference section passed the resolution that "we deeply deplore the un- avoidable separation from our brethren in Virginia, and hope that the time is not far in the future when we shall be permitted to meet as usual and continue our connection as hitherto. We will thank God that it is no worse with us than it is and take courage." Strong resolutions were also passcd in the subsequent sessions. At the end of the war, Markwood exclaimed that there was no longer a United Brethren church in Virginia. But this was decidedly an overstatement. The Church in the Shenandoah valley had seen a very real time of stress, yet a nucleus had been preserved, and during the war one house of worship had even been built. This was Salem church near Singers Glen. But in the devastation that had been wrought throughout fhe length of the valley, the membership that had held together were in poor shape with respect to church buildings or in the ability to maintain their preachers. With respect to the paper money of the Confederate government, they had lost little, since they did not let it depreciate on their hands. But the close of the war found them poor, nevertheless. In this emergency the Marylanders came generously to the relief of their 98 LSI'I'ED BRETHRES brethren on the other side of the Potomac. The war had not touched them so harshly, yet that they did not come out unscathed, the following letter, written by Jonathan

Tobey to the Rev. William R. Coursey, will bear witness. * It is dated August 9, 1864, and was mailed from Pleasant '2 Vallcy, Maryland. "JVe suffered much in our county from the late rebel invasion. It would take volumes to enumeraate all their acts of wrong, cruelty, antl barharisni. They justified their conduct saying Gen. Hunter did so, and so Hunter's conduct in Virginia is not justifiable, but Johny reb out done him by far. The Johnies tliey robbed, kidnapped, and burned in Maryland. They took all the horses they could see except some lame ones, and all who did not run off their horses or hide them lost them. They entered private homes in the night, and demanded of the citizens their purses, watches, and so forth. They shot a respectable citizen in his own house and in his own bedchamber. They plundered all the stores, took meat away, and much they destroyed. They took Wagons, buggies, and harness. They seemed to be savage in their manner, quite insulting, and threatening, seemed to look upon the Maryland people as enemies, and treated them as such. They came back to the county twice since the first invasion, the last time took some of our citizens prisoners as hostages, for to have some of their rebs redeemed. It is unhappy living along the border.- Religion seems now to (be) alrnost lost, the people were so much excited and lost so much that (they) seem discouraged, broken down ." It was asking too much of human nature to expect that tlie uiipopularity of the Brethren in the Valley of Virginia could be thrown off in a day. Shortly after the return of peacc, Markwood visitcd a quarterly meeting at Keezel- town and was invited to leave. He then went with Simon Whitesel to a Sunday school and was invited by Whitesel to address it. The entire audience immediately left, leaving the two men alone. Yet the unpopularity soon waned and has long since quite disappeared. CHAPTER XI11 THE CHURCH IN RECENT TIMES It is now a little more than a half-century since the close of the great American war. To the Church of the Ciiited Brethren this has been an epoch of expansion. If two lincs be drawn from Philadelphia, one to the northwest corner of the state of Washington, the other to the southwest corner of California, the space between will nearly coincide with the territory covered by the church. The old population to the east, northeast, and southeast is of non-German origin, and no effort has been made to in- troduce United Brethrenism in that section. The space within the angle at the apex is where the Church arose. Until a time quite recent, the movement of the American people has been almost exclusively westward. Except in a very slight degrce the membership has not migrated into New Jersey, New York, or New England, and not in numbers sufficient to found churches. Neither has the Church ever been introduced into the plantation region of the South, although a reflex wave of settlcment of recent date has placed a few congregations in that part of Virginia east of the Blue Ridge. But descendants of the original Cnitcd Brethren have moved westward very numerously, arid in doing so have establishcd new conferences all the way to the Pacific shore. As has been pointed out elsewhere in this volume, it was once the general opinion among the Brethren that preaching could be done by men who made no preparation for it and who gained their livelihood at something else. The laity listened, but did nothing toward the support of the preacher except to feed him and his horse when he came around. This was doing no more than they would have done for a stranger. At length there was a rising demand for a change, and the time came when it had to be reckoned with. 100 UNITED BRETHREN

"No wonder the transition to a paid ministq was slow and hard. The people themselves made money very slowly, and it was their idea that if the preacher had enough to eke out an existance, he was abundantly supplied. So the idea has grown slowly that the minister should be made comfortable with a support suficient to enable him to equip himself and do the best work possible, and that this support is his of right. Unfortunately, the idea does not yet prevail among us that it is not the minister's business to see after the collection of his own support, and that it is the privilege and duty of the laity to see that the minister, who is the servant of all, be given this support promptly." As to how the church of to-day compares with that of 1850, a correspondent expresses the following opinion, which may be colored by the pessimism that is liable to accompany old age: "Three log buildings were owned by the Church, which elsewhere worshiped in schoolhouses and private honics. Thcre are now twelve good churches and a half-interest in four or five others. The increase in mernbership is 300 to 400, but no greater than the incilease in population. The circuit covered what is now embraced in thrce circuits, a part of another, and also a station. Piety will have to be discounted fifty per cent." The first church paper was the "Mountain Messenger," appearing at Hagcrstown, Maryland, in 1833, and edited by W. R. Rhinehart. Next year he sold out his equipment and ~novcdto Circleville, Ohio, where he began editing the "Religious Telescope," the circulation of which was about 1200 copies. In 1843 David Edwards was conducting the papcr on a salary of $350 a year and his house rent. He wrote cditorials on national peace, and against slavery, secrct orders, liquor, and tobacco. The church publishing house beguri here in a very modest way in 1834, was moved tmenty years later to Dayton, Ohio, and has since dcveloped into one of the most complete establishment of its kind in the Union. A church paper to represent the Virginia Conference was agitated as early as 1847. By a vote of 18 to 4, it was CHC'RCH HISTORY 101 resolved, "that this conference, from tlie fact that the Religious Telescope, our church paper, is calculated to hinder, rather than promote, the church within the bounds of our conference, in consequence of its containing abolition matters from time to time, take into considcration the propriety of publishing within its own borders, :I religious paper for its own benefit." Thc following year it was resolved, "that we regard oursclves as having btcri misrcpresented in the columns of the Telcscope during the past year." The evidcnccs quotcd wcre the articlc, "Right Side Cp," by thc cditor, Mr. Ednrards, "whicli v:c rcgard as saying, siibstantiallg, tliat thc wrang side was U!) at the time being;" and by "Zethar," concerning " 'a rcli~~ion morc rcfiried and lcss repulsive to the feelings of thc fasli- ionable,' which, with its conncction, MT rcgard as saying of us that our rcsolution proposing to 'consider thc propricty,' ctc., approbated upon oiir part thc refinemcirt and fashionableness rclated to slavery." These rcsolutions show, aftcr all, that tlic Virginia nicrii- bership was sensitive on the topic of slavery. That this membership was but a small part of the total niembcrship of the church, and that it was resident in a locality not thoroughly permeated by the slave labor systcni, wcre thc conditions that prevented a schism, comparablc to that which took place a few years earlier in the Methodist Episcopal Church. "Thc Conference News" was finally established as the local Organ of the Virginia Confcrence, but it was discontinued in 1911. As to thc province of a denominational papcr, the pro- jector of this book made the following observations: "Debate is inherent in democracy. As the highest form of government, democracy demands the highest intelligente aiid the soundest morality. The Puritan experiment in government provided the town meeting and the schoolhouse by the side of the church. The United Brethren in theory is the most democratic &urch in America. Have we made the full, intelligent, 102 CSITED BRETHRES and gencral participation of our people in church government one of our distinctive characteristics? Our highest law-making body is made by the direct vote of our people, and yet how few voted in the recent election. The forum must be our church Paper. The General Conference is one-half ministers (of whom one-half follow the leaders) and one-half laymen, few of whom have given thought to church problems or taken an active part in lcgislation. These will come with good hearts but feeling the need of more information. If there is lack of vision, where's the wonder?" For inany years instrumental music in church worship was held in great disfavor, and so late as 1865 there was a rule against its use. Neither were there any choirs, and ministers never thought of reading their Sermons. It was about this time that that stern conservative, Bishop Edwards, protested against placing an Organ in the Sun- day school at Dayton, Ohio. This prejudice has faded away, as has also the prejudice against mustaches and long bcurds among the ministers. So latc as 1845 the Church was taking little interest in frontier and foreign missions, the reasons being thus suinmcd up by a minister who began preaching about the time mentioned: "A want of information concerning the state of the world, and the little interest the preachers feel on the subject. There is not the taste for reading among I iis thcre ought to be. Intelligente, liberality, and virtue ~r geiicrally go hand in hand." And yet foreign missionary work was bcgun in 1854, and in the home field still earlier. Tlicre are now missions in Japan, China, Africa, the Philip- pincs und Porto Rico. A mission in Germany was opened in 1869. As a peoplc mainly of Gcrman origin, the United Brethren woulC * seem eminently suited to arrest the coming back of the thi~ilydisguised Teutonic paganism which has been so painfully in cvidence since 1914. Even in the youth of Otterbein, the German Reformation of the sixteen centuq had spent its force. He was himself aware of the wave of rationalism that was spreading mental and moral ruin CHCHCH HISTORY 103 in its haughty and self-sufficient march over Gerrnany. The established churches of that land mere forced into a subservient attitude toward the state. This is wliy Spcner, himself a Luthcran, sought comfort in separation from the ruling elernents of life. This cxplains why he aiid his followers sought to promote inward piety in the rcstrictcd fellowship of kindred souls. The earliest history of tlie United Brethren Church is Spayth's, and it did not appear until 1851. It has bccn followed by scveral others, and by many volrirnes on bio- graphy and reminiscence. A church paper to represent the narrowing Gerrnan- speaking element was started in Baltimore in 1841. The General Sunday School Board appeared in 1865, the Board of Education and the Church Erectiori Socicty in 1869, and the Wornan's Missionary Association in 1875. The most momentous changes took place in the quadrennium, 1885-9. A revised Confession of Faith arid a new Constitution were drawn up in 1885, and votcd upon by the Church in November, 1889. Lay represeritation now took effcct and the rule as to sccret orders was modified. The time limit was removed in 1893. The votc in the Gen- eral Conference in favor of tIie changes was 110 to 20. It produced the first and only schism that has yet appeared among the United Brethren. Of the 20 members voting in the negative, 14 withdrew from thc Conferencc. Among them was Bishop Wright. They and their followers believed with entirc sincerity that they could not see their way to an acceptance of what they held to be a serious departure from the old standards. This wing claimed to be the real United Brethren Churcli, and the litigation which ensued was not finally settled until 1895. The Old Constitutio~)ming of the United Brethren is an entirely separate church organization, but has no distinct official name. In adheririg to the Constitution and Confession of Faith as obscrved by the whole denomination prior to 1885, the Old Constitution wing adheres to the ban against secret orders. Some differences in church government 104 UNITED BRETHREN and management have arisen in the past thirty years, and a careful conservatism marks this branch in financial and other mattem. The Old Constitution United Brethren are particularly strong in the West, yet have a membership of 1500 to 2000 within the limits of the Virginia Conference, grouped in the Augusta circuit and the Highland and North Fork niissions. The number of preaching places is about 20. This church has a college and publishing house at Huntington, Indiana, and from the latter issues a church paper, "The Christian Conservator." With the one exception of the Disciples of Christ, the Church founded by Otterbein and Boehm is the largest of the American-born branches of Protestantism. It has steadily attracted to its fold persons of other than German descent, and that element in its membership is not incon- siderable in point of number and influence. The fathers of organization were averse to founding a new church, and for a while the United Rrethren were quite favorable to a union with kindred denorninations. This feeling is now much less in evidence owing to a growth in denorninational pride. The United Hrethren Church no longer bears a distinct impress of foreignism. In this particular, not even the divorce from the German langiiage is so significant as its refusal to espouse non-resistance as an article in its creed. An overwhelniing majority of the American people detest war as much as do the Quakers arid Mennonites. But they belicve that when war is thrust upon a people, it is as much the duty of that people to take up arms as it is the duty of the private citizen to resist the outlaw who wantonly assails him. They note an inconsistency in the man who pays war taxes or buys bonds for war purposes, yet is unwilling to enroll as a soldier. There is a broad distinction between the Germans of the Germany of to-day and the German emigrants to America in the eighteenth century. The former have been hypnotized and indoctrinated by their autocratic leaders into an implicit belief that their national welfare rests on CHCRCH HISTORY 105 ruthless force and wholesale plunder. Genuine Christian- ity had no place in thc program marked out by these leaders. On the other hand, the Germans who came to America in the half-century 1725-75, were essentially a religious and democratic people. Many of them were pacifists. All the non-resistant denominations in America, not excepting even the Quakers, are directly or indirectly of German origin. Biit the non-resistant sect becomes in some measure a cave of Adullam for the slacker in civic duty. In pacifist churches of a Gcrman origin may be found congregations almost wholly of non-German blood, the influence leading them here being an easy way to shirk military service. The Moravians hold non-resistant principles, and their missionaries were able to persuade many a war-party of Indians to turn back. Yet they cheerfully paid taxes for the causc of American independence, and when their town of Bethlehem was in dangcr of attack, they fortified and provisioned it, and arrned themselves. In the same war Quakers and Mennonites furnished money and provisions, and many of them became soldiers. In that conflict the greatest American general except Washington was a son of Quakcr parents. CHAPTER SIV MOVEMENTS TOWARD UNION WITH OTHER CHURCHES The poiiits of rcsemblance between the Unitcd Breth- rcn aiid the Mctliodists have often been a subject of com- mcnt. In thcological belief there is complete accord. Each body has a record as a revival churcli and has made much use of camp meetings. Each iises almost precisely the saiiic terins throiighout in designating the various features of its organization. Eacli has its conferences, its quarterly incetings, and its class nxetings. Eacli has its bishops, prcsiding clders, local preachcrs, aiid exliorters. Each lias its stations aiid circuits. Each has a wcll developcd itiiierant system. But thc resemblance is almost wholly a matter of coincidence. Neither church is an offshoot of the other. Idcntity in piirpose and inethods has led to a very close identity in ~~ganization. The church of the Unitcd Brethren may very truly be said to begin in that sermon by Otterbein at Lancaster which marks the turning-point in the character of his miiiistry. We do not lrnow tlic precise year, but 1735 is an approximate date. Boeliin began to preach in 1758. At Zhe rneiiiorable inceting in Long's baril, about 1768, the inovemcnt bcgan to assunie taiigible form. The conferences of 1789, 1891, and 1800 were a rccognition of a state of thiiigs already existing. The ncw church was in oller-- tion, even if there were not yet an official name or more ihm an informal organization. The Wesleyan movement arose in England, and \vas iiitroduced into American by Strawbridge, a local preacher who settlcd in the north of Maryland about 1765. The first Methodist class was formed in the city of New York by Philip Emhury and Barbara Heck in 1766. Both these persons, by the way, were of German parentage. In 1773 the first conference represented only sis circiiits aiid fe\vcr than 1200 rncrnbers. As an independent church, Method isrn in Ariicrica began on Christmas day, 1784, mith about 15,000 nicrnbcrs, ncarly nine-tcntlis of thcm living in tlie Soiith. TI-ius thc arca in which tlie two chiirches appcared was nearlg tlic samc, thc i\Iethodist tcrritory bcing the niorc cstcnsive. Had Ottcrbcin and Bochni uscd tlic Eiiglisli tongi:c es- cliisively, tlic fouridcrs of tlie Lnited nrctlircn niovcnicnt and the foiin(1crs of Arneric:in Mcthodisin would liaw bccn drawn irresistibly togcther to werk in a singlc organization. It was a Methodist bisliop \vho said that if tlic message of Ottcrbcin Iiad bccn in Englisli instcad of Gcvnan, Iic woiild li:ivc bccn tlic logical lcadcr of the fit rleral cvangelical movcinent in this coiintry. Ihit Otterbcin, Bocliiii, :ind Gcctirig prcadicd excliisiwly in Gcrmin, and thercforc to pcoplc of Gcrmari birih or parcii tagc. Tlie early Mctliodists kncw notliirig of Gcrni:in, aiid prc:iclicd in Englisli to peoplc wlio iiridcrstood Englisli, this dass tlmcn ii-icliidiiii-, only a small proportion of the Gcrinan clcnieiit. Thcrc was coriscquently little ovcrlapping of effort, aiid littlc grourid for jcalousy or rivalry. Thc dif- fcrencc hct\vecn tlic two sccts was little clse thaii n differ- encc in langiiagc, and incidcntally in national origin. Each addrcsscd tlic audicncc it was best fittcd 10 addrrss, and lcft to thc sistcr orgaiiization tlic duty of lookiiig after other pcoplc. i'hat thc Unitcd Brcthren and tlic Mctliotiist cliurclics shoiild spring up sidc by side was tliercforc the most natural thing in tlie morld. As tlierc is a sti-iking siniilarity bct\veen tliese ho bodies, so is tlicre a striking corrcspondcnce bctwccn Wil- liaiii Otterbci~iand John Wesley. Each inan was a thor- oiiglily educateci scliolar. Each grew iip in the comniunion of a stroiig ecclesiastical system, to wliich his attachment was strong. Ncvertheless, the time camc when Otterbein coiild no longer work within tlic Rcfornied Churcli nor Wcslcy within thc Church of Englarid. Like Otterbein, Wesley began preacliing before hc um an cntircly con- 108 UNITED BRETHRES wrted riian. The religious destiriy of Otterbein was deter- miiied by tlie small evangelical society of the Pietists, just as that of Wesley was determined by the small evangelical sect of the Moravians. Each man discarded the exclusive iise of cli~irclilyrobes and a chiirclily pulpit, and went out to preacli exteriiporaneously whcrever he could gather an audicnce. The rnessage of each was to the common people, and the cominori people heard them. Each was persecuted by cliurchinen as well as by the rabble, and each rose above these Iiindrances. Neitlier Otterbcin nor Wesley had any dcsire to forind a new church. Each tried to leaven the church in wliicli he had been rearcd, and it was only when thc opposition within that churcli could not be overcome that Iie gave liis conscnt to the necessary measure of set- ting iip a llcwr one. Even thcn, Otterbein never formally or of liis own accord withdrew from the Rcformed Church, nor did Wesley sever his conncction with the Church o! England. But though thc broken English of the early United Bretliren gave tlie carly Mctliodists some trouble in carry- ins on a coiivcrsation, each band of Christians recognized froiii the first tliat tlie other was riiade up of fellow laborers in an idciitical caiise. Thc difference in language in fact niadc for friendslnip by removing a ground for one sect to intcrfcrc with tvliat the other was doing. In a period of dciioniiiiational narrowncss and prcjudice, it is therefore pleasant to iiote the exceptioilally cordial relations . &s hct~vcciitlie Uiiitcd srcthren arid tlie Mcthodists during the foriiiativc pcriod in the liistory of each. 13ct\vccii Otterbcin, the senior founder of the United Bretlirc.ii, aiid Asbury, tlic pioneer Methodist bishop, thcre was an attaclimeiit tliat was intimate and affcctioliate. The ' F latter coiisidercd the former to be the foremost theologian in Aiiierica. Asbiiry was insti~imentalin causing Otter- bciii to go to Kaltiniore. Otterbein assisted in the ordination of Asbiiry, and at tlie special request of the latter. It was Asbury wlio preaclicd the scrmon at the funeral of Otterbein. And as we might suppose, Otterbein had a high CHCWCH HISTORY 109

opinion of Wcsley arid tlie Methodists. A uniori of tlic two churches was thought of at an early day. But until the closc of 118-1, the Metlicndists were a society within tlie Churcli of England. To the fatliers of the Ciiited sretliren tbis was an obstacle. Another objec- tiori was the adhcrence of the early Metliodists to the doctrine of apostolic succcssioii. They hcld that it was wrong for any prcaclier to ~resiirneto adrninister tlie sacraments iirilcss he had bceii regularly ordaiiied by a bishop of tlic cstablislied cliurch, and tlie doctririe assunies that thcre lias been an uiibroken liiic of ordinatioii ever since tlie days of the apostlcs. Both objections carne to lose all their forcc in conscquciice of the grcat iinlikeness which has developcd bctweeri the Methodist Churcli aiid the Church of England. A friendly corrcspondciice lookiiig toward uniori was begiin by tlie Methodist confercrice of 1809, lield in Har- risonburg. Tliis is spokcn of in our estracts from New- coriicr's Journal. X close coopcratioii witli tlie Methodists was givcii riiuch atterition in thc Unitcd srcthren confercnccs of 1809 aiid 1810. 13y an agrcemerit of 1812, any nicctiiig-housc of eitlicr churcli was Open to the other when tlic cliiirch in posscssion was not usiiig it. Mernbers of . eitlicr cliiirch were freely adriiittcd to thc class-rncetirigs, prayer riicetings, arid lovc-feasts of tlic otlicr. Gcrrnari convcrts usiially wcnt into tlic Unitcd Rrctlircii Church aiid Eriglish-speaking converts into tlw Mcfliodist. 111 1813 an address signcd by Xsbury was rcccivcd from tlic Metho- dist confercncc, aiid a reply was ordercd so as "morc aiid niore to effect a uniori between the two chiirchcs." Iri 1813 a lcttcr froiii tlic 13altimorc Coiifrrericc of tlic Mctho- dists espresscd its gratificatioii at the frieiidly rclations with tlic C'niteti Bretlircri, a~idhoped thcsc rclations riiight continue. sut orgaiiic union docs not sccni to have bccii strorigly favored oii eitlier side. By thc word "uiiion" in tlic Unitcd Brcthreri lettcr of 1813 was nieant iio niore tliaii friendly cooperation. Asbury was a very efficient superintei~dent, 110 CSTTED BRETHRES but did not bring Methodism into direct tauch with those inhabitants of America who did not speak Ellglish. America was not then n polyglot coiintry. German ms thc only other tongiie spokcn by any considerable number of whitc Aniericans. Evcn in tIiat day tlic stribbornncss with which tlie Gcrman elcmcnt clung to the Gernian spcech \vas decnied iinrcasonablc and anti-Xmericaii. And on tlic sidc of tlic C~iitcdRrctlircn it may have bcen felt that in conseqiiencc of thc tcnipcramental and other dif- fcrcnccs betwccn thesc two groups of Christians, it miglit he better if cach wcrc to retain its separate organization. sirt tliis failiirc to unite did not lead to a sundering of fratmnal relations. Methodist ministcrs oftcn visitcd the confcrciices of thc Uiiitcd Bretlrrcn, and Vnitcd Brethren I ministcrs oftcri visitcd t11c confcrcnces of tlic Mcthodists. Diiring the xvar for Aincrican Indcpcndcnce the Metho- dist~bcgan to grom rapidly, and it was thcn that Mctfiodist prcacllcrs bcqan to appcar in t1ie Gcrmari scttleincnts of Marylrinti and its ncighboring states. Thcsc "Eiidish brctlircn," as thcy wcre stylcd, werc gladly receivcd. Eren tlic wifc of 13isliop Roelim joincd tlie Mctliodists arid so did soiiic of her sons. Asbury dicd in 1816. A Mcthodist presiding cldcr, in an cxcess of denorniriatioiial zcal siispendcd the workiiig arr:tngmcnt will1 tlie Uriikcd srethrcn, arid insistetl that Wcslcy's rulcs bc strictly followed. Onc of thesc riiles prcscribcd who shoiild and who should not be admitted to social mcctings. It had been nccessary in England, because siich meetings, if open, werc subjcct to interruptioii by gangs of oiitlaws. In thc Amcrica of 1816 no stich caiitioil was neccssary and the rule soon became a dcad Ictter. For a whilc, the social meeiings of the Methodists were closcd against thc Unitcd Rreth~u.It is unfortunatc that this rcactionary policy arosc, yet it has long ssince passcd away. In the rnatter of cliurch goveriiment, therc is a differ- cnce betwccn the United Brethren and the Methodists. The former regard their system as the more democratic, and prefcr it to thc more ccntrally organized System of CHCRCH HISTORT 111 the other church. Their bishop is chosen for a term and not for life; their presiding elders are chosen annually; their congregations have rnore control over their local con- cerns. They regard Methodism as autocratic, and yet the general efficiency of this feature has contributed very largely to the phenominal growth of the sister church. The United Brethren have lost the characteristics that for several decades marked them out as one of the Ger- man sects of America. Their very origin as a German sect is now almost lost to view. But though the points of differente which once stood in the way of an organic union with the Methodists have been removed, no action looking toward a merger has since taken place. But in recognition of thc fact that in spirit ancl polity thc Cnitecl Brethren are of the Methodist group of churches, they were invited to send delegates to the Methodist ecumcnical conferences of 1881 and 1891. For a rather tcchnical rcason Bisliop Glossbrenner saw fit to oppose an acceptance. About the ycar 1800, the Albright Brcthren, a German speaking body of Methodists, seceded from the parent denomination. In 1813 they had fifteen itinerants and aborit eicht hundred members. In April of this year Bishop Xewcomer visited the Albright conference and received a letter to be given the United Brethren conference of the same year. The latter assembly appointed a committee of four, which met an Albright committee of the same size at New Berlin, Pennsylvania. A discussion of several days did not reach any conclusion. The Albright General Con- ference of 1816 adopted the name of Evangelical Associa- tion for their sect, and discussed the proposed union. A committee of six persons from each church conferred in 1817 at the horiic of Henry Kumler, but failed to come to any understanding, and no further negotiations appear to have been attempted. The Evangelicals thought the working of the United Brethren itinerancy was too lose. The proposed merging of the United Brethren with the Cumberland Presbyterians, the Methodist Protestants, and the Congregationalists, is a matter of very recent history. 112 USITED BRETHREN

That a union with the last named body did not take place is very easy to understand. The two denominations have overlapped only in a very slight degree, and have been very little acquainted with one another. There is a wide tem- peramental difference in the membership of the two churches. Alnong the Congregationalists each local body is entirely independent of any other and in church government is strictly democratic. There is much more in common between the United Brethren and the two other denominations. That any merger failed even here is perhaps due to the denominational pride that makes any form or degree of chiirch unity very difEcult to achieve in practice, although in theory it may be warmly advocated. S1:ivcr-y c\\islc (1 in nll llic coloiiics \\ Iicii lli(k t7iiitcd IIrcitlircii Cl~tirc.11 as iii coursc. of' foriiiatioii. In I'ciiiisyl- vania thv iii>tiliitioi~i!c~\o~* bad !iiorcs thii a diglit liold, :ii:cl al'lcr Lhiiic.i.icaiiiiidcpc~iidoiiw caiiic LXS sooii :tl)olislic~cl. 'l'li,. \Yc)slcrii Statcbs, iiito wliicli tlic c.liiirc.li sprv:itl, \vcbr(l frcc tc~rritory1)y virtuc of' tlic faiiioiis Ordiii:iiic(~ of 1787. M:~ryluiitl, Yirgiiiia, :ilid 'I'c~iiiic~ssc~~\\.c\ro slavc. sl:ilos iiiilil :ific.r [I:(. \var of 1861 1i:id 1)c.giiii. 'I'lic~i-vioro, tlic) gi~)iiiid covcwtl hy oiir cliiircli \\.CIS,iiiitil tlic) last-ii;iiiicd c~\c,iil, 1):18'kly i'iw aiid p:irliy skivc.. 'irt froiii tlic lirsl llic wiiliiiic~iitof tlic cliiircli tlis- tiiicLIy nguiiist tllr iiistitiitioii of sl:rvc,ry. Tltis uxs p:irtly 1)ecausc tlic. Gei-iiiaiis ol' i\iiic~rica \ver(, vcry gc~iicnilly avvrsc Lo IioBdiiig slu\~~s.It \vus 1)arily 1)cc:iiisc~ soiiic of ' tlic,ir sccts lind r*c!igio~is:;cr~il)lcs iliat slood iii tlicl \v:iy. I:iit f~iiid:iiiiciil:illy tli(. ol-)jcctioii of' Ilicsc, pcoplc 10 slavcq Ii:id :in cco:roiiiic soiirccb. Tliv P'iiilccl IIroLlircii \v(~c, iiol g;rcsiic~ul'ylary hiid o\viic,rs hiit siii:111 f:iriiiors. Siicli iiioii 1i:itf iio pl:icc~ fon. slnvc%ry. JYitlioiit cucc~l)tioii,:rll llicl courilics iii wliicli oiir cli~ircli:irosc, \vcre ovcr\vlicliiiiiigljr :.i.fiilc in pol)iil:iticlii, :iiiti c.oiisc.qiic~iitly tlic adiial iiiiiiibc~i. ol' sl:ivc~liold(~siii iliciii \v:is vcbry siii:ill. '1'11~(;ciicrnl Coiifcrc~ricc~OS 1817 \IYH 11(,1(1 iii I'c~iisyl- v:iiii:i aiid udoptc~l:I ruk oii slavcry wliicli is slntcd iii wry csplicit niiti ciicrgotic 1:iiigiiugc. It resolvcd 11i:it ":\I1 slavcry, in cvcry sciisc of Llic lvord, bc tot:illy proliibitc>ti :iiid iii iio \vuy tolcratcd iii our coniiiiiiriity." Mciiibcrs of 11i(~clii!rcli ~vliowcrc Iioldiiig slavcs at tlic tiiiic \wrc rcqiiirctl to sct tliciii frw, or to :isli tlic q~inrtcrlyconfcr- cLricc.lo (Ic~tcriiiiricIio\\r 1011:; a slavc iiiiglit hc Iicld in ordcr ili:it tlic o~viicrtiiiglil tlius bc coiiipciisalcd by ]:ihr for liis ~~iircliasc-irioii(.y,01% thc cost of r:iisiiig tlic iicgro. Arid 114 CNITED BKETHKES ili ilo sjioLild a riieiiibcr sell a slave. A reprimarid to follo\v any of this rule, and if tlie rcpriinand wcre (]bscrved, cspulsion was t0 follow. It is t0 bC iiotc(j tliat ihis rule was adoptcd just after the enactmelit ()f tlic. Missouri Conipromisc, arid therefore at a time whcn tlic liiie betwccri frec and slave territory was sharply dramn. Tlle riilc. of 1817 reinaincd in force and was closcly ohsc~rvc:Isecret fraternities. "Forty Ycnrs before the civil war the General Confer- cnce made slavery a test of membership. No man who CHURCH HISTORY 115 owned slaves and would not arrange to free them, could remain a member of the church. This rule was never modified, but its enforcement was the more demanded as the abolition sentiment in the country grew in force and intensity. This, of Course, kept the churcli out of the South, except in the north of Virginia, where the church liad becn carried by tlie German settlers before tlie question of slavery attracted public attention. The Gernians worked witli thcir hands, and did not own or eiiiploy slaves, except in rare cases where a lioiise woman or a farin hand was owned as the most available way of securing needcd help in a coinmuiiity where slave labor was tlie rule. This was winked at only duriiig tlie civil war, when other labor could not be had. Othcrwise, it was not tolerated. Christian Shuey, who gave thc land arid assisted largely in -building Bethlehem church near Swoope Depot, was a small slave owner. Although he was reared in a home where the fathers preached, and althougli he was the class leader and mainstay of his congregation, his son and liis son-in-law enforced the cliurch law against him, and expelled him from mem%ership in his own church. How- wer, tlie question of character was not involved in this violation of church law, for Christian Shuey rcmained loyal to his church and was its standby until his deatli. He continued to be the leader of the class from which he was technically expelled." In the matter of intoxicants the position taken by the Uiiited Brethrcn from tlie first is highly creditable. The German settlers of the eightecnth century were a temperate peol~le. They did not liave tlie beer-loving propensity o€' the modern German, a habit which has made that element in America a laggard in the march of prohibition. Again, the United Brethren put themselves on record at a time when the drinking habit lacked little of being universal in this country. It is often asserted that in the "good oId days" liquor was purer than it is now, and that although drinking was prevalent, intoxication was rare. The statement is echoed 116 USITED BRETHREN 7 time after time, as thoush its truth were unquestionable. Arid yet its o~ilyfoundation is a mirage; an illusion of huIiiali nature that is very aptly expressed in the following couplet : 'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view, And robes the mountains in their azure hue. The only solid fact in the statement mentioned is that in tliose "good old days,"-about which, by the way, there is so riiiicii of Iiumbug-the intoxicating element in liquor was geiicrally alcohol, and not so much as now, a com- pountl of corrosive chemicals. Alcohol is alcohol, the world over, and its eff'ects on the human system are but sliglitly influcnced by climate or race. Instead of actual drurikenness being less frequent than now, it was more frequent. The authority for this assertion is abundant arid uninipeachable. Washington said in 1789 that drink was tlie ruin of half the workmen in America. An eminent 1 Frencli visitor of the same period said that the most com- 1 mon vice of thc inferior class of the American people was 0 drunkeiiness. The Continental Congress of 1777 passed a resolution tliat the state legislatures should at once pass laws "the rnost effectual for putting a stop to the periiicious practice of distilling grain." But this resolution was too far in advance of the public sentiment of the day and was laid on the table. In our time it requires no high degree of Courage to dcnounce the rum tradc, for the simple reason that thc &1 business is now under the ban of the best public opinion. But a century ago the traff~cwas so strongly entrenched in the social customs of even the best classes of society that the person presuming to antagonize it was called a visionary or a fanatic. The decanter was then in almost every home. Tem- It perance Sermons were not preached, neither were there any temperance societies. High church off~cialsdrank to intoxicaton. Drinking was carried on at marriages, births, and burials. When a doctor visited a patient he was offered a dram. Speaking in 1820, a pastor in the city of Nem CHCRCH HISTORY 117

York said it was dif'ficult to rnake pastoral visits for :I day \vithoiit becoriiiiig iiitoxicated. Dr. Danicl Dorcliestcr quotes a riiinistcr of that period as saying lie could couiit up amorig his :tcqiiaintances forty niinistcrs \vho \i cre drunkards, or wlio werc so far addicteti to tlic iisc of driiik that their uscfulriess was irnpaired. Coiiiiiig iicarer honic, all but oiic of thc cight deacoiis of a ccrtain chiircli nrcrc in 1839 activcly ciigaged iii distilliiig wliiskcy. .lnd this was within tlic prcscii t boiiiids of thc Yirgiiiiu Coii- f crencc. Am1 yct wc find tlic. riiitvti T3rctlircii Coiifcrciicc riil- iiig,--:is carly as 1811,-tliat "evcry iiicinbrr sliall nhstniii frorii strong drink, aiid usc it onily oii ricccssity as riidi- c-inc." Sevcw ycars lutcr, tlic Gciicrul Co~ifcr~nccruled tliat "iiclithcr preachcr nor Iay mcriibcr sliall bc allon-ed I lo carry oii a di~till~ry."Outsitic of oiir churcli tlierc is in Amcricaii history no ccclcsiastical actioii oii rccord of i earlier datc th:m 1811. Tlic oric of 1816 took placc iii 0 Ncw Eiigland, and cxcrtcd wry little infliieiice outside. It was not iintil 1826, wllcii thc. Ariicricaii 'Teinpcraiice Socicty hvas organizcd, that thc cvniigclical cliiirclics of thc Ciiitcd Statcs piit thcniselvcs on rccord as opponciits of tlic liqiior tradc. In 1841 carnc tlic adoj>tion by thc Ciiitcd Hrcthrcn of the rille which dcclarcs that "tlic dislilliii;:, vcndiiig, and iisc of ardcnt spirits as a bevcragc sliall be and is licrcby forbiddcn throiighout oilr socicty." The Church thus bccainc a total abstiiicilcc socicty, arid such it has evcr sincc rcinained. Nevcrthelcss, tlic early rcstrictive lcgislation was not always hcedcd. The conferencc of 1831 toolc this action concerniiig one of its ineinbcrs: "Rcsolved, if Conrad Weast don't quit making liquor and prcach more, he sliall have his license dernanded." Evidently this remedy was not effective, for six ycars later it is ordered that "it be published in the Tclescope that Conrad Weast is no longer a preacher among us." As in the case of alcohol, the use of tobacco is no more nor less than a phase of tlie drug habit. In this matter 118 USITED BRETHREN Ihe United Brethren early took advanced ground, notwith- standing the fact that this denomination arose in a tobacco- growing region, and likewise where the tobacco habit has always been very prevalent. The objection raised within the Church is that the habit is unhealthful, unsanitary, iinnecessary, an offense to neatness, and particularly unbecoming in a minister. In 1867 this resolution was adopted: "That the ministers of the Virginia Conference be advised to discontinue the habit of using tobacco in all its forms." Since then tobacco has repeatedly been denounced on the floor of conference. At the present time it is tacitly understood that applicants for admission to that body are expected lo bc abstainers from the weed, and that persistente in the habit by the older members operates as a bar to their advancemcnt to high position. CHAPTER XVI COSCERNING SECRET SOCIETIES In thc century in whicli -\vc live, secret fraternities are riumerous. In tlie early years of the United Hrethreii churcli tliere were very few of tliein. Tlic Masonic order was vastly morc conspicuous tlian any other. As neiv socicties arose, they wcre regarded as dircctly or indirectly the of'fspring of tlie Masonic by those pcrsons \vlio Tvere opposed ta secret societies in gcncral. Otterbcin arid nocll~nwcrc in agrcc\ineiit witli Weslcy in holdiiig sccret fraternitics in rniich disfavor. -4s a class, thc Germans in r-lmcrica wcre vcry hostile to Frceiiiasonry. It thiis follo\vcd tliat for scvcral dtcadcs tlicrc was ~cry gcncral opposition to secrct orders witliin tlie Viiitcd Rrcthrcn cliiireli. It was hclti that if tlicrc is aiiytliing good in secrecy, thc piiblic nccd not bc kcpt in ignoraiicc; and that if tlicre is anythiiig bad in it, tlic bad ouglit not to bc shieldcd hy an oatli-boliiid veil. The clainis of Masonry wcre thought to bc anti-Cliristian and of no divine origin. To thc JIeii- nonitc cleinent the Masonic oaths merc an offcnse. It was Iield to be sinful for tlic initiatc to swcar to obcy a code of laws lic was not acqiiaintcd wit1-i. As to tlic proinise made to tlie person aboiit to cnter thc ordcr,-that ttiere is notliing in its oaths to do violcncc to his duties to himsclf, liis coiintry, and his Go&-it was held that tliis was a rncre man-madc opinion and not ncccssarily corrcct. And thc adinission by thc Mnsolls that the name of Jesus may not be iised in their serviccs was viewcd as a stumb- liiig-block that could not be surmoiintcd. In 1826 one WiIliain Morgan, a man rcsiding in the west of New York, was liiio\vn to be on the point of publishing a book that piiiported to be an esposure of Frccmasoiiry. He was abductcd and ncvcr again heard of. What bccame of him is still a secret to thc world at l:irge, bilt t~icopponents of tlie order ~w-econvinced that 31orgaii \\ras put out of the way and his body sunk in Lake Erie. Tliere \vas great excitelnent over the matter throilglloilt the Cnited States. A new political party was foril1cd,-tlie Anti-Masonic,-aiid in one presideiitial election, it carried the state of Vermont. IYithiri the Liiited Brethren Cliurch the opposition to Jlasoriry did not begiii with the Morgan affair. Sevcral iiiontlis earlicr tlie Miairii Conference resolved by a unani- nloiis votc that it would bear with those of its brethren wlio liad already joiiicd the Masons, so long as thcy did not attend Masonic lodges; but that if any member sub- sec~uciitlyjoined tlie order he should be espelled. Tlirce years later, the General Conference' resolved by a unani- lnous votc tliat "in no way or mariner shall Freemasonry be approved or tolerated in our church," and that "if any ineniber join thc Frecmasons, such member, by such an act, cscludes himself from membership in our church." At tliis tirne thc grounds of the opposition against thc hfnsons werc substantially tlie same as the following digest of tlie charges forinulated by a convcntion of men wlio had witlidrawn from thc fratcrnity. Thcse men declared tliat Masonry assumes to exercise a jiirisdiction ovcr thc citizens of any country in which it esists; that it claims the right to punish its members for oflciise uiiknown to tlie laws of our nation; that it con- ccals crirne and the person coinmitting the crime; that it providcs opportunity for plots against persons and the very governmcnt itself; tliat it encourages crime by pro- viding ways for the guilty to escape; that it assumes un- republican titlcs aiid dignities and creatcs odious aristo- cracies; that it blasphcines the name of God and makes thc 13ible subserve its ourn conccrn; that by a profane use of religious forms it destroys a veneration for religion; tliat it proinotes idleness and intemperance; that it accumu- htes at the expeiise of the iiidigent, funds to be used in dissipation; that it contracts human synipathy by con- ferring its favors arid its charities oll its members oiily. CHURCH HISTORT 121

But new fraternities appeared, arid during the last eighty years they liave beconie iricreasingly nuinerous. The Soiis of Temperarice, the piorieer of tlie anti-liquor secret societies, arose in 1842. Maiiy of the youiiger people aniong tlie C'nited Hrethreii went into its "divisioris" (lodges) iii the belief tliat the considcrations urged against Blasonry could not apply to a society whose leading aim Ivas to furthcr a caiisc vcry dear to tlie Church. Arid there Tvere other persoiis in the deiiomiiiation \vlio were restive under the ruliiigs oii secret orders, asid did not always observe them, evcn with respect to Masonry. Tliis was particularly tlic casc witliin tlic domaiii of tlie Vir- fiiriia Coiif ereiice. As against tlie clnims presentcd against the Masonic and otlier orders in a preceding paragrapli, wc iiow qiiote tlie siibstance of an addrcss by Jacob saclitel beforc the Gciicral Confercnce of 18.19. Iii tliis sessioii tlic rule tliat stood in thc Discipline iintil 1861 was prcsentcd. It yas adoptecl bg a votc of tliirty-tlirce yeas and two nays. saclitcl 2nd Markwood were the delegatcs voting iii tlic ncgntivc. Burtiicr, tlic tliird dclegatc, was neutral. Mr. Baciitcl spoke as follows: "Tliis report iiicludcs all secret orders. I ani not riiuch, if any, opposed to Masoi~ry,and can not aiid will not tririi a man out of the cliurch, or rcfuse him adinission to tlie churcli, ori accouiit of liis beiiig a Mason. I caii not tiirii illc Odd-fcllows out or rcjcct thcrri. Tlic objcct of tlie Soiis of Tciiiperance is graiid, noble, aiid bciievolcnt. Tlicy have donc niuch good iii Virginia, and havc beeil tlie ineniis of rcforriiiiig many drunkards. Tlieir secrecy is iio jiist ground of objcctiosi. The disciplcs liad secrets; xvarriors have secrets; tlic Cliurch has secrcts; aiiiiriai conferences liave sccrcts; somctinies it is ilecessary for them to liave secret scssioris, and there ought to be more. Tlicse societies rniist liavc secrets, or tcsts, to scciire tliem- sclves agaiiist fraud :ind iinposilio~i. The passage of tliis rcsoliitioii will iicarly ruiii tiie cliurch in our coiifcrcnce." 122 USlTED BRETHRES

JJ7ithin the Criited Brethren Church, two wings, styled tlie radical and thc liberal, were now arrayed against each otlier. Tlie radicals held inflcsibly to the traditional policy of tlie church. Tliey conceded that not all fratcriiities miglit bc harmful in tendency, but they did object to letting down the bars. Tlicy insisted that the new societies imitated the incdianism of the Masonic order. They also insisted that the essericc of secrccy is the same, whatever the avowed or unavowed objects, aild tliat sccrecy muzzles freedorii of opinioii. They thought it better for the church to kecp clcar of all fratcriiitics, so that ministcrs aiid iiiernbers niiglit bc free to uttcr tlieir honest, uritrammcled opinioii at ariy tinie, aiid without askirig the permission of aiiy sccrct orgaiiization whatever. Thcy thought that seriuiis coinplications witli respect to church discipliiie miglit result if all rcstrictioiis were withdrawn. Thc libcrals, ori the other hand, maintaincd that a rigid, uncompromising rule was unwise and not in harmoily with thc spirit of thc age. Their ranks were largely recruited froiii the non-Gcrman elcmcnts in thc church membcrsliip. But thc popular feeling against the Masoiis subsicled. This aiicierit order niaintained its ground, and maiiy new fratcrnities arosc. Meariwliile, the liberal element witllin thc Cnited Bretlireil Church grew stronger and stroiigei, arid in 1885 was able to secure the adoption of the ~nodificd rulc which is now in forcc. This rule runs as follows: A secret combination, in the sense 'of the Constitution, is a secret 1 league or confederation of persons holding principles nnd laws at variance with the Word of God, and injurious to Christian character as evinced in individual life, and infringing upon the natural, social, political, or reiigious rights of those outside its pale. Any meinber or minister of our Church foiind in conneclion with such combination shall be dealt with as in other cases of disobedience to the order and discipline of the Church,-in case of iuembers, as foiind on page 23 of Discipline in answer to the third question of Section E, Chapter IV, and in case of ministers, as found in Chapter VI, Section 13, page 65. Men of the typc of Bishop Edwards were fiercc in their denunciation of secret orders in general and the Masonic in particiilar, and that positive-minded man never receded f'rorii Iiis opiiiioii. Thc stand t:ikcw by tlit. Cliiircli \vas at first quitc iiiiaiiiiiioiisly ~iplield:irid \vas \cry loiig coii- tiiiiied. It opcrutcti to very iicwly t~\cliide tlic Cliiircli froiii tlic ccntcrs of popiilntioii anti caiisc, it to 11c n cliiircli of thr riird scctioiis aliiiost liolly. Iii :I 1:irgc sciisc tliis is still tlicl c:isc. Ycit at tlic prcseiit tiiiic), t1ic.r~is iio active Iiostility to sccrct fratc~riiitics,aiid iiic~iiibc~rsoI tlio chiircli Sccl frce to co~inccttlic~iiisclvc~s \\ ith siicli :ts arcb o1)vioiisly not antugoiiistic to tlic piihlic u,c>lfare. LIST OF PREXCHERS: CWROXOLOGICAZ fioiiscr, D~vidJ:ickson, Jacob Minser, David S. Spessard, .Jonathan Tobcg-7. 1836.-Moscs Michael-1. 1837.-Fredcrick A. Ropcr, Charles W. Zalin-9. 1838.-\\'ilIiani Ed\vards, Jacob Markwood, John Rich- 3 artis---3. 1839-Henry Jones, Robcrt G. H. Levering, Johii Ruc- bush, Snniiiel Zehrung-4. 1$4().-Jolin Pope, Rciijamin Stickley-2. 1841.-Joseph S. Grirn-1. 1$32.-Jacob C. Spitler, Emanuel Witter-2. 1$4:).-Jaiilcs E. I3owersox, Andrew J. Coffman, Johl1 \V. Fulkersoii, Williarri Lutz-4. 1844.-David Fcrrell, Joseph Fuiikhouser, Joliil Gib- bons, Jarries W. Miles, Jolin G. Steward-5. 1845.-Richard Nihiser-1. 1846.-Jolin Markwood, Jacob Rhinehart-2. 1848.-Gcorge 0. Little, George W. Stattoii-2. 1839-Tlieodorc F. Hrasliear-1. 1850.--Joliii W. Pcrry, Abc1 Randall, Isaac I<. Stntton, H. H. Wintoii-4. 1851.-W. T. Lower, L. W. Matthews-2. 1853.-Lcvi Hcss, John Phillips, John F. Stattoll -3. 1854.-Saniuel Martiii, Henry Tallhelin-2. 1855.-Isaiah Haltzcl, Williani H. H. Cairi, Rciijaraiin

Ilciiton, Zcbidee Warner, J. P. White45. d 1856.-G. W. Albaugli, Jacob A. sovey, H. R. Ilavis, Corncliiis 13. Hanimack, Eli Martin, Williain Yerkey-7. 1857.-Sariiuel Evcrs, Joseph Holcomb, John W. Howe, Williani Janies, George W. Rexroad, Jacob M. Rodrid-G. 1859.-John Delphy, Janies T. Hensley, T. S. McNeil-3. 1860.-W. A. Jackson-1 . 7 1861.-T. Rushong, Joshua Harp-2. 1862.-Hcllry A. sovey, J. M. Canter, Abram M. Evers, Jarnes W. Hott, John K. Nelson, Charles T. Stearn-G. 1863.-John W. Grim, Johri W. Kiracofe-2. 1864.-W. J. Miller, George H. Snapp-2. 1865.-WiUiam 0. Grim, P. H. Thomas-2.

1~~9.-J. B. ~h~iliberlain,Williain 0. Ewing, Jamb C. S. l\lyers, Edgar A. Pugh, Sainuel L. Ricc-5. 18<30.-~. L. Dorsey, Julius R. Fout, J. F. Siiyder-3. 1891.-~. P. S. Busey, Edgar W. McMulleii-2.

1892.-Jolni W. Maiden-1. ) 18!)3.-J. W. Waiter-i. 1894.-Jaines W. Brill, Otto W.Burtiler, \~'alllor L. Childress, S. D. Dawson, S. R. Lud~ig-5. 1895.-C. I>. Bc~inctt,W. H. Br~ice,Saiiiuel A. Criebill, Williaiii 0. Joncs, H. E. Richardsori, A. J. Secrist--6. 1897.-William A. Black, Johii H. Hrurik, Gcc~r~c.ht, Jones, Lan Seng Nam, L. A. Racey, J. W. Stearn-6. 1898.-Luthcr 0. Bricker, T. J. Feaster, A. R. Hcindnick- son, A. P. Waltoii-4. 1899.-Charles M. Good, T. C. Harper, Ida M. Judy, E. A. Stantoii-4. 1900.-E. A. Stanton, T. C. Carter, W. S. Raii--3. 1901.-J. H. Fergusoii, W. B. Keeley-2. 1902.-W. D. Good, Geo. Burgess, S. E. Boyd-3. 1903.-J. L. Argenbright, E. E. Neff, A. G. Wells-3. 1904.-W. M. Maiden-1. 1903.-A. B. Wilson, A. H. Vondersmith, C. J. Racey, J. Ralph Geil, H. N. Sypolt, Johii D. Scott, G. J. Roeida- biish--7. 1907-W. R. Chapinan, W. D. Mitchell, A. L. Maidcnn-3. 1908.-T. T. Tabb-l . I 1909.-R. G. Hammond, T. M. Sharp, H. E. Richardcon, Clayton Wyaiid-4. 1910.-F. H. Cliubb, Wm. Varisickle-2. 1911.--L. C. Messick, A. H. Mann, Geo. A. McGuire, I. Siiinnicrs-4. 1912.-D. G. Briinlow-1. i913--R. N. Youiig, W. L. Hamrick, A. samford-3. 1914.-R. Rock, S. L. Baugher, J. W. Wright-3. 1915.-T- E. Gainer, W. G. McNeill, D. T. Gregory, J. H- Schmitt, H. M. Grimm, J. R. Collis, F. A. Tinnq-7. 1916--w. R. S\vallk, D. F. Glovier, V. L. Phillips, \V. B. Obaugh, M. \Y. Selson, J. R. Healc, D. D. I3randt, W, A. Wilt---7. 1917.-T. J. Cofl'iiian, J\?. H. Smith, C. \V. Hiser, \Y. R. McIiinncy, ,J. E. Oliver, L. G. Bridges, W. P. Holler, W. M. Coiirtiicy-8. 1918.-M. L. IVccklcy, J. H. Arnold, J. H. Cliamber- lain-3. 1920.- H. I'. Riippt~iith:il,E. E. Miller---2. 1921.-Cla~ide Ryan, Herman Grove, Lester M. Leach, C. \V. Tinsni:in, E. H. Caplingcr, C. P. Hoverrnalc, C. K. Welsh--7.

Tlic following list, \vith thc date of joining tlie conference, gives thc nanics and addrcss of a11 living former members of the Virginia Conference, as far as we are able Bo ascertain, and we believe it is exactly correct.* 1830.-John Haney, Marion, Minn. 1843.-John W. Fulkerson, Marion, Minn. 1844.-James W. Miles, Baldwin, W. Va. 1848.-Geo. W. Statton, Monte Vista, Colo. 1850.-I. K. Statton, Lisbon, Iowa. 1854.-Henry Tallhelm, Edinhurg, Va. 1839.-James T. Hensley, Marion, Ohio. 1860.-William A. Jackson, Glen Savage, Pa. 1861.-T. F. Riishong, Eldorado, Ohio. 1861.-Joshiia Harp, Benevola, Md. 1862.-Henry A. Rovey, Potsdam, Ohio. 1862.-Chas. T. Stearn, York, Pa. 1862.-Abram M. Evers, Hagerstown, Md. 1863.-J. Wesley Grimm, West Fairview, Pa. 1863.-J. Wcsley Kiracofe, Greencastle, Pa. 1864.-William J. Miller, Lebanon, Kans. 1864.-Geo. H. Snapp, Mt. Olive, Va. 1867.-J. L. Grimm, Harrisburg, Pa. 1871.-John B. Funk, Lancaster, Pa. 1872.-J. W. Funk. 1873.-C. I. B. Brane, Lebanon, Pa. 1874.-Geo. Kiracofe, Chincoteague Isle, Va. 187 1. --\\'illiuiii 13cal1, lkrkeley Spririgs, W. Va.

187 1.- - I. M. Ciideru ood, Adeline, 111. 187.5.- il~.F. Ikiter, Huritingdon, Ind. I?,/)>.--(;W..I. Ro~idabusli,Myersville, Md.

18i(i.- C. Tl'. Stiiicspriiig, Frederick City, Md. 1877. .I. I:. Hott, Loii-, Glade, Va. 1878- (:l,;l~. \\T. Hutslcr, 1635 X. 12th St., Pliiladel- 1)liia, J'a. 1878. 1.:. 1,iitlu icl;, Middlctowil, Pa. 1880. \\'illi:irii Hesse. 1880.- S. 11. Siicll, Iictdysvillc, Md. 1880. M. I,. M:iyscllc.s, Muiison, W. Va. 1880. hI. .I. Salt, Florin, Pa. 1881. \V. 0. 12rios, Fostoria, Oliio. 1881. \V. L. M:irtin, Tliurriiont, Md. 1881. -.lolin $1. 13olto1i. 1881. .T. I\'. Hicks, Cliicago Junctiori, Ohio. 1882.--l,utli(~r 0. 13urtner, IIagcrstown, Md. 1883Xlhert Ilny, Marietta, Ohio. 188.5.- I3udolpli Y3yrd, Chcwsvillc, Md. 188.5. H.13. Foiit, Dayton, Ohio. 188.5. -.J. I<. I<. Ricc, Ihonsboro, Md. 188li.- Y. A. Tiir:icofc, Pcquca, Pa. 1XMi.-A. X. IIorii, Faycttcville, Pa. 1887. Gco. M. Gruhcr, Hagcrstowii, Md. 188!).--.J. 13. Cliaiiil)crlain, Washingtor-i, D. C. 188!). S:iriiiicl L. Ricc, K(yijysville, Md. B 1X!)().- .llaliiis 1':. li'oiit, Fostoria, Ohio. 18!)'7.-IA:iii Sciig Xmn, Caiitoii, Chilla. 'Tiiis conipilatiori was riiadc for tlie I'nittd Rrethren Centennial of 1900.

132 CSITEI) BRETHRES ]{~iiiliis,,Jacob -S(lttlcd iicur ~~e~ll~lit,O., 1822-faB1-i~ of Smtiiisky Conf. ~~:iiilli~,\'alriitiiic-1812--~)r(l. 1817-d. about 181& :igd 36. ]!,:izzlc, 11'. P-- 1888-erd. 1893. L 1 , -8! ord. 1876-honorably disniisscd at Iiis o\vii reqiiest, 1880. ]3c.~ic.diini,(;corgc-1803-iiioved to O., 1804-d. 1837, ugcd 72. Ekiiiiett, S. 11.--1895--ord. 1898. Hcrger, Cliristiail-1805-to see what would take place bc~lo\viii tlic gwat meeting, hc hid himself in a barii in I3crks Co., biit ut Iciigtli the people were startled hy his loiiti crics aiid pi'aycrs; Iie was brought down and sooii convcrtcd- -al\vays in deep poverty, but aii indcfatigable j)rcac1icbr-iiiovcd to Wcstrnoreland Co., Pa. 13crgcr, Josepli-1828. I3crry, 115lliani R.-1878-ord. 1881-d. 1906, aged 53 - biiri<~lat Daytoii, Va. Hlack, lVilliam A.-1897-ord. 1900. I3orlini, Martin--1800*-sec Chap. 111. I3ocliiii, IIcnry-l800*-joi1ied M. E. Ch. 1804. 12ocliiii, Charlcs-1830-ord. 1832. Holton, Johii M.-1881-ord. 1886-trans.to Md. Conf. 1887--joincd Presb. Ch. I I3oriiig, Ezekicl-1825--ord. 1828-lived iii Pa.. but travclcd in Va. aiid preached at MThitesel's-d. 1861. I3ortsficld, Matthias-1804-charter members of Musk- ingiiiii Conf. 1818. soveg, Adam 1.-1835-ord. 1838-went from Iicedys- dk,Md. to 1v. Va., 1852-d. 1879, aged 82. Rovey, Jacob A.-1856-ord. 1858-d. 1859, aged 35- biiried at Edinburg, Va. Rov<.y, Henry A.-1862-ord. 186P-b. 1831-trarI5 to Ccntral Ohio Conf. 1878. Boyd, S. E.-& at Roanoke, Va., 1911, aged 67-this alanic occurs only in Mr. Fiinkhw~ser'snecrology. Ho\\ cLrso\, .T:iiiiis E.--18 I:<- ord. I8 1Ci- traiis. to Iot;

Cori;'. t 858 - iiiarricd a Slii~c~yd.at Shiicy ille, Iu. f

151-:1zc~r.,.I:ic.ob I SI 7 li\ C (1 at (~I~;i~iiI~c~rsl~iir~,['

3 0 11 Yi1i:ii - I81 7 hisliol) oiicL tc.rrii, clc~c.liiic.clri3- cldioii. Hro\vii, George -1817. Bro\vn, George \V.--lXiO-\vitlic1rc~\\~ iiiidc~r c.1i:il.g~i. 1877. I3riicc, \V. H.- 1803. 13riiiik, .Jolrii H.- 189-ord. l!)OO. Riirtrier, Henry--1821--01-d. 1823-(1. 1857, agcd 57. surtricr, Williani H.-1869-ord. 1871. I

12urtiicr, Otto 1%'. - 180 1. IscyI. I. S. oid. 1898. Hrishoiig, 'I'.--1861- ti-uns. to Miariii Conf. Hyrd, Riidolpli-188.5-ord. 1887. Cain, Williarn M. H. -1855 ---tr:iiis. to Parkcrsburc~ Coiif. 1837. Cantcr, J. M.--1862--01-(1. 186l-trans. to Scioto Coiif. (?) 1866. Castle, ,4. S.-188Ltraiis. to Md. Conf. 1887. Chamberlaiii, J. B.-1880--ord. 1891. Childress. Waltcr L.-1894-an elder from M. P. Cl,. Clary, W. H.-1873-ord. 1885-d. 1013, aged 69. Clifl'ord, T. I<.-188'7-erd. 1890-d. CI(>ppcr,Joli11-1821-ord. 1829-livcd in Md. (:()ffrtiuri,A~idrejv J.-1SXGord. 1846-from Page CO. -ioiiic.d Liillic~ruiiCli. (;OL1rs(~y,\\Til]i:llll R.-18X-ord. 1835-trai~. to Rock i, Pleasaiit Valley, Ya.- (I. 1823. (;i.iiiii, Hc,iiry--l800*. Ciipl). X. F. .l.-18&--ord. 188'7. i I. 1. 18.X traiis. to Parkcrsbiirg Coiif. I>:i\\~soil,S. I>.--189 1. Ihy, L\lhcit-1883-ord. 188(i-joiiicd Prcsb. Cli. 1892. I)c.hof, .J:icob--180,i- ord. 1817-d. 1834. llioo i1828-ord. 1830 aiid wcnt to Pcriii. Corif. d. 18 11. I)c~lpliy,Joliii--1850. 1hi~ilc,Gcwrgc E.-- 183 L-ord. 1835-froiii Oliio ( '?) "~io1oiigc.r :I prc'aclicr aiiioiig us," 1837. 1)ciitoii. 13c.iij:iiiiin -1855-Iocal preachcr aiid fariner - gi'niidfal1ic.r of Rcv. S. L. Rice-d. about 185(i-buried nt I>i*> Riq. l)oii:iv:iii, Joliii 1).-18ii-orcl. 1881-d. 1905, agcd 30- biiricd ul Siiigers Glrii, Va. l)orc:is, .Joliii--182!)--erd. 1832. I)orscy, R. L.-18!)0-tlisrriisscd from the millistry, 1894. I)rakscl, Abrdiaiii-1800*-b. in Leballon Co., Pa., 1753

---r>iiiowdto Mt. Pleasaiit, Pa., 180-1-d. 1825. I)iick\\ ald, Ludwig-1801. Ihiclmald, Fredcrick-1805-livcd at SIecpy Cr., va. I)iickwnld, Henry-1808. I~ii~ialio,Jacob-1820. llyclic, C. I>.--1881--erd 1885. Ebc~rliart,Loren--1805. Eckard, Fraricis--183 I-ord. 1838-silciiccd 1812 --rc- storcd 181 1-licciisc dciiiaiictctl 181,i-d. iicur Midu ay. Rockbridgc Co., Ya., during tlic \v:ir-\vifc :I Hoff'iiinri. Eckstein, Joliii --1827---ord. 1829. Ed\vurds, TYilli:tni--l838-ord. 18 11- -traiis. to Io~va Coiif. 1853-rcurcd :it \iVliitc5scbl's ~hi~rch--stroii~i11 praycr-wifc a Gaiigcr-4. iii IoIva. Hrb, Juco1)-1823- ord. 182.j- bisliop t1irc.c tcriiis -d. April 29, 1883, agcd 79. Ernst, Joliii-l80O*---bc~loiigc~(1 iii Pa. Estcrlciii, Loreiiz--l824-ord. 1827. Hvans, J. A.-- -1880--b. in Micliigaii, cdiicatcd, \\.c>iit to Africa, 1870, rctiirnctl, servcd tlic frccdiiicii iii Yu., aiid rctiiriicd to Africa, 1880-d. at Frcctowii, Africu, 1899 niid therc biiricd. Evcrs, Saiiiiicl-1857-d. 1861 agccl 30-biiricd :rt I-iiion chiircli, Cross Kcys, Va. Evcrs, Abraiii M.-1862 --ortl. 1863--traiis. to Md. Co~if. 1887. Evig, Jarrics-182 I-Lord. 1829 ( ?). Ewiiig, TVilliani 0.--188I)Lord. 1892-d. 1898 aged 32-biiricd at Friciidsliij), Frcderick Co., Va. Fadeley, Grccii 13.--1886-ord. 1889. Fcaster, T. J.-1898--1901-(1. 1I)OG agcd :I2-l1uried at Lahiiiaiisvillc, W. Ya. Fcrrell, David-184 1-\vcnt West and died iii I7- :i cli:ii.ic~rriic~iiibc~r of 3Iiirii. Coiit.--strc:iiq aii(1 iiitliic~iiliulprc~~cli )I. lo~cda gootl Iroi.scs ~)r(~c(dccI(;lossl~rc~iiiic~r iii Kockiiigliarii. I-E,triii;iii. Gc~)rgc, 18(i!) ord. 187ri (1. 18!J!), agcd 70. IIc r~iinii(iic~i~iiiaii) . I'c~tci. 182!) orcl. 1831 ti.uiis. to PCI~II.Colif. 183 I. H . Tos1i:- 186- ortl. 18(iI--lr:iiis. to ilItZ. (hiif. 1887. 112~)OI,,'L.. C- 1!M). H:~ssc)!l, Cliurlcs lXl:)--c\liortc~r. Hc~ridricks, .JoIiii -182- orcl. 1827- l)r.c:ic.licd :I t I

FE<~tidr.icl;soii. I\. R.- 1898. IItwslcy, Jariics T. orti. 18T>!) -ti.:iiis. to I'nrlic%rsbur,q Cont'. 1860. Hcrrc, Siiiioii-- 1800*-d. 1821. I-lcrsliey, ~l~ristian--1800*-liv~d in Pcrlri. Hcrslicy, ~bru~lulil---~$()()*-~~ncleto Jacob Erb, as also 1i.u~Christiaii Hershcy. HcrslIcy, ~bra~l~lill-~~~T>-ord.1827-d. 1839-livcd i11 Pr~rin. Hcrslicy, Mic.liacl--1811-er;h0rt~r. Hcrshey, Joscpll M.--18:32--iraus. to St. Joscpli Co11f. Harrnali (Herrlllaii), Petcr-182!)--erd. 1831-traiis. to I+nn. Conf. 1831. Hcss, Lcvi--ltJc5:3--ord. 1855--in I>eiin. Conf. 1857-68- traris. to P:irkcrsburg Conf.-joined M. E. Ch.-d. at \Irin- chostcr, J'a. Hesse, \~illiaiii--l88O-ord. 1883-j oiiied Li1thcraii Ch. Hicks, Jarrics %7.-ord. 1881-carne froin Miaini Cotif.-- gra

Dakota Coiif. 1877 - joiiictl 0. C., 1889. Hott, Clinrli~sM. 1872 -ord. 1875 -tririis. to Md. (hif. 1887 (1. :it \\'oodbridg,rc, Cal. Ilott, Joliii M. -18'77 ord. 1883. Hot 1s11cI'. 1878 traiis. to Miaiiii Coiif. 1882 -ioiii- ctl l'rcdx Cli.

Hott, (korgc I'. - 17- ord. 188:j- scle Chwp. SS. Houk, Joii:rli lX'2.5. ok,J. 1.- s:iriic ns .Joii:ili? \vitlidrcw. iiwgiil:irly-- joiiicd M. I<. C. S. (1. aboiit 18fil oii Elizahc,tli 1sl:iiid. Ho&, H(~rrin:111--18~30-erd 1834. Hoiik, Jacoh M. 8 0-o 8 livcd iic:rr M(~lrosc~-- nlarricd I3arbara Rliodcs, tlic woiii:iii wlio rcarrd hiiii :ind \vl~o\vas probably 10 yc:irs oldcr. I-Io\vc, .lohn W.- -1858 ord. 18(iO- sc~Cli;i1). SS. Ho\vc*, Grwrgc W- 1867--(I. 188!), :ig;r<~l57 hricd at Mt. Horcb. Hiibcr, S:iiiiiic~l 18lfi--ortl. 1819. Huber, Hciiry-1828. Hugcl, Joliii-1827-ord. 1830. Huiiiplircys, .J. G.--187/1-disiiiisscd for failiir(~to iiieet coiiii~iittccori coiirsc of roading, 1877. Hii tlin, 'I'lioiiias- -1822. Hiitzler, Cliarlcs W. -1878--ord. 1881 tr:iiis. to E. li'ciiii. Corif. 1883. Jacksoii, David-1835-local prcaclier-g:ivcx up Iiis licrnsc- -d. at Cliiirclivillc, V:i.-fatlicr of Rcv. 1%'. A. Jack- son. .Jacksoii, W. A. -1860Ltr:iiis. to I'tiiii. Coiif., 18(i:I. Jaincs, TTTilliani-1856--trans. to Parkcrsbiirg Coiif. Joiics, Henry--1831) perliaps livcd oii I-Iolconil) 1)lace ncar Melrose, \'a. 140 LNITED BRETHREN Joncs, ~~~~~-1875-ord.1878-d. 1889, aged 53,. Joiies, Williaiii 0.-1895. Joiies, George M.-1897. Jordan, JoseI>h-1811-exliorfer. Judy, Ida M.-1900. liecdy, D. D.-tl*alis. froiii Allegliaiiy Coiif. 1857--traris. to Md. Corif. 1887. Ktiter, Moliroe F.-1873--ord. 1878-joiiied 0. C. a8?)1. ~t.liip,I->etcr-1801-d. riear Frederick, Md., 1811. I.

hEai.k\vood, .Jncoh--1838 orti. 18 11 - scv Cliap. XIS. Mal-Lwood, Joliii-brotlicr to .Jacob-traiis. froiii Sciotci Co~i$.--1ived iii Hanipsliirc Co.-blind last years of life. JEartin, Sai~iii~1--18~?1---localprcaclicr nnd blacksiiiitli- cliurtcbr iiiciiibcr of Pnrkc3rsbiirg Coiif. i n 1-8 cwiiic. froiii Huptist Cli. traiis. to Pa rkt.a.sburg Conf. ;\I;~i.tin,\Ir. L-1881L ord. 188 4 traris. to Md. Conf. 1887. Jlalthcws, L. IV.--1851 - ord. 1833--tr:iiis. 18fiS rcared iii Fix,dcrick Co.- -a fiiic preaclicr. M:i>-c~r,Abmliarii-1800" 4.1826, agcd 6') livtd iieaa- Carlislc. Pciin-ord. 181!). M;iysc.llc~s,M. L. --1880- -ord. 1887 trans. to Md. Coiaf. 1887. Jlc3Iiilleii, Etlgar \V. -1801-(1. 1817, agcd 51 -11iiric.d at Sinqcrs Glen. McXcbil, T. S. -18.S!)--froiii Mianii Conf.--(I. 1871. llic.Fiucl, Moscs-183---ord. 1858 ( :>) trans. to 310. Coiif'. c.liurtcr niciiibcr tlicrcof, 1858. Nilts, Janies W.-18 14-ord. 1846-traiis. to Parkess- 11iirg Coiif. 18,57. Mi&Yei.,Tlioiiias-182.5-ord. 1828-preaclied at \Vliitt~- scl's--1li~ed in Slienandoah Co.-mnrried a Painter-joined Lu th~W11Cll. nliller for riiniiing liis hnrse racc track about 1836--d. in kllll. 18.52. hlillcr, \V. ~.--18&-0rd. 1868-traiis. to K. Lms. Coiif'. 1890. Millcr, Cllarlcs--l 874-f roll1 Evaiigelical Associat hi1- (1. 1892, agcd 67. Miiiscr, ,Jncob-lr)35--caiiic froiii thc Mcthodists- rear- iri Frcderi& Co., \Ta. -inarricd a IIender-

Pfriiriiricr, John G.-1800"-ord. 1815-h. jli 1'iratidt- ri. in Harrison Co., Iiid., 1825, aged 63. Phillips, Job-1853-ord. 1855-urithdre\%r irrCs La liarjy, 1858-joi1ied I'resb. Ch.-d. in tlle west of Penn. T't)pc, ~o~iii-1810 orcl. 184:l- locul prcuclier- li\cd in i'c~li

Rliiiicliart, .Jucob 1830 - ord. 183%- iii Pciiii. Coiif. 1840-lti 4.nt Fislicrsvillc, Vu., 18.X -1)iiricd at 13etlilehen1, Xugiiata Co.-graw ii1irii:trltcd. Richt-ds, Joliii 1838 -orti. 18 11--grc:it revivnlist und 0 1 witlidww ireg~1:ir 18 lti joiiicd Lu tticrari I . -\\.cllit to Ion :I. Kicliardsoit, H. E.-1895-ord. 1898. Riegel, Adam-1800". Rice, J. E. H.-1885--ord. 1887-traiis. to Md. Corif. 1897. Ric.cb, S:irnriel L.--1889-ord. 1892. Ridciioiir, Jacob R.--1875---ord. 1878. Riticr, Joliii--1822. Ririicl, George-1832- ord. 1833-omriied a fariii aiid rode :I poor Iiorsc -tr:iiis. to Mo. Coiif. 1866-(1. sooii alter- -\varcl. Rodrick, Jacob M.--1858-ord. 1860-d. 1887, agcd 73. Ross, Joliii N.--1870--joined M. E. C. S., 1873. Roth, Coiirad-1817. Roiidabiish, George J.-187.5-ord. 1879-traiis. to Md. Conf. 1887. KmbiisIi, Joliii-18311--erd. 1842-in Tenn 183-JU- d. at Leitcrshurg, Md., 1881, aged 64-huried at Kceycville, Spitler, Jacob C.-181%-ord. 1845-lived near Spring Hili-d. of cliolera in St. Louis, 1833, on liis \vay to Kas. Stanton, E. A.-1900. Statton, Gcorge \V.-1838-trans. to Des Moincs Conf. 1880. Statton, Isaac I<.-1850-Lord. 1858-traiis. to Rock Ri~erConf. 1862. Statton, Jolin 1:.--185:)-trans. to Kam. Conf. 185.5. Stearn, Charles T.-1862-ili Rock River Conf. 1863- 65-traiis. to Penn. Conf. 1871. Stcarii, J. W.-1897. Stmvard, John G.-1844-ord. 1847. Stickley, Henjamiri-1840-ord. 1843-tender-liearted, biit a giaiit in strength-wrrcsted in Harnpshire, 1862 and confincd to Stauiltoil-rclease(1 on writ of habeas corpus- isansferred to Iowa Conf. 1863. Stinespring, C. W.-18io-ord. 1880-trans. to Penn. Conf. 1885. Stover, Gcorge \V.-1888-ord. 1896. Strickler, Daniel-1800". Siitton, James-1828. S~vartz,Peter-1811-ord. 1816. Tallhelm, Henry-1854-ord. 1856-see Chap. Xi. Thomas, Michael-1800--d. 1834 ( ?)-1ived in Md. Thomas, I'. H.-1865-ord. 1865-d. 1889, aged 72. Tobcy, Jonathail-1833-local-good preacher and akead of his time-d. in tlie West. Traiib, Christian-1821-ord. 1823. Troyer, Daniel-1803-converted under Otterbein's preacliing at Antietam, Md.-moved to Ohio, 1806-d. 1860, aged 94. I. M.--1 874-from Parkersburg Conf .- trans. to Kas. Conf. 1893. Cmsto t, Zimri-18'74-ord. 1873-Iocal preacher-d. 4883, aged about 43. Walter, J. UT.-1893-ord. 1900. Walten, A. P.-1898-md. 1899. \'Varilcr, ~~b~d~~-185s-ord.18%-b. in klldlcton Co.-sec Cliap. XIS. JYcast, ~~~~~~~i--l819-ord,1822-ruled, "110 longer a prcaclier ainoiig W,'' 1837. \Ycidllcr, ~~~~ry-1800*-iiicoiifereiiccs 0f 1789, 1791. \\7cllcr, P. \IT.-1872-ord. 1875-trans. 1880-d. at \+'c,stficld, Ill., 1880. q~~ll~,S. T.-187[j--frorn Des Moiries Coiif.-traiis. to E. Pcnii. Conf. 1880. T\rliite, .J. P.-18,55---trans. to Parliersburg Conf. 1857. \\'liitesel, Peter--1830-Lord. 1832-d. 1837 ( ?). \?Thitesel, .James E.-1872-ord. 1875--d. at Cliurch- ville, Va., 1878, aged 27. lvidrneyer, J. E.-1877-ord. 1880-d. 1883, aged 26. Wiiie, Sylvester I(.-1877-ord. 1881-trans. to Md. Coiif. 1887-trans. froiii Sandusky Coiif, 18%. \Viiiegc,rd, Jacob-1814-ord. 1819 -d. 1862, agecl 8,?. Wiii ter, T1-ioirias-1801-trans. to Miarni Corif. Winters, David-1829. Win toii, H. H.--1850-fine prcacher-traiis. 1862- -,joined Liitlieraii Cd.--d. at Pittsburgli, Penn., 1897. Witter, Jacob--1811-buried at Mt. Hebroii iiear Keedysvillc, Md.--daugliter married Rev. J. M. Henslty. Witter, Eiiiaiiiiel-1842-ord. 1845-son of above Jacob. Woodyard, Noah-1829-ord. 1831. Ycrkcy, Tt\'iIliain-l856-trans. to Parkersburg Coiif. 1857. Yoiiiig, Heiiry-1830-lived in Penn-d. 18fj7. Zahn, .Johii-1825-ord. 1827-d. 1881. Zahii, Charles W.-1837-ord. 1840-brothcr to Johii- withdrew irregularly, 1846. Zarinaii, J.-1872-trans. frorn Minn. Conf.--(j. 1885, aged about 72. Zellrung, Samiiel-1839-ord. 1842-d. 18411, aged 37- brother to Matthew. Zcntme~er,J.-M8-lived near Chambersburg, Penn. Jawb .lohn Glossbrciiiicr \vus hrii of Lutlicraii parciits :it Hagcrstowii, Marylaiid, J~ily21, 1812. His fat1ic.r \vuk 1;iIled by aii acciticiit \vIicii tlic boy was oiily scvcii ycars old, arid tlic \vi(io\v aiid tlit~four cliildrcii \verc lcft iii vcbry str:iiteried circuiiistaiiccs. Jacob \vus apprcriticcd to a siivcmiiiitli to lcarii his tratlc, bitt Iiis coiivcrsioii :iI tlie agc of sevc~iitec~iicliarigcd tlie ciirrciit of liis life. A year lutcr Iic \vas liccrised to vxliort in tlie Uliited 13rctlirc~iiCliurcli. .I yeur latcr yct,-\vlicii Iick was ody riiiictcen--lic \vas an itiiitmint prc.aclicr. iIt tliis time hc lookcd cvcii iiiore yoiitlifui tliaii Iiis ycars woiild iiidicatc, und soiiic pcopic \\oiidcrcd \vliat tlic coiiferciicc iiicaiit by sciidiiig oiit boys to preacli. 13ut hc felt rio doubt as to his call, aiid liis licur- crs at oiicc foiiiid tlie boy could preacli aiid prcach \vcll. Glossbreniier in 1831 was anioiig tlic first, if not tlic cry first, of tlie Uiiitcd Brctliren rniriisters \vho gavc tlicir \vliolc tiiiie to tlie calling, aiid without liaviiig aiiy other meaiis of siipport. It was still thought by tlie peoplc tliaf if tlicy fcd aiid lodged tlie preaclicr aiid took care of Iiis Iiorse, they \vere doing their full part. This eriablcd hiiii to cxist, but in aiiy proper sense of tlie term it did not periiiit hiin to live. Glossbreiiiier was first put oii the Hagersto\vn circuit aiid iiext oii the Stauiiton. 138 CSITED BKETHHES

'j'lic jloilse of Cllristian Shuey, seveii iililes frolil CfiUrch- ,iJlc., ,vas llis llolile \yhile on tlie Stauntoll circuit. Shut'? ,\ ,\ ws liOblc, \vealtlly, and generous, arid had a room in Biis jlolisc kiio\\.n as tlie prcacher's rooin. When an itiiieraiit 11;id rested, he left his soiled clothes here, and 011 his re- tiirjl they \Trerc ready to put on agaiil. Mrs. Shuc'. vd.; a gr:illddaiighter of George A. Geetiiig, onc of the three lixad- jng foilI~dcrsof the Cnited Hrethrcii Church. Shc took a grcat iiitercst in its activities, espccially thc camp inectitiqs. .-!t tIlis liouse tlie young prcacher, wheii not yet twcii ty-one yccirs of agc \vns riiarried to Maria M., a dauglitcr of the Sliiieys. Tlie mnrriage was happy to each of thc couple, :ii1(1 Mrs. Glossbrcnner often accoinpariicd her li~ishand oii Iiis travcls. A little earlier the yoiing inan had beeil iiiuch inclined to wed oiie of the Hrocks, a sister to thc M ife of George E. Deneale. Hut after becoming acquainted n.ith tlic Shiieys lie changed his mind. When visiting at the Hrock hoiiic, soine timc afterward, he noticed that tlii. oh- jcct of liis carlier attention had a white-handled perl kriife thwt hc Iiad given her. He asked her to return it, buk shc rcplicd that mherever the knife weilt she went. Glossbren- ncr was glad to say no more on the subject of knives. Whcn Mr. Glossbrenner was but tweiity-two yeari old lic was choseii presiding elder of the Staunton district. He was scvcral tiincs rc-clected, and up to the timc thae Pir first bccamc a bisho~bhe had served but four other itiiicr- ;in~c~,-Shildl rnission, and Frederick, Rockbridge, arid Sta~ntOilcircuits. In 1845 he was a bishop arid such he r~'niained for forty years. In 1883 he hecame ],isliop enieritus, beiilg continued in all his foriner reJatio~istn thc su~cri11tendency,biit relieved from presiding over confercncc scssions. Bishop Glossbrenner was naturallv conseivative. When hc entcred the Virginia Conference, there were only four circuits, eight itinerants, and two or three houses of worship. Yet through half a century he kept abreast with khe I Progress of the Church. Every interest and every great mteqrise which grew up in these fifty years found in hh .Iyoiiiigc'r iiiiiiistc>r, iii gi\ iiiq soiiitt i.c~iiiiiii\cciicc.s. ri - 11iiii-k('s,dark corri- plcxion, aiid r(3giilai- ft~itiircs.His rn:iiiiici. \v:is \viririing an(! sinccre. Ry adiilts Iic v:is familiary knomn as "Brother Gloss," aiid by cliildrcii :is "lTnclc Gloss." His voice \\as distinct, riiigina, aiid in<~lodioiis.His prcachiiig was wliolly iii English. EVCYIIiis parciits iinderstood biit littlc Grr- man. Thc bishop had thrcc tlaiightcrs. His only son died Ei1- infancy. Jacob J. Glossbrcnncr hiiilt hirnself \cry larqely intn Ihc history of the Yirginia Conference, and inore is said of him in other chapters of this book. . .J:icob XIClark\\ood\vas borii at Charlesto\vn, \17est Vir- giila, l)ccclllber 2.5, 1818. His brother was a Presbyteriari. \\'Iiell tliirtcvri ycars old, und an apprentice iii a woolen f:ic.tr>i.y, lic, \Las coiiverted. He sooii felt it his duty to ~)~y.;ic]i,:iiid at tlie agc of ciglitceii was licensed to csliort. .\ t.c,\v ~iioiitlislater 1x2 \vas placed oii Hagerstown circiiit. His iicst ficld was tht Soutli Hraiicli. In 1843 he was prc\itliiig ccldcr, aiid begiiiriiiig with 1845 was a delegate to tbryGcricr:il Coiifcrcncc. 111 1861 he was elected bishop :~iid held tliis place eight years. As a preacher, Hishop Sl:irk\\ ood \vas fcrveiit niid eloquciit. He was an iiidefatig- ahlc noi-kc~,aiid onc of thc niost rcniarkable intii the I-i:itcd Ilrcthrcii Ch~irclilias produccd. In personal ap- j~~:~r;i~i~"11c \vas d:irk, thiii, aiid wiry, aiid he was too Iieecf- I(a.;s of Iiis pliysicnl \vclfarc. He dicd at Liiray, Virginia in 1873.

.J;iiiics \Tr. Hott, a so11 of Jacob F. Hott, was boraa No\ciiiber 15, 1834, \yas convcrtcd at the age of tliirteeii, atid t1irc.e years later was licensed to prcach. In 1862, \\ lirii but ciglitceii ycars old, lie eiitered thc Virginia Coii- frrc~iicc~,aiid was orclained in 1865. Duriiig thc. eleveii ycurs tliut Iic was a iiiciiiber of the conferencc, his fields \\ csrcl \Viiiclitstcr, Martinsbiirg, Woodstock, Churchville, Ihliisboro, aiid Hagerstowii. He was very successful, sevcral liiiiidrctl coiiversions takiiig place under his ministry. In tlic General Confererice of 1869 he was tlie youiigest tic~!c~~:ite,hcing twcnty-four years of age. At the next Gcn- c,r:iI Coiifcrcncc, of \vhicli he was likewise a mernber, he \\us clioscii trcasurcr of its Missionary Society. In 1877 hc brcanie cditor of the Religioiis Telescope, and held this vcry iiiiportmt positioi~twelve years. This period \%lasa criticul tiriic iii tlie history of the Church, yet he fillcd tlie 1)luc.c lvith great tact and acceptability. Zii 1881 Dr. Hott was chosen as a delegate to the Metho- dist Ecunieiiical Conference at Loiidon. He extended his visit to the Eastern Continent, and his "JourIleyiIlgs irl the Ol(l World" is oiie of the best books of its kiild ever rnrrit-

papt 1.5 of tlitb Cli~ircli,and in 1913 Iie becanie a bisiiop with his i.i~sidc~iiceut Iiidiaiiapolis, Iiidiaiia. .Iiiliiis E. Fout, a so11 of Henry Fout, was borii at May+ -\i]Ec,, \\'c.st virgiiiia, 1870, aiid \vas gradiiated froiii Slieii- i1iidoaIi Sciiiiiiury iii 1893, in \vhich year lie was ordaiiittl. His oiily ficld in tlir Yirgiiiia Co~iferencc territory \vus Frankliii circuit. In the first seveii years of his niiiiistry; ii(1 nrccivcd 287 iiieiiibcrs. After risiiig to high positioii iii tlic. :ic.tivitics of tlic Chiircli, Dr. Fout becaiiie General 3laii~~iyc.i.of Roiiebrakc Tlieological Stwiiriary, Daytoii, Oliio.

S:r~riiic)lHic,staiiti, iiiiitli bisliop of tlic Uiiited Bretlircan CIiiirc.11, \vas borii in Page county, Yirgiiiia, March 3, 1/86. His pirciits were Moravians. hboiit 1804 he went to Oliio, anti throiigli tlic influciice of Gcorgc Keiieduiri was rousrti froiii :I backslidden stak, bcconiing associated with hiiii :ts ;in t>vuiigclist. In 1810 he lielped to orgaiiize tlic Miaiiit Conferciicc, tlic first daughter coiifereiice of thc Cliiircli. He n~tsa faitliful itineraiit and becanie bishop in 1833. Hisliop Hiestand was a man of estiiriable social qualities. As :in Eiiglish scliolar hc was iiidiflr'erciit, but he was well rcxd iii tlic Gcriiiari. He died iii Fairfield coiiiity, Oliio, in 1838.

Zt~hcdct~\\'ariier was borii in tlie west of Pcndlctoaa couiity, West I'irginia, February 28, 1833, aiid died in Srhr;isku, .Jaiiuary 24, 1888. He joiiied the Cnited Hretla- ren CIiiirch iii 18.70. Feeling tlie iiced of a better educatiois tlian Iic coiild secure in his native county, lie wciit tlie fol- lmviiiig yar to tlie Northwesterii Academy at Clarksbur~~, V I . Hc arrived there without aiiy inoney, yet lie rc- rn:rintd oiie year, carnirig his board arid tuitioii by iiianual labor. A stiident he reinained all his life. In 18;53 he was liceizsed as a preacher, and three ycars later was seilt to the t~streme wcst of Yirginia. Ir1 1858 he hell>ed to org,3nize tlie Parkersburg Coiifereiice, tliis heilig doiie ir: Tayhor couiity. aiid froni tlie very first Iie \v:is a lear circriit, whicli took in parts of five coiintics. His salary \\as $100, arid out of tliis he liad to pay reiit oii u little log c:rLla iii the outskirts of Philippi. At tiiiies the faniily faccd uxiit. Front 1862 to 186!9 lic was :I prcsidiiig clder. \\'hctlii~r as pastor or cldr~r,Mr. \\'arntr liad vcry iiiiiisunl coanr-,rg-tcnanti cndiirancc. aiid ncglcctcti no diity. He niade a sirt~cialtyof "catching aiid traiiiing" yoiiiig riicii. For this piirpow 11c cst:iblislictl a thcological iiistitiitc for tlic bciictit of youiig candidatcs for tlic iiiinistry \vho \vvrc. withaliit a siifticieiit cdiicutioii, aiid Iic, taiiglit tliis scliool \\.itkrotit cosiipcns:itioii. His pnstorntc, ut Pnrkcrsburg, 186" to 1880,--\\~is\vhcir it closcd tlic loiigcst knowii in tlic, Iiistoiy of tlic Cliiircli. I-Ic was Missioiinry Sccrctary, 1880-Xi. In 1878 Mr. \Y:iriicr was iii:idc a Doctor of Diviii- ity by Otterbciii I:iiivcrsity. I-Ir was onc of tlie grcatcst pts81~itorutors iii tlic Cliiircli, u grcat ntlvocatc of tcmper- :irmct,, arid lie liclpcd to cliangc tlic wttitiidr of his Ctiiircli ori PBPP. qirestioii of sccrct ordcrs.

AI~irerCorbiii was borii iii Haiiipsliirc coiiiity in 1823, biit v.riit to Iowi in 1841, wlic.rc 1ic \vas soon liceiwd. Aboiiit 1818 bc was iiiadc ti froiiticr niissionary. 111 tliis capxclty Iiis labors \verc of tlic niost strciiiioiis character. 'I'lrt.r.t~ lvcre tiiiies mhcn lic coiild cross :I rivcr only hy fastcriiiig sevcral logs togctlier aiid tiiakiiig Iiis Iiorsc s\viiii. Hca ctitd in 1862.

Joliri \V. Fiilkcrson xvas borii iii Frcclcrick coiiiity, Vir- ginii~,in 1822, arid nxs still liviiig in 1!)00. Hc was a iiieni- bt.r cbf' tlic, Virginia Coiifcrcncc froni 1839 to 18,52. In 1XT6's 1ie lverit to Miniiesota as a niissionary. nnd licld liis first iiieeting as siich oii tlie sitc of Eyota. l'hc pcol>lc oii t fias froiitier wcre livi~igin log cabiiis, board sliacks. aiid sotl Eroiises. \Yliat little iiioncy tlicy broiiglit \vitli tlieii~ Ii:td hyii spit in tlic long \\!inter tliat follo\vcd. Livinq 1 w:is V"-y high arid potatocs coiild iiot bc Iiad nt aiiy pricc. Sno\v eovered the grourid to a dcpth of five feet. Mr. Fulk- ersoll xvas a studeiit of hiiiiiaii nature aiid leariicd to adapt hinlsc]f to bis eiiviroiiiiiciits. UThen he begaii his iiiiiiis- Iry, his iiiother had giveii hiiil tliis advice: ".Johii, yotir rcst niiist be iii labor. Greet all with a smilc. Makc your back fit aiiybody's bed. Hy your social iifc attract the l~eoplc, :iild by your religious life save thcin." The first scssion of ilic Miniiesota Confereiice was held in 18Fi7, liiniself. J. Maiiey, aild two others coinprising the prcachcrs. The rneriibcrship was 247. Thc first year hc had $188.20 froiil thc General Board.

Johii C. McNaiiiar, borii in Virginia in 1779, n.ws &Iic first English-spcaking prcaclicr of the Uiiited Hrethroni. Hc joiiicd thc Miami Coiifcreiice in 1813, and iiistiiiguislied himsclf in the hoiiic riiissioriary field. Witliiii six iriorr years eight niorc Eiiglish-speaking iniiiisters liad joinit.d tha t confercnce.

A. S. Sellers was boril in Rockinghaiii coiiiity in 1808. He was converted at a camp meeting in Harrison courity, Indiana, in 1830 and on that very spot prcaclicd his first scrmoii. In 1836 he joiiwd Wabash Confereiice. Three ycars later he inoved into Iowa, arid iil that state Iic "pcr- haps eildured inore hardsliips aiid rnade greater sacrificcs to biiild up the Church" than any other iiiissioiiary. M'lieil a prcsiding eldcr in 1850, he traveled 900 miles to make onc roiind oii his circuit, eiicouritering frequent peril froin storm arid flood. Up to 1857 hc had received oidy $2-'r'%37.

* * * * * * * >> Waltoii C. Smith was born near Wincliester in 1822 snd died at Westfield, Illinois in 1905. He weilt West in 1831 and joiricd the Wabash Coiiferencc iii 1848. He nas a member of eight General Conferenccs, ai-id is kiio\t,a~sis thc "Fathcr of Westfield College." IQIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 017 MINISTERS Sonie of these sketches are coriipiled froni lctters Lvrit- tcn :iboiit 1900. Tliere has been iio opportiiiiity to bring thcni all up to date.

AMl-IROSE: Williaiii Aiiibrosc wis borii iii Maryluiid in 1770, biit lived ori Sleepy Creek, W. Va., froiii about 1/89 iintil 1815, wlieii he reiiiovcd to Highland coiiiity, O., whcrc hc dicd in 1850. He was liccnscd in 1792 aiid orciaiii- cd in 1808. In 1812 he was \\.itli Rishop Newconic~rd~iring an extenilcd tour in Virginia, Pciiiisylvaiii:i, Oliio, aiid Kciitucky. After going to Ohio he bccaiiir, :I incni1)c~rof fhe Scioto Coiifcrciicc. A rcviwl in iiis iiciglil~orliood iii 1820 resiiltcd in a strong cliiircli organizatioii. 'I'lic. uifc 69f Mr. Aiiibrosc was a dauglitcr of Cliristiaii Criiiii. Two 0f liis SOIIS b~caln~mcinbers of tlie Illinois Conf(~rc11c~~. T3AI:GHER: Soloirion I,. 13aiigher was borri at Swift Riiii, Ya., licciiscif iii 1895, ordaincd in 1898, aiid lias bccn in thc itiiicracy 24 yc:irs, serving Fiilton, Coiisliohockeii, (I%.), Portland, (Ind.), 13ig Pool, I'leasant V:illcy, Ediii- burg. \Vliilc at Conshohockcii, 234 wcrc rcccbivcd iii to cliurch inciiihcrsliip, anil 155 wrw rnrollcd iii tlic Siindny School. IQEALE: Joscpli R. Hcale, soii of Ih. Gcorge I;. aiid hlary (Dickciison) Hc:ilc, was born Iiear Puiiipliii's Depot, Ya., Oct. 13, 1869, aiid was cdiicated at Lafayctte College :~ndUnion Tlicological Scmiriary (New York City). He was licenscd in 1897 and ordained iii 1900. Mr. IQeale was 12 years u Prcsbyt(~ri:iii miiiistcr iii Ne\v York, Pciiiisyl- vania, New Jersey, and Ncbraska. He joiiied tlic Cniteii 1Krethren Chiirch in 1916, arid was two years oii tlie Wcst Frcdcrick charge. He had taught several years bcfore joiii- jng the ttachiiig staff' of tht Shcnandoali Collegiatc Iiisti- tute in Ilcceinbcr, 1917. 156 UNITED BRETHREN BERRY: WilIiam R. Berry, second son of Archibald and Elizabeth Berry, was born near Mount Clinton, Rock- ingham county, Virginia, and died at Dayton, July 30, 1906. In 1870 he was converted at a camp meeting held near Singcr's Glcii. He was licensed in 1874 arid ordained in 1881. In 1878 he finished a two years' course of study in the Institute at Dayton. Mr. Berry was in the ininistry twenty-eight years, serving Pleasant Valley, Ncw Creek, South Brarich, Mechanicstown, Hagerstown circuit, Berke- ley Springs, Lacey Springs, Singers Glen, Dayton, and Frederick circuit. I11 health compelled hi~nto locate, bitt hc lived only a few weeks in a home of his own. Mr. Berry was n faithful minister, arid few members of thc Virgiiiia Conference were more highly esteemed. In 1882 he was married to Miss Margaret Taylor of Hampshire Coimty. BOVEY: Henry A. Bovey was born iiear Leitersburg, Marylaiid, in 1831, and was converted on his twenty-second birthday. He was licensed in 1859, and in 1861 was assigned to Highland circuit. In 1870-73 he was presidiiig elder of Hagerstown district. In 1877 he removed to Wcsterville, Ohio, wherc three sons and three daughters graduated frnrn Ottcrbein University. Mr. Bovey was a son of Adam I. Bovey, aii active local preacher wlio preached in both German and Eiiglish. Jacob A. Rovey was another son. Still another was Daniel R., who did not enter the ministry until about 50 years of age. RRANE: Coinmodore I. B. Branc was born in Fred- erick, Marylaiid, Christrnas Day, 1848. His father was poor and he had to help support himself. During the war he worked in the Bureau of Printing and Engraving at Washington. He was converted in 1870, licensed 1872, and ordained 1876. His fields in this conference territory mere Potoinac niissioii, New Gerrnariy, Berkeley Springs, arid Dayton. Hc was presiding elder of the Shenandoah district, 1885, and in 1891 delegate to the Methodist Ecumeni- cal Confcrence. Mr. Rrane has held other important positions in the Church, and for a nuinber of years the Washington correspondent of the "Religious Telescope." Withiii 30 years of ministerial work he received about 1000 members into the church. Dr. Brane died April 7th, 1020, at Dayton, Ohio, \vhere lie was serving as associate editor of the "Telescope." BRASHEAR: Theodore F. ISrashcar, borii about 1826. 1e:wiird the trade of shoeniaker. He was a iiieriibcr of the Yirgiiiia Conference froni 1818 uiitil 1864, when he was sent to Elkliorn circuit in thc Rock River Coiiference. His first \vork in the Virginia Confercnce was as a jiinior on thc Hagrmtowii circuit. He was scrupiilously honest, thor- o11gh1y co~iscie~itio~s,arid deeply sinccrc. His reteiitivc mernory enabled liiin to iiiiprove rapidly, both in preacli- irig and in general knowlcdge. He served sonic of the best chargcs in Iowa, and was niaiiy years a presidiiig clder. Mr. Hrashear was an able preacher, b~itfroiii his urisuspect- ing nature lie could not sre thc point of a jokc sooii ciiougli to tPodge it, and iii conseqiience was often vietiiiiized. It is said of liirn that while attendiiig a quarterly riiceting and staging Saturday night at thc honie of the stew,ard of the churcli, hc feit the need of liaving soniething niorc iiridcr his 11e:id. So lie niade a search in thc darkness and iiscd sonicthiiig he found hangiiig oii tlie wall. After brcak- fast the two rnen started to cliiircli, taking iri part of tlic elenieiits wiih thcrri and leaving thc rest for thc houscwife to bring later. Shc failed to coiiie becausc slic coiild not find thc dress she wished to wcar, and bclicwd sonie rival Iiad stolen it. Wlicn it was too late to go to niecting shc atteiided to tlie house work, aiid foiiiid tlic dress undcr the gsreaclier's pillow. Aftcr leaving Yirgiiiia Mr. 12rasliear lived inainly at Vinton, senton coiiirty, biit dicd in Nchsaska, ~vliitherhe l-iad rciiiovcd. RRIDGERS: Lucius Cary 12ritlger.s \vas borii in Northariitoii county, N. C., and was cdiicated at the Slieii- and(ta11 Collegiate Institute. He ~vasconvertcd in 1897 and liceiised in 1918. He has been ser~iiigRidgley five years. HRILL: Jarnes Williaiii Brill was born near Capon Springs, M'. Va., Dcc. 13, 1859, and is a son of John A. arid 158 IJNITEI) BHESHREN

J . He was licensed in 1894, ordained in 1901, arid has bceii an itinerant 25 years. He has served Lost River, Pciidlcton, East Rockingham, Priiice Williani. utid Hayard. HRCNK: Jacob Hrunk, a Mennonite and the ancestor of thc Briiiik farnily, canie in 1795, from Maryland arid set- iled iicar Periningto~i'sstore in Frederick county. Ristiop Newcomer made his home a stopping place. George Hriiiik, a grandson, lived on Rrunk's hill on the road frorii 13rock's Gap to Broadway.

HRLTNK: Joliii Henry Bruiik, so11 of Hiigh A. antl LYaney (Hcatwolc) 131-unk, was born in a log housc sevcn niilr!, @lest of Harrisoiiburg, Va., April 3, 1861. His education was gained in the state normal schools. He was converted in 1879, licensed thc sanw year, ordaiiied in 1000, aiid has becn aii itinerant 22 years. His charges have bceia Ntw Creek, Elkton, Siiigers Glen, Keyser, Harrisonburg, nnd Herkcley Springs. Mr. Hrunk is a trustcc of Lebaiioia Val- Icy College, which gave him the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1917, and was a riicmber of the General Con- f'erenccs of 1913, 1917, arid 1921. He built cliurches at Antioch, Swift Run, Mount Hebron, aiid Siilger's Gleri, arid a parsonage at Herkeley Springs. He began life as a car- pcntcr, and taught 17 years in the public scliools. I'rntil tlie age of eighteen hc was a Meiinonite. 13URGESS: Georgc Hurgess was born at Laure1 Ihle, Mineral coiinty, W. Va., Octobcr 17, 1864, being a son of Edwin aiid Ellen Hurgess. He was educated in the free schools, and in 1879 was coiiverted under the preacliing of Jacob Roderick. He was licensed at Lawy Springs and ordained at Keyser. His charges have becn Moorefield, South Hranch, New Creek, and Elk Garden. Mr. Kurgess spent two years as an evangelist. BURTNER: Henry Burtner was born in 1800 in Curn- berlaiid coiinty, Pennsylvania, aiid canie to Dayton in 1843, scttling on a fine farm close to the southwest border of the town. Hc entered conference in 1820, but as his educatiorr work in tlic riiinistry. Mr. Burtiier was a prosperoiis furnic~and a iiiari of riiiicli biisincss :ibility. He \vus a rmmi of Iriore than iriediuiii size, and had a firie countc.~iancc arid a vcry perictratirig eye. In Iiis horiie he was plcasatit :tiiti \cry ho~pitablf!. His prcucliing ,rv::s of dcpth arid po%w. He died at Dayton in 1837. HC'RTNER: UTilliamH. 13iirtner \vas a so11 of tlic Rcv. Hci1r.y Rurtiicr, :irid cariie to Dayton, Virginia nitli liis t'atlwr. IHe was convcrtcd carly in lifc aiid gavc tlic cliiircli of'Iiis clioicc a loyal support. He was progressive aiid cver ready to aid any worthy cnterprisc. Mr. I3iirtncr \vus rievcr an itincmiit, yct did iiiiicli prcacliing, rywcially in rcvivals. lh~ringa riiirnbcr of ycars he u7asan activc trustcc of Slicri- ~tiidouliIristitutc. His horiic was :i Cliristiuri lioiiic. At the time of his dcath, at Iiis Iionic ncnr Moiirit Clinton in Rockiiigliarii, May 25, 1894, iiiiic of his twclvc cliildrrri Lvcrc liviiig aiid wcre ~iiciiibcrsof thc diiircli. 'I'lirec ot tlicrii \vcrt. iii tlie activc niiiiistry. -IIli(w wert> I,. 0. 13urt- ncr, siipcriiitcndcnt of OLI~c11i1rch 011 tlie ~vt'st coast ot Xfricn, N. \V. Hurt~ier,pastor at Miisctitiilc~, Io\va, aiid 0. \V. Beirtiicr of tlic Virginia Corifcrcncc.

IZI'RTNER: Lutlicr 0. siirtnc~r,:I so11 of \Villi:irii H. 13iirtiiei was born at Daytori, Va., Dcccriibcr 9, 1858. Hc \vas a student at C'nioii Hiblical Sciiiinary, 1885-87, joined conferciice, 1882, and \WS ordaincd 188!). He preacliCd at Kcwlysville aiid Fredcrick bcforc. goirig to Africu as a riiissioii:iry, whcre lic spent ovcr six years. After his rctiirri hc \vas presidirig eldcr of Maryland Confcrence. HURTNER: Otto W. Riirtr-ier was borii :it Moiiiit Clin- ton, Virginia, in 1873. He was liceiiscd in 1893, and diiring tlie nest six ycars served five charges, rccciviiig 157 niein- hers into tlie church. I3YRD: Riidolpli IZyrd uras borri near Ottobine, Rock- ingliaiii county, in 1859, and was liccnsed in 188.1. During tlie iiext 16 years he was o~ithe Front Royal, Dayton, Edin- burg, Toms Brook, Rerkeley Springs, Myersville, and Hagersto~vncliarges. In this tinie he biiilt one chiircli arid one parsonage, and received 373 into the chiircli. CHILDRESS: W.Loiiiax Childress, borii in Roaiioke coiinty, Yirgiiiia, in 1861, \vas converted while stiidyiiig law in the citg of Roaiioke. He first joined the Methodist Protestant Chiirch aiid scrvcd tlirce cliarges therciii. bv- sides beirig coiifcrencc cvangelist. 111 1894 he joiiied the Virginia Confererice, aiid servcd Dayton circuit, Lacty Spring, Berkelcy Springs, aiid Rolirersville. In 1895 lic \vas married to a daiigliter of Williarn Biirtner aiid has sc\erni children. Mr. Cliildress has a poctic gift and is thc author of scvcral voliiiiic~sof versc. CLARY: Williaiii H. Clary was born in Frederick c~iinty,Marylaiid, Jiily 22, 1834, aiid died at Deer Park, in the sanie state, October 29, 1913. He was converted in 1865, aiid was licensed by tlic Virginia Conference in 1870. After serving in a local capacity he was sent to tlic Decr Park charge in 1879. His subseqiieiit circuits were IVcst- ernport, Joiies Springs, Toriis 13rook, aiid Elk Garden. De- spite limited ediicatioiial advaiitages, Mr. Clary was a good preaclicr aiid very siiccessfiil cvangelist. He always sa\v tlie bright sidc of life, had an activc iniiid, and posscssed :! deterniined will to succeed. His was the happy facultg of adaptiiig Iiinisclf to circiimstances aiid niaking friends \vherever hc wcnt. He \vas marricd in 1863 to Eliza M. Wheat of Morgaii coiinty, West Virginia, arid liad tcn ctiil- dren. In 15 years lie built two cliurclies aiid received ti2O nienibers. CLIFFORD: Tlieodorc K. Clifl'ord was a frec-borii negro who ran away froni home at the age of fifteen, and soon aftcrward enlisted in tlie regular army of the C'nited Stakes. After tlic close of the war between Nortli aiid South, he retitrned to Hardy coiinty, West Virginia, aiid prcachcd elevcn years in the Methodist Episcopal Cliurch. Hut haviiig lived arnong Vnited Brethren people, arid, sealizing the pressiiig claims of the United Brethren Cliurch upon his race, he joined the Virginia Conference in 1887, CHCRCH HISTORY 161 aiid scrved its frecdnien's niission until tlie day of liis bth. He was a man above the average of his race, and so deported liimself as to \vin the respect arid esteem of the best people of both colors. His upright life was never qiiestioned, and he rnanifested his appreciation of genuine kiridncss in every proper way. He was a good preacher aiid singer. He alw,ays attended tlie sessiorrs of the coiiferencc, biit never took part in its ciisciissions iiiilcss called iipon. His pople were pooi. and backward, and liis \vork required long drives to sp:irsely settlcd localities. Mr. Clifl'ord died in Harrisonburg, March 16, 1908, at the age of sisty-threc, Iiaving been pastor of tlie niission t\venty- five years. Hc Iiad cight cliildren aiid onc of his soiis toolc 1111 his work. COLLIS: Joseph Romaii~Collis, so11 of Johii M. and Liicy M. Collis, was born iii Berkeley couiity, W. Va., August 1, 1887. He was educated at the Shenandoah Col- legiate Institute, converted in 1903, and licensed in 1912. He has preached six years at Reliance and Singer's Glen. COURSEY: William R. Coursey was born in Kocking- hani county and joined the Virginia Conference in 1833. He preached in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. He died in Maryland w-hile revisiting the East, July 2, 1881. As circuit preacher and prcsiding elder he \vrought great good in the bounds of this conference. In 1841 and again in 1849 he was a member of the General Conference. As a preacher, Mr. Coursey was emincntly clear, logical, and convincing, kind, gentle, and enticing. His musical voice, and his countenance, such as one lovcd to look upon, gave a charm to his pulpit ministrations. CRABILL: Samuel A. Crabill, a son of Samuel and Mary Crabill, was born in Rockingham county, in 1862, and was licensed in 1888. His early pastorates were Pen- dleton, Toms Brook, and Inwood. CROWELL: Charles Henry Crowell, son of John and Sester J. Crowell, was born in Clearfield county, Pa., May 14, 1850. He was educated in an academy at Church- ville, \'a., \\as cori\ertcd in 1868, liccliscd iii 1871, aiid ortlaiiied iri 1882. He lias bccn an itincrant 46 years, scrv- irig Rockbridge, Page, \'allcy, Augiista, Mycrsvillc, 13oons- boro, Ediiiburg, Frederick, Harrisoiiburg arid Daytori, Roanokc, 13erkelc~ySpriiigs, Laccg Spriiigs, ~idGreat Cacapc)ii. Mr. Cro\vcll was foiir ycurs Presidiiig Eldcr of \Viriclicstt~rDistrict. CYI'I': X. F. .I. Ciip~),soii of Ihiiicl wiicl Rebccca Ciipp, \\as borii iieur Mount Sidiiey, Ya., Scptcniber 22, 18ti2, \vas :i 1,iitIicraii iintil tlic, ugcx of foiirtccii, wlicn lie joiiied thc Viritcd I3rctlirc.ii. He. \vus licc~iiscdiii 1885, ordaiiied in 1887, aiid Iias becii aii itiiicxiiit 33 ycars, scxrviiig Singcr's Glcii, Soiitli Hraiicli, Wiiiclicster, Frcderick, I3crlteley Spriiigs, I'diiihiirg, Lacey Springs, Elktoii, Slieiiancloali City, Petcrsburg aiid Greensburg. D,\\VSON: S. I>. 1)awsori was born licar Keyscr, \4'c\st Virginia, iii 186 1, arid was liceiiscd in 1862. His rcil:ttir)n ko tlic confcreiicc prior to 1900 was local. l>,\Y: i\lberl Iluy was borii anti coiivcrted in l'eiidlcb- ton coiiiitg, \Ycst Virginia. Hc, was liceiised in 1883 aiid truvclcd tlic Korth Fork niission for $50 a year, but con- sidrrcd tlie expcriciice wortli riiaiiy times tlic nioney. Slirec ycars Intcr he did vcry successful work oii tlic Allegliuiiy circiiit, i.twci\.irig foiir tinies liis first salary. In 1892 hc. joincd tlic* Hiinlington Presbytcry, passiiig a rriost rigid cxiriiiiiatioii, aiid was pastor at Maiiiiington, West Vir- ginia, aiid Marirtta, Ohio. Hy 1900 Iic had beeil in syiroci aiid Gciic~:il i\ssenibly, actirig as rrioderalor iii so~iicof tlw scssioiis of tlie lattcr. Mr. Day liad foiir cliildrcri. IIONOVAN: Jolin D. Donovaii was born of religious parents iii Rockingharn county, Virginia, May 10, 1833. His call to the riiinistry was clear, aiid he eritered it in 1877, being ordained in 1881. His pastorates were Hlooniery, Dayton circuit, Boonsboro, Martinsburg, Berkeley Spriiigs, Lacey Springs, Singers Glen, arid Staunton rnission. Also, he was seven years presiding elder of tlie Winchester district, arid was twice in General Confcreiice. Mr. Doriova~i easily iiiadc fricrids, und ariioiig the railroad iiieri lie was u grcat favorite. He n7asan iritcrcstirig preuchcr arid iintiriiig pastor, arid a riiost siiccessfiil cvaiigelist. lliiririg tlie luhi riioriths of liis life, triic to liis \vish to lielp otlicrs, lie carcd f'or uii ngcd blind man in whose horiic. lie lived iii Martiiis- burg, West Virgiiiia, arid \vlicrc. Iic died April 22, 1905. His \\ife \v:is Miss Lilliuii V. Croft, of Stuiiiitori. IIc liad uri only sori. EYERS: Xbraiii M.Evcbrs \vas borri iicar Port Rcpiiblic, Yirgiiiia, iii 183'7, aiid \vns coiivcrtcd iii 18.j.5. His circiiits to i!)00 \vcrc. Soiitli 13i?iiicli, Kockbridgc, Irof tlicx Corigrc~giitio~i:ilist(:liiircli. EjVIXG: M'illiaiii 0. Inccanti was ordaiiied in 1901. His circuits Lvere Pendlc- tori, West Frcdcrick, Toms Brook, and Pleasant Valley. He was one of tlic niost proiiiising yoiing inen of the confercncc; a forcible preachcr, an earnest Christiaii \vorkt.r, and siicccssfiil evangelist. In 1889 he was rriarricti to Miss Alvcrda Hott. Their childrcii lvere four.

E'ORII: John Hcnry Ford nras born in Irelund in 1869, and \vas cdiic:itetl at Diindec, Scotland. He was coiiverted in 1888, licensed in 1903, aiid ordained in 1912. During c,lc.vcn ycars lic has served Edinburg, Churchville, Martins- biirg, lind Hoaiioke. sefore joining the Virginia Confer- cnccb, Mr. Ford served two charges in Kansas.

FREEII: A. D. Freed, so11 of the Rev. J. D. Frced. also of thc Virginia Coiiferciice, was born October 15, 1850, aiid dicd iii October, 1877. He lvas coiiverted in 1867, arid fclt a call to preach, yet Iiis dif'fidence and a sense of being aanworthy led Iiiiii for a long while to keep back his convictioiis froiii others. After two terms in Lebaiion Vallcg, \vlicre lie niadc coiiiniendablc Progress arid occasioiially prcachcd, lic was taken into coiiference, but thc fcehlencss of Iiis liealtli conipellcti Iiim to resigii Iiis work.

FRIES: Williain 0. Fries n-as borii iiear IVinchcstcr, Virginia, in 1860, aiid was gradiiated with secoiid honors a'rom Lebaiioii Valley College in 1882. Two years latcr B-ie conipleted a full course at Union Biblical Seminary. He was given aii eshorter's license in 1878, aiid joined corifercnce in 1881. After preaching at Hagerstown and Fred- crick, he was thrce years pastor at Buckhannon, West Vir- ginia, and principal of the academy at that place, beconi- imig then a mcmber of the Saiidusky Conference. To tke elose of 1899 he had received about 600 members into the shurch. His wife was a daughter of the Rev. J. K. Nelson. Four years he was a trustee of the publishing house ab: Dayton, Ohio. Iii rccciit ycars Dr. Fries has bccn etiitor of the Sunday School literatiirt. of tlic chiirch.

GLOYIER : David Frankliii Glovicr, son of Legraiid a ri ti Luvernie E. (Frank) Glovier, \vas borii ncar Chcrry Grovt., Va., October 19, 188!), \v:is educatetl at tlic Harrisonh~iig State Normal School, convertcd in 1902, nnd liccnscd in 1916. He Iias scwcd thc Augiist;~cliarge threc ycars.

GRIMM: Joliii T\'. Griiiiiii \\us borii at Rohrcrs\illc~, Rlaryland, in 183!), licciised iii 1861, und Iiis first \vork \z.,i\ as jiirnior on Frcdcrick eirciiit iii lX(i2. His latcr 8vltis I wcre Clii~rclivillt.,Soiith 13r:iiicli, Ediiiburg, Laccy Sprin:<. I Aftcr 1XZIiis ficld \verc, iiortli of tlio I'otoiiiac. GRIMRI: .iac(ih L. Griiiiiii \vas borii neur Rolirers\ ilPc., Rlarylaiid, in 1842. Hc \vas of a f:iniily of sis boys aiid sis girls. Thrw of tlic foriiicr :ind tlicir fatlier \vere iiieiiil>c.rh of thc, Virginia Coiifcrciicc. .Jacob L. \vas licensed iii tht. I~istorichoiisc of Pcter Kenip in lXM, :tnd niade his tliree ycars coiirsc of rcudiiig in t\vo ycurs. His only pastoratc iii this territory \vas Rockingliaiii circuit, 1869-71. In 1887 Iie wis clioscii cditor of "'I'lic \\'c~.ltly Itiiicraiit" :iiid niaii- ager of tlic Eastcrn I'iiitcd IIrc4ii~iiIiook aiid I'i~blishing Hoiise.

GREGORY: David 'I'lioiiias G~-~gory,so11 of .Joscph 'I'. aiid Sarah E. (Fiilk) Grcgory, \vas born in Rerkclcy county, W. T'a., July 16, 1880. He was educated at Slienari- doah Collegiatc Institiitc aiid Boncbrake Theological Seirii- nary, was coiiverted in a revival at Pleasarit P1:iins Cnitcd Brethren Church in Bcrkcley couiiity, arid was licensed at the anniial conference of 1915. He was ordained 1920, aiid has been four years an itinerant, serving West Fred- crick, Jones Spring, aiid Bethany, the last circuit being iri Lcbanon coiinty, Pa. The parente and grandparents of Mr. Gregory were among the most loyal of Cnited Brethreri, Iheir homes being stopping places f or Bishops Glossbreiirier and Hott, as well as others. (;RO\'E: Hcriiiari Jorias Grovc. nas borii at Mapletori l>cpot. Pa., Marcli 17, 1890, aiid is a soii of Joliii H. arid Rhocki (Gcrhart) Grove. He was coiivertcd iii 1915. Ntw (:rcscli is liis oiie circuit tliiis far. GRC\'ER: Williaiii Frarikliii Gruver, soii of .Jacob 1. aiid Aiiiia M. Griivcr, \vas borii in Frarikliii coiiiity, It'eri~i., iil 186.5. Hc \vas co~iv~rtediii 1876, liceiised iii 1887. or(l:iiiicci in 1889, travclcd Siiigc,r's Glcii cliurge bvo ycbars, I.:ictty Spring oiic ye:tr, Elktoii oiic, yc.ar, Ediiiburg tlirce ycxrh, Ilaytoii Circuit tlirc~c ywrs, Mnrtirishiirg Station t~iglitc~ciiuiid :I Iiulf ycxrs. Assigiicd to H:irrisoiibiirg oii St ptciiibcr 19, 1!)21. Servcd as prcsidiiig cldcr tlircc years 21id as Coiifcrciicc Siil)c~riritcii(leiitt1irc.c ycars, tlic t\vo tc~riiisfroiii Marcli 1903 lo Marcli 1<10!). Hc \vas uppoititcd C:oiif'crt~iicc*Supcriritciidciit agoiii by 13isliop I>>(.11in Novcwi- htr, 1921. Tlicl dcgrw of Doctor of Iliviiiity \vas givcii liiiii by Lrhaiioii \'allcy Collcgc iii .Jiiiie 1910. HC iliarri~dMiss Scllic. M. Riiby 1)cccriibcr 2-1, 1889, arid lias tlircc ciiildrcn, .lowpli, l'adiiic and Paril. H.\MMACK: Abwliairi Stattoii Huiiiiriack was borii ritLar Stribliiig Spriiigs, ITa., liis parcnts heilig Rev. C. B. ;iirtl Mary E. Halriiiiack. He ~;iscoiivertcd at tlic agc of t\vc~lvc~,aiiti fiiiishcd liis cdiicatioii at Ciiioii I3iblical Setrii- ~iury. Hv was licciised in 1887, ordairicd in 18!)0, aiid bc- c:tiiic :tri itiiicraiit 30 ycars ago. His cliarges were Ncw Crr~ck.Soiitli l3raricl1, Aiigust:i, Cliiirchvillc, and Harrisoir- I . I-Ie \\ras tlieii Prcsidiiig Elder foiir ycars, aiid for iic~:irIy tliirtecn ycars has becri Confercnce Sriperiritcndciit. Mr. I-Iaiiiiiiack was riiurricd in 1890 to Josir G. Huffrrlan and hCtsliad six children. HARMAS: Gcorge Harmari was a iiativc of Peiidlctoii couiity, West Yirginia, wherc hc was born July 11, 1828. His p;trents, Josliiia arid Elizabeth Harniari, died wliile Iie \iss still a youtli, lcaviiig hirri with little morc thaii a good constitiitioii arid native talerit. Hy diiit of eiiergy, efficiericy, arid liard work, lic becaiiic u7ealthyaiid influential. In 1860 he reriiovtd to wliat is no\v Grant couiity and piirchascd a plcasarit Iioiiic near the couiity seat. Soon after this cliange of resideiicc 11c \vas giveii qii;lrterly c.onfcr.c.iic.c. liccrise, aiid in 1869 joi~icd the a~iiiiinlcoiifereiicc, bcing ordaincd in 1876. Althoiigli he did not cwtcr tiit. octi\.c. itincraiicy, lic sc>rvcd to the cwd us :i local niinister. aiid in this field \vws vcry acceptablr. He al\vays coiniiiaiidrd tlic attc.ntioii of liis hcarrrs, iiiid \vas of teil called iipoii to prcach at fiincrals. In tlic poiitical ficld fie rosc* to Ioeni cminciice arid sc.rved in botli lioiiscs of tlic. lcgislaturc~. At the tinic of 11is dcatli lic \vas scrving as w iiieniber of tiiv coiinty coiirt. He \vas a niaii of stroiig convictioiis and hc. Iiad tlic coiiragc to stand up for tlic~ii. Mr. H:trnian n:is tlvicc iiiarricd, botli wivcs htbiiig daiiglitcrs of J:icoh Siiiitli of I'twdlctoii coiinty. Hc liacl fivc tlaiiglitcrs aiid t\vo soris.

HAIVEY: Joliii Haticy \vas born iii York coiiii ty, l'ennsylvaiiia, April 10, 180'7, aiid :it an carly agc \WS coii- firnicd in tlicl Rcforincd Churcili. Iii 1828 hc \wrs coiivc.i-teci aiid joiiicd tliv L'iiitcd srct1irt;ii Cliiircli, :ind thc follo\\ iiig ycar \\W liccnscd to prcacli. In 1833 lic hc>caiii(,prrksidiiig (~ldcrof tlic Virginia district. HARP: .losliua Harp \vas borii in Frc~dcrickcoiitity, Illarylaiid, in 1825, \\las liccnstd i~i1860, aiid ordaincd irr 1864. He was a farnicr of Waslii~igtoncoiinty, Maryl:iiirl, :ind his rclatioii to tlic coiifcrciicc \vas locul. HENSLEY: ,Jaiiics I,. Ht nslcy \\ras borii at Ilarrisoii- biirg, Virginia, ,Janiiary 22, I$?& uiitl begaii pre:icliing at thc agc of twcnty-threc. Hr caiitercd coiiferciicc in 1859, arid at thc so1icit:itiori of Risliop Glossbrcnticr :it oncc tizins- fcrrcd liinisclf to tlic Parkcrshiirg Co~iferciicc,in \vliicli lie rciiiaiiied twcnty-scvcii ycars, servcd \vitli ability niiic ficlds of labor. In 1885 lic joined ihe Ccntral Ohio Corifcrciicc, arid in 1!)00 was living at Marion in tliat statt>, lioltiing a siipcraiinuatc rclatiori. During his iiiinistry hc biiilt siu chiirclics, iiiarrird 304 coiipl es, cond~ictcd iiearly 1000 fuiicrals, aiid receivcd iiiori. ithan 1000 iiiciiibers into tlit. cliurch. In his youth his c.diiicational opportiiiiities \\ crc lirnitcd. Yct by stuciious Iiabits he bccaine a ~ultitredniuri. and coriiplctcd a niedical course in 1867. He at lengttr 1 titi 17SI'I'EI) BHETHRES bcc-aiiic a pliysiciaii arid as s~icliwas a iiieriiber of sevcral nit dicd societies. Dr. Heiisley served in the legislatures of' both West Yirgiriia arid Oliio, aiid was a leadcr in securing tht, siibiiiissiori in tlie fornier statc of a proliibitory :iiiic.iidnieiit to the statc coiistitutioii. His first wife was Eliz;~.J. Stoiicbaiigh of Xiigiista courity, by \vhoiri Iic Iiad fivc c.liildrcii. HICKS: .Jaiiics M'. Hicks was borii iii Frederick coiinty, Yirginia, Jaiiiiary 20, 18.55. He joiiicd the Methodist Cliurcli in IXfi!) aiid thc Viiitcd Rrctlireii iri 1876, at whicli time Iie was givcii qiiarterly coiiferciicc license. 111 1880 he \v:is gr:adiiatcd froiii Viiiori Hiblical Sciiiiriary, aiid was ordaine~l thc iicXst ycai'. After scrviiig Westernport, Ediiibiirg, Cliiirclivillc, arid Mycrsvillc, lie joiiied tlie Saiidiisky Coii- ferci~cein 1888. 111 1893 Iic was a dclel,rate to tlie Gciic~ral Corif'ereiicc. He niarricd Liiinie C. Nelson at Martiiish:ir:_r, We4t Yirgiriia, and fivc childreii were born to tliciii. MISER: Carl Williarii Hiscr, son of Williaiii F. :iiid Ida H. (Mouse) Hiscr, was borii near Pctersbiirg, \V. Va., April 17, 1900, and hns studied at the Slieiiaiidoah Col- legi:~ttl Iristitute arid Lcbanoii \'allcy College. He was coiivertcd iii 1912 aiid liccriscd iri 1915. Mr. Hiscr preached his fjrst serriioii iri Staiiritoii whcri only sistecii years old, arid lias doiic itiiierant work thrcc years. Hc was class valedictoriaii at Shciraiidoah Collegiate Institiitc iii 1919. Gradiiatcd at L. V. C. 1922. MOOYER: A. Hoovcr \vas borii March 10, 1830, aiid dicd at Roanokc, Yirgiriia, February 10, 1901. He bccaiiit. an itiritx~iitin 1870, aiid was ordaiiied thc ycar followiiig. His circiiits werc Hagcrsto\vri, Rockhridgc, Straight Creek, P:rpc Yallcy, Soiith Rrancli, arid Lacey Spring. I11 liealth compt~lledhiiri to qiiit thc active riiirristry, but hc hoped to lbr :ible to enter it agaiii. Mr. Hoovcr livcd a lifc of Cliris- tian coiisistciicy. He lcft riirie children. HOTT: Jacob F. Hott lived eight iiiiles iiortli of Wiri- ehester, aiid tlie door of liis conifortable honie was wer qt'n to thc miiiisters and laynitn of his eliurcli. He was a self-madc riiari of excelleiit qualities arid sterling cliarac- ter. For a nuiiiber of ycars he was a local preaclier, biit is better reriienibered as the fatlier of several eriiiiient iiieni- bcrs of thr \'irgiriia Coiifereiice. Jaiie, tlie ~vife,Lvas :i \\ oaiiaii of dccp piety aiid cariicst devotioii. Mr. Hott kvas coii\t*rtcct at the age of foiirtecii, aiid joiiied ttie cliiircli tit the >:iiiic tiiiie with Jacob Markwood, wliost- iiaiiie ~vs of'tt 11 oii his lips. Hc \vas sooii liceiised to preacti, aiid iri 1857 Iic joiiied the Virginia Coiiferericc, sustaiiiiiig lioiior- ably :I local relatiori the rciiiaiiidcr or Iiis life. Thoi~glii~ot an itineraiit, Iit travclcd a wide field, preacliing iii bariis, riiillls, groves, aiid privatc hoiises. Mr. Hott was a man I of socid attractiveiiess anitl sparkling \vit. His coiiifortahit. horiie \vas a liospitablc oiic. He was deservedly popiilar. as t tler He 11e\~crleft tlie coiiiiiiaiidiiig lieiglits ot \\ritten rcvclatiori for the low grourids of uiiiiispired tlioiiglit, aiid cvcry piilpit cffort was cariicst work for Goti. Hc \vas not a niaii of stroiig pliysiqiic, arid at tlie tiirie of his deatli, Augiist 31, 1884, lie had iiot qliitc coiiiplctc(1 liis sixly-f'oiirth ycar.

HOTT: Joliii H. Holt, a soii of I'eter aiid Taiiison (Sioit) Hott, was borii iii Frcderick couiity, TTirgiiiia, in 183.7, biit about tcii yc:irs later his pareiits iiioved to kvliat is no\v Grant couiitg, West T'irgiiiia. Iii 1861 lie was coii- verttd arid took 111) Cliristiaii \vork. Refore bciiig liceiised by Iiis qiiarterly coiifcrciicc, bitt witli thr saiictioii of several niinisters, he held se\.cral succcssful revivals and established a iiuiiiber of cliurcbcs. Tliesc coiigregatioiis still cndurt.. Mr. Hott eiitercd Corifcreiicc in 1877 aiid kvas ordairied iii 1883. His circiiits prior to 1897 \vcrc I3loorii- ery, Elktoii, Madisoii riiissioii, Rockbridgc, Frankliii, an(j Soiitli I3raiicli. He dicd in Augusta coiiiity, L>eceitibcr 22, 1910. While soiiie\vliat diort in scl-iolarship, Mr. Hott was a hrd \\wrker, ;1 good speakcr, aiid a plcasaiit coiiipaiiior~. Nc was tlirec tirncs iiiarricd aiid liad eiglit childreii.

HOTT: Gcorge P. Hott, a brotlier to Risliop Hott, was one of tlic four prcacher-soiis of Jacob F. Hott, arid was borri March 13, 1854. After teaching tthree ycars iii liis native coiinty of Frederick, he entcred the Cnited Hrc.thrcii School at Dayton, Virginia, passiiig to Dayton, Ohio. Iicrc hc gradaated in 1882 fror11 Cnion IZiblical Seniiiiary. Hc was given thc hoiiorary degree of Master of Arts by Lcbaiion \'alley College. Mr. Hott \vas convertcd at the :igc of fifteeii, \vas liceiised as :i preacher in 1877. :iiid st Virginia. H(. was six ycars a presiding elder, aiid thirty years thcl secrctary of the Virginia Conferencc. Foiir tiiiics was hc srnt to thc General Confcrence. In 1890 hc piiblishcd "Christ tlic Teacher," \vliicli has had a large salc anti is in tlic coiirsc of readiiig for 1icc.n- tiatcs. As a writcr of hyrniis hc posscsstd niiicli wbility, 1 writiiig ncarly fivc Iiundrcd rcligious soiigs :ind a iiuiiibcr of niclodies. Nearly all of thcsc havc appcared sincc. 1900. For rriariy of liis hynins he wrote botli the \vords :in(! tiic ! niiisic. Perhaps tlie best kriown is "Glory Gatcs." Hc. also composecd prograiiis for Siiiiday school ciitertuiiiiii(.ru%s. Fm elevcii ycars hc was priiicipal of Shcnandoa ta Col- Icgiatc Institute, and for tweiity-fivc ycars :I triistec,. To him miich crcdit is diie for the siiccess of that school. h'ir. Mott dicd at Dayton Novciiiber 28tli, 191 4, liaviiig I>t.a,n in fccblc htdth several ycars. His wifc mras Carric M. Robiii- son, also of Frederick. He left a soii and :I daiightcr.

HOWE: Gcorge W. Hmvt \vas born in Rappahariiiock county, September 14, 1831, and dicd at Moiint Clinton in Rockinghain, March 10, 1889. He joi~icd tlic cliiircli in 1867, arid becarne at oncc an activc and carncst n.orkixr. In early life he was a teacher. His circiiits were Hcrkc~lqr Springs and Wiiichester, and in botli were cxtensivg. rcvivals. Iii 1869 lie was iiiarried to Sarah J. Ryaii of Aiigusta county. Diiring the last fiftceri years of his life hc nr:ts an invalid. HOWE: John W. Howe was born in Rappahannaock county, Virginia, December 4, 1829, aild dicd at D*i--t\ on, (:I-II'RCH HISTORY lil

Virginia, June 17, 1903. When a youth of fifteeri lic \vas hound to a man who \vas ever afterward his frieiids. This was Saniiiel Crabill, then living near Strasbiirg. He rc- 111:iined with Mr. Crabill until he was of age. Diiring thcsc years yoi~ngHowe was strong and willing, biit \vilil and rccklcss. Whcn twenty-two ycars oltl hc iiixrried Jitlia Sticklcy of the sarne neighborhood. Soon aftcr\v:ird lic \vas c*onverted and then became n colporteiir aiid stiidcnt. In 1858 Iie \vas liccnsed as a preacher. Thc liest three ycars Iie preached in Xugusta, Highland, and Pcncilctori countic.~,biiilding onv pood coiiiitry nieeting Iioiisc and rccciving :I largc niinibcr of persons iiito the chiirch. Aftcr thc Civil War broke out he was transfcrred to S1ic~ii:indoah coiinty. Oiir dtwo~iiirrationwas tlicn badly disorganized, biit Mr. Howc preacbcd to his peoplc and tlic soldiers :ia opportiinity offered. Aftcr the retiirn of pcacc Iic dcwtcti hinisclf zcaloiisly to thc task of rallying tlie scattwed rticrn- hership, particiilarly with the help of rcvivals and camp nicctings. In thcse cfforts he xvas very siicccssful. In 1868 hc was iiiaide a prcsiding elder and srrvrd in tliis capacity sevcntecn years, although hc \vas on scvcral circuits bctwccn tlie varioiis ternis. In Stauriton hc organizcd a congregatilon :ind biiilt a church. This \vas liis last clxtrgc. He bclieved in tlie .itinerancy and n-oiild not coriscnt to servc longer than four ycars at oiic tinic as elder or pastor. Reginning with 1869 hc was in evcry General Confercnce, aiid in that body he was a great worktkr, cspccially on clornniittees. Finance was Iiis strong point, and whcn lic was present the taking of a collcction fell iipori hini. He w;is several tinies offered irnportant places in thc financial work of thc Chiirch, biit preferrcd slaying iii Virginia. His hoinc for sonie ycars aftcr thc war \vas wt Siiipcrs Glcn, and being hiiiiself a good singer, lie was there in touch witli kindred spirits. He used new and popular songs with great cffect, and hclped to get up a sniall song book ior iise in camp meelirigs. It took well and a largc and bctter printcd book was called for. A company was formed I I2 CXISEI) BRETHKES for the publication of a neur book, which sold at a profit. Thus started tlie publishing house of the Ruebush-Kieffer Conipany, Mr. Howe being a member, and deriving from the biisiness a considerable income. He was a good business man, arid even iinder trying conditions he was re- sourcefiil. Twice his liome burned during his absence, yet he would at once set about recoupiiig the loss. He always saws success aliead. Withal, he was liberal, arid in tlitl last t\verity years of his life scarcely a church or parsonagc was biiilt in the coiiference to which he did not contribute. Mr. Howe was always a friend to Sheiiandoah Collegiate Institute, aiid was one of the first nien to contribute $500 toward the purchasc of the school by the Church. It was through his coiinsel aiid lielp that the Howe Memorial Huilcliiig \vas crectcd in front of where he lived. He uras a leader in liis conference for many years, and during this tiiiie nearly every iiiiportant selection of men was niadc with liis approval. Mr. Howe was a leader of men, a fine organizer, and a tireless worker. He was as conipetent to niaiiagc :I state as a corifcrence. It is to hiin niore tlieri any other oiic inan that is due the recovery of the Chiirch froin thc disasters of the war. His second wife was Rebecca Haiicher of Frederick county. There was five daugliters by the first inarriage. HUFFMAN: George Huffmaii died at 1~slionie at Moiiii t Zion, Augiista county, October 22, 1888, aged ahout eiglity-two years. "Uncle Gcorge," as he was familiarly callecl, had been a iricniber of the Confereiice fifty-nine years, and at its special invitation he gave a talk at the close of a half-century of ministerial life. His early experi- cnces arid nieniories were such as the United Rrethren, eveii of thirty years ago, were rarely privileged to nieet. 111 the pernianent growth of the denornination, hc watched with a jealous eye every departure from established cus- toins and habits. He always took sides and was strong in his convictioris. Everybody knew where to find him. Yet he sornetimes chose his friends from among those who diff'ercd with hini. He selected for his funeral text. CHI'RCH HISTOHY 173

"l'lioiigh I lvalk tlirough tlie valley of tlie sliadow of denth I \vill fear no evil; tliy rod aiid thy staff tliey comfort nie." HLFFMAS: Sylvester J. Hiifl'riiaii, a so11 of Johii R. and Mary P. HiifYniaii, aiid grandson of tlie Rev. Joliii W'. Hov.~,was born in Staunton, Virginia, in 1869. He went to lo\v;i iii 1885, joined tlic 1)c.s Moiiics Coiifererice in 1801. anti 1v:is ordaiiicd 1895. HCTZLER: Charles U'. Hiitzler was born at Wliitc- IiaFl, Yirgiiiia, in 1853, aiid was lice~is~ctiii 1877. Hcrkcley circiiit \vas liis oiily chargc in tliis coiifercricc. .IONES: Hcnrg Jones died at his lionie at East Point, Rockiiigharii coiiiity, Virginia, Aiigiist 23, 1889, aged nearly fifty-tliree years. He tntcrcd Coilfcrcnce in 1875, aiid labcrtd oii Elkton, Front Royal, and Daytoii cliarges, ancl \vas for :i while agcnt for Sliciiaiidoali Iiistiti~tc. Failing 1ic:altli caiistd hin1 to retire froni activc work. He was a inan of strong convictioiis, aiid moiild niakc no coniprornisc witli \vliat lic looked iipoii as evil. .IONES: Williani 0. Jorics was borii in Madison coiinty, Yirginia, in 1874, and was ediicated at Lebunon Vallcy CoBlcgc anti Shciimdoali (Xlc~giatc Iiistitiite. He was licciised iii 1894, arid liis carlly ficlds were Herkeley Springs, P t illi:~niarid liiirchill. Hc is nour serviiig in tlic 'r'chnrsk:~ Conf crencc. .lVDk': Ida MaHclle Jutly, daiightcr of Jocl aiid Ellcri Jiitly, was born near Pctersbiirg, W. Va., June 19, 1873. Shtl \vas ediicated at the Fairmont Normal School, the Shcnaiidoah Collegiate Institute, and the Moody Riblical Institiitc. Miss Jiidy was converted iri 1895, liceiised in 18!19, ordained i11 1901, and has been seven years an itinerant. Her charges Iiave beeil Franklin, Wcsternport, Day- ton, und Petersburg. She hns for some time been a inember. of the faculty of the Shenandoah Collegiate Institute. KETTERMAN: J. G. Ketterrnan died at his honie ori Lofit River mission, December 11, 1884, aged fifty years. Afttv the close of tlie war of 1861 lie was given quarterly 174 L'SITEI) RHETHHEN conference license, and was a faithful itiiierant tlie rest of his lifc. He was a sound arid forcible preacher, and Lvas lovcd and respected by all.

KIRACOFE: J. \Ir. Kiracofe was born near Stribling Springs, Virginia, and died at Hagerstowii, Maryland, Scp- ternber 29, 1014, agcd seventy-three years. Five of his six brothers wert also niiiiisters. He entcred conference in 1864, and preaclied in Highland, Rockingharn, Rockbridgv, and Frederick countics. After the forniation of the Mary- land Conference, he was pastor of sonie of the largest churchcs in its territory, such as Hagerstowii, Rooiisboro, I'rcdcrick, Keedysville, Hoiling Spririgs, Newville, Mecliaii- icstown, Potornac, and Mount Alto. In 1012 he retircd :ind made his honie in Hagcrstown. He was an able pulpit orator and long a powerf~ilfactor in tlic chiirdi. Hv 1i:id cight children. KIRACOFE: Nimrod A. Kiracofe was born at Striblini; Springs, Virginia, April 17, 1850. He was convertctf iri 6868, liccwsed 1872, and joined conference in 1886. Aftcs scrving Wcst Augusta and South River niissions, Lost River circuit, Williarnsport mission, Decr Park circuil, und Rockbridge circuit, he joined thc Pennsylvania Confcrericr. During the 14 years after adrnission he built three cliiirchcs, and in one ineeting liad 93 conversions to report. On o:ic occasion he baptized 40 persons.

LAWRENCE: P. J. Lawrcnce was borii in Loudoun coiinty, Virginia, in 1859, was licensed in 1879, and joined conference in 1882. He scrved Blooniery circuit scven and orie-half years as his first charge. The inernbcrs takcri into the churcli in 18 years were about 450. LUDWIG: S. R. Liidwig was born at Rio, Wcst Vis- ginia, in 1859. After serving Soiith Hranch and Laccy Springs, he joined tlic Mianii Conference. LUTZ: Lewis W. Lutz was born iiear Middlctown, Maryland, in 1872, and gradiiatcd in 1897 frorn Olterbein Cnivcrsity, joining tlic Fi'est Yirgiiiia Confcrence the sarnc year. His first work in this conferericc was Soutli Hrarich. XIAIDEX: Artliur Lee Maiden, so11 of Rev. J. W. arid I'olly A. Maiden, was borri near Elkton, Va., .l\i~gust 31, s # 1886, was converted iri 1899, licensed in 1905, arid ordained in 11 He lias bccii fivc ycars ori tlie Slienandoali, I'rinw U'iliiarii, aiid Westeriil)ort cliarges, graduati~ig froni Ihricbrake Theological Seminary 1922. M.lIDI.:N: John Williani Maiden, so11 of Jariics G. arid Mury X. (FFryant) Maiden, \vas borri in Rockingliani couiity, Va., November 19, 1844. He was converted in 186!), liwnwd in 1875, and subscqiiently ordaincd. He has prcxaclied 10 years, scrving Rockbridge, Pleasant Valley, Albcriiarle, Sheriaridoah, Churchville, Winchester, Toni's Hrook, Great Cacapon, Potornac Fouritain, and other charges. XIXSS: Andrcw 13rovr.n Maiin was borri in the shire of I,inlithgow, Scotland, of I'resbytcrian parents, and was cduc:itcd in liis native country. Hc was licenscd in 1911 :ind ordained in 1918. His charges have becn hyard, Soutli Hruncli, and Statintori. Mr. Mann spcrit threc years in Y. M. C. A. work, arid one ycar in Canada in spccial riiis- sion work. MARTIN: Williairi L. Martin was born ncar Tliiirrtiont, Maryland, in 1845, aiid was licerised iri 1871, joining confcr- cricc in 1881. His pastoratcs to 1900 werc Clarke, Mcchari- icstown, Frederick, Mycrsville, Williariisport, Roonshoro, aiid lie built a ch~ircliat Myersvillc. McMULLEN: Edgar W. McMullen was borii near Singcrs Gleri, Virginia, Fcbruary 5, 1863, arid tlied at Day- ton, Virginia, Dcceriiber 11, 1017. He was graduated fro~u Ottcrbein Cniversity, which conferred on hin1 the degrec of Master of Arts. He was ordaincd in 1889, but becaiise of a weak constitution and poor hcalth he never entered the active ministry. His pulpit was his class roorri iri Sheri- andoah Collegiate Institute, where he was one of the faculty. His life was a heroic fight against physical odds. 176 UNITEI) BHETHREN McNEIL: William Grady McNeil was born in Mississippi, in 1889. He was converted in 1907, licensed in 1908, ordained in 1913. His fields have been Fountairi, Ell;ton, and Franklin. MESSICK: Lewis Henry Messick, son of William R.

' and Mary E. (Hartman) Messick, was born at Mount Clin- ton, Va., June 13, 1883, and was educated at Bridge\vater and Dayton. He was converted in 1902, licensed in 1907, and has been an itinerant seven years. His charges have been West Frederick, Elk Garden, Swoope, and Manassas. MILES: James W. Miles was born in Frederick county, Maryland, in 1818, was converted in 1835, and was liceinsed in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1841. He joinied the United srethren Church in 1843 aiid its conference the next year. He was ordained 1846 arid in 1850 was presiding elder of the territory that became the Parkersburg Con- ference, with which he was identified after its orgailiza- tion. His second wife, Mary E. Jackson was a cousin to Stonewall Jackson. MILLER: Charles Miller was born in York county, Pennsylvania, December 6, 1824. He professed religion at the age of seventeen and joined thc Evangelical Association. In 1850 he was ordained. Some time earlier than this he was sent to Virginia as a missionary. He located at Pur- gitsville, Hampshire county, West Virginia, where hc was married to Miss Louisa High of that place and rearcd a large family. Soon after coniing here Mr. Miller coiiiiected himself with the United Brethren, and in 1874 became an ordained elder. He was an exceptional man. Altho~igh a local preacher, hc frequently traveled a circuit thus serving several large charges in reach of his home. As a preacher he was clear, logical, and scriptural. As a layman he was much respected arid wielded a good influencc. He provided well for his family, yet gave a tenth to the causc of the Church. He was forty-five years a ininister. MITCHELL: William Davis Mitchell was born in Mont- gomery county, Va., was educated at Roanoke, converted years, serving Roanoke, Staunton, Harrisonburg, Cumber- land, and Inwood. NEGLEY: J. A. Negley was born at White Hall, Vir- ginia, December 23, 1831, and died at Arthur, Grant county, West Virginia, December 27,1898. He was converted when about twenty-three years old, and joined the Virginia Con- ference in 1872. His circuits were Clarke, New Haven, Berkeley, Front Royal, Lost River, Moorefield, and Frank- lin. His education was meager, yet he often preached with great power, the plainness and simplicity of his utterances being readily understood by his hearers. He therefore often succeeded where others might have failed. His last year in the ministry was perhaps his best, since there nrere more than one hundred conversions to report. As a token of its appreciation the Conference ordered that a monument be placed over his grave at Mount Carmel church, Grant county. NIHISER: J. W. Nihiser was born in Shenandoah county, and died at Keedysville, Maryland, February 26, 1893, aged sixty-six years. He was a brother to the Rev. Richard Nihiser, and it was through the infiuence of the latter that he joined the church. Very early in life he took an active part in the work of his class. He was a fine singer at revival meetings and was powerful in prayer. As an exhorter he was surpassed by few. He traveled South Branch, Alleghany, New Creek, Franklin, Augusta, Dayton, and Winchester circuits, on most of which he had extcn- sive revivals. For several years he had been on the super- nuniary list, making his home with his son, Dr. W. M. Nihiser. OBAUGH: William B. Obaugli, son of Mr. and Mrs. S. H. Obaugh, was born near Churchville, Va., December 6, 1892, and studied at the Shenandoah Collegiate Institute and Bonebrake Seminary. He was licensed in 1916, has spent three years on Fountain and Edinburg circuits, and was gradua ted f rom Bonebrake Seminary 1922. 178 UNITED BKESHHEN PERRY: John W. Perry was born at Chewsville, Mary- land, in 1825, studied at Mount Pleasant College, and joined conference in 1850. He was a member of the Park- ersburg Conference from 1837 to 1889, wlieri he reinoved to Philadelphia to be with his son. RACEY: Calviii Jackson Racey, so11 of Morgan and Rebecca Racey, was born at Old Fields, Hardy county, W. Va. He studied two years at the Sh'enandoah Collegiate Institute, was converted in 1883, licensed in 1905, and ordained in 1912. Mr. Racey taught 12 years in his native county, holding a Number One'certificate at the age of eiglit,een. He has been an itinerant 18 years, having served West Frederick, Winchester, Swoope, Pendletori, Elk Gar- den, aiid Westernport. His wife was Cora S. High, and he has foirr children.

RACEY: Lee Allen Racey was born near Moorefield, W. Va., March 28, 1869, and is a son of Morgan and Rebecca Racey. He was ordained in 1903, and has been an itirierant 23 years. He has served Prince Williain, Elk Garden, Franklin, Tom's Brook, South Branch, Pleasant Valley, Winchester, Bayard, Great Cacapon, and Inwood. He relates that he was rearcd in a Christian home, and does not rernember the time when he did not consider himself a member of the church. RAU: Williain Samuel Rau, son of John V. and Sarah E. Rau, was born August 19, 1858, at Edinburg, Va., was convcrted in 1876, licensed in 1900, ordained in 1908, and has beeil an itinerarit 20 years. He has served Albe~narilt, Kockbridge, Elk Garden, Bayard, Augusta, Elkton, Lacey Spring, and Shenandoah. He has built several parsonagcs and remodeled still more. REXROAD: George W. Rexrode was born in Pendlc- ton county, West Virginia, January 4, 1821, and died near Port Republic, Virginia, March 25, 1898. He joined the Virginia Conference in 1858, and was a meniber of it forty years, generally occupying a local relation, and preaching by following the lrade of shoemaker. He was a consistent Christian and exerted a good influence. In Bible doctrines he was well informed and he was powerful in prayer. RICHARDSON: Harvey Eugene Richardson was born at Buckeystown, Md., June 22, 1865, and is a son of James A. and Margaret E. Richardson. He was converted when twenty-one, licensed in 1891, ordained in 1898, and has been an itinerant since 1893. His charges in the Virginia Con- fercnce are Berkeley Springs, Great Cacapon, Rockbridge, West Frederick, Bayard, and Winchester. Mr. Richard- son has served several charges in Maryland and Iowa. He bad to begin making his way at the age of twelve, and his has been largely a self-education. He has made quite a imame as a piilpit orator. RIDENOUR: Jacob R. Ridenour was born near Myers- ville, Maryland, in 1819. He was the first student to cntei. Eebanon Valley College from south of Mason and Dixon's line, arid he pursued the scientific course to the senior year. He was licensed in 1874, and joined conference the next year. In 17 years of pastoral work he served New Creek, South Branch, Hagerstown, Winchester, Berkeley Springs, Keedysville, Martinsburg, and Dayton, and was two years presiding elder of the Winchester district. In 1893 he took a superannuate relation because of failing health. RODERICK: Lewis Roderick was a Dunkard preacher who came to what is now Grant county, West Virginia, from Frederick county, Maryland. This was about the close of the Revolution, and he was accompanied by his brother-in-law, Nicholas Leatherman. He moved on to Coshocton county, Ohio, and died there at the age of ninety- six. His son Peter came back to visit his uncle, married in.1816, and remained. Jacob M., son of Peter, was borri in 1817 on a farni near Burlington, West Virginia. Wlicn eighteen years old he began teacbing in the winter season, still working on the farm in the summer. He was converted in 1843, under the yreaching of John Ruebush, and 180 IJNlTED BHETHREN was ordained in 1861. Alleghany mission had just bccn forined to favor soine thirty or more members who had inoved into Garrett county, Maryland, mostly from Soiner- set county, Pennsylvania. Benjamin Stickley was given $50 in inissionary inoney and sent to travel it six montlis. Mr. Roderick then took charge, finding fifteen appointmends and 210 miles to travel each month. He added two appoiiit- ments. His salary was $52 for the first six months, $500 for the fourth year, by which time there were 400 members. He then served Alleghany, Bath, New Creek, and Bloomery circuits. Though not a born orator, he was a revivalist of some note, and several of his converts becanie ministers. It was a inaxim with him that "the fear of hell never helped anyoiie very far on the road to the King- tIom." He had a fine cducation and was an authority on ancieiit and biblical history. When asked by Bishop Hott to be exainined at Union Biblical Institute for the degree of Doctor of Divinity, he replied that he could do more for the Master as C'ncle Jake than as Dr. Roderick. In 1861. he was secretary of a inass meeting that was instrumental in placiiig the boundary of West Virginia east of the Alleghanies. This action cost the chairman and one other rneinber their lives, but Mr. Roderick was never inolested. ROUDABUSH: George J. Roudabush was born at Seville, Virginia, December 1, 1846, and died December f 7, 1916. He was converted at Shady Grove, Rockingham county, in 1866, and was liceiised in 1868. Despite the liniited educational advantages of his early years, he read many books and was considered a minister of splendid ability. He traveled East Virginia mission, Elkton, Lacey Springs, Augusta, Dayton, Mechanicstown, and built three churches and two parsonages, and receiveci about 500 inembers into the church. For several years he was presiding elder of the Maryland Conference. RUEBUSH: John Ruebush was born in Augusts county, Virginia, in 1816, was converted in 1834, and in the year licensed by a quarterly conference. He joined the Virginia Conference in 1841, and in 1844 traveled in new work. In 1850 he became a presid&ig elder, tlic bour-t- dary line of his niouiitain district being pressed wcstu ai tl. Mr. Ruebush was a born leader, fearless, eiiergctic, arrgi enterprising, and of broad vision. While not a prol'oiinid thinker, he loved aiid apprelicnded tlie trutli of Ll-rc~El,ildc md thc ways of God. He knew the lcssons of lovc, f~itli. and obcdieiice, and preaclied aiid eiiforced thciii with polver. Wlicri in 1856 thc Virginia Coiiferei-ice dccidctl to opcn a inission in East Teniiessee, Mr. Riicbusli was clscxwsn to lead tlie entrprise. 111 his first rcport he says: '-1 iia,:ve foiind thirtceii incrnbers scattercd over a large terrikry. My coiigregations are very large aiid atteiltive. I Iiave my work arranged in the form of a three ~veeks'niissioli ciircuit. Last Sabbath I preached in the woods to a largc congregation; in the afternoon at a Methodist church, bzit t8ac people could not all get in the house." He sooii aiiiiouinced that he had i-iiore calls tlian three ineil could fill. His preachiiig was mainly in thc coiinties of Washiiigtoei, Greene, arid Johnsoii. His success closcd the doors of othc-U- churches to hini. He was advised to leavc thc state onn pain of personal violence, and though subjccted to much annoyaiice because of the anti-skavery record of his churclm, he reinaincd in his field iintil tlie war of 1861 liad brokcn out. He thcn said that "as svon as tlic war is ovcr 'tl~ere will be a ripe harvest for 'thc Unitcd Brethren Church in East Teniiessee.' He did go back after tlie return of peaee, and in November, 1866, the Tciinessec Coiifereiice was organizcd by Bisliop Glossbrenner. Mr. Ruebush arid two other ministers were present. There wcre oiily 209 man- bers, but in 1908 there were 5000 in Tennessee, Georgia, and Louisiana. In 1869, Mr. Ruebush returned to Virginia, served Lacey Springs and Edinburg, and in 1874 he was inade a presiding elder. He was afterward on the Boons- boro aiid Myersville circuits, but after hing transferred to the Hagerstown circuit, he died at Leitersburg, Mary- land, in 1881. He was stroiig as a revivalist, and few 182 UNITED RKETHRES RUPPENTHAL: Harry Preston Ruppenthal, son of Henry M. and Ida C. Ruppenthal, was born at Rerkeley Springs, April 27, 1893. His education was cornpleted at Lebanon Valley College. He was converted in 1905, licensed in 1920, and his one charge thus far is Shenandoah City. Diiring thc recent war he was in radio wireless service at Richmond, Va.

SALT: Michael A. Salt was born in Powroun, England in 1841. While yet a boy he became a sailor and during his nirie years on the sea had many thrilling experiences. He was converted at 18 and united with the Wesleyans. He had an impression that he should preach, and once dreamed that he was preaching in a strange land. The drea~nwas fiilfilled 21 years later at a camp meeting in Augusta county. In 1871 he came to Arnerica and in 1880 joined the Virginia Coiiference.

SAMPSELL: William Hamilton Sarnpsell was born in Stephens City, Va., January 13, 1850. He is a son of Nicholas and Margaret A. Sarnpsell. He was liccnsed in 1879, ordained in 1885, arid has beeil an itinerant 41 years. He has served Franklin, Elkton, South Branch, New Creek, Cross Ikys, Frederick, Churchville, Edinburg, Berkeley Springs, Tom's Hrook, Jones Springs, Pleasant Valley, Elkton, Lacey Spring, Winchester, West Frederick.

SCOTT: Snowden Scott was born in Loudouri county, Virginia, December 3, 1821, and died at Seymoursvillc, West Virginia, May 2, 1901. He was converted at the age of fourteen years, arid was transferred to Mount Hebron, Grant county, West Virginia, seven years later. His relation to the conference was that of local minister. Re- cause others could not afford to work there, he built a ch~rchat Mount Olivet, Hardy county, and preached in it regularly niany years. Possessing good judgment and strong convictions, Mr. Scott was an invaluable counselor to the young minister. In his hospitable home the pastor always received a royal welcome. One of liis daughters CHUHCH HISTOHY 183 is the wife of thc Rev. A. J. Secrist. His wife was Eliza- beth, daugliter of the Rev. Adam I. Bovey. SCOTT: John D. Scott was born in Floyd county, Vir- ginia, February 29, 1829, and died at Roanoke, Virginia, December 28, 1907. He was converted in early life, and received his first license to preach from thc Methodist Episcopal Church, South. In 1874 he united with the Methodist Episcopal Church and was ordained in 1879. In 1806 he established his home in Roanoke, and in 1905 was received into the United Brethreri coriferencc as an ordaiiwd elder. He was active and useful as a locai preacher, assisting the pastors in their work and often having preaching places of bis own. His breadwiiininp profession was that of pliysician and dentist, in which he was very skillful. He admii~i~steredto the poor, regardless of the matter of comperisatiori. Hc was consisteiit in his life and diligent aiid earnest in the performance of ali duties. SECRIST: Arthur Jacob Secrist, son of Thomas J. and Frances V. (Hawk) Secrist, was born February 13, 1872 in Grant county, W. Va. His education has been that of the free schools and th'e Shenandoah Collegiate Institute. He was converted in 1891, licensed in 1893, and ordained in 1896. Mr. Secrist has been in the ministry 28 years, and has served the charges now known as Hardy, Elkton, Churchville, Pleasant Valley, New Crcek, Inwood, Cuinber- land, aiid Dayton. He built churches at Cumberland and Pleasant Grove, and a parsonage at Cumberland. Previous to entering the ministry, he taught five years in Grant county. He was married in 1895 to Leona C. Scott aiid has two living children. SENSENY: Dr. Peter Scnseny canie froin York, in Pennsylvania. He was walking in a field in his riditig costume, wliile Bishop Boehrn was preaching, and hcard thesc words, which were suggested by his presence: "Sorrie sinners are going tto hell with boots and spiirs on." He was converted and became a prcachcr. He died in 1804. 1 ' I ~ 184 UNITED BRETHREN 1 I SHUEY: George A. Shuey was born ncar Churchville, Virginia, June 7, 1815, was educated in a classical academy at Staunton, and was married to Martha Goldsmith, whom he met in a camp nieetiiig in Franklin county, Pennsylvania. He l-iad six children, of whom Theodore F. was chief steno- grapher in the Senate of the United States. John Ludwig Shuey, grandfather of George, was born in Rethel towri- ship, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and came to Middle Rivei, 1795. Like his aiicestors, who came froni the Pala- tinate, he was of the Refornied Cliurdi. Of his nine chil- diren, John, born 1787, niarried Catharine Funkhouser and moved to New Goshen, Indiana. Christian, born 1792, died 1862, inarried Catharine, a niece to George A. Geeting. One OS his four children was the Rev. George A., mentioned above. Anotlier was Maria, wife of Bishop Glossbrenner. For several years Mr. Shuey was an efficient itineraiit, but at length chose to becoine a local preacher. As a counselos he was prudent and safe, and was often in ofEcial position in his cliurcli. His home near Churchville was oiie of extended hospitality. SKELTON: Silas D. Skelton was born at Mount Craw- fosd, Virginia, in 1860, and was' converted when thirtee~m. After teaching seven years, he joined conference in 1885, and in 14 years built two churches and took 728 persons into tlie church. I11 1914 he was granted a local relation and lived in Daytoii aiid now is serving Manassas charge. He was niarried to Maggie C. Heatwole in 1882. In 1907 he attendcd the 5th World's Sunday School Convention, which met in Ronie, Italy, and finished up the trip by a tour thrcsiigh Central and Northern Europe. SMITH: William Henry Smitli, son of H. W. H. and Flora V. (Rockwell) Smith, was born at Great Cacapon, September 5, 1886. He studied at the Shenandoah Col- legiate Institute, was converted in 1912, and licensed in 1914. His charges have been West Frederick, Dayton, and Singer's Glen. SNYDER: Josiali F. Snyder was born at Keedysville, Maryland in 1866, arid licensed in 1888. His first pastoratcs CHUMCH HISTORY 185 were Lost River, Bloornery, Augusta, Berkeley, Martins- burg, Edinburg, and South Rranch. STATTON: Isaac I<. Statton was born in Hampshire county, Virginia, Deceniber 25, 1830. He was a son of Jacob, who in 1812 married Margaret C. Highof. Their clhPBdren were James H., John F., Nancy J., George W., N. Green, Amelia, Isaac K., David E., Margaret C., Mary C., and Elizabeth. Isaac K. Crew up as free as the fowls oi the air or the deer of the forest. He worked on the farm, and at times with his father arid an older brother at carpentering, this rnaking hin1 a fairly good mechanic. His educational opportunities were limited, yet his brother lohai finished an acadernic course without a teacher arid with only a final examination. I. K. entered the Virginia Conference in 1850 and was ordained in 1853. He was first placed on the Hagerstown circuit as junior. Next year he was 011 the Winchester circuit. Sixteen appointments were filled every five weeks by each preacher, and thougli the xvork was hard, there was the beginning of a useful life. Mr. Statton then served Mason, Ruckhannon, Churchville, and Meyersville. He was next appointed a missionary to Ka~isasand solicited donations to build a church in that new country. The appointment was reconsidered because of political excitement and border warfare. For the rest OE tlie period before the civil war his fields were Frederick aaid Hagerstown. 1858 was a banner year on the Frederick circuit, there being 150 conversions and over 100 acces- sims. Late in March, 1861, he took a train for Le Harp, Illinois, and in July bought fority acres at St. John, Missouri, intending to retire from the ministry. Refore reaching their destination the family run upon small squads, bot11 of Coiifederates and Unionists, and were compelled to turn back, leaving mucli of their efl'ects in the road. After sun- dry disconiforts and some experiences with bills emanatiiig fsoan broken banks, they got back to Le Harp, their personal effects noy reduced to one trunk and one small box. Joseph Watson, an old friend, sent hini an iiivitation to take Pine Creek circuit, Rock Kiver Conference. &Ir. Stat- 186 UNITED BRETHREN ton accepted at once, but the elder had given the place to another man. He then worked in the harvest field, and three months as a supply for a minister smitten with sore cyes. For the latter service he received five dollars in money, one ham, a few potatoes, and one sack of flour. At the conference Bishop Markwood replenished his cmpty purse, and had him put on Princeton station, wherc thcre were nine members and a debt of $1,000. But he had a good year and the largest salary he had yet enjoyed,-$400. He remained in the West, preaching in Illinois, Iowa, and Galifornia. In a ministry of almost fifty years, he had preached over 6000 tirnes, married 815 couples, arid conducted 1,627 funerals, some of suicides, and some of men killed in battle. He built five churches and five parsonages. He l~admoved twenty-three times, was five times iri Gen- eral Conference, and entertained that body once,-at Lis- bon, Iowa. Mr. Statton rcmarks in his letter that if aEl thc people to whom he had preached were "gathercd in one . congregation, he would certainly be overwhelmed with awful thoughts of his responsibility."

STOVER: George Washington Stover, soii of Jc~cBnua H. and Frances M. Stover, was born near Mount Pisgah Ghurch, Augusta county, Va., June 5, 1862. He studied two years at the Augusta Military Academy, was converted in 1892, licenscd in 1893, ordained in 1896, and has been an itinerant since 1896, serving Prince William, Jones Springs, Staunton, and Winchester. Mr. Stover studied medicine and passed an examination in 1893.

TABB: Theodore B. Tabb was born near Hedgesville, West Virginia, and was drowned June 17, 1909, while bath- ing at a seabeach in Japan. He was converted at the age of fourteen, and was graduated from the Shenandoah Col- legiate Institute in 1901. He then began to preach, lnaving bcen licensed 1809. In 1907 he was graduated frorn Van- derbilt University. While studying here he felt it his duty to labor in Japan, and volunteered for that field a few weeks after his graduation, sailing for Yokohama in July CHUKCH HISTOHY 187

of the sanie year. He was installed as teaclier of English dmi Hagi, a city of 20,000 on the north coast of the principal island. He taucht herc two years rneanwhile cond~icting Bible classcs ainong the students. His only white acquaint- ances in thc city was an old Frcncli Catholic priest who becarne greatly attached to him. About one inonth before his untiiricly death hc accepted the principalsliip of a large school in Korea. By thc Japanese he was held in high rsteem, and the inipression he inadc oii tliein was escellcnt. TALLHELM: Henry Tallhelm died May 30, 1002 at tlie age of scventy-cight. He joined the Virginia Coiifer- ence in 1854, and a year later was appointed to Bc4teley Springs circuit. His next charges were Woodstock, Lacey Springs, Rockinghain, Pleasaiit Grove, Frederick circuil, Tiiscarora, East Virginia. In 1874 he was granted at his own request an honorable disniissal froni thc church and conference. He then entered thc ininistry of the Rcfornied Church, but in 1000 he returned to thc deiloniination of bis first choice, spending his last years at Edinburg, Kr- i In 1859 he was married to Marry E. Koontz. Mr. Tallhelni was good, hunible, peacealule, and faithful. THOMAS: P. H. Tliomas was born in Frcderick county, Maryland, Fcbruary 25, 1813, and died near Jones' Springs, W. Va., February 13, 1880. Retween 1867 and 1877, he served successively, Winchester, Martinsburg, Singers Glen, Hack Creek, and Opequon. Heing subseqiiently in fccble health, he took a local relation. UMSTOT: Zimri Umstot was a iialive of what is now Mineral county. He was converted when about twenty years old, and rcceived quarterly conference liccnse in Tune, 1863. He was kind and persuasive, a good inan and finc preaclicr. He was of fine judgnient and firm in his opinions. Mr. Umstot died August 26, 1883 at thc agc of Forty-threc. IJNDERWOOD: I. M. Underwood was bora in Tyicr county, West Virginia, in 1851, converted in 1867, :ind in ference in 1870 and three years later was traiisferred to this confererice. Mr. Underwood made himself a record as a firm prohibitionist, and as a congressional caiididate of the Prohibition party in 1890 received a majority of tlie votes iii the town wherc ht was liviiig. WALTERS: J. Williain Walters was borii at Luray, Virginia, August 18, 1842, and died in his native couiity, July 12, 1910. He was converted late in life, but sooii was given a quarterly coiiference licensc, and sonietiines Iiad charge of a circuit. He was a flueiit speakcr, but was guarded in his social conversation. Also, he was a tirelcss worker and built two churches, one in Page courity and onc in Warren. In 1893 hc joined the Virginia Confcreiice and was ordaiiied before coinpleting his course of readilig. But though old and feeble, he kept his proriiise and at thc last conference he attended he preseiited his papers on thc fourth year's coiirse of study. WALTON: Arthur P. Walton was born ncar Mount Solon, Virginia, in 18176, und converted at the age of six- teeii. He was liccnsed in 1896 and in thc riest three years had buil t three churches. WELLER: P. W. Weller was eight years a ineinbcr of lhis confereiice, and was held in great esteem by its othes ineilibcrs. He was a youiig inan of earnest and faithful piety and high ideals. His clevated purpose led hjni to eilter Lebanoii Valley College, and theii 10 continue his stiidies in U7cstficld College in Illinois, where Iie snpported liiiiiself by tcachirig music. He died a ~licmberof the senior dass in the spring of 1880. The Virginia Coilfereiice inade an appropriation to placc a tonibstone over his gravc. WIDMEYER: Joseph E. Widrneycr was born July 24, 1856, aiid died May 8, 1883. He was convertcd at the age of fifteen arid hecarne a niernber of this conference in 1876. His fields were Alleghany, Highlarid, and South Rranch circuits, and Westeriiport aiid Martiiisburg stations. His last year was the most successful. In 1879 he was married to Miss Belle Howe. WILT: Wlliam Abraham Wilt was born in Snyder CC>U~~~Y,Penn., September 1, 1888, his parents being Joliri D. and Siisan (Birkhart) Wilt. He coinpleted his education at Susquehanna University aiid Bonebrake Theological Seniinary, graduatiiig from the latter in 1915. He was converted in 1904, licensed in 1912, ordained in 1915, aiid Iias beeil four years an itinerant, serving Harrisonburg aiid Kcyscr. WINE: Samuel Ii. Wine was born in west Rockiiigham in 1852, and dicd at Fayettcsville, Penn., Jaiiuary 21, 19ll. In 1875 he graduated from Lebanon Valley College, but studicd also at Otterbein and Princeton universities. Ainong his charges in this conference were Ottobine, Mount Cliii- ton, Dayton, Harrisonburg, Strasburg, aiid Winchestcr. After removiiig to Pennsylvanit he served several chargcs iherc. Mr. Wine married Miss Lizzic Keys, of New Erec- tim and had three childrei-i. YOUNG: Robert Newton Young was born at Wolver- han~pto~i,England, Aug~ista 18, 1885, and was educated in Scotland. He was licensed in 1912 aiid ordained in 1921. His charges have beeil South Branch, Bayard, Ediinburg, Reliance, and Churchville. T1112 wife of Mr. Young is a native of Scotlaiid. Their tliree living childrcn were born in the Unitcd States. ZAHN: John Zahn was a xncinber of the General Con- fcreiice of 1829, arid was plresent in the Virginia Confer- eince when the whole Cliurch in thc East was embraccd in tlie Hagerstown Conference. He preached at the fuiierad of Hisliop Newcomer. When tlie church in the East wa.s all in one conference lie was one of its inost pro~iiisiiig nainisters. At the time of Fiis death,-April 14, 1861,-lie was oiie of the oldest preachers in tlie church. ZEHRUNG: Samuel Zehrung, born May 9, 1812, dicd June 6, 1849, was buried in the Funkliouser burying grouand on Mi11 Creek near Mount Jackson. EARLY DEATHS AMONG MINISTERS Tlie proverb that dcath lo\res a shiiiing iiiark secins applicable to the carly deaths of those of our iiuinber wliose light bcgan to shiiic in early lifc. Petcr Whitesel, whose father's house in Rockiiigharn was onc of tlie first preachiiig places of the Gerrnan evangelists, becaine a coinpaiiion of tlie early ministers, ~narried a daughter of Hishop Brown of Peiinsylvania, aiid after sevcn years of scrvice laid down his life. His fathcr gave tlie land for Whitesel's church, the first house of worship built by thc Uiiited Rretliren in Virginia. Jolin Gibbons, a yoiing, basliful boy, einbraced religioii at a camp ineeting ora tlie larld of Petcr Ruebush, ccar liis hoine in Augusta, and imrnediately rcsponded to thc call to preach. This was in oppositioii to the wish of the fairiily, who were not of the church he joined. Young Gibbons co~ildpreach froni the start, aiid a most proniising carerr appear to lic before him. Yet after only tlirec years of ministerial servicc he died at Nurlington, W. Va. hlniost fifty years later thc Confcrence placcd a monument ovcr Isis grave at the old stoiie church. In thc saine year,-1847,-Ridiard Nihiser dicd a most triuinphant death at Chewsville, Maryland. We was reared and converted near Mount Hebron, Sheiiaiidoah county. Mc was great in prayer and song, pious and studious. His body was interred in the cliurchyard at St. Paul's, Hagers- lown, Maryland, but was rcmoved to help make rooili for thc new church now covering the spot. Jacob A. Bovey, a West Virginiaii, fcll a victiin to typhoid fever, and was buried at Edinburg, Virginia, in November, 1850. His dying inessage was, "Say tci tny brethren I die in the faith I have preached." were gathering. He was undertaking an important work us teacher, and it had bcen only two years since joining conference. His healtli had beeri underrnined in his efforts to secure a college ediication. He was buried in the cemetery of thc Union Presbyteriari church at Cross Keys. Cnder privations arid with inuch toil, P. W. Weller was prepariiig for a career full of prornise. Yet within a few \\ecks froni the tiine when he was to receive a diploma froni the college at Westfield, he was called to his long honie. Dorsey Freed, son of the Rev. John D. Freed of Vir- ginia arid Maryland, speiit sevcral years in college, oiily to kave his first charge and die at his father's horne in 1876. Charles M. Hott, the brightest of a bright family, an eloquent preacher and charming singcr, a young inan of splendid ability and great character, served but onc pas- lorate. He was then called to become a college preacher in California, but after a few montlis was called home, leaving a wife and two childreii. .Tarnes E. Whitesel, so11 of Sirnoii Whitesel, and born in 1851, was a most conscicntious and loyal Christian. He began a univcrsity course whilc yet in his teens, and after good work on several charges was sent to Churchville, lvhere he built a chiirch that was the best in the conference at the tiine. But overworking himself, his promising career was cut short at the age of twenty-seven by typhoid fever. His body rests at Whitesel's chapel. He left a noble wife and three little children. At the same place and in the same house, almost exactly twelve years later, died William 0. Ewing, a victim to tlie saine scourge. He also left three little children. His rnost estimable wife was a daiughter of David Hott. J. E. Widmeyer, after being six years a member of the conference, fell asleep at Newtown, Virginia, and is buried 192 UNITEI) BHETHHEN at Winchester. Never strong, he could not resist the insidious attack of disease following a winter of earnest revival work. His wife, a daughter of the Rev. John \TT. Howe, and two little children were sorely bereft. Kingsley Funk, son of E. W. Funk, of Singers Glen, was one of our brightest prospects for the ministry in later years. But while still in school he fell a victim to influenza and died a triumphant dealh in 1918. In contemplating these short careers one instinctively asks the question: Why these untimely deaths? Although the veil cannot be pierced to learn the answer, the labors of these men were not without result. "Their works do fol- Ijow them." CHURCH DEDICATIONS Note: "Built by" refers to the minister in whose pastorate the church was built. "Built through" refers to the person or persons mainly instrumental in effecting the woxk. Alpine, Berkeley Springs circuit: built by C. D. Bennett; dedicated August 6, 1905, by A. S. Hammack; cost, $550. Antioch, on New Creek circuit; built by J. H. srunk, 1899, dedicated by Bishop Weaver; cost, $1,000; a schoolhouse previously used forty years. Bayard: built by W. S. Rau; dedicated by H. H. Fout, November 19, 1906; cost, $2,100. Belmont: dedicated 1884, by A. P. Funkhouser; cost, $1,000. Berkeley Springs Station; frame; built by G. W. Howe, 1869; dedicated 1870 by Bishop Weaver; cost, $1,000; second church (concrete block) built by Geo. P. Hott; dedicated June, 30, 1907, by Bishopl J. S. Mills; cost, $6,578.84; parsonage (concrete block) built 1903 by E. E. Neff; cost, $4,200. Bethel, on Toms Brook circuit; built by Henry Jones; cost, $800. Bethel, on Lacey Springs circuit; built by J. M. Eavy; built through A. C. Long and Betty Flook; dedicated by J. W. Howe about 1889; cost $1,000; preaching for many years previously in the old school Lutheran near by. Bethlehem; brick; built through the Shueys; dedicated by Bishop Glossbrenner, cost, $1,300; one of the first preaching points in the valley; at this place during the Annual Conference in 1852 Bishop Glossbrenner took the first missionary offering ever taken in the denomination, Bishop Erb presiding; second church built by G. A. Mc- Guire; dedicated by A. S. Hammack September 21st, 1918; cost, $7,320. 194 UNITED BKETHHEN l3ig Pool: built by M. D. Mayselles; built through N. E. Funkhouser; dedicated August, 1911, by A. S. Hammack; cost, $1,500. Blairton: built by J. H. Ford; dedicatcd April 14, 1918, by Bishop W. M. Bell; cost, $12,000. Bluff Dale, Albemarle circuit; dedicated by J. W. Howe. Bridgewater: originally the private property of - Hoover, with entrance at rear; after Hoover was drowned, bought from executors about 1858 with money raised by J. Markwood and wife; never much congregation; sold by quarterly conference and Act of Assembly through J. W. Howe; of proceeds, 40 per cent given to Augusta circuit parsonage at Spring Hill, 60 Per cent to district parsonage at Daytsn, the first and only presiding elder parsonage; cost, $500. Broadway: built by C. D. Helbert; dedicated by Bishop Dickson, 1891; cost, $1,500. Buckhall, Prince William circuit: built by A. V. Van- dersmith; dedicated by A. S. Hammack, F;bruary lSth, 1905; cost, about $1,000. Buck Hill, Jones Spring circuit: built by J. G. Ketchern; dedicated July, 1911, by W. F. Gruver; cost, $600. Cabin Run, West Frederick circuit: weatherboarded and plastered; built probably by B. Stickley; improved by M7. J. Miller about 1875; cost, $600. e Cedar Grove: dedicated by J. D. Donavan, about 1888; cost, $500. Cherry Grove: built by W. F. Gruver and J. D. Dona- van; dedicated about 1890 by J. N. Fries; cost, $600. Cherry Run: built by D. G. Brimlow, 1914; dcdicated November ist, by A. S. Hammack. Churchville: built by J. E. Whitesel, 1878; dedicated hy L. Warner; cost, $3,500; old church built in partnership with the Methodists. Clay Hill, Rockbridge circuit: built, 1856; dedicated by Bishop Glossbrenner; cost, $600. Claysville, New Creek circuit: built by William Fout, abou t 1850-55. CHURCH HlSTORY 195 Colvinstown, Ediiiburg circuit: built by J. D. Freed, 1872; dedicated by Bishop M7eaver; cost, $1,500. Crabbottoin, Pendletoui circuit: dedicated 1902, by A. P. Funkhouser. Cuniberland: buiit by A. J. Secrist; dcdicated December 20th 1908, by W. F. Gruver; cost, $6,60481. Dayton: dedicated June, 1878 by Bishops Glossbreriiies and Hott; cost, $2,500; built by A. P. Funkhouser; burnt down 1904; second (brick) dedicated 1904, by Bishop W. M. Weekley; cost, $6,100; additiori dedicated by Hishop W. M. Bell, April 14th, 1918; cost, $5,000. East Point: dedicated about 1895 by J. W. Hicks; cost, $1,000; prcachiiig in free church iiear by for at least forty ycars; Noali Shuler (?) a mernber of first congregation. Edinburg: biiilt 1850; cost, $500. Fouiitain: built by C. P. Dyche; dedicated Mag 6th, 1906, by Georgc P. Hott; cost, $1,495. Fern Hill, Swift Run ciircuit: built by Carl W. Hiser and E. E. Miller, 1919; cost, $1,350. Fairview, at Laymansville: built by J. F. Siiyder, 1900; dedicated by H. H. Fout; frame; cost, $1,200; seating capacity, 300. Fairview: built, 1869 by P. H. Thornas, dedicated by Bishop Glossbrenner; cost, $1,000; dass now disbanded. Fairview: built by W. L,. Childress, 1896; dedicated by A. P. Fuiikhouser. Friendship: first church built 1867 by J. W. Howc (?), cost, $800; second by C. H. Crowell about 1890; cost, $1,000. Friendship, Inwood circuit: built by W. J. Lower, 1868; cost, $1,000. Greeiisburg: first church (brick) built about 1878 hy J. W. Kiracofe, cost, $1,500; second, built 1889 by W. F. Gruver; dedicated hy J. D. Donavan; cost, $2,500; previous preaching in a log church burned during the war; brick parsonage built by J. W. Howe, 1874, at cost of $1,500. Greeriway: built by S. K. M7ine, 1899; dedicated hy Ds. Carter; cost, $1,200. 196 UNITEI) RHETHHEN Grove Hill: dcdicated by J. W. Howc about 1867; new church dedicated 1894; cost, $1,000. Harrisonburg: first church built 1896-97; second church (stone) built 1917-18; dedicated June Ist, 1918, by Bishop W. M. Weekley; cost, $93,000; construction manager, E. C. Wine; building committee, F. W. Liskey, J. R. Liskey, D. H. Liskey, W. I. Good, and J. E. Pifer; parsonage built 1011; cost, $3,600. Herwin Chapel: built near Linville by G. B. Fadcley; dedicated by W. L. Childress, 1899; cost, $800. Hazlewood, on Prince Williarn circuit: bought 1805 froin Presbyterians for $120. Hishman, Hardy circuit: built by G. A. McGuire, and T. J. Cofiman; dedicated August 18th, 1917, by A. S. Ham- mack; cost, $1,300. Iiiwood: built by P. 13. S. Busey, 1895; dedicated by Bishop Kephart; cost, $1,500; parsonage built by Busey, 1897, at cost of $1,000; practically rebuilt 1915. Jenkins Chapel, Hardy circuit: struck by lightning and burned to the ground 1918; no insurance; restoration begun by T. J. Coffman; built by B. F. Spitzer; dedicated by W. G. Clegg 1920; cost, $1,500. Johnsontown, W. Va., Christian church bought and remodeled under lcadership of I. Summers; dedicatcd June 25th, 1916. I

As spcciniens of Dr. Funkhouser's literary cfi'orts, Urs: preseiit his address on "Our Cliurch Centeriary," delivercd at Lebanoii Valley College, December 10, 1873, while yct a college studerit, and his frateriial address to the General Conf'erence of the Methodist Protestant Chiirch, May 24, 1912. OUR CHCRCH CENTENARY Onc hundred years ago, thc. blessiiigs of civil aiid religa- ous liberty did not crowii our coiiiitry as thcy do to-day. Washington-the grcatriess of wliosc charackr every oiw kiiows,-had not yet led tlie Arncricaii aririy to victory. Tltc galling yoke of opprcssioii borc hcavily upoii our ancestors. Thc republic liad not yet beeil established. Evcrgwherc, the pcople were rising against lyraiiiiy, and our political horizon was dark. Nor was this darkiicsc confiiied alone to the politica~laspects of thc coiintry. 111 a geat rneasure, thc Church had lost her origiiial piirity; form had taken the place of power. Experiiiiental religion wes unknown cvcn to niany Icadirig niembers of thr Chiirch. Yct thcre were sornc wortliy exceptions. Nohb men aiid woinen, iii difierciit parts of tlie land, Irrere 206 UNITED RRETHREN endeavoring to arouse arid awakeii the Church froiii her Iethargy. Prominent airiong thesc illustrious workers wcre fouaid UTilliam Otterbein, Martin Boehin, George Geeting, 2nd others, who by their zeal in good works and their untiriiig energy brought inany soiils to Christ aiid thus laid the foundation of tlie Church of the United Brethren in Christ And now we are about to bc called upon to celcbrate prop- crly the one hundredth year of her existencc. Let us take a glance at her history up to tlie prcscnt time. For years Otterbein and his co-laborcrs dirccted Pheir efforts ahne to the coiiversioii of souls. Consequenatly most of tlie converts were gathered into otlicr churches. 13ut frorii the time Otterbein clasped Hochm in his an-sxis and exclaimed, "We are bretlireii," they loolied forw,ard to organic union. But this was not atteiiiptcd until yriars aftcr. At thc grcat ineeting at Isaac Lang's, God poured out his spirit upon thc vast assembly, composed of ineinbers of maiiy churches and of as maiiy different opinions. Frorn this ineeting thc revival influence spread in irnany directioiis. A few prcachcrs were raised up, who carricd the gospcl into thc states of Maryland arid Virginia. Sorrie of thcir carnest workers eniigratcd to Ohio and sooii raiccd the gospel banncr in thc then Far West. Large niectiiiqs wcre held in many places, and hundrcds, yea, thousantiis, were convcrted to God, aiid scores werc received into tlae Church. The cfforts wcre thus far confined to thc. Geriaian Ianguage and entircly to thc rural districts. Our fat1ic.s~ avoided large towns aiid cities. But the couiitry was filling up with Englisli-speaking pcople, and thus arose a deinand for an English iiiinistry which thc Church was slow to supply. Howevcr, wlien thc ministry was partially supplied with English preachers, the progress of the Church was rapid. While some \Irre zealously laboriiig hcrc in the East, others inoved witli tlie tide of emigratioii, aiid werc soon preaching to tlie inhabitants of tlie woods and prairies of the West. Tlius the borders of the Churcli were enlarged, aiid by the cfforts she exteiids from the Atlantic 10 the Pacific, and from C:] nada to Tennessee. Biit progress for the first century was slow. Indeed, vicwirig it frorri a Iiiimari staindpoint, it was rernarkably slow. Near the close of this pleriod her labor is still cori- fincd to Gerinaii settlernents, without a printed discipline, a printing establishiiient, newspaper, college, missioriary society, or well organized itineiancy. Two aiiriual confer- emicc districts embrace tlie entire work, without a house of worship west of the Alleghany Mountains and hut few east ctf tlieni. I11 a tributc paid 10 the Cliurch in 1813 by tlie veiierable Kishop Asbury, he estiniates the whole membership 10 be 20,000, arid the numbcr of niinisters, 100. Hy a series of calaniitous eveiits between 1810 and 1820, thc niieiiibcrsliip was so gruncd down that by 1820 it iiunibered only about 9,000. Thus we sce tlie Church, after a struggle of forty-six years, witli less than 10,000 meiiibers arid possessing notliing to rnake these permanent. Indeed, in the decadr riien- tioned, despitc all the work done, tliere had beeil a total loss of niorc tlian 1,000. But at this time God was raising up an English ministry, anti of its success we niay judge by exaniining and com- pariiig statistics f'or the years following. The deiiorninational interest of tlie Chiircli now begaia to wceivc attcntion. The first discipline was printed in 1815. In tlie last inonth of 1835 thc first issue of the "'Religious Telescope" appeared, although in 1845 its cir- ciila tion was only 3,000. Mount Pleasant College aiid Otterbein University were founded in 1847. In 1853 our efficient Homc, Frontier, and Foreign Missionary Society was organized. In 1850 the uiernbership of the United Hretliren Cliurch was about 40,000. Ten years later it was 94,000, showing an increase in the decade of 54,000. What is the condition of the Church to-day? Her boiindary is limited by iio state lines, nor is she confined anti she is reprcseiited in alinost all the states of tlie Criion. Her territory is divided irito inore tlian forty coiifercnce districts, thesc havirig a forcc of 2,000 miiiisters. Shc is making lier inark. Her priiitiiig house, besides carrying oii a large book tradc, publishes six periodicals, whose joiiit circulatioii is iiiore thaii 300,000 copies. Besides tlic "Sah- bath School," aiid "sciievoleiit Fund," and "Church Ercc- tioii" societies, she kas a wcll organizcd niissionary socicty with rnany iiiissioiiaries in frontier fields, and two forcign inissions nianned witli alniost a dozen earriest workers. Her educational institutions arc beginiiing to bc a pourtr.. Besides half a dozcn high scliools and acadeiiiies, slie tias as iiiany regular colleges. If such be thc C'iiited Brctliren Church, every irieiriher sliould estceni hiinself happy tliat he lives to celehrate the centeiiiiial anniversary of the denoniinatioii. sut \\-ill we acccpt tlie responsibility of our positioii? The rcspon- sibility is upon us and wc iiiust accept it. We iiius'r not prove recreari t. "As all rejoiced in briiiging their gif ts to King Solomon, so cvery one, young or old, inan or \vornan, should coiitributc, as God has prospered hini, in erecting riioiii~nierits to the Lord that shall bless through corning agcs all withiii thcir iiifluence. Ycs, this shoiild he a year of ricli harvcst to the treasuries of the Churcli, aiid cspecially to lier colleges. This year her friends shoiild placc Leban011 TTalley College in the front rank. To her, donations shoulti bc iliadc until they rcach huiidrcds of thoiisands of dollars. Her halls should be filled witli stii- dcnts. All this inay bc accoinplished tliis year by iinited effort. Therc are, at least, fivc hundrcd yoiing men aiid women in these four cooperating conferences who shoiild be iii soine departrncnt of college work to-day. The first tfiing iieedful is to inakc our college worthy in every respect for fitting this large nuinbcr for thc respoiisihlc diities of BBfe, and thc second is, to send thein here. We as studciits havc resolved to do our part, aiicl we, and the \vorld, and God, cxpect the Church to do hers. CHUHCH HISTORY 209 Mr. President, Fathers and Brethren*: Coriimissioned by our Board of Bishops, it is a great pleasiire to my colleague, Dr. Washinger, arid to myself to bring to you the sincere and cordial greetings of the United Brcthren Church, and to reciprocate rnost heartily the splendid and touching expressions of fraternity of your distinguished representative, President Lewis, in his able address to our General Confcrence three years ago at Can- ton, Ohio. We have followed your proceediiigs in this body with increased interest and rejoice over all the vic- tories you have won for Christ, especially during the last quadrennium. For six quadremiiums, it has beeri rny privilege as a inember of the General Conference to hear and greet the brethren you have sent to us with inessages of marmest synipathy and co-operation; messages in the more recent past, big with the convictiori that God has one kingdom on earth; urging more than CO-operation and fraternal sympathy-even the unity of organic union, responding in the fullest sense to every advan~cemade by our most enthusiastic leaders. It was my fortune to bc a member of the Tri-Council which met six years ago in Dayton, Ohio, and to share in Ihe spiritual exaltation of the whole Council described by another as "almost a modern Pentecost," after the un- expected but unanimous adoption of the resolution offered by your representative, Dr. Lewis, that "our first and cliief business is to provide for the organic union of these three bodies;" and later, as a ~nemberof the Committee on - 'The following address by 'Dr. Funkhouser was in response to the resolution below, which was adopted by a unanimous vote. We believe that a union oF the Methodist Protestant Church and Church of the United Bretliren in Christ, is both possible and practical, and therefore we authorize our commission on church union to enter upon negotiation with the commission of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, just so soon as that commission is full authorized to enter upom said negotiations. 210 UNITED BRETHREN

Polity, both at Pittsburgh arid at Chicago, to share in a small way in the adoptiori of the Plan of Uiiioii, in a vcry large rneasure, your plan of union, which was presented to the churches interested with so rnuch promise for good to our common Zion. So that having niet with these your rcpresentatives and having learned to kriow your spirit, and having farniliarized rnyself with yoiir people and church life, I arn not aniorig strangers; for indeed I feel like repeating the words of our church fouriders alrnost a century and a half ago-when though strangers, after a heart-searchiiig Sermon full of tlie unction of the Holy Spirit by the Mennonite preacher, Martin Boehm, a riiaiii of sinall stature and plain garb, the stalwart aiid scholarly [Gernian Reformed Otterbein with brirrirning heart arid tear-fillcd eyes, put his arms about the spcaker and es- claiined "We are brethren." X11 of these efforts and plaiis for closer rclationship be- tweern our churchcs have had, from the beginniiig, our heartiest approval, and our hopes have been high for realization of this forward step in the meaning of God's forces for tlie overthrow of sin and wicltiiess in high places. And rny conviction to-day is that the discontinuancc ot these efforts for union is most foolish, if not criminal. Aiid in tliis, without a single exceptioii, to the best of iiiy kiiowledge, on every occasion wheii the question has bccii votcd on, in Annual or General Goiiferencc, these scntiiiicnts echo the exprcssd will of our people. Hut Christiaii peoplc do foolisli things. 'CVe iiiaintaiii schools arid collcges, build churches and eiiiploy pastors, coiidiict Sunday schools and Young People's Societies to traiii, culture and save our children and make of theral good riien and womeii, and thcn wc authorize others by law to destroy our work, degrade and ruin our childrcn; and we build jails and penitentiaries and hire oficers to harvest this crop of destruction, the result of legislatiosa winked at and supported by Christians. The Protestant Church in the United States to whom is cominitted now, as in the past, the salvation of our peo- I through this nation, to reach every other people on the 1 globe, has divided, according to Dr. Carroll, our religious ccnsus enumerator, into 141 denominations or sects, each I more or less against the other, and this too in the face of -3 the united hosts of darkness. If the Apostle Paiil who begs us to "liave the mind which was in Christ Jesus, were I writing us now, would he not say, "Oh! foolish brethren, I who hath bewitclied you?" Should we not pray, and that right earnestly, like the fellow falling from the high bridge: "Lord, have mercy, and have it quick!" I What wasted strength, what a weakening of our forces, what a dissipation of our vital resources! Tbc lendency of the age is touard organization arid consolidation. The trcnd towards centralization is univer- 1 sal. These are the days of integration. The day of individual initiative and effort and great achievement is past. We are in the cra of worldi-wide movement. The world Iaas becoine a great community, from all parts of which we may hear daily, and every man lias become our brother.

I The problems to be solved and the tasks to be done arc so I large tliat it takes great agencies to accomplish them,-not in cornmercial life only,-but also in the social, educational, yolitical and religious worlds, the watch words are "Organ- ization" and "Conibination!" Arid is it not the whole airri 1 i of the gospel and will it not be a glorious achievement to piit one spirit, the spirit oF our Christ into thc whole hirinan family? Who is urging this union? Jesus, the head of thc Church. His last prayer on eaLrthwas that "they might be one." The Holy Spirit is our inspiration and our guide. His first coming was to the alisciples who were in one place rind with one accord, and his perpetual ministry is to build us iip together. Common sense and good judgnient ap~ealto us to be as wise in ireligious affairs as the childrern sf the world are in business matters; to Inass our forces and push the conquest of Satan's kingdom, never so aggres- 212 UNITED BRETHREN

Our laynien are eager to see the inethods of practicai eiiicieiicy applied to the work of tlie churches. Tlie logic of facts is that of such a proposal. They wallt the coinrade touch of slioulder to shoulder in company rank, the force of tlie regiment, the strategic power of the well placed battalioii. For a half inillion inembers of our two churches to be organically related is in itself a stimulus of no mean order. Who is against usl Satan, the arch eneniy. Tlic dcvil PS a strategist. If he caii keep the forccs of truth divided into sections or sects, hc will conquer in detail and tlie rule of his authorily will be uiidiminished. Thc open, activc advocates and agents of Satan decry church unioii, whilc pridc in what our fathers wrought or left us, prejiidice of birth or training, denoiniiiational greed arid sclfisliness in all its raniifications, with some good people who live in thc past and question the propriety of a chaiige; tliese are the reactioiiaries clogging the chariot wheels of Progress. A growing sciitiment of unioii is felt ainong all Chris- tiaii people. All churches now have their committees on church uiiion and a great national federation is endeavoring to bring all the churches nearer together. Men outside of the chiirch, as well as those within, deplore ecclesiastical divisioii arid look upon sectarianism as a reproach. Unity cioes not ineaii uniforniity; but it does mean sucli a spirit of loyalty to the master and such a love for the brethren as will tolerate individual differcnces aiid perniit individual variety under a common form. Subordinate beliefs raised to the rank of esscntials Hock the way of unity. There is no proprietary right iii matters of faith. The basis of real union must always be foiind in a comnioii spiritual impulse and life; and it will be effective, not along liiles of history and ancestry, but in spiritual affinitg; not in a common origin but in a common life-The Cnioii inust be vital, not simply formal. There is so much in commoil between the Methodist Protestant Church and the Church of the United Brethren CHUKCH HISTORY 213 in Chrisl, that the wonder is not liow to get thcni together, but that thcy have beeil so lo11g apart. Each has a supreine iregard for the facts of religious experience; each staiids for the right of private judgnieiit in iriattcrs of religion, thc freedoiii of the local church, and supreirie loyalty to Jcsus ;PS Lord aiid King. In doctrinc, thcy arc hotli Ariiiiriiaii; aird in orgariizatioii, thoroughly Aineric:lii, arid tlicy do rio t dieer, in any iniportant particulars, in form, sacrainents and ordinances. Neither of us iruinber wir adhereiiis by tlie inillioii but sur crowniiig glory lias bccm thc regenerated Iicart as thc key to thc saved lifc; aiid wc coiilinuc to hold, anti (hd grant that it inay iicver bc otherwisc, that oiir first d~ity is to provide for the iiiaii~terlaiiceof God's iiivisiblc Cliiircli in the hearts of his childreri. God's coniniuiiicatioiis \vith tlie soul are personal and ir?dividua'l and tlie cry of thc ages is: "0 thal I kncw where I iiiiglit find hiin!" The inore coiisccrated arid entl-iusiastic our pcople and tlie inore efricierit arid developed our orgariizatiori, the rnorc successfully can we rcspon~d to tliis ycarning appral iii helpful Christiaii service. The marshalliiig of our coliirniis uiider oiic baiiiier and one leadership and as one host wiih a siiiglc purpose would be an object lesson in the recovery of Christiariity towards thc unity that alone is the Master's plea aiid a forcriiniier of siinilar movcnients that inay characterize our agc. With our principles affirincd arid our prejudices dcniect iii this the day of His power, we stand willing to be led. williiig to act, willing to inove out, if it rnay be into a wider fellowship and a rnore abounding service. Mr. Presideirt, "If thy Iieart be as my heart, give me thy hand." CHAPTEK XXIV THE CHURCH AND EDUCATION Sonie one has declared that riine-teiiths of all education siiicc the founding of Christianity has sprung from the traditiori and purposcs of the Church. Of Course the ~natheinaticalcharacter of the statement is for the purpose of giving definiteness to a strong claini. It was the policy of the Church of the Middle Ages to keep the Bible from tlie mass of the people and to discourage popular education, so that all Christendom might be kept in intellectual slavery to a crafty arid thoroughly organized priesthood. The Reformers, includiiig those who appeared before the Refor- mation of the sisteenth century, were not at all in sympathy with this idea. They believed niost firmly that all persons should be able to read and write, although their zeal in the cause of education was primarily religious. They insisted that their people should read the Bible for themselves, so that their faith niight rest on a sure foundation. Therefore schools, open to the public generally, sprang up in all the portions of Europe that were deeply influenced by the Protestant Reformation. Rut the sect which in 1627 called itself the United Hreth- rcii found that "a more enlarged acquaintance with literature and philosophy had, in some instances, paralyzed the zeal of ministers in promoting the edification of thcir ilocks, and, by the false gloss of heathen philosophy, obscurcd the bright purity of Christian doctrine, whidi derives all its luster from Christ crucified." These men "laid greater stress on piety, moral conduct, and knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, in persons sustaining the pastoral ofice, than in human learning." These criticisms are of precisely the same character as those which have been urged by the present United BretPi- ren Church. The higher education of the earlier day con- sisted very greatly in tlie study of the dead languages of CHURCH HISTOKY 215

Greece arid Rome. When these languages were living tongues, they were spoken by nations that were pagan, although at the same time qujte highly civilized. The ideas presented in their literatures sprang froin a heathen aiad not a Christian source, and to niinds iniperfectly trairmed were likely to be prejiidicial. And it miist be addcd that until within the last half-century there was no very material change in the course of study in all colleges. Otterbein was recognized as one of the culturcd inet9 of his day, and he used at least fivc languagcs, uncient anid modern. Rut to hin1 and those who thought as lie did. religion is alniost wliolly an rndividual arid personal work witliin the soul. It is only incidentally an afi'air of thc ini- tcllect. Otterbein was not a inan to believe very mucli in cdiicational religioii, whieh was alrnost the only form recognized in thc state churches. IIc could work consist- cntly arid harrnoniously with persons likc Boehiii, Giicltln- ing, and Newcomer, whose education was not above the level of a country scliool training of to-day. Intellectually, they were not his equals. Hut in the matter of religioai they stood on coinmon grourid. It is perhaps because Iie regarded the worli of tlie cstablished churches as corn- paratively inefficient that he let his scholarship lie in tlie background. He preached in miich the saiiie mariner as his associates, and he never vbTrotea book. And yet ht. was the niore effective because of his scholarship. Whetlier thc advanced education be a curse or a blessing is after :i11 a personal ait'air. Nevcrtheless, Otterbein does not seeni to have been a strenuous advolcate for higher training in others. He perceived that the preaching inost needed by the tirne in which he lived was of the sort presented by inen of his own kind. "There is no evidence that Otterbeiri wer irnpressed upon bis associates and disciples the iieccs- sity of educational trainiiig. Did hc feel that iiecessity, or, sather, did he share thc popular feeliiig that scholarship was generally conducive to spiritual coldness and formal- " ity? At any rate, he acquiesced in choosing and sending out new preachers whose only claini to ability to tcacta was that they kncw God in a powerf~il,personal salvationm from the power and fear of siii. With some ability to spmk in piiblic, with untiriiig zeal, and an industry tliat abated not, arid with assured support frorii their own resources, lhc pioi?ccrs carricd on a propaganda that made adlierents wherever thcy went." "Having fled froin the pcrsecutioris of those in aulliority in Earopc, who represerited, of course, the educated classes, oiir ancestors felt that the best in life was to bc secured in thc quiet of domestic honic life, apart froni the kiiowledge of thc world." For several decades after Otterbeiii, the United I3retli- rcn ministers h:id little respect for what tlicy called "'preachcr factorics." Their prejudice against college traiin- jng canic largely by rioticing that in tliese schools educational qualifications were inore esteerncd than spirituality. In the ministry of the old churches they also observcd that educatiori and a cold forrnality were closcly associated. So they thought it better to rely less on books than on the promptings of the Spirit. Tliis prejiidice was held by the laity as well as by thc preachers. It was not iintil 1865 that the educatiori of ininislcrs vas considered with any favor by a Gcncral Confcrence. The cstablishing of Ottcrbeiri Ciliversity was niuch rcsistcd for 3 while, and Lebanon Vallcy Col!egc was not foiindcd iintil 1876. Iii theory the united Brethren mxnbcrship has never opposcd higher education, cxcept in its bearinq ooli ministerial preparation. And yet a prejiidice against it in a theological sense could iiot fail to build up a degree caf prcjudice in a secular sense. This prejudice has in our day been very rnuch ovcrcorne. 'rhc dcinand for a changc has gromn with a growtli of intclligcrice and knowledgc ainong the inasscs, ai~dis insisteilt as they rcdize that tlic leadcr of the rcli,'('10i1s forccs of the conirnunity niust devote his time aiid strciigtli io the niinistry of tlie Word. .4n cdiicated niiiiistry was opposed by the Otterbeiii peoplc so lang as they sanTtliat mcw who iiiadc tlirir living by soiiic form of busiiicss, ar~ci CHURCH HISTOHY 217

were without traiiiing, ciilture, or knowledge, were put forward as tlie teachers of "tlie people who perish for waiat of knowledge." In the preseiit century it is becorning recognized that rcliigion without educatioii sinks to tlie level of a supersti- tion, arid that the proper aiin of a liberal education is not crnlture for tlie sake of ciilture, but culture for tlie sake of service to others. "Thc present feelii?:', of indifferente to aii educatcd ministry results in a large part froin the forrner proiiounccd oppositioii to any cultiirc or special training for the pulpit. The pionccrs tlienisclves were iiiieducatcd, arid haviiig fled fror11 thc persecutioiis of thosc in autliority in Europe, wfm represented, of course, the cducated classes, our ancestors feEt tliat Ihe best in life was* to be secured iii the cpiet ot dornestic hoinc life, apart frorn tlie knowledge of the world. It mas tliis liiiomlcdge or le,ariling which they blaiiied for the wickediiess of tliose who posscsscd it. "They wcre fortified in tliis positioii by what they saw in tlie schools theinselves. A bittcr fountaiii sends out bitter waters. Aiid it iiiust be adniitted that they were groiiiids for thcir conclusions. Eveii wheii learning did not seriously affect the religious belief, its deadeniiig effect was to be seen iii the cold arid lifeless forrnality of the ethicated iniiiistry of tlie existiiig churches. There was no stjrring of the cinotions, '110 heart,' in the preaching which appenlcd to thc jiidgnieiit niid reasoii, aiid, coiisequently, what thcy offcred was a 'rcligion of tlie liead.' Tliis was helievcd to be fatal to all vilal godliness. "The first niciiibcr of this conferencc after Otterbeiii to be a college gradiiate was Sainuel Evers, who coinplctetd the course iii Otterbeiii Cnivcrsity and joined the coi-iferencc in 1857. Hc foundeol Pleasaiit Grove Academy in 1850 arid had lcss tliaii two years of service when deatta cndcd his work in January, 1861. Just before this. D. D. Keetly and C. R. Ilaniinacl; bad beeil students at Mount Pleasaiit, Peiinsylvania, but the coinbiiiiiig of tliis schooI with Otterbein at Westerville, Ohio, eiided their schx~l 21 8 UNITED RHETHHEN

work, as thcy did not follow it to thc iiew location. The next man to complcte the college course was J. N. Fries, who in the centennial year received his diploma aiid dt,-wee from Otterbein, and has been for forty years a faithful aimd successful teacher. "The ilecessity for college training was not gciicnxlly felt. Indeed, up to about this time tlie old notion that cch- eation is not an essential for the minister, was geiierally hcld. It was einphasized in my own experience. Iii tlic. spring of 1872, Roonsboro circuit, to which J. W. Hott Iiad been seilt, waiited a junior preacher. Tlie Sunday aftcs tlie conference, J. W. Howe, presidirig elder, aiid Jotin Ruebush, pastor, visitect ine at Kcezletown, where I was teaching my second school, and spent the day with mc, endeavoring to persuadc ine to accept that appointinciit ar~d enter at once upon the work of thc activc miiiistry. JYlneri I urged iny i:norance and need of preparation, and told them I was planning to go to college, thcy re-eiiforced their position by saying, 'it is a pity to see a man spencling the best years of his life in school while the world is bring lost.' I was then eightecn. Howe and Ruebush were strsng ineii, and more progressive than inany othcrs, aiid yct they reflected the general opinion. Hoth men livcd to change their ideas entirely on this subject, for a few years, latcr they were my stroiigest supporters in establishiiig Sheiiandoah Institute. "Evers, Fries, McMullen, Hendrickson, Harper, 0. W. Burtner, C. M. Good, W. D. Good, and niyself* havc hcen graduated from Otterbein, and S. K. Wine and W. 0. Fries from Lebanon Valley; and of thesc only Fries, McMullcli, W. D. Good, and the writer are today (1914) ineinbers of this conference. After eficient service in Virginia, Mary- land, aiid Pennsylvania, Wine died at Chambersburg in I the prime of life. The others are living and finding ficlds of usefulness elsewhere. Eleven have taken a course in Honebrake Seminary: G. P. Hott, J. W. Hicks. L. 0. Burt- ner, A. W. Horn, H. H. Fout, J. E. Fout, W. 0. Jotics, *A. P. Funkhouser. CHURCH HISTOHY 21 9 L. W. Lutz, and Lan Seng Nam. C. W. Burtner is a Con- gregationalists pastor in Connecticut, while only A. S. Hain- rnack remain a member of this conference. Forty-eight members of the conference have attended Shenandoah Institute, some completing the full Course. Some twenty-five years ago, nearly all who enlered the confercnce studied at this school. But in the last twenty years a little less than one-third, and in the last ten ybrs a little less than one in five have attended our conference school. Of our prcsent membership of 58, those who have studied at Dayton, Vir- ginia, number 22. "J. R. Ridenour, A. D. Frced, C. M. Hott, and P. W. Weller were students in Lebainon Valley College for one or more years.'' CHAPTER XXV THE VIRGINIA CONFERENCE SCHOOIA She country about Dayton, Virginia was settlcd loriff beforc there was any village at this point. The little stonie buildiiig on thc east border, between the Harrisoiiburg pike and Cook's creck, was built as a fortified house, and was surrouiided by a stockadc. It is supposcd there was a covcred way leadirig to the strcairi, and a condition in the cronm patent to tlie land on which the lower mill staiids is tliat the surtner fort shall have enougli water for its use. Evcn before the Revolutioii there was an Episcopal chapel adjacent to the town cemetery. On tlic grourid nom occupied by artificial Silver Lake was a Presbyteriari church. The early population of the vicinity was Scotch- Iris11 aiid English arid not German. As a hamlet, Dayton was first known as Rifetowii or Rifeville. In 1833, Daytori was made a town by an Act of Assembly. Tlie first dwelling within the town site was the Rife liouse, a rough-cont building that stood oii the Institute campus. Previous to its beiiig torn down by Dr. F~inkhous~r,thc occuparit kcpt a \vagoii yard. Thc Harrisonburg pike was built in 1833, aiid in 1840 there were 26 houses in the villagc. The union brick church now owried by the Church of the Hreth- rcn was built about 1858. Prior to this the only prcachiiig place was a long shop building. Bachtcl had a steel triangle inadc, and this was beaten with a hamincr to givc notice of tlie preaching liorir. The discovery of gold in Califoriiiu made nioney plciitifiil, and Dayton was on sornewhat of a booni. Property was in de~naiid,hoiises wer? biiilt, aiid in 1852 the place was incorporated. Sheriaridoah Seuiinary was foundcd in 1875 arid incorporated onc year later. 111 18'79 it was nanied Sheiiandoah Instit~ite. Its first habitatioii was thc buildiiig on MaPai street iicar the entrailce to tlie strect lcadirig to thc iailway station. It is at prescnt the store aud residente of Mr. Stirne- CHURCH HISTORY 221 spring. The next horne of the school was the buildiiig since kiiown as Ladies' Dormitory Number One and Diniiig Hall. Until then this was a store and dwelling house. 1na 1885 an annex was attached to this buildiiig. In the saine year tlie caiiipus was purcliased aiid niaple trees plaiitd on it. Iii 1901 the Hovve Memorial I3uilding was erectcd on the cainpiis, arid in 1912 the Admiiiistratioi~ suildiiig, opposite the Boardiiig Hall, was complcted. Including two rcsideiices, occupied b:y tlie inanager aiid Professor W. H. Ruebiisl-i, there are now six distiiict buildings on the lands o\iimed by the iiistitiition, and the total value of the plailt is :\bout $60,000. The school begaii wiith 20 students, and there were many reeitations in private homcs. A priniary school was at first coiinected with Slienandoah Acadeniy. The manager, the instructor of the priinary departinent, and a teacher of kusic niade up the original faculty. The following persons havc successively beeil at the head of the scliool: A. P. Iiunkhouser (1875-1885); J. N. Fries (1885-1887); G. P. Hott (1887-1895) ; E. U. Hoenshel (1895-1910) ; J. H. Ruebush, since 1910. In 1902 the institulion took the name of Shenandoah Collcgiate Institute aiitl School of Music, and by this title it has since beeil knowni. Theie are now teil rneinbers of thc academic facixlty, and eight of the departinent of inusic. The curriculuin enibraces sible study, English, qistory, Mathematics, Natural Scjencc, Agricultiire, Latin, Gernian, French, Elocutioii, Doniestic Scicnce, aiid the Fine Arts, in addition to tlie woi-k of thc Shenandoah Business Col- lege. Miisic lias almays beeil a strong adjunct. 171 the scliiool year, 1918-19, thcrc were 115 students stadying miisic, 101 were takiiig Bible study, 94 literature, 35 expres- sioii, 18 art, aiid 2 donicstic science. Thcre w&e 44 in tlie cornmnercial courses. Thc school year, divided into two scinesicrs, continries 36 weeks. Tuition is $50 in ench rnusic coursc, and $50 to $75 in bhe ucadcmic courses. 222 UNITED BRETHREN

Iii 42 years over 6,000 studeiits have had partial training in this iiistitutiori. Jay N. Fries was born at White Hall, Virginia, Decein- ber 13, 1850. His early life was spent on his father's farn~. 111 the fall of 1869 he began tcaching, aiid in 1876 vras graduated froin Otterbein University with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He had already been liceiised to preach in 1871. In the year of his graduation lie opeiied a high school at Dayton, Virginia, teaching it foiir years, aiid then tcaching in Rridgewater aiid Harrisonburg. For 12 years Prof. Fries was at the liead of Sheriandoah Institute, aiid his tcrin was markcd by tliorough, conscientious, and s~ic- cessful work. Eliner U. Hoenshel was borii in Westinoreland couiity, Pennsylvaiiia, being one of tlie nine sons of George and Mary Hoensliel. He was converted at the age of niiietcen and decided to be a feacher. Hut he received a licciisc from a quarterly conference in 1889, joined the Allegliany Conference iri 1891, aiid was a graduate of Shenaiidoali Seminary in 1892. Prof. Hoenshel is very well knm~iiin the Valley of Virginia as an cducator arid lecturer, aiad also as an author. He has traveled in Europe and Palestinc..

Janies H. Ruebush was born at Singers Gleii, Virginia. October 17, 1865. Uiitil the age sf fourteen he lived on his father's farin. Thc fainily then nloved to Dayton in the same county, where the soii attended Shenaiidoali Institute five years. His studies in inusic was continued at Otterbein University, the Conservatory of Music at NCW York, and such suinmer scliools as Silver Lake and Lake Chautauqua. In thcse he was a pupil of soine eininent teachers. After teachiiig five years at Kec Mar College, lie returned to Dayton in 1898, bccoming Musical Director in the Institute. In 1910 hc was put in control of tlie school. Mr. Ruebush is the author of several soiig books, thc first of which is "Genis of Gladness." He is a pcrson CHURCH HISTORY 223 of great energy and activity, and brings these qualities tu bear in everything in which he is concerned. Several tinies has he been a member of the General Conference of the United Brethrcn Church, and he hab held several other high positions in his deiiomination. a

CHAPTER XYVII A DIGEST OF THE CONFERENCE MINUTES Tlic Virginia Conference, by a decision arrived at in 1900, is the inotl-ier conference of the United srethren Church. This abstract of the iniiiutes tlierefore begiiis with the session of 1789. Oilly the iriore iiiiportarit facts in the proceedings are here given. Tliis is particularly the case since the minutes begaii to appear in printed form. The reports of the last twenty years make painphlels 01' forty to seventy pages. To the published ininutes the reader is referred for the corifereiice meiribership and tlie iiaines of the lay dclegates. She ortl-iography of proper riaines is not uiiiform in the various reports. Since tlie eompiler could not always tell w11icl-i form should be givcn the preference, he has sometiil,es followed the vari at'ions fouiid in the rniiiutes. 1789 Conference at tlie home of Williairi Otterbein, Raltiniore, Mc1. Present: \Villiarn Otterbein, Martin Roehin, George A. Guetliiiig, Christian Newcomer, Henry \Ireidner, Adam I.ehnian, John Ernst-7. Ahsent: Benedict Swope, Henry Baker. Frederick Schacffer., Martin Kreider, Sinion Herre, Christoyher Grosh, Abraham Draksel-7. 1791 Conference at tlie Iiouse of John Spangler. Paradisr Twp, Yoi-k County, Pa. Present: Williani Otterbein, Martin soehm, George A. Guetliing, Christian Newcomer, Adam Lehman, John Ernst, J. G. Pfriiiimer, John Neidig, Benedict Saunders-9. Absent: Henry M1eidner, Martin Kreider, Christopher Grosh, Christian Crum, D. Strickler, Felix Light, John Mautz, Henry Baker, F. Scliaeffer, Abraham Draksel, G. Fortenbach, J. Hcrsliey, Siinon Herre, Benedict Swope-14. 1800 Conference at the house of Peter Kemp, near Frederick, Md., September 25. Present: Williarn Otterbein, Martin Boehm. G. A. Guething, John G. Pfrimmer, Christian Newcomer, Christian Cruni, Henry @rum, John Hershey, J. Geisinger, Henry Boehni, Jacob Raulus, D. Aurand, ildarn Lehman, Abraham Draksel--14. Absent: John Neidig, Frederick Schaeffer, Abraham Mryer, David Snyder, A. Hershey, John Ernst, Simon Herre, John Sen- seny, I. Niswander, Martin Kreider, Christopher Grosh, G. Forten- baiigh, Adam Reigel, Christian Hershey, M. Thomas, Daniel Strick- ler, Abraham Heistand-17. Ten great meetings held during the conference year following. Otterbein and Roelim elected bishops. 1801 Conference again at Kemp's September 23. Present: William Otterbein, Martin Boehm, Christian New- comer, Daniel Strickler, George A. Guething, Peter Senseny, John Neidig, David Lang, Abraham Meyer, Frederick Schaeffer, John Hershey, Thomas Winter, L. Duckwald, David Snyder, Christian Crum, Matthias Kessler, Peter Kemp, Abraham Hershey, Jacob Geisinger, Michael Thoinas-20. Itinerants: C. Newcomer., A. Hershey, F. Schaeffer, P. Keinp, D. Snyder, D. Strickler, D. Long, M. Thomas, G. Meyer, J. Neidig. Resolved that each preacher who could not attend the annual eonference should give due notice of that fact. Otterbein preached on the third and last day from Jude 20-25, on the responsibilities of the ministerial office. 1802 Conference at the house of John Cronise, near Kemp's, Octoher 6. Bishops: W. Otterbein, M. Boehm. New members: William Ambrose of Sleepy Creek, Va. Ludwig Duckwald and John Neidig authorized to "administer all the ordinances of the house of God, according to the Scriptures." By a vote of nine to three decided not to keep a register of the members of the church. "Resolved, that in case one of our superintendents, W. Otterbein or M. Boehm, should die, another minister shall be elected to fill the place. This is the will of those two brethren, and the 1111- animous wish of all the preachers present." Otterbein preached the cmference sermon the second day. Adjournment third day. During May, June, August, September, October, 19 great meetings. Note:-Soon after conference a quarterly meeting on the old Huffman place below Pleasant Valley. Guething and Newcomer went home with the Moyers, who lived in a log house (where now is a brick house) near the Mennonite church on the Valley Pike. They then went 10 miles further to A. M. Hivener's.

Conference at David Snyder's, Cumberland Co., Pa., October 5, Tor a three day session. Present: William Otterbein, Martin Boehrri, Christian New- comer, David Snyder, John Hershey, Peter Kemp, Abraham Meyer, Christopher Grosh, Christiari Crum, Valentine Flugel, John Winter, Frederick SchaeR'er, George Benedum-13. Boehm and Grosh a committee to station the preachers of Pennsylvania. hfaryland left to the preachers of that state. Bene- dum and Crum to call a ineeting of the Virginia preachers and arrange their fields of labor.

Conference against at Snyder's, October 3. secause of an epideniic in the country around, onlp 5 memhers were present. Martin Boehrri, Abraham Meyer, Frederick Schaeffer, Christian Newcomer, Matthias Bortsfield. Died: Dr. Peter Senseny, of Winchester. Note:-In the preceding May, Otterbein preached twice at a sacramental meeting in the Guething meeting house.

Conference at the house of Jacob saulus, near Middletown, Md., May 29. Present : 21 preachers. Otterbein and Boehm re-elected bishops. Newcomer to travel through the German settlements in Mary- land and Pennsylvania, and Christian Crurn in those of Virginia.

Conference at Lorenz Eberhart's Frederick Co., Md., May 21, lasting three days as usual. Itinerants: Joseph Hoffman, Christian Crum. Great meetings arranged for. Present: John Neidig, Peter Kemp, John Hershey, Henry Crurn, 1,orenz Eberhart, Christian Crum, Christian Newcoriler, George A. Guething, Joseph Hoffman, Michael Thomas, Jacob saulus.

Conference at Christian Herr's, Lancaster Co., Pa. Martin Boehm presided. CHURCH HISTORY 227

Present: Martin Boehm, Isaac Niswander, John Neidig, Joseph Hoffman, Christian Hershey, Christian Newcomer, Abraham Meyer, Frederick Schaeffer, George A. Guething, Abraham Hershey, David Snyder, Christian Crum, Christian Smith, David Long-14. Died: Jacob Geisinger.

Conference at Abraham Niswander's in Virginia, May 28. Present : Christian Newcomer, Isaac Niswander, Ludwig Duck- wald, Abraham Meyer, George A. Guething, Joseph Hoffman, Peter Kemp, Christian Crum, Jacob Baulus, George Hoffman, David Snyder, William Ambrose, Frederick Duckwuld, John Hershey-14. Hitherto, the annual conference had granted license to exhort. The following rule adopted, the great distances to be traveled on horseback often preventing the attendance of members: "Those who desire to receive license to preach among us shall be examined at a great meeting; and, if favorably reported, two of the elders shall grant them license for one year, at the end of which time, their license may be renewed at a great meeting."

Cqnference again at Christian Herr's, May 10. sishop Boehm presided. Present: Martin soehm, Adam Reigel, Christian Smith, Joseph Hoffman, Isaac Niswander, George A. Guething, Christian Hershey, Christian Newcomer, John Hershey, Abraham Hershey, David Long, David Snyder, Abraham Meyer, Frederick Schaeffer, Matthias sortsfield, George Benedum, Christopher Grosh, John Snyder-18. The subject of union or fellowship with the Methodists received a great deal of attention. Xote:-Enoch George (Methodist) and Newcomer and Gueth- ing (U. B.) met at Guething's home, February 13, 1809. Newcomer attended the Baltimore Conference of the Methodists at Harrison- burg, Va., to promote a fraternal uriion. A committee was appointed to meet him, and the correspondence thus begun continued several years.

Conference again at John Cronise's, June 3. Present: 16 ministers. Salary of an unmarried preacher fixed at $80. The elder preachers required to visit all the appointments, in all the fields of labor, twice during the year, if at all possible. A letter from the Methodist Conference on the subject of a close ~inionbetween the two churches was answered in a fraternal 228 USITEI) RRETHREN spirit. The church at Baltin~orcsent a letter to the conference on the sanie subject. Note:-The first United Brethren conference west of the Alle- ghanies was the first session of the Miami, held near Germautown, O., August 18, Bishop Newcomer presiding.

Conference in Cumberland Co., Pa., May 23.

' President: Christopher Grosh, Christian Sniith, George A. Guething, Christian Newcomer, Abraham Draksel, Christian Crum, Jacob Baulus, David Snyder, Matthias Kessler, Joseph Hoffrnan, Isaac Niswander, Jacob Winter, David Long, Frederick Schaeffer, Christian Hershey, Joseph Jordan, Henry Hicstand, Michael saer, George Hoffman, Peter Swartz-20. Died: Martin Boehrn, aged 86; Peter Keinp February 26, while his farriily and friends were in rnorning prayers at his bed4de; John Hershey. Licensed to preach : Jacob Winter, Peter Swartz. Licensed to exhort: Joseph Jordan, Michael Hershey.

Conference at Guething meeting house, Md., May 13. Present: Christian Newcomer, Abraham Draksel, Isaac Nis- wander, Valentine Baiilus, Lorenz Everhart, ChristSan Berger, George Guething, Jacob Dehof, Christian Crum, Joseph Hoffman, Abraham Meyer, Jacob Baulus, Michael Thomas, Henry Hiestand, Martin Crider, George A. Guething, Christian Smith, David Snyder, Abraham Hershey, Jacob Weidner, Henry G. Spayth, John Crider-22. Salary for a married preacher fixed at $160. Itinerants: H. Hiestand, H. G. Spayth. Much consideration given to the fraternal correspondence with the Methodists. Delegates present from the Baltimore and Phila- delphia conferences of the Methodists. Unanimously resolved that friendship and love shall be maintained between the two chiirches. Fraternal delegates appointed. Church work placed under the care of superinteudents or elders, who were assigned districts and authorized to hold small conferences on the circuits, whenever necessary. .July 30 and October 29 appointed days of fasting, prager, and thanksgiving, to be observed throughout the denomination. The following a recorded roll of all the ministers of the church, who up to this date were authorized "to administer all the ordinances of the house of God." None were ordained. The authorization had been at sonie great ineeting, or a conference to adrninister tlie sacraments: Williarri Otterbein, Christian Xewcoirier, Christopher Gro\h, John Neidig, Christian Hershey, Isaac Xiswander, Peter Kemp, hlartin Boehrri, Christian Cruin, Abraham Draksel, David I,ong, Abraliaiii Meyer, saniel Troyer, Adam Riegel, George A. Guething, .lohn Hershey, IAudwig Duckwald, Abraham Hershey, \I1illiarn Ain- brose, George seneduni, Fi-ederick Schaeffer, Josepii Hoffrrian. David Siiyder, David Gingerich, Christian Siiiith, Christian Rerger-, Diecl: Matthias Kessler., George A. Guething. A. Meyer to assist in holding two great ineetings in Virginia. Spayth to visit Virginia in November. Note:-Guething was secreiary of the conference frorn 1800 to 1812, inclusive. Shortly before his death he finished transcrihing the minutes froni loose leaves into a conference book.

Conference again al Christian Herr's. Christopher Grosh, chairiiian; Christian Siiiith, secretary. Present: Christopher Grosh, Christian Newcomer, John Neidig, Abraham Meyer, Adam Riegel, Christian Cruin, Frederick Schaef- fer, Jacob saulus, Valentine Baulus, David Snyder, Christian Hershey, Abraham Hershey, George Guething, Michael saer, Henry G. Spayth, Christian Smitli, Htmry Hiestand, Joseph Jordan-18. 1,icensed to exhort: John R'rowri. John Geisinger, Charles Has- sel, George Kilb. An address, signed by Bishop Asbury, received froni thc Ralti- more Methodist Conference, and Newcomer and Baulus directed to prepare a reply. Newcoiner, Cruin, Hoffman, and saulus appointed a coniniittee to meet a coinmittee from the Evangelical Association for the purpose of effecting an organic union. This proceedin4 grew out of ;% ;% visit by Newcomer to the Evangelical conference in April, 1813. He was given a letter to be laid before the United Brethren conference. The conimittee,-Newcismer, Cruin, Hoffman, and Baulus, -inet the Evangelical coinmiittee at New Rerlin, Pa., and conferred several days without coniing to any conclusion. Th? Albrights( Erangelicals) had been wo~kingabout 15 years, a:id had 15 itinerants and 800 mernbers. Their general conference of 1816 changed the naine of the denomination to its present form, and discussed the proposed union. A committee of six from each church inet at Henry Kuinler's in 1817, but failed to come to any untlerstanding. Christian Newcomer elected hishop for one year. Ordered that the Discipline and the Confession of Faith be printed. Died: William Otterbein, aged 87.

Conference at Hagerstown, Md., May 24. C. Newcomer, bishop; J. Baulus, secretary. Present: Christian Newcomer, Abraham Meyer, John Baer, David Snyder, George Geeting, Thonias Winter, Frederick Schaef- fer, Christian Crum, Jacob Dehof, Henry G. Spayth, Joseph Hoff- man, Christopher Grosh, Valentine Baulus, Herinan Ow, John Neidig, John Snyder, Jacob Baulus, Isaac Niswander, Christian Smith, Christian Berger, Michael Thornas-21. Licensed to preach: John Kathfang, Joseph Fry, George Kolb. .lohn Geisinger, Henry Kuinler, Jacob Wenger. Authorized to administer the ordinances: Herman Ow, John Snyder, Henry G. Spayth. Christian Newcomer elected bishop for three years. Christian Hershey elected presiding elder for two years "over the district in his part of the country." A letter from Otterbein's congregation expressing the wish to connect itself with the United Brethren and thus to be supplied with preachers in future. The first Thursday in August ciesignated as a day of fasting and prayer. Itinetants: John Snyder, Hagerstown circuit; Henry G. Spayth, Hockingharn circuit.

Conference at Henry Kumler's, Franklin Co., Pa., May 9. G. Newcomer, bishop; J. Baulus, secretary. Present: Christian Newcomer, David Snyder, Isaac Niswander, Valentine Baulus, Henry Kumler, Jacob Baulus, Christian Berger. Jonas Witrner, John Neidig, John Baer, Jacob Dehof, Henry G. Spayth, Michael Baer, Henry J. Fry, Joseph Hoffman, Abraham Meyer, John Crider, John Snyder, George Geeting, Henry Hiestand, Jacob Wenger, Jacob Winter-22. Licensed to preach: Peter Swartz, Valentine Hiskey, Jonas Witmer. 1,icensed to exhort: Daniel Pfeifer, Jacob Flickinger, George srown, Samuel Huber, Samuel Brandt. A camp rneeting,-the first by the United Brethren,-ordered at Hocky Springs, Franklin Co., Pa., August 11. 1816 Conference at the house of David Long, Cumberland Co., Pa., May 7, CHURCH HISTORY 231

I C. Newcomer, bishop; J. Baulus, secretary. Licensed to preach : Jacob Flickinger, Samuel Huber, William srown. Ordained: Henry Kumler, George Geeting, George Hoffnian, Peter Swartz. Presiding elders (for two years) : A. Meyer, J. Hoffman, J. Baulus. Camp meeting ordered at Middlekoff's, four miles from Hagers- tou7n, Md., August 8. Present: Christian Newcomer, John Keidig, David Snycler. George Geeting, Abraham Hershey, Peter Swartz, Abraham Meyer, Christian Smith, Henry Kunller, Jacob Dehof, Herrnon Ow, Jacob Batilus, John Snyder, Joseph Hoffrnan, Michael Baer, David Lo11g. George Hoffman-1 7.

Conference at Guething's ineeting hoiisc, Md., May 15. C. Newcomer, bishop; J. Baulus arid John Hildt, secretaries. Present: Christian Newcomer, Christian Hershey, John Snyder, John Crider, Michael Thomas, Jacob Winter, John saer, Christian serger, William srown, Abrahani hfeyer, Jacob saulus, Valentine Raulus, Jacob Ilehof, George Geetinq, Conrad Roth, Henry Kumler, John Hildt, David Fleck, John Neidig, Joseph Hoffrnan, Henry G. Spayth, Samuel Huber, Isaac Niswander, Jacob Wenger, Jacob Flickinger, George Rrown-26. Ikensed to preach: J. Hildt, Jacob srazer, Urilliarn Rrown, D. Flick. Ordained: J. Crider, V. Baulus. Camp meeting fixed for August 14 at Middlekoff's, Md. Presiding elders: J. Snyder, H. Kuder. Presiding elders directed to keep an account of the nioneps collected by the traveling preachers, and what was paid out to thein in settlement, report to conference, and see that the settlement is recordeti in the ininutes.

Conference at the house of Christian Hershey, Lancaster, Co., Pa., May 5. C. Newco~iier,bishop. Present: Christian Newcomer, Joseph Hoffrnan, ~Valentine Baulus, Samuel Huber, Jacob Lehmaii, Joseph Jordan, John Snyder, David Fleck, J. Zentmyer, A. Zeller, Abrahani Meyer, Williani srown, Michael Baer, Christian Hershey, John Geisinger, George Rrown, George Kolb, Daniel Pfeifw, Christopher Grosh, Henry Kumler, Jacob Wenger, Henry G. !jgayth, Daniel Gingerich, Arba- hani Hershey, Conrad Hoth, Christian Smith--26. 232 UNITED RRETHREN

Licensed to exhort: Abraliani Horner, John Riissel, Conrad Weist. Licensed to preach: Daniel Pfeifer. Camp rneeting fixed for Midrilekoff's for August. Letter frorn Haltiiriore stirred up interest in raising f~indsfor frontier preachers. 1819 Conference at Valentine Doub's, Frederick Co., Md., M2y 4. I'resent: Christian Newconier, Andrew Zeller, Adam Lehtiia~i, Isaac Niswander, John Crider, James Wenger, George Guething, Sarnuel Huber, David Hook, William Browi, John Russel, Ahraharin Meyer, Michael Baer, John Hildt, John Neidig, Michael Thoinas, Daniel Pfeifer, John Snyder, John Brown, Conratl Weist, John Felterhof, Jacob Baer, John Brown, John Cloffer, John Hoffer-25. Received: John Brown, Conrad Weist. Licensed to exhort: John Felterhof, Janies Raer, John Rrown, John Cloffer, John Hoffer. 1,etter fro~nW. Line, Register of Cuinberland Co., Pa., announc- ing that David Snyder had bequeathed to the Conference one thousand dollars, payable one year after the death of his wife. Letter entered on the minutes. Abraham Meyer paid in fifty dollars to be distributed ariioiig the poor itinerant members in Ohio, according to the wishes of the donor, Elizabeth Snyder, and the rnoney given into the care of Bro. Zeller. After paying all expenses, the suni of $66.24 in the Confererice treasury was ordered to be distributed arnong the itinerants in Ohio. Ordained: Williain srown, David Heck, Saniuel Huber, Jaines Wenger. Died: David Snyder, aged .57; Valentine sauliis, aged 56. Camp rneetings ordered at Pleasant Valley, Washington Co., Md., August 5; Kocky Springs, Pa., August 26; Rockinghaiii Ca., Va., September 9. Presiding elders: Sarnuel Huber, Hagerstown Uist.; Abraliani lleyer, Juniata; Jacob saulus, Virginia; John A'eidig, 1.artcasrt-i. Appointnients: John Snyder, Baltiiriore; Daniel Pfeifer, Hagers- town; David Heck, Jiiniatn; Williairi srown arid Conrad Weist, Virginia; Oliio, John Kussel, John Felterhof,

Conference at the house of Conrad Nicodenius, \\'ashington, Co., Md., hlay 2. Present : Christian Newconier, Abraham Meyer, Isaac Niswan- der, Jolin Crider, Michael Thonias, Saniuel Huber, David Heck, Williani srown, John Brown, Conrad \Ireist, Jairies Raulus, John CHURCH HISTOKY 233

Hiiclt, John Snyder, John Rrown, George Brown, Jacob Weitlner, Jacob Dunahoo, George Guething, Daniel Pfeifer, Jacob Adam Lehnian, Jacob Baer, David Baer, Henry Werbe (?I, John Hafford, Christian Hershey, John Cloffer, Jacob Dehof-27. .4braham iMeyer, chairrnan; John Hildt, secretary. Licensed: John Brown, David saer, Jacob Dunahoo, Jacob Baer, for six months. Received froin Elizabeth Snyder for the traveling preachers, $25. Ortlained: John Hildt, Georgr Rrown, Ilavid Pfeifer, Henry Werbe. Camp ineetirig dates: Kockingharri Co., Va., August 3; Pleasant Valley, Md., August 17; Rock Springs, Pa., August 24. Licensed to exhort : Christian Traub. 13residing elders: Georgc Guething, Va.; Saniuel Huber, Hagers- towi; Abraham Sleyer, Juniata; .John Neidig, Laricaster. Appointments: John Snytler, Raltimore; William Rrown antl Conratl Weist, Hagerstown; John Rrown, Juniata; Daniel Pfeifer anrl Jacob Dunahoo, Virginia. "God be praised for the blessinss we received on this occasion. SIay He grant his hlessings on our proceedings."

Conference at Hagerstown, Md., April 10. 1'1-ewnt: Christian Newcoiner, Jacob Baulus, Abraham Jleyer, John Crider, Sarnuel Huber, dohn Snyder. Henry Werbe, Williaiii Brown, Joseph Hoffinan, John Rrown (Pa.), John Rrown (Va.), hm-ad Weist, Daniel I'feifer, Peter Schwirrz, Jacob Dehof, George Guething, JIichael Raer, Jolin Russel, dacob Fleckinger, Jacob Jhnahoo, Christian Burkhardt, John HaiFortl, Saniuel Rrant-23. C. Xewcorner, bishop; A. JIeyer, chairrnan; J. Hildt, secretary. Presiding elders appointetl n conirriittee to select the traveling preachers. Licensetl: John Cloffer, Jolin Hafford. Christian Traiib arid Henry Burtner licenied for two years 011 trial. Ordained: John Brown (Va.), Jlohn Riown (Pa.). Died: Christian Crunib, Isaac Niswaiider, Frederick Herr. Heceived diiring the year for thr support of the itineraricy, $439.67. Each preacher received $73.21. Itinerants for the year: John !$n:ider, Williani Brown, Conrad Wei\t, Daniel Pfeifer, Christian Traub, John Rrown (Va.), Jacob Dunahoo, John Rrown (Pa.), Henry Burtner. sauliis, Snyder, Hotfnian, Meyer, Guethiiig, Traub, Hershey, a cornniittee to devise a plan to secure funds to support the itinerant nlini\ters, reportetl as follows: "FLesolved by the ininisters of tlie C:hrii-ch of the United Rretliren in Christ in Conference aisenibled, 234 UNITED BRETHREN

that there is a great necessity of forming a society antl cre-tCI e a fund from which the poor traveling and wornout and superannuated members shall be supported." Resolved, that for every circuit agents be appointed there to invite persons to join this society and to get subscriptions. "Resolved, that this annual conference appoint a cornmittee to draw up a constitution for this benevolent society and lay it before the next annual conference. RBsolved, that in order to help those that are in need now, a subscription (be taken) and have it circulated in the conferences. Resolved, that copies of these resolutions be sent to the general and the annual conferences of Pennsylvania and Ohio." Resolution unanimously adopted. Hildt and saulus appointecl n committee to prepare a constitution and subrnit it to the next Ses- sion of conference. The presiding elders to act as agents. Also agreed to ask froin next General Conference to change the second article in our Discipline as far as it relates to nieinbers of general conferences. Camp meetings: hlaryland, August 2; Virginia, Augnst 16; Pennsylvania, August 30.

Conference at the house of Mr. I

Presiding elders reported $400 subscribed to the benevolent society, and were authoribed to continue their efforts. Licensed to preach: Thomas Hustin, John Reder. Ikensed to exhort: Janies E\~ig,Lorenz Esterlin. Ordained: Conrad Weist, David Raer, Valentine Hiskey. Trustees of benevolent society authorized to have society incorporated and constitution printed.

1823 (:onference at the residente of John Croni.se, Fretlerich Co., Md., Mny 6. C. Newcomer, bishop; C. Guetliing, chairman; J. Hildt, secretary. Present: Abraham Hershey, Abraham Meyer, Samuel Huber. Abraham Huber, tVilliani Rrown, John Hrown (Pa.), John Hronm (Va.), Conrad Weist, Jacob Dunahoo, Daniel Pfeifer, Cii :\tim Traub, Henry Rurtner, John Ilildt, John Crider, Jacob \Yenger, George Guething, John Hafford, Jacob Dehof-18. Licensed: Gideon Smith, Jacob Erb, John Hafford, Abraham Huber. Ordained: Christian Traub, Henry Burtner, Philip Ziegler. Died: Henry Werbe, James Bi-azer. Presiding elders: John Snider, Williain Brown, Abraham Hershey, Abraham Meyer, John Hiltlt, George Guething, .John Crider. Itinerants for the coniing year: Williani Brown, Conrad Lf'eist, John srown, Henry Burtner, Christian Traub, Daniel Pfeifer, Jacob Erb, Gideon Srnith. Receiveci for support of traveling preachers, $727. I1aitl to William Brown and John Brown, c.ach, $128.54; to Jacob Diinahoo, Conrad Weist, Christian Traub, John Brown, Daniel Pfeifer, ench, $64.27; to Sainuel Huber, $17.02. Treasurer of benevolent society reported $11.50 in hanrl, after paying all expenses, amounting to $9.50. Voted that the $11.50 be sent by C. Newconier to the brethren of Ohio Conference.

Conferencc at Shannian's church, Pleasant Valley, Md., May 4. C. Newcomer and J. Hoffnian, bishops; John Hildt and Johi-i G. Pfriinnier, secretaries. Present: Abraham Meyer, George Guething, Saniuel Huber, Jolin Crider, Jacob Dehof, William Brown, Daniel Pfeifer, Conrad \\'eist, Henry Burtner, John Hildt, John Hafford, David Heck, John Rrown, David Raer, John Cloffer, John G. Pfrinirner, Jacob Wenger, Gideon Smith, Jacob Erb, Williain Abels, John Eckart, Michael Themas, Lorenz Estalin-23. 236 UNITED BKETHKEN

Licensed to preach: Lorenz Estalin, Jarnes Ewig. Licensed to eshort: John Fry, Jariles Ilebold, .lohn Briibaker (renewal). Ordained: MTilliam Abels. Died: Abrahani Lehman, aged 90. Itinerants for coming year: William Brown, John Brourn, Con- rad Weist, Henry Biirtner, Daniel Pfeifer, William Abels, Gideon Snell, Jacob Doubs. JIoiiey collected for traveling preachers, $618.60. Paid to Wil- liain Brown, $119; to John Brown, $142.70; to Henry surtner, Gideon Smith, and Conrad Weist, each, $71.37; to Daniel Pfeifer, $59.50; to Jacob Erb, $47.58; to Christian Traub, 435.71. Trustees of benevolent society report in hand, $28.61. Votetl that tlie part belonging to this conference $9.30 be givcn to Chris- tian Traub, who has been very sick a long terin and in great rieetl for help. Kesolved that the election of delegates to the next General Con- ference be held on or before Jan~iary1, 1825, and that to every .one elected the earliest personal notice be given. Resolved that Thursday, July 30, be set apart as :i das of fastinq and prayer. 1823 Conference at Petersburg, Adams Co., I%., May 10. Present: Christian Newconier, Johri Hildt, Abraham Meyer, Abraliani Hershey, George Guething, John Rrown, Conrarl Weist, Gideon Smith, Jacob Erb, Henry Burtner, .Jacob Doub, John Haf- forcl, Williarri Brown, John Crider, David Heck, Sainiiel Hiiber, Abraham Huber, David Baer, John Snyder, John Neidig, Christian Sinith, Daniel Pfeifer, Valentine Ilickey, John Fry, Lorenz Estalin, Jacob Weiiger, John Clopper, Christian Traub, William Ahels-29. Coiniriittee on complaints, should any be inade: C-- Neidig, Meyer, John srown, William Brown, Jacob Doub. After all the nienibers present were exaniined, conference in- quircd into the cllaracter of the following absent brethren: W. Rhineliart, Christian Shopp, John Sewell (?), John Zahn, John Crack, Jacob Ikbolt, John Hendricks, Jaiiies Snyder, Abraham Hersliey. Coiriniittee on coinplaints reported on Sarriuel Huber, Jacob IVeiiger, and Christian Traub, and the report adopted. The cases of those hrethreri who are on trial were taken up and a coritinuance on trial decided upon. Itinerants for coiriing year: Williani Brown, John Brow~i,Clon- rad Weist, Jacob Erb, Jacob Doub, Gideon Sniith. Resolved in fiiture to oiiiit "Reverend" iri oiii. addreises to brethren. CHURCH HISTORY 237

Licensed to preach: Williani Rhinehart, John Zahn, John Hend- ricks, Christian Shoop, John Crack, Janies Snyder, Abraham Hershey, John Fry. Licensed to exhort: John Siiiith, Tlionias Oberholtz. The secretaries shalj give notice to sro. Geisinger that they cara tlo nothing for hin]. Report on the cond~~ctof John S~iydcrunnniniously adogted. Beceived on Support of tr,iveling preachers during the year, $741.46. 1825 (Scrond Session) Coiiference at Chainbersburg, Pa., November 17. C. Xewcorner and Henry Kunller, bishops; Williain Rrown and Gitileon Sniith, secretaries. Present: John Hildt (P. E.), Abraham Meyer (P. E.), \Villiain Brown (P. E.), George Guething (P. E.). Sarnuel Huber, Valentine Hiskey, Jacob Erb, Daniel Pfeifer, Gideon Srnith, John Hendricks, John srown, Jacob Doub, Henry surtner, Conrad Weist, Daniel Heck, John Rider, John Baer, Abraham Huber, John Wenger, Jacob Wenger, Jacob Debold, Jonah Whitconi, Jonah Houk, Jonah Haf- fort], Sirrion Drislock, Christiari Shoop, Henry Kuinbalin, Lorenz Estalin, John Fry, John Geisinger, David Baer-31. Meinbers of other conferences or synods shall have a seat in this conference but no vote. No conlplaints preferred. Continued on trial: John Hafford. Abraham Huber, Jonah Houk. Ordained: John Rider, Gideon Siriith, Jacob Erb. Ptinerants for coniing year: Williarn Brown, John Brown, Gideon Smith, Danie1 Pfeifer, (:onrad Weist, Sinion I)rislock, Johri Hentli-icks, Jacob Debold. lt bhall he the duty of all the preachers to appoint class-nieetings at all regular appointnients and to iirge attendnnce upon thein. Licensed to preach : Daniel Godnatt, Thoinas Miller, Henry Kiirminerling, Jonah Houk, I'eter J-Iabecker, Ezekiel soring. Licensed to eshort: Michael Carver, Jaines Sewrnan, Janies Siitbon. Re\olved that Decernber 23 next he wt apart as a day of praye:..

Conference at the residente of Bro. Shopp, Cuinberlaiitl Co., Pa., April 3. C. Newcomer and H. Ku~nher,bishops; Henry Spayth, secretary. Present: Abraham Meyer, John Crider, George Guetliirig. IVil- liarn srown, John srown, Christiail Srnith, Sainuel Huber, Jonali Wldconi, David Kaer, John Hildt, Henry Spayth, Conrad \$'eist, 238 UNITED RKETHKEN

Abraham Hershey, Jacob Debold, John Geisinger, John Zahn, Valeai- tine Hiskey, Jacob Erb, John I-lendricks, Jolin Crack, Christian Shopp, Christian Hel-shey, Petrr Scliwartz, Siinon Drislock, Jaines Snyder, Gideon Srnith, Daniel Pfeifer, Christian Imiwig, Tboinas Miller, Ezekiel Roring, doseph Marsh (exhorter), John Seidig, Michael Carver (exliorter), Janies New~iian(exhorter), Daniel Gnd- natt, Jonah Houk, Abrahani Hershey, Christian Traub, Jaines Riipp, John Hoffman-42. Itinerants for coriiing year: \\'illiani srown, John srowri, Gicleon Smith, Conrad Weist, Jacob Debold, John Hendricks, Siirion 1h-islock, Jacob Erb, Thoinas 'vliller. Presiding elders: John Neidig, Sarnuel Huber, 1)avid Haer. It shall be the diity of everj- itieniber of this conference to he present during the annual session, and if necessarily detained. it shnll be his duty to state to conference in a letter the reasons for his absence. A roll of all the ine~nbersof this confereiice shall be kcpt, ttieir names called at every session, arid their characters inquirerl itato. Received last year for support of the preachers, $771.24. S:alanq of married preachers, $160; single preachers, $80. Resolved that John Hildt in the name of this conference shnlf give authority to Christian Xewcomer, our senior bisliop, antl sign the same in our behalf, by which Bro. Newcoirier can ask froiri tlie executors of the last will and testainent of our deceasetl sistes, Elizabeth Snyder, the sum of $1,000 given by her to the conferenres of the United States in Christ and give a receipt for it. Licensed : John Hoffman. Voted thnt Christian Traub be received again arriong W. August 4 next shall be a day of thanksgiving arid prayer iu 311 the appointments of this conference.

Conference at the Iiouse of sro. Kunge, Springfield, (:u~P:~IPT- land Co., Pa., April 3. C. Newcomer and H. Kumler, bishops; Jacob Erb, secretany. Present: John Hildt, Christian Hershey, John Crider. .1:1cob Lehman, Samuel Huber, David her, Sirnon Drislock, Thoirias Mil- ler, Valentine Hiskey, Jacob Erb, John Brown, Henry Rurtner, David Heck, John Crack, Lorenz Estalin, John Fry, daines Suttoni, Williarn Brown, John Ilendricks, John Neidig, Danie1 Pfeifer, (:onrad Weist, Christian Shopp, Jacob Debold, John Snyder, Peter Sehwartz, James Newcomer, Jacob Wenger, George Guethiiig, Janies Snyder, Jonah Houk, Michael Baer-34. Continued on trial: Christian Shopp, James Snyder, Jaeob Debold, Jonah Houk, John Fry. CHURCH HISTORY 239

Ordained: John Hendricks, Sinion 1)rislock. Loreiiz Esterlin, Al~rahamHershey, John Zahn, John Crack. Died: Abraham Meyer, October 28, 1826, aged 69. ltinerants for the corning year: John Snyder, George Guething, Williani Brown, Tho~nasMiller, Johin Hendricks, John Zahn, John Crack, David Heck, Conrad Weist, Jacob Erb, James Talton, Chris- tian Traiib, Gideon Sniith. Presiding elders: John Snyder, George Guething. Paid in for snpport of itineranls, S863.16. Narried preachers receivecl $160 each; immarried onea, $80. Williani Brown paid over to the conference $300, a part of $1,000 bequeathed by Bro. David Snyder to the conferences of the United Wsethren in Christ. Ti-easurer of henevolent society reported $49.60 in his hands. Votetl that John Hildt be given $12.40 of this sum to pay off a deht made by one of our poor traveling preachers. and for which three of our brethren have gone security. A collection taken for the support of the preachers in the West- ern states. Licensed to preach: John Eckstein, John Hugel, George Hiskey. Licensed to exhort: John Gilbert, Peter Reick, John Pfeifer. Appointments: David Heck, Juniata; Gideon Smith, Lancaster; John Crack, York; John Zahn and John Eckstein, Hagerstown; Jolhn Hendricks and Thoinas Miller, Virgend (?) circuit; Christiari Traub, Hiintingdon; Jacoh Erb, New York mission; Williani Brown, WaEtiinore. Resolved, that we, the memberi; of this annual conference, do not approve that any of our preachers or meinbers belong to the order of Freemasonry and that in future every preacher and every meniber who is connected with thiis order or shall join it shall lose his mernbership in our church. 1828 Conference at the union church belonging to the Brethren and Heforrned congregations in Middleltown valley, Washington Co., Md., April 1. C. Newcomer, H. Kumler, bishops; J. Erb, secretary. Present: Jacob Erb, Henry Burtner, William Brown, John Hendricks, John Hildt, John Snyder, Samuel Huber, David Heck, Daniel Pfeifer, John Crack, Simori Drislock, John Zahn, John Neidig, John Hafford, Thomas Miller, Williani Rhinehart, Janies Siitton, James Winters, James Nevvrnan, John Eckstein, Frederick Gilbert, Jacob Debold, Ezekiel Boring, James Snyder, George Pallas (?), Abraham Huber, John Clloffer-30. Licensed to preach : Moses Lavrson, William Schott, Henry Huber, George Gilbert, Frederick Gilbert, Joseph Berger, Richard 240 CXZTEll BHETHKEN

B,aken, Williaiii Kinnear, John Dehof, James Fulton, John Sniith, 1,icensed to exhort: Peter Whitesel, Charles Boehm, George Gilerich ( ?), Ja~nesEwig, Samuel Allebaugh. Reniained on trial: John Hafford, John Cloffer, Abraham Huber. Ortlained: Thonias Miler, \Villiarri Rhinehart, George Patterson, Ezekiel Boring, James Snyder. Died: Christian Ludwig, Philip Ziegler. Conference was divided into the following districts: Vcrgenries (?), Hagerstown, Carlisle, Huntingdon, Lancaster. Fron1 each district two elders shall be elected delegates to the Geiierat Conference. Collected for support of traveling preachers, $877.86, \vlaich, divided, gives to each inarried man $138.63, and to each single one, $69.34. Appointments : Presiding elders: John Snyder, \Villiam Brown. Lancaster circuit: Ezekiel Roring, Frederick Gilbert. Haltimore : John Neidig. Carlisle : William Schott. : John Crack. Huntingdon : John Hendricks. Hagerstown: John Zahn. Vergennes (?) : Thomas hfiller, John Eckstein. Susquehanna: Jacob Erb. Lebanon : Siniori Drislock.

Confereme at Guething nieeting Iiouse, Antietarii Cr., Wash- ington Co., Md., April 7. C. Newcomer, H. Kuniler, bishops; William Brown, Jacob Erb, secretaries. Prescnt: John Snyder, George Guething, David Baer, John Neidig, Saniuel Huber, Jacob Erb, William Rhinehart, Ezekiel Ror- in& John Crack, James Snyder, Henry Rurtner, John Hendricks, Thoinas Miller, John Rider, Jacob Dehof, John Zahn, Jacob Wen- ger, Frederick Gilbert, John Fry, Christian Shopp, David Baer, John Cloffer, John Hoffinan, John Eckstein, Jaines Newmaa. Wil- Iiam Schott, James Ewig-27. Richard Schekels expelled for bad conduct. Licensed to preach: John Dorcas, Peter Herrman, Daniel Sen- seny, Christian Crowling, James Ewig, James Newman, Henry Miggens, Noah Woodyard, William Knott, David Winters. 1.icensed to exhort: Jacob Haas, Jacob Perry, Martin Hninan, George Guetliing, Jolin Dummer, Jacob Cerg (?). CHURCH HISTORY 241

Ordained: Christian Sliopp, John Cloffer, John Hafford, John Eckstein, John Fry, John Hoffman. William Schott. Itinerants for coming year: John Snyder, Williani Rhinehart, William Brown, John Neidig, Ezekiel Boring, Johri Hendricks, Frederick Gilbert, Thomas Miller, John Crack, John Dorcas, Wil- liam Schott, John Eckstein, James Snyder, Noah Woodford, Daniel Senseny, William Knott, James Ewig, John Zahn. John Snyder, Christian Shopp, TNilliam Brown a coimnittee to examine the accounts of S. Drislock respecting certain collections made by him and to see that the money is expended according to description. Samuel Huber and David Baer a committee to meet David Long and others and exhort them to do better or suffer the consequences. Next conference to be held at the meeting house near Shopp's Cumberland Co., Pa., beginning third Monday in March, and that a great meeting be held at the same place the Saturday and Sunday previous. Almost no charge brought against anyone. Much testinlony given of the work of grace in the hearts of the members. The experience of Jacob Haas surpassed anything ever hrought before this conference. 1830 Conference convened at Shopp's meeting house, Cumberland Co., Pa., March 22. Henry Kumler, bishop; George Guething, chairinan; John Eck- stein, German secretary; William Rlhinehart, English secretary. Present: John Snyder, George Guething, David Baer, William Rhinehart, Williani Brown, Peter Schwartz, John Hoffman, Valen- tine Hiskey, Ezekiel Boring, John Crack, James Snyder, Daniel Pfeifer, John Hendricks, Thomas Miller, James Newman, John Zahn, Jacob Erb, Christian Shopp, Simon Drislock, John Eckstein, George Hiskey, John Dumer, William Schott, John Fry, James Ewig, David Winters, William Knott, John Dorcas, Charles Boehm, Moses, Lawson, John Dehof, John Srnith, George Liberick (?), Christian Smith, John Hugel, Williarn Kinnear, David Long, Peter Wetzel, George Hoffman, John Hafford, John Cloffer, Abraham Hershey, James Rupp, John Haney, Peter Harman, Frederick Gil- bert, Henry Welcher-49. Addressing seats granted to John Winebrenner and John Rebo (?) and accepted by them. The names of the following absent members were called and inquiry made with regard to their character: James Sutton, Samuel Huber, John Crider, Chrjstian Traub, Abraham Huber, Thomas Huston, Abraham Herner, Henry Burtner, Herman Ow, hier Herman, Abraham Hershey, Jacob Dehof, Jacob Debold, David Heck, Williarn Abels, John Rider, Conratl Weist, Ceoige Pullain-18. Ordained: John Srnith, George Hiskey, Moses I,awson, Fred- erick Gilbert, John Hazel, John Dehof. Died: Christian Newcomer, Christian Grosh. Licensed to preach: Hernian Houk, Jacob Rhinehart, George Hoffinan, Henry Sowy (?), Charles Boehni, John Potts, John Haney, Peter Whitzel. Itinerants for the year: John Zahn, Ezekiel Boring, Noah Wood- yard, John Crack, David Winters, Janies Newman, Joh~iSrnith, Moses Tawson, John Dorcas, William Kinnear, John Haney, Charles Boehiri, Jaines Snyder, Thomas Miller, John Hendricks, \Villiarai Schott, Andrew Reard, Daniel Denvie. dacob Erb and Siinon Drislock asked to bring their complaints before the conference. Nothing being found to jiistify any actioii, the rharges were dismissed. Bro. Drislock gave satisfaction in regard to the difficulties of last year. In future Hagerstown Conference shall have the oltl protocol and Rro. Hansby shall procure a new book. Rro. Ku~nlergave Williani srown two dollars for this purpose. He shall procure a book and transcribe froin the old to the new all proceedings of

Conference at Mi11 Creek, Shenandoah Co., Va., April 27. Henry Kumler, bishop; W. R. Rhinehart, secretary; George Geeting, chairman. Present: W. K. Rhinehart, Henry Burtner, John Krack, George Paterson, Jacob Erb, George Geeting, John Zahn, W. Kinnear, Peter Wetzel, Willia~nMiller, Jacob Houk, George Hoffinan, Noah \\'ood- yard, John Haney, Henry Higgens, Jacob Haas, Peter Harinan, Williani Knott-18. Absent: Jacob J)ayhoof, John Hafford, John Cloffer, Michael Thoirias, Thonias Miller, John Eckstein, Harinon Houk, Lawrence Sibert, John Hendricks, Conrad Weist-10. John Ruebiish and Jonathan Shenley appointed trustees to build a house on the Hamilton circuit, furnishing it with all necessary furniture for the accoininodation of a married preacher. The bishop paid in $34.61,-the full sixth part of the nioney coming from the benevolent society; also the money from Hide's wtate willed to thc conferences of the United Rrethren in Christ. Licensed: Jacob Glossbrenner, Jacob Haas, Frederick Hisey, William Miller. Voted that license be taken away from I,. Sibert becaiise of coti- duct unbecoming a minister. CHURCH HISTORY 243

Voted that Jacob Bell, exhorter, be expelled. Minutes of the Conference ordered to be published. Motion by W. R. Rhinehart that the vending and distilling of ardent spirits be entirely expunged from the oificial body belonging to the United Brethren in Christ. Carried. Conference agreed that Conrad Weist should quit selling liquor ancl preach more than he has done; if not, his license to be de- nianded and he be a iiieniber of the church no longer. Voted that the circuit preachers return only the overplus of the inoney over and above hat the Discipline allows,-to be divided arnong such preachers, as rnay have failed in getting their full amount. Ordained: l'eter Harnian, Soah Woody ard, Henry Higgins, Wil- liani Kinnear. Appointsments : Hagerstown circuit: Jacob Glossbreriner, W. R. Rhinehart. Mechanicstown : John Miller, George Geeting. Staunton and Woodstock circuits: John Zahn, Noah Woodyard, John Haney, Jacob Houk. Note:-These are the first rninutes written in English.

Conference at Hagerstown, Md., April 23. Henry Kurnler, bishop; W. R. Hhinehart, secretary. Present: W. R. Hhinehart, Henry Burtner, John Zahn, Johii Cloffer, John Hafford, John Eckstein, Peter Harman, Jacob Day- hoof, Conrad Weist, Jacob Hhinehart, John Dorcas, Williani Miller, Jacob J. Glossbrenner, Noah Woodyard, Williani Knotts, John Haney, Henry Naybecker, Charles Boehm, Peter Wetzel-19. The brethren from Pennsylvania Conference and those belonging to other churches were admitted to addressing seats. Licensed: Joseph AI. Hershey, George Rimel. Ordained: John Dorcas, Jacob Rhinehart, John Haney, Wil- liani Knott, Charles Boehm, Peter Wetzel. Died: Henry Higgins. Absent : George Patterson, Jacob Houk, Harrnon Houk, Jarsob Haas, Frederick Hisey, Michael Thomas, George Hoffinan. Conference divided into Iwo districts, Maryland and Virginia, each to elect two delegates to represent them in the next General Conference. 0i the money to the coriferences of the German United Breth- ren in Christ it was agreed thiat Bishop Kumler should give Valen- 244 UNITED BRETHREN

tine IIiskey "as niuch as seemeth good to him." Voteci that an English hyinn book be published. W. R. P'hine- hart and John Zahn a committee to examine the selection before its publication. On nornination by the bishop, George Patterson was chosen presiding elder for Virginia, W. R. Rhinehart and Henry Burtner for the Hagerstown circuit; each of the latter to serve six months. Appointinents : Woodstock circuit: George Patterson, John Haney. Staunton circuit: J. J. Glossbrenner, J. M. Hershey. Hagerstown circuit: W. R. Rhinehart, H. Burtner, John Dorcas, Peter Vetzel. 1833 Conference convened at Pleasant Valley, Washington Co., Md., May 17. Henry Kuniler, bishop; George Geeting, chairrnan; W. R. Rliine- hart, secretary. Present: Henry Burtner, John Dorcas, Peter Weitzel, John Hafford, John Cloffer, John Haney, George Patterson, Peter Har- man, John Zahn, John Eckstein, George Rimel, Conrad Weist, Jacob Rhinehart, Williarn Knott, Henry Nebecker, Jacob Gloss- brenner, Joseph M. Hershey, Harmon Houk, Jacob Houk, George Hoffman, Samuel Allebaugh. Absent: Michael Thomas, Jacob Dayhoof, Noah Wootlyard, Fretlerick Hisey; Williarn Knott caine "the last day or eleventh hour ." Admitted to addressing seats: UTilliainBrown, Jacob Erb, James Newman, George Hussey, Sarnuel Allenbaugh. Ordained: J. J. Glossbrenner, J. Houk, George Huffman. Licensed: W. R. Coursey, George A. Shuey. Presiding elders: William Brown, John Haney. Of the interest on the Snyder donation, voted $15 to be given the bishop to defray his traveling expenses, the rest $(10.86) to John Zahn. Appointments : Hagerstown district: William Brown, P. E. Hagerstown circuit: John Dorcas, W. R. Coursey. Staunton district: John Haney, P. E. Staunton circuit: J. J. Glossbrenner, George Rimel. Woodstock cirruit: P. Wetze], William Knott. South Branch circuit: J. M. Hershey. CHURCH I-IISTOKY 245

Conference at Jennings Branch iiieeting house (Churchville), Va., April 21. Wi1li:iiri Brown, bishop; Henry Raiilus, cliairi:?:in; \V. R. Coursey, secretary. Present: W. R. Rhinehart, George Geeting, John Dorcas. .Johrr Cloffer, Jacob Rhinehart, Sarniiel Allenbaugh, George l>atterson, John Haney, J. J. Glossbrenner, Jacob Houk, Harrnon Houk, Peter Whitesel, William Knott, George Hoffniaii, George Shuey, Joscph M. Hershey, George Riinel, Frederick Hiwy, Soah \Voodyard-19. Transferred: Peter Harmon to Peniisylvani:~Conference. Died: Michael Thornas, J:icob Dayhoof. George E. Deneal adniitted to advisory seat. Licensed: Jacob Baer, Jacob Bachtel, Francis Acliartl; 1):ivid Jackson was licensed to preacli until the next conference by the presiciing elder. Ordained: Harmon Houk, Sairiuel Allenbaugh. Presiding elders: J. J. Glossbrenner, Virginia district; H. R~lrt- ner, hlaryland district. The resolution introduced by W. R. Rhinehart for the publication of a religious newspaper was ndopted. Noah Woodyard expelled. Saniuel Allenbaugh and G. E. Dcneal were each tlonated 4.5. To the preacliers deficierit on their salary, $7.22 clonnted. Appointments : Hagerstown circuit: J. Hainey, W. H. Coursey. Frederick circuit: J. Dorcas, J. Bachtel. Staunton circuit: G. Rimel, S. Allenbaugh. Woodstock circuit: P. White5e1, W. Knott. South Branch: J. M. Hershey, J. Baer. Wincliester mission : G. E. Deneal.

Conference at Hickle's schoolhouse, Shenandoah Co., Va., March 18. William Brown, bishop; Henry Burtner, chairman; W. Pi. Coursey, secretary. I'resent: George Patterson, Sainuel Allenbaugh, Joseph M. Hershey, George A. Geeting, Jacob Rhinehart, John Haney, William Mnott, Conrad Weist, George B. Rimel, J. J. Glossbrenner, George E. Deneal, Jacob Eckstein, George A. Shuey, Peter Whitesel, John 246 IJNITEI) BHETHKEK

Krack, \ITilliani R. Coiirsey, George Hoffrnan, J. Baer, Frederiek Hisey, Francis Eckard, Jacob Rachtel, Jacob C. Houk, John Huff ard-23. Absent: George Geeting, John Dorcas, John Eckstein, John Cloffer, John Hafford, Conrad Weist-G. Voted that only the licensed preachers be present at the ex- aininations into the character of preachers. Ordained: George Rirnel, Frederick Hisey, William R. Coursey. Joseph M. Hersliey, George E. Deneal, George A. Shuey. Samuel Fidnkhouser from the Pennsylvania Conference adniitted to an advisory seat. Licensed: Adani Bovey, Jonathan Tobey, Jacob Meiser, Davicl Jackson, Martin I,. Fries, David Spessard. Tlie presiding elder ernpowered to ask for the license of Coiirad Weist. X charge against Bro. Dorcas referred to Haney, Deneal arid Jacob Rhinehart, who report he should give up his license, or they be given power to silence hin1 if he refuse to give coinplete satisfaction. Voted that John Krach of Pennsylvania Conference be transferred to the Virginia Conference. The preachers are requested to nlake an eff'ort to raise money to help nieet the expenses of the new meeting house in Mechanics- town, Md., after they have rnet their own dernands on a siniilar subject. \V. Knott to receive $8 of the benevolent fund, J. M. Hershey, $4.08. hppointnients : Frederick circuit: John Krach, W. R. Coursey. Hagerstown circuit: G. Riniel, J. Baer. Staunton circuit: Jacob Houk, P. Whitesel. \\'oodstock circuit : S. Allenbaugh, J .Tobey. Winchester : J. Haney, J. Menser. South Branch : J. Bachtel. Page niission: G .E. Deneal, M. L. Fries. Maryland Districts: H. Burtner, P. E.; Hagerstown circuit, G. B. Riinel, J. Baer, Frederick circuit, J. Krack, W. R. Coursey. CHURCH HlSTORY 247

Conference at Geeting ineeting house, Md., March 19. Samuel Hiestand, bishop; W. R. Coursey, becretary. Licensed to preach: Moses Michael. hlission opened in Jackson county on Ohio River. J. J. Glossbrenner, P. E. reported his salary $110. Appointnients : Staunton District: J. J. Glossbrenner, P. E.; Staunton circuit, I'. Whitesel, D. S. Spessard; Woodstock circuit, S. Allenbaugh: South Branch circuit, J. Bachtel; Winchester circuit, J. C. Houk; Hockland mission, G. A. Shuey; Jackson mission, M. Michael. hlaryland District: J. Rhinehart, P. E.; Hagerstown circuit, G. B. Rimel, M. L. Fries; Frederick circuit: W. Knott, J. Tobey.

Conference at sethel schoolhouse, near the present village of Chewsville, Md., March 20. Saiiiuel Hiestand, bishop; G. .L Shuey, secretary. Menibers: J. J. Glossbrenner, John Clopper, Moses Michael, Wil- hin Knott, Jacob C. Houck, Dnvid S. Spessard, Charles W. Zahn, Jacob Rhinehart, John Haffard, Adam I. Bovey, George B. Riinel, Jacob Bachtel, Jonathan Tobey, George A. Geeting, Williain R. Coursey, Jacob saer, Saniuel Allenbaugh, George Patterson, Fred- erick A. Roper-19. Licensed to preach: F. A. Roper, C. W. Zahn. Ordained: J. sachtel, J. Baer. Died: P. Whitesel, M. L. Fries. J. Rachtel located on .account of ill liealth on the Frederick arid Hagerstown circuits and to be supported by them. Appointriients : Staunton District: J. J. Glossbrenner, P. E.; U'inchester circuit, C. W. Zahn; Woodsttock circuit, J. C. Houck; Staunton circuit. W. R. Coursey, G. A. Shuey (6 inonths); South Branch cirruit, S. Allenbaugh; l'endleton rnission, F. A. Roper; Jackson rnission, M, Michael. Frederick circuit, G. 13. Riniel; Hagerstown circuit, W. Knott.

Conference at Sliiloh church near Christian Shuey's, Augustn Co., Va., March 21. Sainuel Hiestand, bishop; W. R. Coursey, secretary. Present: Jacob Rhinehart, David S. Spessard, George Hoffman, 248 uxmEn RRETHREN

Charles M'. Zahn, Francis Eckard, Jacob Markwood, George B. Riniel, J. J. Glossbrenner, Adam I. Bovey, W. W. McCabe, Willian~ Edwards, William Knott, Jacob C. Houck, Jacob Rachtel, C~eorge A. Shuey, John Richards-16. Ah5ent: George A. Geeting, Henry Rurtrier, Frederick Hisey, Fretlerick A. Roper, John Haffard, Jacob Raer, Hariiion Ho~ick, John Clopper, Saniuel Allenbaugh, Moses Michael-10. 1.icensed to preach: W. Edwards, J. Richards, J. Rachtel. Ordained: A. I. Boye, D. S. Spessard, W. V. McCabe, F. Erkard. Expelled: F. A. Roper. Presiding elders: W. R. Coursey, J. Rachtel. Appointinents: Hagerstown, W. Knott, .T. Markwood; Frederick, G. B. Riinel; Winchester, D. S. Spessard; Staunton, W. V. RfcCahe, W. Edwards; Woodstock, J. C. Houck; South srancli, C. W. Zahn; Shiloh niission, J. J. Glossbrenner.

Conference at Jersusaleni church, Frederick Co., Md., Febrii- 3ry 25. Jacob Erb, bishop; J. J. Glossbre~iner,secretary. I'resent: Jacob Hhinehart, Sainucl Allenbaugli, Adam I. Bovey, Williain Knott, David S. Spessard, John Clopper, Jacob C. Houck, Williairi Edwards, George A. Geeting, Jacob Markwood, John Wicliards, Jacob Raer, George B. Hiniel, M'illiani Pi. Coursey, Charles W. Zahn, George A. Shuey, Jolin Haffard-17. Ahent: George Patterson, Fraiicis Eckard, Harrnon Iiouck, Geoi-ge Hoffirian, Frederick Hisey, Moscs Michael, Williarn V. Mc- Cabc, .Jatob Rachtel-9. 1,iceiised to preach: Sariiuel Zehrung, Henry Jones, John Rue- buh, Jr., E. G. H. Levering. Moine niissionary society organized. Pi-esiding elder: W. R. Coursey, J. sachtel. Appointnients: Frederick, George Gilbert, G. A. Shuey; Hagers- 'iown, C. W. Zahn, J. Alarkwood; \\'inehester, D. S. Spessai-d; Wood- stock, W. Edwards; Staunton, J. B. Houck; South Rranch, J. Hichards; Shiloh niission, J. J. Glossbrenner; Pendleton iriission, S. .4llenbaugh; Jackson inission, H. Jones.

Coriference at Hickle's scliooihoiise, Sheiiandoah (:C)., Va., February 3. Jacob Erb, bishop; J. J. Glossbrenner, 5ecretary. Pi-esent: Williairi R. Coursey, Jncob Bachtel, George B. Riinel, Frederick Hisey, .Jacob B. Houck, Charles W. Zahn, Jacob Rhine- hart, Sairiuel Zahriing, John Richards, Henry siirtner, Sariiuel CHURCH HISTOHY 240

Alleiibaugh, George Gilbert, George A. Shuey, Johri Kuebush, 1)avid Spessard-16. Absent: Harnion Houck, Jacob saer, R. E. EI. Levering, Fraiik- lin Eckard, Moses Michael, John Clopper, George A. Geetiiig, Henry Jones, Adam I. Bovey-Y. Licensed to preach: serijanniii Stickley, John Pope. Ordained: C. W. Zahn. Presitliiig elders: W. R. Cciursey, J. Bachtel. Appointnieiits: Frederick, J. J. Glossbren~ier, G. A. Shuey; Hagerstown, G. Gilbert, J. Ruebush; Winchester, C. W. Zahn; Rock- bridge, D. S. Spessard; Staunton, Jacob B. Houck; Woodstock, J. Markwood; Pendleton rnission, S. Allenbaugh; Jackson inissiorn, H. Jones. J. Rhiiieliart transferred to Pennsylv:uiia Conference.

Conference at Hocky Springs, Frederick Co., Md., February 22. No riiinutes are known to tlie co~npiler. 1842 Conference at Spring Hill, 4ugust'1 Co., Va., April 4. 6:icob Erb, bisliop; Jacob Markwood, secretary. Pre5ent: Williani R. Coursey, George B. Riniel, George A. Shuey, Sarnuel Zehrung, JI'illiairi Knott, .Jacob Rachtel, Jacob B. Hoiick, Chai-Eei W. Zahn, John Pope, 1)avid S. Spessard, George Patterson, John Ruebiisli, George Hoffinan-13. Ahmt: Joliii Richards, Pienjarriin Stickley, Moses Michael, Jonathan Tohey, George Gilbrrt, John Haffarcl, Frederick Hi~ey, WiIliaiii Edwards, Adam I. Bovcy, Sarii~ielAllent>augh, Jolin Clop per, Franklin Eckard, John Hane), Jacob Baer-14. Licensed to preach: Ei~ianiielWitter, Jacob C. Spitler. M'ithdrew irregularly : S. 4lleiibaiigh. SiIenced: F. Eckard. Ordained : J. Ruebush, S. Zehrung. Died: (;. A. Geeting, aged 61. Presitliiig elders: J. J. Glossbrenner (Md.), J. B. Houck (Va.1. Appointmeiits: Frederick, J. Bachtel, J. Rlarkwood; Ilagersto\m, D. S. Spessard; Wiiichester, J. Richards; Staunton, W.R. Coui-sey, C. W. Zahn; Woodstock, G. R. Ririlel; Soutli Rraiich, J. Ruehush: Peridletori rriission, J. Pope.

Conference at Kohrersville, Md., February 14. Jacob Erb, bishop; T). S. Spessard, secretary. Present: J. J. Glossbrenner, John Clopper, Beiijariiii-i Stickley, 250 IJNITED RRETHREN

Joseph S. Griiri, Jonathan Tobey, Jacob Bachtel, John Ruet~ush, John Pope, John Hichar~ls,Adani I. sovey, George B. Riiriel. dacoh Baer, Jacob Markwood, Henry Burtner, John Haney-15. Absent: William R. Coursey, Willia~il1<1iott, George Patterson, George A. Shiiey, Charles W. Zahn, Sainuel Zeliruiig, George Hoff'- man, Frederick Hisey, Williairi Edwards, Jacob C. Spitler, Moses Michael, D. Funkhouser-12. Advisory members: John Kussel, G. hliller, Jacob Rhineharl. Licensed to preaclr: James E. Bowersox, John W. Fiilkerson, Andrew J. CofTinan, William Lutz. Received from Pennsylvania Coiiference: J. Kussell, David Engle. Orclained: J. Pope, B. Stickley. Died: J. Huffer, aged 42. Presiding elders: J. Markwood (Md.), J. H. Houck (Va.). Appointrrierits: Frederick, T). S. Spessard; Hagersto\vn, .J. Bachtel, J. Richards; Winchester, J. Tobey; Rockbridge, ,J. J. Gloss- brenner; Staunton, J. Baer, J. E. sowersox; South Rranch, J. Rrie- busli; Pendleton iriission, J. W. Fulkerson.

Conference at Jeirnings sranch (Churcliville), Va., February 6. Jacob Erb, bishop; Jacob Markwood, secretary. Present: Henry Burtner, John Richards, Jacob B. Houck, .lacob C. Spitler, Williain R. Coursey, George B. Ririiel, Adain I. Bovey, D. Funkhouser, Jacob Bachtel, Jacob saer, Jolin Ruehush, Joseph S. Grirn, William Edwards, George A. Shuey, Benjainin Stickley, Ernanuel Witter, J. J. Glossbrenner, Jacob Markwood, Jaiiies E. Bowersox, John Pope, Williaiii Knott, George Iloffriian, Cliarles \V. Zahn, John W. Fulkerson-24. Ahsent: Davici S. Spessard, John Haney, Williain Lutz, Jonathan Tobey, Frederick Hisey, Andrew J. Coffrnan, John Clopper, Saniuel Zehrung, David Engle-9. Admitted: John Gibbons, J. W. Miles, John G. Steward, David Ferrell, Joseph Funkhouser. Restored to good standing: F. Eckaid. Died: G. Patterson. A sook Concern for the Churclr at the present time \va\ tle- cidedly opposed. Presiding elders : J. Markwood, J. B. I-Ioiick. Appointments: Frederick, D. S. Spessard; Hagerstown, J. Ruch- tel, J. Richards; Winchester, J. Ruebush; Woodstock, W .R. Coursey; Staunton, J. J. Glossbrenner, J. Gibbons; Rockbridge, J. E. Bower- sox; Pendleton inission, B. Stickley; South Branch, J. W. Fulkei-- son, .J. W. Miles. Fehuary 3. dacob Erb, Henry Runilei-, bishops; Jariies E. Bowersos, 5ec- retary. Present: Henry Rurtner, Charles W. Zaliii, D. Funkhousei., .lohn Gibbons, John Haney, JacoI) Markwood, Williain R. Course?., .T. W. Miles, Jonathan Tobey, Jacob Bachtel, John Richards, Joseph S. Grim, Samuel Zehrung, Jacob B. Houck, Adaiii T. sovey, Einanuel Witter, Jacob C. Spitler, John Clopper, Williarn Knott, David S. Spessard, John W. Fulkerson, Joseph Funkhourer, Jacob J. Glosi- brenner, John Ruebush, Benjamin Stickley, John G. Steuwd-26. Absent : Franklin Eckard, Frrderit k Hisey, George Hoffman, Andrew J. Coffrnan, M7illiam Edwards, John Pope, Jacol) Raer, George A. Shuey, George B. Riniel, MTilliam Lutz-10. Licensed to preach : Richard Nihiser. Ordained: J. C. Spitler, E. V'ittei-. License demanded of F. Eckard because of disobedience and neglect of duty. Wext General Confercnce to be petitioned that the boundaries of this conference be not diminished. Presiding elders: J. ?~farkwood,W. R. Coursey. Appointrnents : Frederick, J. Ruebush, J. Gibbons; IIagerstown, J. Bachtel, R. Nil-iiser; Winchester, I). S. Spessard; Woodstock, J. Hichards; Staunton, J. J. Glossbrenner, J. W. Miles; Rockbridge, J. E. Rowersox; Franklin, B. Stickleg; South sranch, J. W. Fulk- erson.

Conference at Otterbein chapel, Mi11 Creek, Shenandoah Co., Va., February 6. .T. .T. Glossbrenner, bishop; J. E. Bowersox, secretary. Present: Henry Burtner, Jacob Markwood, John W. Fulkerson, Williain Edwards, Jacol) C. Spitler, David S. Spessard, Sariiuel Zehrung, Jacob B. Houck, Andrew J. Coffman, William R. Ceursey, John Ruebush, Jarnes W. Miles, Williarn Lutz, Jarnes E. Bowersox, Jacob Raer, Jacob Rhinehart, Benjamin Stickley, D. Funkhouier, George A. Sl-iuey, George B. Rirriel, John Pope, Joseph Funkhoiiser, Jacob Rachtel, John Gibbons, George Hoffman, Frederick Hisej-26. Ahsent: Adarn I. Rowy, Jonathan Tobey, John Markwood, Richard Nihiser, John Clopper, David Engle, Ernanuel Witter, John G. Steward, John Hanev, Chnrles W. Zahn, Joseph S. Griiii, M'illiain ICnott-13. Received on transfer : Jacob Rhinehart (from I'ennsylvanin Conference), John Markwood (Scioto Conference). 252 UNITED BRETHREN

Ordained: J. W. Fulkerson, A. J. Coffmaii, W. I.utz, J. E. Bower- sox, J. Gibbons, J. W. Miles. Sames of C. W. Zahn, J. Richards dropped from roll, they hav- ins irregularly withdrawn under charges. H. surtner re-elected treasurer of the benevolent fund. "Resolved, that this annual conference express by vote, its wish that tlie bishop itinerate through his district as inucli as possible, and we will do all we can to support liim accortliiig to Discipline allowance." Presiding elders: W. R. Coursey, J. Markwood. Appointments: Frederick, G. B. Rimel; Hagerstown, J. E. Rower- sox; Winchester, W. Edwards; Woodstock, J. Bachtel; Staunton, J. Ruebush, R. Nihiser; Rockbridge, J. W. Miles; Soiith Branch, J. Gibbons; Franklin, W. Knott; Lewis mission, B. Stickley; Win- chester rriission, J. W. Fulkerson.

Conference at Mount Hebron (Geeting meeting house), ICfd., February 18. William Hanby, bishop; Jacob Markwood, secretary. Present: Henry Burtner, James E. Bowersox, George B. Rimel, Benjamin Stickley, Jacob Rhinehart, John Haney, John W. Fulker- son, Jacob Markwood, Williain R. Coursey, John Ruebush, John Clopper, Adam I. Bovey, William Knott, John G. Steward, Joseph Funktiouser, William Edwards, Jacob Baclitel, Jacob Baer, Joseph S. Grim, Jonathan Tobey, Janies \V. Miles, David S. Spessard, Emanuel Witter-23. Abscnt: George A. Shuey, Jacob B. IIouck, Andrew J. Coffnian, Frederick Hisey, George Hoffman, D. Funkhouser, John Markwood, Johri Pope, Jacob C. Spitler, Williarn Lutz, Samael Zehrung, David Engle-12. Daviti Edwards, editoi- of the Telescope, present. Ordained: J. Funkhouser, J. G. Stewart, J. S. Grini. Died: R. Nihiser, J. Gibbons. Presiding elders: J. Markwood, W. R. Coursey. Appointments: Frederick, G. B. Rimel, J. W. Fulkerson; Hagers- towii, J. E. Bowersox, J. W. Miles; Winchester, J. B. Forinelut (?)-- by P. E.; Woodstock, J. Bachtel; Staunton, J. Ruebush; Kockbridge, D. S. Spessard; Fraiiklin, W. Knott; North Franklin, to be supplied; Soutli Rranch, W. Edwards; Lewis mission, B. Stickley.

Confcrence at Churchville, Va., January 27. John Russell, bishop; Jacob Markwood, secretary. Present: Henry Burtner, James E. Bowersox, Jacob Baer, George CHURCH HISTORY 253

Hoffman, George B. Rirnel, John Haney, Sa~iiuelZehrunq, Andrew J. Coffnian, William R. Coursey, John Ruebusli, John W. Fulker- son, Jacob Markwood, George A. Shuey, John Pope, Jacob C. Spitler, Jacob Bachtel, Jarnes W. Miles, Benjamin Stickley, Jacob Rhinehart, Williani Edwards, Jacol) s. Houc-k, Williaiii Kiiott-22. -4hsent: Jonath:iii Tobev. John G. Steward, David S. Speisartl, Mmes Michael, Atlnin 1. Bnvc.y, Williani T,utz, Frederick I-lisey, Joseph S. Grirn, Joseph Funkhouser, Enianuel Witter, navid EnqPe, John Markwood-12. I icensed to preach: Georqe W. Statton, George 0. Little. Presicling elders: J. Rhinehart, J. Markwood. Appointments: Frederick, W. R. Coursey, G. W. Statton; Hagers- town, J. W. Fulkerson, J. W'. Miles; Winchester, G. 0. Iittle; Wood- stock, J. Bachtel; Stauntonh W. Knott; Roclibridge, C. B. Riinel; Franklin, B. Stickley; South Branch, J. Riiebush; 1,ewis Mission, J. Haney; Jackson Mission to be supplied. 1849 Conference at Spessard's schoolhouse (Bethel's near Hagers- town), Md, Janiiary 25. John Russel, J. J. Glossbrenner, bishops; J. Markwood, secretnry. Preient: Williarn R. Coursey, Jacob Raclitel, Joseph S. Grirn, Henry Burtner, Jacob Baer, George A. Sliuey, David S. Spe\sard, Adam I. Rovey, Jonathan Tobey, Jacob Khinehart, George R. Rimeli, John Haney, Jarnes W. Miles, Benj:irnin Stickley, George W. Stat- ton, Jacob Markwood, Ernanuel Witter, John Ruebusli, John W. Fulkerson, Andrew J. CofTman, Jacob C. Spitler, Joseph F'iirik- houser-22. Absent: \\Tilliam Knott, Frederick IHisey, John Clopper, Moses Michael, Williani Edwards, George Hoffman, Jarnes E. Bowersox, John G. Steward, John Pope, Saiiiuel Zeliriiiig, IVilliarii Lutz, David Engle, George 0. Iittle, Jcihn Markwood-14. Licensed to preach: Theodore F. Brashear. Visiting ministers: Felombe, Rathfon, Crider, of Pennsylvnniri. "Resolved, that each circuit preacher in charge, btrictly discharge liis whole duty as explained in the constitution of the Home Missionary Society, on pain of paying out of his own f~intlsat the nrxt conference the sum which iriay be tliought proper by said conference.'' Presiding. eltlers : J. Markwoorl (Md.), G. B. Rimel (Va.). Appointments: Frederjck, W. R. Coursey, and one to be supplied; I-Iagerstown, J. W. Fulkerson, and one to be supplied; Win- ehester, J. W. Miles; Weaverton Mission, to be supplied by P. E.; Staunton, J. Bachtel; Rockbridge, D. S. Spessard; Woodstock, J. Ruebush; South sranch, T. F. Brashear; Franklin, B. Stickley; suckhannon, J. Haney; Jackson, G. W. Statton. 254 UNlTED HRETHREN

Conference at Mount Hebron, Sliei-randoah Co., Va., March 7. Jacob Erb, bishop; J. C. Spitler, secretary. Present: Jacob Erb, Henry Burtner, Jacob Bachtel, George B, Rimel, Jacob C. Spitler, James W. Miles, John Haney, George W. Statton, John W.Fulkerson, Joseph Funkhouser, Andrew J. Coff- man, Jacob J. Glossbrenner, Williain H. Coursey, Jacob Markwood, Joliri Ruebush ,David S. Spessard, Jacob Rliinehart, Adam I. Hovey, Theodore F. srashear; Renjainin Stickley, Frederick Hisey, Wil- liain Lutz-23. Absent: Joseph S. Grini, George A. Shuey, John G. Steward, Williani Edwards, John Clopper, Joliri I'ope, Danie1 Engel, George Hoffinan, Jonathan Tobcy, Eirianuel Witter, Jacoh her, Jarries E. Rowersox, John Markwood, \Villiain Ihott, Rloses 'rlichael, George 0. Little-16. H. B. Winton received frorri Sandusky Conference. Licentiates: Isaac Statton, Abel Randall, John Perry. A proposition form the Alleghany Conference to cooperatc in builcling a school at Mount Pleasant, Pa., was voted down, but there was a declaration in favor of a school in its own bouiid:iry the present year. Mernbers, 2,816, an increase of 594; 108 "Telescopes;" paid to Iwo presiding elders, $441.68; paid by the 11 charges as salaries of pastors, $1,935.28. Two charges have preaching every 3 weeks, seven chnrges every 4 weeks. 1851 Conference at Hethlehern church, Augusta Co., Va., March 7. Jacob Erb, bishop; J. C. Spitler, secretary. Present: Jacob Erb, Henry Hurtner, George B. Himel, .J:icoh Markwood, David S. Spessard, John Ilaney, John Ruebusti, George 1 W. Statton, George A. Shuey, Jacob J. Glossbrenncr, Janiei W. Miles, George Hoffman, Andrew J. Coffman, H. B. Winton, Jniiies E. sowersox, Joseph Punkhouser, Tlieodore F. Rrashear, Isaac Statton, John W. Fulkerson, Jacob Baer, Jacob Rhinehart, John Perry, Benjamin Stickley, Williani Knott, Jacob C. Spitler-26. Absent: William R. Coursey, Joseph S. Grini, John G. Steward, I John Pope, Jonathan Tqbey, Moses Michael, Frederick Hises, Abel I liandall, Emanuel Witter, \Yilliaiii Edwards, John Clopper, Danie1 1 Engel, John Markwood, Jacob B. Houck, Adam I. Bovey, VrilIiarii 1,utz-16. Licentiates: William T. Lower, L. W. Mathews. Virginia District divided into eastern and western sections, the former containing Woodstock and Staunton circuits and Highland I CHURCH HISTOKY 255 mission, and the latter, South Branch, Franklin, Buchanan, and Jackson circuits. A mission projected in Nicholas. The bishop received $62.98. Directed that the Conference book containing the minutes frorri 1837 to 1850, together with other docunients, be given into the care of Henry surtner, who is not to perrnit any Person to take the hook from his house without an order frorn Conference signed by the presiding bishop and countersigned by the secretary. l'reiiding clders: J. Markwood (Md.), J. Bachtel (E. Va.), .J. W. bliles ( W. Va.). a Appointrrients: Hagerstown, W. R. Coursey, J. Perry; Frederick, G. W. Statton, L. W. Mathews; Winchester, J. Haney, I. Statton; Weaverton rnission to be supplied by P. E.; Rockbridge, H. B. IVin- ton; Staunton, D. S. Spessaird; Woodstock, J. Ruebush; Highland mission, J. W. Fulkerson; South Branch, B. Sticliley; Franklin, G. U. Piirncl; sucliai-ian, T. F. Brashe~r,Jackson, W. T. 1,ower; Wood county rnission to be supplied 11y the P. E. Mernbers, 2,956; Telescope, 218; Sunday Schools, 21; inissions, $112; salaries of presiding elders,-Markwood, $264, Miles, $147.

Conference at Hohrersville, Md.. February 27. Jacob Erb, bishop; Jacob Markwood, secretary. Present: Jacob J. Glossbrenner, Henry Burtner, William i<. Coursey, Jacob sachtel, John Ruebush, James W. Miles, Theodore F. Brashear, Jacob Rhinebart, David S. Spessard, Williarii T. Lower, John l'erry, Jacob Erb, Adam I. Bovey, Jacoh B. Houck, Jacob Markwood, Jonathan Sobey, Benjarriiii Stickley, John Haney, H. B. Winton, Joseph S. Grim, I,. W. Mathews, Emanuel Witter-22. Absent: George B. Rimel, William Knott, John Clopper, James E. Bowersox, John W. Fulkerson, Moses Michael, Jacob Markwood, Jacob Baer, George A. Shuey , Frederick Hisey, George W. Statton, George Hoffnian, John G. Sfew:ird, John Pope, Abel Randall, Wil- lianl Lutz, Jacob C. Spitler, Andrew J .Coffman, Joseph Funkhouser, Daniel Engel-20. "No deaths, no ordinations, no transfers, no suspensions, no expulsions." Resolutions of loyalty to the church law on slavery were passed, the institution being denouinced as criminal. J. B. Resler, agent from Mount Pleasant College. J. Markwood, J. Bachteli, E. Witter, S. Deaner, S. Rohrer, W. Shuey appointed trustees tfo cooperate with Alleghany Conference ip establishing Mount Pleasant College. 256 uNITEI> BKETHHEN

Presiding elders: J. Markwood (Md.) J. Bachtel (E. Va.), J. \Y. Miles (W. Va.). Appointments: Frederick, G. W. Statton, W. T. Lower; Hagers- town, H. B. Winton, 1). S. Spessard; Winchester, L. W. Rlathews, J. K. Statton; Woodstock, W. R. Coursey; Staunton, J. Ruebush; Rockbridge, J. W. Fulkerson; Efighland rnission, T. F. Brashear; Franklin, G. B. Rimel; South Hranch, J. Haney; Buchannon, B. Stickley; Jackson, J. Perry; Wood mission, E. McGlaughlin.

Conkrerice at Mount Het~ron,Iiardy Co., Va. -- --. J. Erb. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishops; J. Markwood, secretary. Present: William K. Coursey, Henry Burtner, Jacob sachtel, Jacob Markwood, Gcorge B. Riinel, John Ruebush, Jarnes T\.'. Miles, Benjamin Stickley, W. B. Winton, Joseph Funkhouser, Moses Michael, John Perry, John Pope, Abel Kandall, John G. Steward, George W. Statton, lsaac Statton, L. W. I'ower, I,. W. Mathews-19. Absent: Jonathan Tohey, Jacob Hhinehart. Einanuel \\'itter, Frederick Hisey, William Knott, Jacob C. Spitler, Jacob Baer, John Markwood, E. McGlaughlin, Adam 1. Bovey, Jacob B. Houck, Joseph S. Grim, William Lutz, George Hoffrnan, George A. Shuey, Janies E. Bowersox, Daniel Engel, David S. Spessard-18. Advisory rnemher: J. B. Resler. Presiding elders made agents of Mount Pleasant College antl directed to secure subscriptions and scholarships. Next General Conference to be asked "to obtain a board of trustees for our printing establishment, now at Circleville, O., selected out of several conferences." Licentiates: J. F. Statton, Levi Hess, John Phillips. William Edwards transferred to Iowa Conference. Ordained: M. Michael, I. K. Statton, W. T. Lower, L, W, Mathews, J. Perry, A. Randall. Siinday addresses in Gernian and English by Bishops Erb and Glossbrenner. Presiding elders: J. Markwood, W. T. Lower, J. Ruebush. Changes in name: Staunton circuit to Hockinghaiii; Rockbridge io Churchville. Winchester divided, the northern part being called Hath circuit. Appointments: Frederick, J. Bachtel, I. K. Statton; Hagerstotvn, H. B. Winton, J. Perry; Winchester, G. W. Statton; Bath, L. TlF. Mathews; Woodstock ,W. R. Coursey, A. Graham; Rockinghani, T. F. Brashear; Churchville, J. W. Fulkerson; Highland, J. Haney; Franklin, J. W. Miles; South Branch, G. B. Rimel; Buckhannori, B. Stickley; Jackson, I. K. Statton; Wood rnission, J. Phillips; West Columbia, CHlJRCH HISTORY 257

1854 Conference nt New Jerusalem church, Edinburg, Va., February 9. Moses Michael, secretary. Advisory members: J. C. Bright, H. Kumler, Jr. Hagerstown circuit made a station; Woodstock and Rocking- ham thus divided into three circuits,-all north of Mill Creek to constitute Woodstock circuit, all north of Dayton and Whitesel's to constitute I.acey Springs circ'iiit, the rernainder to be called Rockingham. Ruckhannon divided into two circuits, and a mission opened in Nicholas County. South River mission organized, and to include the Forge and Mowery's schoolhouse. Iicentiates: Henry Tallhelm, Samuel Martin. Note:-These rninutes unsigned and evidently inconiplete.

Conference at Myersville, Md., January 29. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; M. Michael, secretary. Present: Jacob Bachtel, John Ruebush, Benjamin Stickley, Theo- dore F. Brashear, W. T. Lower, J. Henry, George W. Statton, John W. Perry, Henry Tallhelm, Jonathan Tobey, James W. Miles, Jacob B. Houck, Jacob Markwood, John W. Fiilkerson, H. B. Winton, George B. Rimel, L. W. Mathews, Isaac K. Statton, John Phillips, Levi Hess, Joseph S. Grim, Samuell Martin-22. Absent: George A. Shuey, James E. Bowersox, John Pope, Daniel Engel, J. F. Statton, Henry Rurtner, Emanuel Witter, Abel Randall, Jacob C. Spitler-9. Visiting minister : John Dickson of Pennsylvania. Licentiates: William M. H. Cain, J. P. White, Zebedee Warner, Isaiah Baltzel, Benjamin Denton. John F. Statton transferred to any Western Conference. Died: J. Rhinehart, J. Baer. Ordained: L. Hess, J. Phillips. Resolution adopted favorable to Mount Pleasant College. J. Markwood appointed to solicit with the conference bounds subscriptions to erect a church at Frederick, Md. Hartford City rnade a station. Parkersburg mission projected. Resolutions in favor of missionary work, as were passed in previous sessions. Conference book transferred from Henry Burtner to Jacob Bachtel. J. C. Spitler and W. R. Coursey a comrnittee to examine it. Presiding elders: J. Bachtel, G. W. Statton, W. R. Coursey. Appointments: Frederick, W. T. Lower; Myersville, T. F. Brashear; Hagerstown, J. W. Miles, A. Y. Graham; WincAester, I,. Hess; Rath, H. Tallhelm; Churchville, I. K. Statton; Rocking- ham, G. 13. Riniel; 1,acey Springs, J. Ruebush; Woodstock, J. Huney; South sranch, I,. W. Mathews; Franklin, B. Stickley; Highland, J. Phillips; Waynesboro mission, J. B. Houck; West Colurnbia station, Z. Warner; Hartford, W. M. Cain; Mason, M. Michael; Glen- ville, Samuel Martin; Buckhannon, I. Baltzel; MiddIe Island to be supplied. 1856 Conference at Otterbein Chapel, Shenandoah Clo., Va., March 15. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; J. Markwood, secretary. Present: John Haney, 1,evi Hess, James W. Miles, John Phillips, Allel Randall, Henry Tallhelm, U7illiarri I~itz,Joseph Funkhouser, Isaiah Raltzell, Zebedee Warner, Jacob R. Houck, George Hoffnian, dohii Pope, Williain R. Coursey, George 13. Riniel, Frederick Hisey, Jacob Bachtel, Jacob Markwood, Benjamin Stickley, John Ruebush, H. H. Winton, U'. T. Lower, Theodore F. srashear, J.. W. Mathews, George W. Station-25. Absent: Henry Rurtner, Georgc A. Shuey, lohn W. Fulkersori, W. M. K. Cain, Isaac K. Statton, Jonathan Tobey, Einanuel \T7itter, Williain Knott, John W. Perry, James E. Bowersox, Moses Michael, J. M'hite, Joseph S. Grirn, Adam I. Bovey, Samuel Martin, Daniel Engel-16. .J. W. Fulkerson transferred to Iowa Conference. Died: J. C. Spitler, Benjamin Denton. Ikentiates: C. B. Hainmack, G. VI'. Albaugh, Jacob A. Bovey, Eli Jlartin (Baptist), H. R. Davis, Williarn Yerkey, William Jarnes. Ordained: H. Tallhelm, I. Bachtel, Z. Warner. Presiding elders: J. Rachtel (Md.), J. Markwood (E. Va.), M. Michael (W. Va.). MT. A~~ointl~lent~:- A Frederick, T. Lower; Myersviile, I. K. Stat- ton; Hagerstown, W. R. Coursey, C. B. Hammack; Otterhein rnission, H. B. Winton; Bath, J. Haney; U'oodstock, I,. W. Mathews, . H. Tallhelm; Lacey Springs, T. F. Brashear; Rockingham, G. B. Rirnel; Churchville, G. W. Stattoll, I. Baltzel; Highland, J. A. Bovey (bg P. E.), Franklin, B. Stickley; South Braiich, J. Phillips; Brock's Gap mission, J. Pope; Sennessee mission, J. Ruebush; West Coluin- bia station, Eli Martin; IJnion station, W. M. K. Cain; Putnarn, H. R. Davis; Middle Island, L. Hess; Glenville, W. Yerkey; Lewis, S. Martin; Taylor, J. P. White; California mission, W. Miles.

Conference at Mount Hebron church, Washington Co., Md., March 5. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; J. Markwood, secretary. CHURCH HISTORY 259

I'resent: Williani R. Coursey, Adam I. Bovey, John Haney, Benjamin Stickley, George B. Rimel, Jonathan Tohey, Jacob Bach- tel, John Ruebush, George W. Statton, L. W. Mathews, H. B. Win- ton, Theodore F. Brashear, W. T. Lower, Joseph Funkhouser, George A. Shuey, Isaac K. Statton, Joseph S. Grim, John W. Perry, Isaiah Baltzel, Henry Tallhelm, C. R. Haiirmack, John Phillips, J. 1). Nrhite, ,Jacob A. Bovey, Janies W. Miles, C;. \V. Albaugh, Zebedee Warner, Levi Hrss-28. Absent: Frederick Hisey, Jacob B. Houck, George Hoffnian, Enianuel Witter, Abel Rnndall, Samuel Martin, E. Martin, Daniel Engel, William Lutz, Moses Michael, John Pope, W. Yerkey, H. R. Davis-13. Licentiates: J. D. Fried, J. W.Nihizer, J. F. Hott. Transferred: W. M. K. Cain, M. Michael. D. H. I

J. E. Bowersox transferred to Iowa Conference. Licentiates: George W. Rexrode, Jacob Roderick, John \V. Howe, Joseph Holcomb. Endorseinent of N. Altman's attempt to build an English-speaking church in Baltimore and proinise of financial help. The union of Otterbein University and Mount Pleasant College approved; trustees thereof: J. J. Glossbrenner (3 years), J. Mark- wood (2 years), H. B. \J1inton (1 year). Ordained: J. A. Bovey, J. W. Nihizer. Appropriated for Tennessee mission, $100; for I-Iagersto~nrnis- sion, $150. Appointments: Hagerstown rnission station, L. W. Mathews, I. Baltzel; Frederick, I. K. Statton, S. Evers; Otterbein station, D. H. Keedy; Winchester, C. B. Haminack; Woodstock, H. B. Winton; Lacey Springs, J. A. Bovey; Rockingham, T. F. Brashear, H. Tall- helm; Churchville, G. W. Statton; Franklin, J. D. Fried; Union, J. W. Nihizer; Brock's Gap, J. K. Nelson (by P. E.); Claysville rnission, B. Stickley; Rockbridge rnission, J. W. Howe; Highland rnission, J. Holcomb; Tennessee, J. Ruebush.

Conference at Rohersville, Md.. February 26. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; J. Markwood, H. B. Winton, secre- laries. Present: \T7illiain R. Coursey, H. B. Winton, 1.. W. Mathews, lsaac I<. Statton, Jacob A. Bovey, George B. Rimel, Benjamin Stick- ley, Theodore F. Brashear, W. T. Lower, Joseph Holcomb, Joseph Funkhouser, Henry Tallhelin, Jonathan Tobey, Joseph S. Grim, J. W. Nihizer, G. W. Albaugh, C. B. Hanlmack, lsaiah Baltzel, J. D. Keedy, Jacob F. Hott, John W. Howe-21. Absent: George W. Statton, George Hoffman, Frederick Hisey, Abel Randall, J. D. Fried, George W. Rexrode, George W. Shuey, William Lutz, Jolin Ruebush, Adam I. Bovey, John Pope, Jacob Roclerick-12. Dr. F. S. McNeil received from Miaini Conference. .4. Handall transferred to Iowa Conference; I. Baltzel to Pennsyl- vania Conference. J. B. Houck withdrew to join the Methodist Episcopal Church, South; died as a preacher therein about 1884. Ordained: C. B. Hammack, J. D. Keedy, J. F. Hott, G. W. Albaugh. Presiding elders: H. B. \Vinton (Md.), J. Markwood (Va.). Appointments: Hagerstown station, W. T. Lower; Hagerstown circuit, I. K. Statton, J. Delpha; Frederick, L. W. Mathews, \V. A. Jackson; Winchester, C. B. Hamrriack; Woodstock, J. A. Bovey; Lacey Springs, H. Tallhelm; Rockingham, G. W. Statton; Church- ville, T. F. Hrashear, S. Evers; Highland, J. W. Howe; Franklin, J. D. Fried; Claysville mission, B. Stickley.

1WO Conference at Churchville, Va., Feb:uar.y 23. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; J. Markwood, secretary. Present: Williain R. Coursey, Jolin Ruebush, George B. Ririiel, George W. Statton, Theodore F. Braslicar, Henry Tallhelrri, .lohn W. Howe, S. Evers, G. M'. Allebaugh, George W. Rexrode, setljarnin Stickley, George A. Sliuey, George Hoffnian, H. H. Winton, \V. T. Lower, Joseph Funkhouser, C. Pi. Harnn~ack, F. S. Fried, J. W. Nihizer, Joseph Holcomb-22. Absent: I,. W. Mathews, Josep!~ S. Gi-ini, Wllliam I.utz. John Pope, J. Delpha, J. Iiensley, Adam 1. Bovcy, Fi-ederick IIisey. Jonathan Tobey, Jacob F. Hott, J:icob Kodcricl<-10. J. Hensley transferred to Parkersburg Conferencc. I. Baltzell returned his transfer to Penns~l\~nniaConfeiencs. Died: J. A. Bovey. Licentiate: W. A. Jackson. Ordained : J. W. Howe. Benevolent Fund, $436.21. Presiding elders: H. B. Winton (Md.), J. Markwood (Va.). Appointments: Frederick, I,. W. Mathews, T. Bushong; Ragers- town, I. K. Statton, W. A. Jackson; Hagerstown, W. T. Lower; Winchester, J. D. Fried; Woodstock, C. B. Hammack; Lacey Springs, H. Tallhelm; Rockinghani, G. W. Statton; Churchville, T. F. Rras- hear; Highland and Franklin, J. \Y. Hawe, C. T. Stearn; Claysville mission, B. Stickley; Augusta, G. \V. Rexrode. Missionary appropriations : $290. 18161 Conference at Hagerstown, Md., Januarg 24. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; J. Markwood, I,. W. Mathews, secretaries. Present: William R. Coursey, Theodore F. Brashear, Isaiah Baltzel, Jonathan Tobey, W. A. Jackson, G. W. Albaugh, H. B. Winton, Isaac K. Statton, Joseph S. Grim, J. D. Keedy, F. S. McNeil, George W. Statton, Henry Tallhelm, J. W. Nihiser, Jacob F. Hott, Joseph Holcomb, Benjamin Stickley, W. T. Lower, C. B. Hammack, John W. Howe, J. D. Fried, Joseph Funkhouser-22. Absent: Adam I. Bovey, John Ruebush, George W. Rexrode. George B. Rimel, William Liitz, John Pope, George A. Shuey, E Evers, Frederick Hisey, George Hoffman, J. Delpha-11. 262 UNITED BRETHREN

Licentiates: T. Bushong, J. Harp. Ordained : J. M. Roderick. In treasury, $443.71. Ordered paid the widow of J. A. Bovey, $100. Presiding elder: J. Mxrkwood. Appointments: Hagerstown, G. W. Statton; Hagerstown circuit, W. R. Coursey, W. T. Lower; Frederick, I. Baltzell, T. Bushong; Woodstock, T. F. Brashear; Lacey Springs, L. W. Mathews (resigned,-supply by J. W. Howe) ;Rockingharri, H. Tallhelm; Church- ville, C. B. Hammack; Highland, A. I. Bovey; Franklin, J. W. Howe (resigned,-supplied by A. M. Myers); Claysville, J. W. Nihiser; Augusta, W. A. Jackson, A. M. Evers; Alleghany mission, J. M. Rodruck.

Northern Section Conference met at Moiint Carmel church, Washington Co., Md., February 2. J. Markwood, bishop; J. D. Keedy, secretary. Present: William R. Coursey, George W. Statton, Jonathan Tobey, J. Harp, H. B. Winton, T. S. McNeil, W. T. Lower, Isaiah Baltzel, Jacob S. Grim, G. W. Albangh, W. A. Jackson, T. Bushong-12. Absent: Isaac K. Statton, J. Delpha, L. W. Mathews-3. Transfers given to H. B. Winton, Isaiah Baltzel, Isaac K. Statton. Three charges, 17 meeting houses, 100 Telescopes, 957 members; salaries and presents to preachers, $2,240. Presiding elder : W. R. Coursey. Appointments: Frederick, W. T. Lower; Hagerstown circuit, W. E. Coursey, T. Bushong, Hagerstown station, G. W. Statton.

Southern Section Conference at Edinburg, Va., February 14. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; C. B. Hammack, secretary. Licentiates: H. A. Bovey, J. W. Hott, J. K. Nelson, C. T. Stearn, A. M. Evers, J. M. Cantor. Ordained: G. W. Rexrode, J. D. Fried, J. Holcomb. Presiding elder: T. F. Brashear. Appointrnents: Churchville, C. B. Hammack; Augusta, G. W. Rexrode; Lacey Springs, J. W. Howe, G. H. Snapp; Woodstock, G. B. Rimel; South Branch, J. D. Fried; Winchester, J. K. Nelson; Franklin, H. A. Bovey; Highland, C. T. Stearn; Alleghany, J. M. Hoderick; Rockbridge, A. M. Evers; Rockingham, H. Tallhelm. CHURCH HISTORY 263

1863 Northern Section Conference at Georgetown, Frederick Co., Md., February 20. J. Markwood, bishop; J. D. Keedy, secretary. Present: William R. Cioursey, George W. Statton, G. V\'. Al- baugh, J. Harp, J. D. Fried, J. W. Nihiser, W. T. Lower, Jonathan Tobey, T. S. JlcNeil, T. Bushong, J .M. Rodruck, J. W. Hott, J. Delpha-14. Absent: J,. W. Jlathews, Benjamin Stickley, dacob F. Hott, W.. A. Jackson, C. T. Stearn, 3. I<. Nelson-6. Licentiate: J. W. Grim. Ordained: T. F. Bushong. W. A. Jackson transferred to Pennsylvania Conference; L. W. Mathews, B. Stickley, C .T.Stearn given Open transfers to any Western conference. Presiding elder : J. Tobiey. Appointments: Frederick, W. T. Lower, J. W. Grim; Hagers- town, G. W. Statton and one to be supplied; Hagerstowii niission, H. B. Winton; Winchester, J. I<. Nelson, J. W. Hott; South Branch, J. D. Freid; Alleghany, J. M. Rodruck. 1863 Southern Section Conference at Keezletown, Va., February 27. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; C. B. Hammack, secretary. Licentiate: J. W. Kiracofe. Ordained: A. M. Evers. Appropriation of $100 foi- Benevolent Fund to Ws. J. A. Bovey. 1864 Northern Section (:onference at Rooiisboi-o, Md., Februar3 19. J. J. Glossbrenner, J. Markwood, bishops; J. D. Keedy, secretary. Present: Jonathan Tolbey, George W. Statton, T. S. McNeil, J. D. Keedy, T. Bushing, J. Harp, James W. Hott, William R. Coursey, W. T. Lower, J. D. Fried, J. M. Rodruck, G. W. Albaugh, Jacob S. Griiri, J. I<. Nelson, Jacob F. Hott, J. W. Grim-16. Absent: J. W. Nihiser, J. Delpha, Adam I. Bovey-3. The widow Bovey grarited $72. Ordained: J. K. Nelson, J. W. Hott, J. Harp. An increase of 272 members. Appointments: J. Tobey, P. E.; Hagerstown, G. W. Statton, J. D. Fried; Hagerstown Station, C. T. Stearn; Frederick, W. T. Lower, J. W. Grim; Winchester, J. K. Nelson, J. W. Hott; Alleghany, J. M. Kodruck. 264 UNITED BRETHREN

1864 Southern Section Conference at Friedens church, Rockingham Co., Va., March 11. J. J. Glosshrenner, bishop; C. B. Hanimack, secretary. Bishop Glossbrenner to act as P. E. Ordained: H. A. sovey, J. Canter, J. W. Kiracofe. Licentiates: W. J. Miller, G. H. Snapp. A ~rominentfeature was the experience n~eetingSunday morning tce 13th. Appointments: Lacey Springs, C. B .Hamrnaclr, A. M. Evers; Rocliingham, J. W. Howe; Churchville, H. A. Bovey; Woodstock, H. Tallhelm; Highland, J. \V. Kiracofe, J. J. Potter (?); Augusta, G. W. Rexrode. 1865 Northern Section Conference at Rlyersville, Md, February 17. J. Xarkwood, H. I

Southern Section Conference at Mount Zion, Aiigusta Co., Va., March 7. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; C. B. Harnmack, secretary. Collected for bishop $500 in Confederate money, supposed to be equivalent to $20 in gold. Acting presiding elder : J. J. Glossbrenner. Much of the session taken up in reading essays and discussing them. Appointments appear to have been about the same as in 1864. 1866 Conference at Rohersville, Md., February 8. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; C. B. Harnmack, secretary. Jacob Markwood, J. Harp, James W. Hott, Henry Tallhelin, J. W. Griin, J. D. Keedy, W. J. Miller, J. W. Nihiser, C. B. Han~niack, William Lutz, Adam I. Bovey, J. D. Fried, John W. Howe, George Hoffinan, H. A. sovey, A. M. Evers, Jacob F. Hott, George W. Snapp, J. M. Rodruck, Jonathan Tobey, J. S. Grim, George W. Statton. W. T. Lower, C. T. Stearn, George W. Albaugh-30. Absent: Williarn R. Coursey, P. H. Thomas, J. Cantor, J. Holcomb, George A. Shuey, Joseph Funkhouser, George B. Rimel, J. Delpha, John Pope-9. Visiting ministers: S. Lindsay (agent Otterbein Gniversity), D. Eberly, J. C. Smith, T. Baltzel, William Everi, D. E. Morris, Henry Kumler. Licentiate: J. E. Hott. Grantcd transfers: G. B. Ri~nel,J. M. Cantor. J. Funkhouser withdrew to join Methodist Episcopal Church, South. A resolution to raise within the first tliree months of the year the share of the debt of the Book Concern apportioned by the General Conference. Missionary money received, $540.88. Benevolent Fund, $363.58. Resolutions passed sympathizing with Bi~hopMarkwood in his severe illness, and endorsing Otterbein Z'niversity and Cottage Hili College at York, Pa.

Conference at Boonsboro, Md., February 7. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; C. B. Harnrriack, secretary. Present: Jacob J. Glossbrenner. W. T. Lower, George W. Al- baugh, J. K. Nelson, J. Harp, Henry Tallhelm, J. D. Keedy, George W. Rexrode, W. J. Miller, C. B. Haminack, J. D. Fried, George HoiSfinan, A. M. Evers, George W. Snapp, .Jonathan Tobey, J. E. Hott, J. Delpha, J. L. Grini, George 'W. Statton, C. T. Stearn, J. W. Kirxofe, I)r. T. S. AlcNeil, James 'W. Hott, J. W. Grirnrn, W. 0. Grirnin, P. H. Thomas, J. W. Nihiser, Adam I. Bovey, John W. Hmve, H. A. sovey, Jacob F. Hott, J. M. Rodruck, J. S. Grimm, George A. Shuey, George W. Howe, !L Scott-36. Absent: Jacob Markwood, J. Holcomb, William R. Coursey, Williani Lutz, John Pope-5. Visiting ministers: Z. Warner, J. Perry, L. Hess, W. A. Jackson, Dr. Fetterhof, Ex-Bishop Russell. Iicensed to preach: George W. Howe, J. L. Grimm, Snowden Scott. Transferred to Rock River Conference: W. R. Coursey, J. Tobey. 266 UNITED BRETHREN

Presiding elder: G. W. Statton. Died: J. Bachtel. Agreement to cooperate with other conferences in procui-ing a parsonage in Baltimore for the bishop. Appointments: Frederick, J. D. Fried, J. Delpha; Boonsboro, A. M. Evers, J. L. Grimm; Myersville, C. T. Stearn; Hagerstown, C. B. Hammack, J. E. Hott; Bath, J. K. Nelson; Alleghany, J. W. Nihiser; South Branch, J. M. Rodruck; UTinchester,P. H. Thonias; Woodstock, J. W. Hott; Lacey Springs, J. W. Howe, Churchville, J. W. Kiracofe, J. W. Grimm; Highland, G. W. Howe; Martinsburg mission, W. T. Lower; Pleasant Grove, H. Tallhelm; Eastern Vir- ginia, W. J. Miller; Rockbridge, to be supplied; Conference book agent, George Hoffman.

Conference at Martinsburg, W. Va., February 7. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; W. 0. Grim, C. T. Stearn, secretaries. Present: Jacob J. Glossbrenner, George W. Statton, William T. Lower, C. T. Stearn, George W. Albaugh, J. W. Kiracofe, J. K. Nelson, T. S. Xciueil, J. Harp, Jarnes W.I-fott, Henry Tallheliri, J. W. Grim, J. D. Keedy, J. S. Grim, George A. Shuey, J. 1.. Grim, William 0. Grim, P. H. Thomas, William J. Miller, J. W. Nihiser, C. B. Haminack, Adam I. Bovey, John W. Howe, George Hoffman, M. A. Rovey, A. 11. Evers, Jacob F. Hott, George W. Snapp, J. M. Rodruck, J. E. Hott, John W. Howe, Snowden Scott-32. Absent: William Lutz, Jacob Markwood, George W. Rexrode, J. Holcomb, John Pope, J. D. Fried-6. Died: J. Pope, J. Delpha. Visiting ministers: W. J. Shuey, J. Tobey, - 0. Ferrall, I. Baltzel, D. Eberly. Conference divided into Potomac and Slienandoah Valley districts, with G. W. Statton presiding elder for Lhe first; J. W. Howe for the second. Ordained: William J. Miller. Received on transfer: I. Baltzell, Levi Iless, Jonathan Tobey. Appointments: Frederick, J. W. Kiracofe, J. S. Griin; Myers- ville, A. M. Evers; Boonsboro, C. T. Stearn, W. 0. Grim; Hagers- town, C. B. Hammack, A. Hoover; Martinsburg, \V. T. Lower; Back Creek mission, J. K. Nelson; Bath, G. W. Howe; South Branch, J. M. Rodruck; Alleghany, G. H. Snapp; Winchester, P. H. Thornas; Woodstack, J. W. Grim; Lacey Spring, H. A. Bovey, Rockinghairi, J. E. Hott; Churchville, J. W. Hott; Highland, G. W. Rexrode; Pleasant Grove, H. Tallhelm; Page Valley mission, W. J. Miller; Eastern Virginia, to be supplied; book agent, George Hoffman. Benevoleut Fund, $532.88. CHURCH HlST0,RY 267

1869 Conference at Otterbein chapel, Shenandoah Co., Va., Febru- ary 11. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; A. M. Evers, secretary. Present: Jacob J. Glossbrenner, William T. Lower, George W. Albaugh, Dr. T. S. McNeil, Henry Tallhelm, P. H. Thomas, J. W. Nihiser, John W. Howe, H. A. Bovey, James W. Hott, J. E. Hott, J. L. Grini, Isaiah Baltzel, Dr. Levi Hess, J. W. Grim, Jacob Mark- wootl, G. T. Stearn, J. W. Kiracofe, Jacob F. Hott, William 0. Grini. Williain J. Miller, C. B. Hammack, George Hoffman, ,J. M. Rodruck, George W. Howe, Snowden Scott, William Lutz, J. I). Fried, J. ilolcoinb-30. Absent: J. I<. Nelson, J. D. Keedy, G. H. Snapp, Ceorqr A. Shuey, J. Hary, A. J. Bovey, J. E. Grim, George W. Rexrode, Giorge W. Statton-9. Licentiates: G. Harman, A. Hoover, W. 13. Burtner. Renevolent Fund, $623.88. Collected for niissions, $647. Presiding elders: J. W. Howe (Potomac District), G. W. Statton, CS. V. District). Appointments: Winchester, P. H. Thomas; Woodstock, J. D. Friend; Lacey Springs, H. A. Bovey; Rockingham, J. L. Grim; East Hockingham, C. B. Hammack; Churchville, J. W. Hott; Page Valley mission, \V. J. Miller; East Virginia, G. J. Roudabush (by P. E.); Roclibridge, A. Hoover: Straight Creek, J. W. Nihiser; Friedriian's, (to be supplied by I'. E.); Freilerick, H. Tallilielrn, J. E. Ilott; Myersville, A. M. Ehers; Boonsboro, C. T. Stearn, G. H. Snapp; Hagerstown, J. V\'. Kiracofe; Hagerstown niission station, I. Baltzel; Martinsburg, W. T. Lower; Back Creek mission, J. K. Nelson; Bath, G. W. Howe: Alleqhang, J. M. Rodrurk; Socth Branch, J. W. Grim. 1870 Conference at ChewsviIle, Mcl., February 17. Jonathan Weaver, bishop; W. 0. Grim, secretary. Present: Jacob Rfarkwood, Dr. T. S. McNeil, P. H. Thomas, John W. Howe, danies W. Hott, J. I,. Grini, J. W. Grini, J. W. Kira- cofe, William 0. Grim, George 'W. Brown, George Hoffrnan, J. M. Rodruck, J. D. Fried, J. D. Keedy, George A. Shuey, J. Harp, A. Hoover, J. K. Nelson, George W. Albaugh, J. Ross, Jacob J. Gloss- hrenner, William T. Lower, Heriry Tallhelm, J. W. Nihiser, H. A. Hovey, J. E. Hott, Jacob F. Hott. Isaiah Baltzel, C. T. Stearn, Wil- liam J. Miller, C. B. Hammack, A. M. Evers, George W. Howe, J. Holcomb, G. H. Snapp, George W. Statton, J. S. Grim, Snowden Scott, Dr. Levi Hess, John Ruef~ush,George Harman-41. 268 UNITED BRETHREN

Ahsent: William Lutz, George W. Rexrode, Adam I. Bovey, W. Burtner, G. J. Roudabush-5. Visiting ministers: Z. Colestock, J. X. Quigley, S. A. Mowers, J. B. Bishop; all frorn Pennsylvania Conference. W. T. Lower granted Open transfer; J. E. Hott withdrew. Licentiates: J. N. Ross, G. W. Brown. Resolveci that each pastor be required to read four ti-nes every years to each of his congregations the portion of Discipline re- ferring to secret societies. Benevolent Fund, $731.82; Mission Fund received from charges, $691.67. Presiding elders: H. A. Bovey (Potoniac District), J. W. Howe (S. V. District). Appointments, 162; classes, 138; members received, 906; niern- bers at end of year, 4,917; Telescopes, 294; meetiiig houses. 75; Sunday Schools, 91; Sunday School pupils, 4,586; teachers and oficers, 850; collected for all purposes, $16,541.05; salaries of preachers, $8,156.90. Appointments: Frederick, J. K. Nelson; Myersville, G. W.Stat- ton; soonsboro, C. T. Stearn, W. 0. Grim; Hagerstown mission, J. W. Icirocafe; Hagerstown, I. Baltzel; Martinsburg, P. H. Thoma.;; Tuscarora ~nission,H. Tallhelm; Potoniac, G. H. Snapp; Rath, W. .J. Miller; Alleghany, J. M. Rodruck; South Branch, .T. W. Grim; Winchester, G. W/ Howe; Woodstock, J. D. Freed; Lacey Sprinqs, A. M. Evers; Rockinghain mission, J. L. Griin; Pleasant Grove, C. B. Haminack; Churchville, J. W. Hott; Shenando niission, J. Hol- coilib; Page Valley, J. N. Ross; Eastern Virginia, G. J. Roudabush; Straight Creek, A. Hoover; Friedman's mission, J. Brown.

Csriference at Mount Hebron church, Grant Co., \V. Va., E'cbru- ary 16. Jonathan Weaver, bi\hop; J. W. Hott, secretury. Present: A. JI. Evers, 13. A. Rovev, J W. Cry.iqi. P. H. I'hornas, danie.; W. Hott, J. 11. Rodriick, J. Holcoirib, J. K. Ross. Geoi-qe A. Shuey, Ilr. T. S. McNeil, J. W. Niliiser, D. P. Keedy, George W. Rexrode, C. T. Stearn, George W. Statton, George M'. Howe, W. 0. Grim, C. B. Haminack, John W. Howe, A. Hoover, MT..J. Miller, Henry Tallhelrr.. John Ruebush, W. Burtner, Snowden Scott. George W. Albaugh, Adam I. Bovey-28. Ahscnt: Jacob J. Glosst~renner,J. \V. Kiracofe, G. H. Snapp, G. W. Brown, George Hoffinan, Dr. Levi Hess, Joshua Harp, Jacoh Markwood, J. I<. Nelson, J. D. Freed, Isaiah Baltzel, J. F. Hott, J. S. Grim, William Lutz, G. Harnan-15. Assessment of $1,000 for rnissionary ex1)enses ordered. CHURCH HISTORY 269

Establishment of Union Biblical Seminary endorsed. Licentiate: J. B. Funk. Ordained: A. Hoover. Transferred: C. T. Stearn. Preaching places, 194; classes, 153; mernbers received, 1,036; rnenibers at end of year, 5.401; Telescopes, 427; meeting houses, 72; Sunday School pupils, 6,153; teachiers and officers, 796; salaries of preachers, $7,594.04; collected for missions, $897; for all purposes, $23,206.66. Presiding elders: A. I. Bovey (Potomac District), -- (S. V. sistrict). Appointments: Myersville, G. W. Statton; Frederick, J. K. Ne1 son; Boonsboro, J. W. Hott, and one to be supplied; Hagerstown, A. M. Evers; Hagerstown station, J. W. Kiracofe; Tuscarora mis- sim, J. 1). Freed; Back Creek mission, G. H. Snapp; Ratli, \V. 5. Miller; South Branch, J. M. Rodruck, C. M. Hott; Alleghany, J. W. Nihiser; Potomac mission, W. 0. Grim.

Conference at Edinburg, Va., February 1G. Jonathan Weaver, bisliop; J. L. Grim, secretary. Present: A. M.Evers, H. A. Bovey, C. B. Hammack, P. H. Thomas, J. M. Rodruck, J. M. Ross, W. H. Burtner, Joshua Harp, George Harnian, J. Zerman, J. Negley, C. M. Hott, George W. Statton, John Iiuehush, T. S. McKeil, J. F. Hott, .J. W. Kiracofe, John W. Howe, J. L. Grim, J. D. Freed, William J. Miller, Henry Tallhelm, J. W. Nihiser, J. W. Albaugh, J. B. Funk, J. E. Whitesel, Abraham P Funkhoilser, G. H. Snapp, J. K. Nelson. Jarnes W. Hott, William 0.Grini, George W. Howe, J. M. Grini, George Hoffinan, D. Y. Keedy, William Lutz, E. P. Funk, P. W. Weller, J. W. Funk-39. Absent: A. Hoover, George A. Shuey, Snowden Scott, Adam I. Bovey, Jacob J. Glossbrenner, J. Holconib, Levi Hess, George W. Rexrode, Jacob Markwootl, G. W. Brown, J. S. Grirn, Jonathan Tobey-12. D. K. Flickinger, missionary secretary, present. Licentiates: E. P. Funk, J. E. Whitesel, P. W. Weller, A. Y. Funkhouser, J. Negley, J. W. Funk, C. M. Hott. Transferred: I. Baltzel (E. Penna.). Received : J. Zarnian (Minnesota Conference). Benevolent Fund, $785.92; secured for missions, $300; for U. B. Serninary, $100. Special resolution encouraging the building of a church at Winchester. Committee appointed "to take under advisemerit the matter 270 UNITED BRETHREN

of publishing our minutes at the next session." Note:-This was the first move toward printing the conference minutes in pamphlet form. Prcachin~places, 192; classes, 152; iiiernbers, 5,626; rnceting houses, 73; Telescopes, 299; parsonage, 7; Sunday Schools, 90; teachers and officers, 763; scholars, 4,416; salaries, $8,951.44; iriis- sions, $823.33; collected for all purposes, $26,687.18. Presiding elders: H. A. Bovey (Potomac Ihtrict), G. W. Statton (S. V. District). Appointments: Hagerstown, J. W. Howe; Myersville, J. K. Nelson; Hagerstown, J. W. Kiracofe; Boonsboro and Keedysville, J. W. Hott, W. 0. Grim; hlartinsburg, 1". H. Thorilas; South Branch, A. Hoover; Allegliany, J. W. Nihiser, P. W. Weller; Frederick, A. M. Evers; Bath, J. M. Rodruck; Poto~nacinission, J. Zariilaai, C, I. B. Brane; Mechanicstown, J. B. Funk; New Creek, W. J. Miller; Back Creek ~nission, J. E. Whitesel; Churchville, J. 1,. Grim; Rockingham, H. Talllielin, C. M. Hott; Page Valley, E. P. Funk; East Virginia mission, J. M. Ross; 1,acey Springs, J. Rue- bush; Highland, J. W. Grim; Edinburg, J. W. Grim; Winchester, C. B. Hammack; Winchester station, G. W. Howe; Tuscarora rnission, J. D. Freed; Rockbridge, G. H. Snapp; Friedman's (Freed- man's?) mission, to be supplied; bishop Ohio district, J. J. Gloss- brenner. 1873 Conference at Hagerstown, Md., February 13. Jonathan Weaver, bishop, W. 0. Grim, secretary. Present: Gcorge W. Statton, J. F. Hott, James W. Hott. J. K. Nelson, J. W. Grim,. Georgc W. Howe, Williarn 0. Grim, J. W. Nihiser, George W. Albaugh, J. Zerinan, Abram P. Funkhouser, A. Hoover, Jonathan Tobey, John Ruebush, A. M. Evers, H. A. Bovey, C. B. Hamniack, P. H. Thomas, J. M. Roderick, Henry Tall- helm, D. P. Keedy, J. B. Funk, J. E. Whitesel, J. W. Funk, J. S. Grim, C. I. B. Brane, T. S. McNeil, J. W. Kiracofe, John W. Howe, J. L. Griin, J. D. Freed, Williarri J. Miller, George Hoffman, Joshua Harp, E. P. Funk, P. \V. Weller, C. M. Hott, Snowden Scott, J. Zahn-39. Absent: Jacob Markwood, W. H. Burtner, J. Holconib, Levi Ness, Jacob J. Glossbreriner, William Lutz, G. W. Brown, Adarri I. Bovey, J. N. Ross, George Harinan, George A. Shuey, George H. Snapp-12. G. W. Statton ordered to prepare the minutes for publication and 500 copies to be printed. Visiting ministers: W. A. Jackson, G. W. M. Higor, W. T. Lower, Shaffer. Received: J. Zahn, C. I. B. Brane. Assessment for missionary purposes, $1,500. Vote to cooperate with Lebanon Valley College. Trustees elected. Benevolent Fund, $887.26. Strong resolutions in favor of building church at Washing- ton, D. C. Appointnients, 165; classes, 147; members received, 867; at end of year, 5,756; Telescopes, 361; meeting houses, 76; Sunday Schools, 93; teachers and officers, 799; scholars, 4,544; parsonages, 7; collected for missions, $1,190.11; for all purposes, $18,562, 55; salaries of preachers, $7,785.17. Presiding elders: D. P. Keedy (Potomac Dist.), G. W. Statton (S. V. Dist.) Appointed: Frederick, A. M. Evers; Mechanicstown, C. M. Hott; Myersville, J. K. Nelson; Keedysville station, H. A. Bovey; Boons- boro station, J. W. Kiracofe; Hagerstown, J. L. Grim; Hagerstown station, J. U'. Hott; Potomac mission, J. D. Freed; New Germany, C. I. U. Urane; New Creek, W. J. Miller; South Branch, J. E. White- sel; Bath, J. M. Rodericli; Martinsburg station, J. W. Howe; Tus- carora mission, C. U. Ilamrnack; Back Creek mission, A. Hoover; Winchester, J. B. Funk; Winchester station, G. W. Howe; Edin- burg, J. Ruebush; Lacey Spring, J. W. Grim; Rockingham, J. W. Nihiser; Singers Glen, P. H. Thomas; Page Valley, E. P. Funk; Churchvllle, W. 0.Grim; Rockbridge, G. W. Kiracofe; East Virginia mission; H. Tallhelin; Alleghany, J. B. Funk; Highland, P. W. Weller. 1874 Conference at Martinsburg, W. Va., February 12. David Edwards, bishop; W. 0. Grim, J. 1,. Grim, secretaries. Visiting niinisters: W. 0. Tobey, E. Light, B. G. Huber, D. S. Early, J. A. Evans, Jacob Erb (ex-bishop). J. Holcomb, J. N. Ross withdrew to join Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Honorably dismissed at their ovvn request: H. Tallhelm, J. Tobey. Received: I. RI. Underwood (Parkersburg Conf.), Charles Miller (Evan. Asso'n). Transferred: L. Hess (Parkersburg Conf.) Licentiates: Z. Unistadt, G. W. Kiracofe, J. N. Fries, D. Barn- hart, Williani Beall, J. G. Humphries. Ordained: W. H. Burtner, G. H. :Snapp. J. Zahn grated a renewal of hi!~long lost parchments. At an evening missionary nieetjng $500 subscribed. Benevolent Fund, $890.39. D. D. Keedy, J. Ruebush a committee to raise funds to remove 272 IJNITED BRETHHEN

the body of sishop Markwootl from Liiray to Rolirersville, and to erect a monument. Appointrnents, 179; organized churches, 152; niembers receired, 864; at end of year, 5,731; Telescopes, 448; irieeting housc5, 91; parsonages, 7; Sunday Schools, 96; teachers and officers, 895; scholars, 5,110; collected for inissions, $349.85; for all purposes, $21,383.27; salaries, $8,700.92. Presiding elders: D. D. I

Ordained: E. P. Funk, J. W. Funk, C. M. Hott, P. W. Weller, J. E. Whitesel. G. W. Statton, D. D. Keedy, J. Harp a committee to have Con- ference incorporated. D. D. Keedy appointed agent for Lebanon Valley College. Dietf: Dr. T. S. McNeil, drowned in Ohio while on his way to Parkersburg Conference. Appointments, 188; organized churches, 152; rnembers received, 950; at end of year, 6,123; Telescopes, 404; meeting bouses, 87; parsonages, 9; Sunday Schools, 119; teachers arid oflicers, 114 (?); scholars, 5,686; collected for missions, $1,351.83; for all purposes, $21,328.51; salaries of preachers, $10,151.81. Presiding elders: J. W. Howe (Potomac Dist.), J. Ruebnsh, (S. V. Dist.). Appointed: Frederick, J. J,. Grim; Mechanicstown, C. I. B. Brane, Myersville, J. W. Funk; Boosboro station, J. W. Kirarofe; Keedys- ville station, H. A. Bovey; Hagerstown, .T. B. Funk; Hagerstown station, G. W. Statton; Martinsburg station, A. M. Evers; Potomac mission, G. W. Kiracofe; Tuscarora, J. D. Freed; Bath, C. B. Ham- I mack; Back Creek, P. H. Thomas; Alleghany, G. W. Rexrode; Key- I I ser mission, J. W. Grim; New Creek, J. M. Roderick; Winchester, .T. K. Nelson; Winchester mission station, M. F. Keiter; Edinburg, W. Beall; Dayton, J. W. Nihiser; Lacey Spring, I. M. Underwood; Rockingham, W. 0. Grim, W. D. Barger; Page Valley, G. J. Rorrda-

I bush; Churchville, J. E. Whitesel; Rockbridge, C. H. Crowell; I Madison mission, H. Jones; Bloomery mission, J. M. Hott; Cacapon mission, C.Miller, South Branch, J. R. Ritlenour; Mi11 Creek, G. I H. Snapp; Highland, E. P. Funk; Augusta Freedman's mission, .T. ! A. Evans; Rockingham mission, S. T. Wells. 1 1876 I Conference at Churchville, Va., Fehruary 2. David Edwards, bishop; W. 0. Grimm, A. M. Evers, secretaries. Present: Jacob J. Glossbrenner, John W. Howe, J. K. Nelson, C. B. Harnmack, W. 0. Grimm, W. H. Burtner, George W. Albaugli, 1 E. P. Funk, Abram P. Funkhoiiser, G. H. Snapp, I. M. Underwood, William Beall, G. J. Roudabush, S. T. Wells, George W. Statton, I A. M. Evers, H. A. Bovey, J. 1.. Grim, J. W. Nihiser, D. D. Keedy, George Harman, J. Zerman, J. W. Funk, G. W. Brown, C. I. B. Brane, Charles Miller, A. D. Freed, Henry Jones, John Ruebush, J. W. Kiracofe, J. W. Hott, J. M. Rodruck, George Hoffman, Joshila Harp, J. B. Funk, J. E. Whitesel, C. M. Hott, George W. Howe, J. Zahn, G. W. Kiracofe, M. F. Kciter, J. R. Ridenour-45. Absent: J. F. Hott, W. J. Miller, J. S. Grim, George W. Rex- rode, Z. Umstadt, J. G. Hurnlphreys, J. W. Grim, William T,utz, George A. Shuey, Adam I. Bovey, J. N. Fries, W. H. Clary, P. H. 274 UNITED BRETHREN

Thomas, P. W. Weller, Snowden Scott, J. Negley, D. Barnhart-17. S. T. Wells (colored) received from Des Moines Conference. Transferred: J. W. Grim. Visiting-ministers: W. J. Shuey, D. K. Flickinger, J. B. Kesler, J. M. Hershky, Prof. W. S. Walker. G. W. Albaugh withdrew from conkrence and church. Ordained: W. Reall, C. I. B. Rrune, G. Harnian, A. P. Funk- houser. Licentiates: C. W. Stinespring, I. T. Parlett. Presiding elders: J. Ruebush (Potomac Dist.), J. W. Howe (S. V. Dist.). Appointinents, 212; organized churches, 163; members received, 1,245; at end of year, 6,772; Sunday Schools, 126; teachers and officers, 1,141; scholars, 5,639; meeting houses, 92; parsonages. 9; Telescopes, 389; collected for niission $1,206.85; for all purposes, $21,100; salaries of preachers, $9,500. Appointed: Hagerstown, J. B. Funk; Hagerstown station, C. M. Hott; Potomac, G. \V. Kiracofe; Boonsboro, H. A. Bovey; Keeysville station, J. W. Kiracofe; Rlechanicstown, E. P. Funk; Myersville, J. W. Funk; Frederick mission and station, J. L. Grirn; &lartinsburgstation, A. M. Evers; Tuscarora, J. D. Freed; Alleghany, J. E. Widmeyer; Westernport niission station, I. M. Underwood: Bath, C. B. Hammack; Berkeley, W. Beall; New Creek, J. M. Roderick; Winchester, J. K. Nelson; Winchester mission station, G. W. Howe; South Branch, J. R. Ridenour; South Fork mission, C. Miller; Mi11 Creek, to be supplied; Highland, A. P. Funkhouser; Chiirchville, J. E. Whitesel; Rockingham, W. 0. Grim; Shady Grove, C. W. Stinespring; Lacey Spring, M. F. Keiter; Dayton, I J. W. Nihiser; Edinburg, G. W. Statton; Page Valley, G. J. Rouda- I bush; Madison mission, H. Jones; Rockbridge, C. H. Crowell; I I sloorriery mission, J. M. Hott; Augusta Freedmen's mission, J. A. Evans; Rockingham Freedmen's niission, S. T. Wells; Garrett, G. H. Snapp; agent Lebanon Valley College, D. D. Keedy; treasurer General Missionary Society, J. W. Hott; bishop Ohio District, J. J. Glossbrenner. I 1877 Conference at Rohrersville, Md., February 3. John Dickson, bishop; W. 0. Grim, A. P. Funkhouser, secretaries. Present: Jacob J. Glossbrenner, John W. Howe, J. K. Nelson, C. B. Hammack, William 0. Grim, D. D. Keedy, J. Zerman, J. W. Funk, G. H. Snapp, I. M. Underwood, M. F. Keiter, J. R. Ridenour, J. D. Freed, J. S. Grim, Z. Umstot, I. T. Parlett, George W. Statton, A. M. Evers, H. A. Bovey, J. L. Grim, J. W. Nihiser, Joshua Harp, J. E. Whitesel, C. M. Hott, C. I. B. Brane, G. W. Kiracofe, G. J. Roudnbush, J. F. Hott, W. J. Miller, George W. Rexrode, J. N. Fries, S. T. Wells, John Ruebush, J. W. Kiracofe, J. W. Hott, J. M. Hodruck, Zahn, William Beall, Henry Jones, P. H. Thomas, P. W. Weller, J. Negley, C. W. Stinespring-47. Absent: George A. Shuey, George Harman, Charles Miller, Adam I. sovey, W. H. Clary, A. D. Freed, G. W. Brown, William Lutz, George Hoffman, George W. Howe, Snowden Scott, J G. Hum- phreys-13. J. E. Hott received frorn Dakota Conference. Visiting ministers: S. M. Hippard, J. H. Resler, J. M. Hershey, President 1)eLong. t i a : S. I<. IYinc, J. I). Dcinovan, J. M. Hott, J. E. Wid- meyer. The names of G. W. Brown and J. G. Hurnphreys dropped from roll, the former for withdrawing under charges, the latter for failing to meet his committee on course of reading. Ordained: G. W. Kiracofe. Died: A. D. Freed, (Oct. 1876). Minutes ordered printed. Articles of Incorporation adoptcd. Benevolent Fund, -$l,O61.99. A Conference Educational Society provided for. J. W. Hott to prepare a constitution, A. P. Funkhouser, an address for publication. Appointments, 223; organized chui-ches, 179; mernbers received, 1,109; at end of year, 7,269; Telescopes, 388; meeting houses, 96; parsonage, 9; Sunday Schools, 139; teachers and oficers, 1,204; hcliolars, 6,441; collecteci for missions, $1,151.89; for all other purposes, $16,790.17; salaries of pastors, $9,521.99. ' Presiding elders: J. Riiebush (Potoiiiac Dist.), J. H. Howe (S. V. Dist.). Appointed: Churchville, J. E. Whitesel; Rockinghani, J. E. Hott; Shady Grove, J. D. Donovan; Sorith I;or!i iiiibsion, E. I'. Funk; Highland, J. E. Widrneyer; Winchester, W. J. Miller; Win- chester station, J. K. Nelson; South Branch, I. M. Underwood; Hockbridge. C. H. Crowell; Edinburg, W. 0. Grim; Lacey Spring, M. F. Keiter; Mill Creek, to he supplied; Bloomery mission, J. M. Hott; Page Valley, G. J. Roudabush; Dayton, A. P. Funkhouser; Madison, H. Jones; Augusta Freedmen's mission, J. A. Evans; Rockinghain Freedmen's mission, S. T. Wells; Frederick circuit and station, J. L. Grim; Mechanicstown, J. D. Freed; Hagerstown, J. R. Ridenour; Hagerstown station, C. M. Hott; Boonsboro, H. A. Bovey; Keeysville station, J. W. Kiracofe; Potornac mission, P. W. Weller; Martinsburg station, A. M. Evers; Opequon, J. B. Funk; Charles Mission, J. Negley; Bath, C. B. Hammack; New Creew, G. W. Kiracofe; Garrett, G. W. Rexrode; Westernport station, C. W. Stinespring; Myersville, J. W. Funk; Berkeley, W. Beall; Alleghany, 276 UNITED BRETHREN

J. M. Hoderick; bishop West Mississippi Dist., J. J. Glossbrenner; general book agent and evangelist, G. H. Snapp; General Mission- ary Treasurer, J. W. Hott.

Conference at Winchester, Va., February 20. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop; \V. 0. Grim, secretary. Present: Jacob J. Glossbrenner, A. M. Evers, J. W. Hott, J. M. Roderick, Joshua Harp, J. E. Whitesel, C. M. Hott, I. M. Underwood, Henry Jones, J. D. Freed, George W. Rexrode, J. N. Fries, George W. Howe, J. D. Donovan, I. T. Hott, C. W. Hutzler, J. H. Parlett, .T. W.Kiracofe, John Ruebush, D. D. Keedy, Williain 0. Grim, E. P. Funk, Abram P. Funkhouser, G. H. Snapp, William Beall, J. H. Ridenour, W. J. Miller, J. A. Negley, C. W. Stinespring, Snowdon Scott, J. M. Hott, S. I<. Wine, C. H. Crowell, E. I.udwick, John W. Howe, J. I<. Nelson, J. I,. Grirn, W. H. Burtner, J. Zerman, J. W. Funk, (:. I. B. srane, M. F. Keiter, J. F. I-Iott, J. S. Grim, Z. Umstot, I. T. Parlett, J). Barnhart, S. T. Wells, J. E. Widmeyer, W. R. Berry-50. Absent: George W. Statton, J. B. unk,' W. H. Clary, P. H. Thomas, George Harman, Adam I. Bovey, H. A. sovey, A. Hoover, G. W. Kiracofe, P. W. Weller, Charles Miller, J. W. Nihiser, J. Zahn, G. J. Roudabush, George Hoffman, \Villiam Lutz-16. Visiting ministers: D. I<. Flickinger, S. M. Hippard, J. M. Her- shey, J. A. Evans, Pres. DeLong. J. B. Fiink, G. W. Kiracofe, transferred to Pennsylvania Con- ference, H. A. Bovey to Central Ohio. Licenti:ites: C. H. Crowell, J. H. Parlett, I. T. Hott, W. R. Berry, C. W. Hutzler, E. Ludwig. Ordained: H. Jones, M. F. Keiter, Z. Umstot, J. N. Fries, J. A. Negley, J. R. Ridenour. Benevolent Fund, $1,139.02. A Quarterly Review recommended. Died: C. B. Hanimack (Mar. 1). Constitution for Education Society adopted, and address of A. 1'. Funkhouser ordered printed. Resolution passed requiring local preachers to submit their annual reports in writing. Presiding elders: W. 0. Grini (Potoniac Dist.), J. W. Howe (Shenandoah Dist.), A. M. Evans (South Branch Dist.). Appointments, 219; organized churches, 170; members received, 1,106; at end of year, 7,633; Telescopes, 498; church houses, 101; parsonages, 10; Sunday Schools, 142; teachers and officers, 1,264: scholars, 7,129; collected for missions, $1,186.97; for all purposes, $21,114.20; salaries of preachers, $8,757.16. W CHURCH HlSTORY 277

Appointed: Frederick, E. Ludwig; Frederick station, J. L. Griin; Mechanicstown, J. D. Freed; Rlyersville, C. M. Hott; Keedysville, J. W. Kiracofe; Boonsboro station, J. Ruebush; Hagerstown, J. R. Nidenout; Ilagerstown statiun, J. \V. Funk; Potomac rnisiion, E. P. Funk; Opequon, S. I<. \Vhe; Martinsburg station, J. I<. Nelsoii; 9 sath, I. M. Underwood; Rerkeley, W. seall; Cliurcliville. J. E. Whitesel; Augusta, J. E. Hott; Daytoii, A. P. Funkhousei: Lacey Spring, G. J. Roudal~usli;Edinburg, M. F. Keiter; Mount I Zion; J. M. Hott; Winchester station, W.J. Miller; Page Valley, C. H. Crowell; Madison mission, 13. Jones; Rockbridm, C. I. R. srane; Shady Grove, W. 11. Berry; Augiistn Frcedinen's inission, J. Waite; Rockingliam Frcedincn's inission, J. A. Emiis; C1:irke Freed- rnen's mission, to be supplicd; Garrett, G. W. Rexi-ode; Allrg'lany, J. AI. Rodruck; Westerport station, C. \V. Stiriespring; New Creek, J. \V. Nihiser; South Fork niission, J. F. Hott; South Branc'i. J. E. Wi'i

Conference at Rlechanicstown, Md., Fehruary 26. A. P. Funkliouser, secretary. Present: Jacob J. Glosslx-enner, A. M. Evers, Janies W. Hott, Williani 0. Grim, J. W. Funk, I. M. IJnderwood, Henry Jones, MT.J. Miller, J. A. Negley, J. T. Parlctt. G. J. Roudabush, .J. B. 1)onovan. S. K. Wine, \V. R, Berry, George I'. Hott. John Ruebnsb, J. W. Kiracofe, I). D. Iieedy, Joshua IIarp, C. 31. IIott, \Villiarn Heall, .T. R. Ridenour, J. S. Grirri, Ji. N. Fries, J. \V. Nihiser, George Har- inan, J. E. I-Eott, J. E. VITidnieyer,J. H. Parlett, B. F. Cronise, John W. Howe, J. K. Nelson, J. L. Gritn, Abrarn P. Funkhouser, G .H. Snapp, M. F. Keiter, J. D. Fried, George W. Kexrode, C. W. Stine- \pring, A. Hoover, D. Barnhart, C. W. Hutzler, E. Ludwig-44. Absent: George W. Statton, J. M. Roderick, W. H. Burtner, E, P. Funk, C. 1. B. Brane, J. Zahn, P. W. Weller, Williani Lutz, Snow- don Scott, S. T. Welk, J. Zernian, I. T. flott, C. H. Clary, George Hoffinan, Adam I. Bovey, C. B. Crowell, J. E. Whitesel, Z. Umstot, P. H. Thornas, Charles MiIler, George W. I-Iowe, J. M. Hott-22. Visiting niinisters: J. I'. Miller, J. A. Evans, J. K. Billhirner, Charles W. Miller, I. Baltzel, L. W. Cranmer, J. X. Quigley, D. D. DeLong, G. W. Kiracofe, J. H. Powell, Mrs. J. K. Billhimer. Ordained: B. F. Cronise, G. J. Roudabush, J. T. Parlet!, D. Barnhart. Licentiate: G. P. Hott. Cash raised for Edwards Academy, $100. Most of the local preachers submitted written reports. 1978 UNITED BRETHREN

Died: J. E. Wliitesel, aged 27. Visiting committee to Shenandoah Institute appointed, this being the first official recognition of the school. Appointments, 215; organized churches, 186; members received, 1,113; at end of year, 7,808; Telescopes, 564; Sunday School, 146; parsonages, 10; collected for missions, $1,155.94; for all purposes, $24,250.47; salaries of ministers, $9,509.86. Appointed: Frederick, W. Beall; Frederick station, J. L. Grim; Mechanicstown, J. D. Freed; Myersville, C. M. Hott; Keedysville station, J. W. Kiracofe; Boonsboro, J. Ruebush; Hagerstown, J. W. Funk; Hagerstown station, C. W. Stinespring; Opequon, W. B. Evers; Martinsburg station, J. I<. Nelson; Berkeley Springs, I. M. Underwood; Berkeley, J. H. Parlett; Churchville, A. M. Evers; Augusta, C. H. Crowell; Dayton, A. 1'. Funkhouser, and one to be supplied; Lacey Spring, G. J. Roudabush; Winchester, E. Ludwig; Winchester station, J. R. Ridenour; Page Valley, H. Jones; Madison inission, I. T. Hott; Rockbridge, A. Hoover; Shady Grove niission, W. J. Miller; Clarke mission, J. M. Hott; Augusta Freedmen's mission, to be supplied; Rockingham Freednien's mission, J. A. Evans; Garrett, AI. A. Salt; Alleghany, W. H. Clary; Westernport station, J. K. Widineyer; New Creek, W. R. Berry; Moorefield mission, I. T. Parlett; Mill Creek, W. Hesse; Franklin, S. K. Wine, editor Tele- scope, J. W. Hott; bishop East Ohio District, J. J. Glossbrenner; professor in Shenandoah Seniinary, J. N. Fries. Presiding elders: W. 0. Grim (Potomac Dist.), J. W. Howe Shenandoah Dist.), J. E. Hott (South Branch Dist.).

Conference at Edinburg, Va., Mar. 3. John Dickson, bishop, A. P. Funkhouser, secretary. Present: John Ruebush, J. W. Kiracofe, D. D. Keedy, Williani 0. Grini, J. Zerman, J. W. Funk, William Beall, J. R. Ridenour, William J. Miller, J. N. Fries, J. W. Nihiser, G. J. Roudabush, \Vil- liani Lutz, J. D. Donovan, J. E. Widmeyer, C. H. Crowell, E. Lud- wick, M. L. Mayselles, M. A. Salt, John W. Howe, J. L. Grim, W. H. Burtner, Abrani P. Funkhouser, C. M. Hott, C. W. Stinespring, A. Hoover, George Hoffman, George W. Howe, J. E. Hott, S. K. Wine, W. R. Berry, B. F. Cronise, William Hesse, A. M. Evers, J. W. Hott, J. M. Roderick, Joshua Harp, J. W. Funk, I. M. Underwood, Henry Jones, J. D. Freed, George W. Rexrode, I. T. Parlett, W. H. Clary, Charles Miller, D. sarnhart, I. T. Hott, C. W. Hutsler, J. H. Parlett, J. G. Ketterman, A. M. Horn-54. Absent: Jacob J. Glossbrenner, J. S. Grim, P. H. Thomas, Snow- don Scott, Z. Umstot, George Harman, C. I. B. Brane, P. W. Weller, CHURCH HISTORY 279

J. M. Hott, S. T. Wells, J. Zahn, Adam I. sovey, George P. Hott, J. A. Evans, J. A. Neeley-15. Visiting ministers: M. Bulger, J. X. Quigley, D. 0. Farrell, W. J. Prunner, Pres. D. D. DeLong. Received : J. A. Evans (Mich. Conf.) . Voted to furnish a room at U. B. Seminary at a cost of $100; $30 raised in conference. Transferred: P. W. Weller, S. J. Wells, G. W. Statton. Ordained: J. E. Widmeyer, C. W. Stinespring. Licentiates: W. Hesse, A. M. Horn, J. G. Ketterman, S. H. Snell, M. L. Mayselles, M. A. Salt. Died: Adam I. Bovey, aged about 82. Preachers' Aid Fund, $1,308.89. sridgewater church sold for $400, threc-fifth of this to gu ts district parsonage, two-fifths to Augusta parsonage. Trustees appointed for district parsonage. Appointrnents, 212; organized churches 186; iriernbers received, 1,548; at end of year, 8,564; Telescopes (banner conference), 613; rneeting houses, 111; parsonage, 10; Sunday Schools, 150; scholars, 8,347; collected for niissions, $1,187.62; for all purposes, $26,570.66; preachers' salaries, $10,323.05. Presiding elders: A. P. Funkhouser, (Shenandoah Dist.), J. K. Nelson, (Potoniac Dist.) , J. E. Hott, (South Branch Dist.) . Appointed: Churchville, A. M. Evcrs; Augiista, C. H. Crowell; Dayton, J. W. Howe; Winchestei, J. \V. Nihiser; Winchester station, J. R. Ridenour; Page Valley niission, H. Jones; Madison niission, hl. A. Salt; Rockbridge niission, A. Hoover; Clarke mission, J. M. Hott; Lacey Spring. G. J. Koudabush; Dayton station, C. M. Hott; Edinburg, M. F. Keiter; Nelson mission, to be supplied; Frederick, W. Beall; Fredericli station, C. W. Stinespring; Me- . chanicstown, J. D. Freed; Myersville, J. Kuebush; Keedysvillc station, W. 0. Grim; Boonshoro, J. L. Grim; Hagerstown, J. W. Funk; Hagerstown station, E. 1,udwick; Opequon, J. W. Kiracofe; Martins- burg station, J. E. Widineyer; Rerkeley, C. 1%'. Hutzler; Berkelay Springs station, J. E. Widmeyer; Garrett, to be supplied; Alleghany, W. H. Clary; Westernport station, J. W. Hicks; New Creek, W. R. Bcrry; Moorcfield mission, J. !M. solton; South Branch, J. M. Roderick; Blooniery, S. 1-1. Snell; Mi11 Creek, A. M. Horn; Franklin, W. H. Sampsell; West Augusta niission, to be supplied; bishop East Ohio District, J. J. Glossbrenner; editor Telescope, J. W. Hott; professor in Shenandoah Seminary, J. N. Fries.

1881 Conference at soonsboro, Md., March 2. J. J. Glossbrenner, bishop, AL. P. Funkhouser, secretary. Present: D. Rarnhart, C. 1. R. Brane, B. F. Cronise, C. P. Dyche, W. 0. Fries, J. J. Glossbrenner, W. 0. Grirn, W. Beall, J. M. Bolton, C. H. Crowell, A. M. Evers, J. W. Funk, J. L. Griin, J. Harp, W. H. Berry, W. H. Clary, J. D. Donovan, J. D. Freed, A. P. Funkhouser, J. S. Grini, W. Hesse, J. W.I-Iicks, C. M. Hott, J. M. Hott, G. W. Howe, D. D. Keedy. J. W. Kiracofe, M. 1.. Mayselles, J. K. Nel~on, J. 11. Ridenour, J. Koudabush, S. H. Snell, I. hl. Underwood, J. Zahn, A. Hoover, J. E. Hott, J. \V. Hott, C. W. Hutzler, AI. F. Keiter, E. Ludwick, C. Miller, I. I,. Parlett, J. M. Rodruck, hl. A. Salt, C. W. Stinespring, J. E. M'idnieyer, J. Zernian, A. M. Horn, J. F. Hott, J. W. Howe, H. Jones, .J. G. Ircs. I). D. Del,ong, G. H. Snupp, J X. Qiiigley, W. J. Zuck. Licentiates: L. 0. Burtner. P. J. Lawrence. Transferred: I. T. Hott. Collection for needy preachers, $50.01. I'reachers Aid Fund, $1,732.84. Died: John Ruebush, John Zahn, William R. Coursey. Memorial services for each. Ordained: C. H. Crowell. 2 82 TTNITED BRETHREN

Presiding elders: J. W. Funk, (Shen. Dist.), J. W. Howe, (Poto- mac Dist.), J. K. Nelson, (South sranch Dist.). Appointments, 269; organized churches, 198; meinbers receiveti, 1,088; at end of year, 8,554; Telescopes, 761; meeting houses, 115; parsonage, 10; value of meeting houses, $118,751; of parsonages, $8.750; Sunday Schools, 169; teachers and officers, 1,386; scholars, 8,680; collected for missions, $1,173.13; for all purposes, $22,776.42: preachers' salaries, $9,340.43. Appointed: Churchville station, C. W. Stinespring; Augusta. G. J. Roudabush; West Augusta, J. M. Rolton; Rockbridge, M. A. Salt; Dayton station, G. P. Hott; Dayton, J. E. Hott; Lacey Spring, A. Hoover; Elkton, W. H. Sarnpsell; South Kiver mission, N. A. Kira- cofe; Madison mission, N. F. A. Cupp; Edinburg, J. W. Hicks; Tonis Brook, S. H. Snell; Winchester mission, J. E. Widnieyer; Front Royal mission, H. Jones; Rockinghani Freedmen's niission, to be supplied; Augusta Freedmen's mission, to be supplied; Rroonsboro, C. M. Hott; Keedysville, M. F. Keiter; Myersville, C. H. Crowell; Hagerstown, I. M. Underwood; Hagerstown station, E. Ixdwick; Frederick, J. I). Frced; Frederick mission, A. M. Evers; Williarns- port station, J. W. Kiracofe; Martinsburg station, J. D. Donovan; Berkeley mission, C. W. Hutzler; New Haven mission, J. A. Negley; Vanclevesville, W. B. Evers; Winchester station, C. P. Dyehe; Clarke mission, W. L. Martin; Berkeley Springs, J. R. Ridcnoiar; sloomery, J. M. Hott; North River mission, to be supplied; Moore- field mission, W. Hesse; Franklin, A. M. Horn; North Fork, to be supplied; South Branch, S. K. Wine; New Creek, J. M. Rodruck; Alleghany, W. H. Clary; Garrett, J. G. Ketterman; bishop Ohio Dis- trict, J. J. Glossbrenner; editor Telescope, J. W. Hott; agent Lebanon Valley College, D. D. Keedy; agent U. B. Seminary, W. 0. Grirn; agent Conferencc Institution of Learning, A. P. Funk- houser. 1883 Confercnce at FIagerstown, Md., March 7. John Dickson, liishop; A. P. Funkhouser, J. R. Ridenour, secretaries. Present: D. sarnhart, W. H. Burtner, C. H. Crowell, C. P. Dyche, .J. W. Funk, J. S. Grim, W. Hesse, A. M. Horn, J. E. Hott, H. Jones, J. G. Ketternian, P. J. Lawrence, J. A. Negley, J. R. Ridenour, G. W. Rexrode, S. H. Snell, I. M. Underwoocl, J. Zer~nan,W. R. serry, W. H. Clary, Albert Day, A. M. Evers, A. P. Funkhouser, W. 0. Grim, J. W. Hicks, C. M. Hott, J. W. Hott, J. W. Howe, D. D. Keedy, J. W. Kiracofe, W. I,. Martin, J. K. Nelson, J. M. Rodruck, M. A. Salt, C. W. Stinespring, J. E. Widmeyer, C. I. B. Brane, B. F. Cronise, J. D. Dono~~an,J. N. Fries, J. J. Glossbrenner, J. Harp, A. Hoover, C. P. Hott, .T. M. Hott, C. W. Hutzler, M. F. Keiter, E. CHUHCH HISTOKY 283

Ludwick, M. 1,. Mayselles, J. H. Parlett, G. J. Roudabush, V'. H. Sanipsell, P. H. Thomas, S. K. TVine-55. Absent: J. M. Holton, J. D. Freed, C. W. Howe, C. Miller, J. W. Miller, J. W. Nihiser, Z. Umstot, L. 0. Rurtner, W. 0. Fries, Cr. Hoffman, J. W. Miller, I. T. Parlett, J. A. Evans, G .Harman, W. ht7, J. W.Miller, S. Scott-15. Visiting niinisters: E P. Funk, J. B. Funk, J. L. Griin, .I. X. Quigley, J. W. Grim, J. K. Billhimer, C. T. Stearn, J. P. Rfiller, B. G. Huber, W. A. Dickson, C. A. Burtner, C. W. Ringham, Mrs. L. B. Kiester. Committee in Albin will case: J. U'. Howe, J. W. Funk, 1-1. Jones. Licentiate: Albert Day. Ordained: A. M. Horn, S. H. Snell, J. M. Hott, M. A. Salt, W. Hesse, G. P. Hott. Transferred: D. Barnliart, C. W. Hutzler, W. 0. Grim. Preachers Aid Fund, $1,895.44. J. J. Glossbrenner, A. P. Funkhouser, J. W. Funk, cormiittee on the troubles at Rohrersville, growing out of the adininistra- tion of the secrecy law by M. F. Keiter, :iccepted as satisfactorg by botli partics, and adopted by conference. lJresiding elders: J. W. Howe, (Potomac Dist.), J. W. Funk, (Shen. Dist.), J. I<. Nelson, (South Branch Dist.). Appoin:rnents, 230; organizcd churches, 196; merribers received, 1,062; at end of year 8,867; Telescopes, 817; meeting houses, 117; value, $114,649; parsonages, 10; valu8, $11,345; Sunday Sihools, 154; teachers and oficers, 1,283; scholars, 7,975; collected for nlis- sions, $1,248.10; for all purposes, $28,190.66; salaries of prcachcrs, $12,107.73. Appointed: Boonsboro, C. M. Hott; Keedysville station, J. R. Ridenour; Hagerstown, I. M. Underwood; Hagerstown station, S. H. Snell; hfyersville, C. H. Crowell; Mechanicstown, W. H. Berry; Frederick, J. D. Freed; Frederick station, A. M. Evcrs; Poioniac, J. W. Kiracofe; Martinsburg station, M. F. Keiter; Clarke mission, W. 1'. Martin; Vancleavesville, W. B. Evers; Churchville, C. W. Stinespring; Augusta, A. P. Funkhouser; Rockbridge, T,. 0. Burtn~r; Dayton, J. E. Hott; Dayton station, G. P. Hott; Lacey Spring A. Hoover; Elkton, G. J. Roudabush; Madison, PI'. F. A. Cupp; South River mission, N. A. Kiracofe; Edinburg, J. W. Hicks, and one to be supplied; Winchester ~nission,J. E. Widmeyer; Front Royal, M. A. Salt; Winchester station, C. I'. Dyche; Bloomery cir1:uit and Nortli River niission, J. M. Hott, P. J. Lawrence; Rerkeley Springs, E. Ludwick; Lost River mission, J. G. Ketterinan; Franklin circuit and North Fork missiori, A. M. Horn and one to be suppIied; South Branch, W. H. Sanipsell: New Creek, J. M. Hoderick; Alleghany, W. Hess; Elk Garden rriission, W. H. Clary; Garrett mission, E. A. Pugh; Herkeley rnission, J. A. Negley; bishop Ohio District, ,T. J. 284 UNITED BRETHREN Glossbrenner; editor Telescope, J. W. Hott; evangelist at large, J. D. Donovan. .

Conference at Lacey Spring, Va, March 5. John Dickson, bishop; A. P. Funkhouser, G. P. Ilott. sccretaries. Present: W. R. Berry, L. 0. Burtner, A. Day, J. N Fries, A. P. Funkhouser, G. Harman, J. W. Hicks, J. E. Hott, J. W. Howe, M. F. Keiter, P. J. Lawrence, W. J. Miller, I. T. Parlett, G. J. Roudabush, W. H. Sampsell, I. M. u'nderwood, C. I. B. Rrane, W. H. Clary, C. P. Dyche, J. D. Freed, J. J. Glossbrenner, J. Harp, A. M. Horn, J. W. Hott, H. Jones, J. G. Ketterman, W. T,. Martin, J. I<. Selson, J. R. Ridenour, G. W. Rexrode, S. H. Snell, S. K, Wine. W. H. surtner, C. H. Crowell, A. M. Evers, J. W. Funk, J. S. Grim, W. Hesse, C. M. Hott, G. P. Hott, D. D. Keedy, J. W. Kiracofe, M. L. May- selles, J. H. Parlett, J. M. Hoderick, M. A. Salt, C. W. Stinespring, J. Zerriian-49. Absent: J. M. Bolton, J. A. Evans, J. F. Hott, E. Ludwick, J. A. Negley, P. H. Thomas, B. F. Cronise, W. 0. Fries, G. W. Howe, W. Lutz, J. W. Nihiser, J. D. Donovan, A. Hoover, G. Hoffman, C. Miller, S. Scott-17. Visiting ministers: D. K. Flickinger, J. Dickson, J. X. Quigley, G. H. Snapp, D. D. DeLong. Died: Zimri IJmstot, agetl about 43; Joseph E. Widnieyer, aged 26. Voted to purchase Shenantfoah Seininary. Trustees and agent chosen. Ordained : W. I,. Martin. Preachers' Aid Fnnd, $2,109.67. Resolutions adopted relative to Senator G. B. Keezel's letter to the State Superintendent of Public Instructicn. Appcintments, 221; organized churches, 188; rnernbers received, 1,045; at end of year, 8,975; Telescopes, 850; ~rieetinghouses, 116; value, $122,374; parsonage, 11, value, $12,055; Sunday Schools, 152; teachers and officers, 1,324; scholars. 8,226; ccllcctcd for rnissions, $1,295.28; for all purposes, $29,209 48; salaries of preachers, $10.- 903.81. Presiding elders: J. W. Howe (Shen. Dist.), C. bI. Hott, (Poto- rnac IXst.), .J. K. Nelson, (South Branch Dist.). Appointed: Churchvillc, J. W. Hicks; Augiista, S. K. Wine; Rockbridge, A. S. Castle; Dayton station, G. P. Hott; Dayton, G. J. Roudabush; Lacey Springs, J. W. Funk; Elkton, J. M. Hott; Madi- son, to be supplied; South River mission, N. A. Kiracofe; Edinburg, J. E. Hott, and one to be supplied; Winchester inission, A. M. Horn; Front Royal rnission, to be supplied; Singers Glen, N. F. A. Cupp; Freednien's mission, T. K. Clifford; Roonsboro, C. H. Crowell; town station, MT.0. Fries; Myersville, I. M. Underwood; Mechanics- town, W. L. Martin; Frederick, S. H. Snell; Frederick station, A. M. Evers, Potoniac, J. W. Kiracofe; Martinsburg station, M. F. Keiter; Clarke mission, J. H. Parlett; Fauquier mission, to be sup- plietl by P. E.; Winchester station, C. P. Dyche; Bloornery, P. J. Lawrence; North Ri~erniission, to be supplied; Berkeley Spririgs, J. D. Donovan; Lost River niission, J. G. Ketterrnan; Franklin, W. S. Rau; North Fork niission, A. Day; South srahch, J. M. Roderick; New Creek, W. H. Sampsell; Alleghany, W. Hesse; Elk Garden mission, W.H. Clary; Garrett niission, E. A. Pugh; Berke- ley mission, J. A. Negley; bishop Ohio District, J. J. Glossbrenner; Editor Telescope, J. W. Hott; agent Lebanon Valley College, I). D. Keedy; Principal Shenandoah Serninary, J. X. Fries; missionary to west coast Africa, J. A. Evans; agent for Conference school, Henry Jones.

Conference at Frederick, Md, March 5. John Dickson, bishop; #. P. Funkhouser, G. P, Hott, secretaries. Present: W. R. serry, W. H. Clary, C. P. Dyche, J. D. Freed, J. J. Glossbrenner, J. W. Hicks, G. P. Hott, J. W. Howe, J. W. Kira- cofe, W. L. Martin, J. K. Nelson, J. M. Roderick, W. H. S1ampsell, C. I. B. srane, C. H. Croxrell, A. M. Horn, J. W. Funk, J. H. Rau, J. E. Hott, H. Jones, M. I,. Pfayselles, J. H. Parlett, G. J. Roudabush, S. H. Snell, L. 0. Burtner, A. Day, J. N. Fries, A. P. Funkhouser, W. Hesse, C. M. Hott, J. W. Hott, D. D. Keedy, P. J. Lawrence, \Ir. J. Miller, J. R. Ridenour, M. A. Salt, C. W. Stinespring, I. M. Underwood, W. 0. Fries, W. S. Rau, J. D. Donovan, J. E. B. Rice, S. K. Wine, H. H. Fout, S. D. Skelton, A. Hoover, J. Zerrrian, J. A. Negley, H. syrd, E. Ludwick-53. Absent: J. M. Bolton, G. W.Howe, C. Miller, P. H. Thonias, J. S. Grirn, B. F. Cronise, G. Hoffrnan, J. W. Nihiser, M'. H. Burtner, G. Harnian, J. A. Evans, M'. Lutz, S. Scott, M. F. Keiter, G. W. Rexrode-15. Visiting nlinisters: \T'. J. Shuey, J. X. Qiiigley, .%. C. Mower, J. I,. Grim, C. A. Burtncr, S. R. Gipple, I). Speck, C. T. Stearn, D. D. DeLong. Licentiates: H. Byrd, S. D. Skelton, H. H. Fout, J. E. R. Rice, N. F. A. Cupp, \\T. S. Rau. Died: Jacob F. Hott, aged 62; J. G. Ketterman, aged 50. Open transfers to C. W. Stinespring, J. D. Freed, E. Ludwick, M. A. Salt. Ordained: M'. 0. Friies, C. P. Dyclie, W. H. Sairipsell, P. J< I.awrence, W. H. Clary. Collected on Albin fund, $1,628.55. 286 UNITED BRETHREN

Preachers' Aid Fund, $2,073.44. Appointments, 220; organized churches, 191; niembers receired, 983; at end of year, 9,221; Telescopes, 787; meeting houses, 188, value, $129,690; parsonages, 12, value, $12,224; Sunday Schools, 165; teachers and off~cers,1,561; scholars, 9,073; collected for missions, $1,194.56; for a11 purposes, $32,516.78; preachers' salaries, $11,270.15. Presiding elders: C. M. Hott, (Potomac Dist.), C. I. B. Brane, (Shen. Dist.), J. W. Howe. Appointed: Boonsboro, C. H. Crowell; Keedysville station, J. K. Nelson; Hagerstown, W. H. Berry; Hagerstown station, W. 0. Fries; Myersville, I. M. Underwood; Mechanicstown, W. 1.. Martin; Frederick, S. H. Snell; Frederick station, A. M. Evers; I'otornac, H. H. Fout; Martinsburg station. J. R. Ridenour; Clarke rnission, J. E. B. Rice; Cliurchville, S. K. Wine; Augusta, C. P. Ilyche; Rock- britlge, H. Ryrd; Dayton, H. Jones; Dayton station, J. W. Howe; 1,acey Spring station, J. W. Funk; Elkton, J. M. Hott; Madison, J. W. Maiden (by P. E.); South River mission, J. M. solton; Edin- burg, J. E. Hott; Toms Rrook mission, P. J. Lawrence; Wincheste-, A. M. Horn; Front Royal niission, I. T. Parlett; Singers Glen, X. F. A. Cupp; Freeden's mission, T. K. Clifford; Winchester station, G. P. Hott; Bloomery, W. Hesse; Morgan, M. L. Mayselles; Rcrke- ley mission, J. A. Negley; Petersburg, to be suppliecl; North Fork mission, G. Harman; Westernport inission, W. 1-1. Clary; Lost River mission, N. A. Kiracofe; Franklin, W. S. Rau; South sranch, J. M. Roderick; New Creek, W. H. Sampsell; Alleghany, A. Day; Elk Garden, A. S. Castle; Garrett mission, E. A. Pugh; Rerltelcy Springs, J. D. Donovan; bishop Ohio District, J. J. Glossbrenner; cditor Telescope, J. W. Hott; agent Shenandoah Institute, J. K. Fries; missionary in Africa, J. A. Evans.

Conference at Berkeley Springs, W. Va., March 3. John Dickson, bishop; G. P. Hott, W. L. Martin, secretaries. Present: W. R. Berry, C. H. Crowell, A. M. Evers, J. J. Gloss- brenner, A. M. Horn, J. W. Hott, H. Jones, P. J. I,awrence, \V. J. Miller, J. R. Ridenour, W. H. SampseII, S. K. Wine, J. A. Negley, J. D. Donovan, J. W. Nihiser, G. W. Rexrode, C. I. B. Brane, A. Dag, J. N. Fries, J. Harp, C. M. Hott, J. E. Hott, D. D. Keedy, W. L. Martin, J. K. Nelson, J. M. Roderick, S. H Snell, W. 0. Fries, S. D. Skelton, J. E. B. Rice, S. Scott, N. A. Kiracofe, N. F. A. Cupp, W. H. Clary, C. P. Dyche, A. P. Funkhouser, J. W. Hicks, G. P. Hott, J. W. Howe, J. W. Kiracofe, M. L. Mayseiles, I. T. Parlett, G. J. Roudabush, I. M. Underwood, H. H. Fout, R. Byrd, J. M. Bolton, M. F. Keiter, A. S. Hammack, G. B. Fadeley-50. CHURCH HISTORY 287

Absent: L. 0. Burtner, J. H Parlett, B. F. Cronise, G. Hoff- man, P. H. Thomas, G. Harman, i. D. Freed, W. S. Rau, J. A. Evans, W. Lutz, W. H. Burtner, J. M. Hott, A. Hoover, G. W. Howe, C. Miller, J. S. Grim-16. Visiting ministers: D. R. Miller, Z. Warner, J. P. Miller, L. W. Stahl. Licentiates: N. A. Kiracofe, G. B. Fadeley, A. S. Castle, A. S. Hainmack, A. N. Horn. Transfers to J .W. Funk, W. Hesse. F'reachers' Aid Fund, $2,011.67. Died : Jacob Zerman, ageu 71. Ordained: Albert Day, J. M. Bolton. Resolutions adopted sigainst a division of the Conference, as ~~roposedby the last General Conference. Transfer of G. J. Rowlabush returned. Appointnients, 216; organized churches, 168; niembers received, 1,105; at end of ye:ir, 9,422; Telescopcs, 497; inecting houses, 122; ralue, $131,796; parsonages, 13, value, $13,439; Sunday Schools, 163; teachers and officers, 1,423; scholars, 9,189; collected for missions, $1,003.81; for all purposes, $24,150.74; salaries of ministers, $10,872.61. Presiding elders: . A. M. Evers, (Potoniac Dist.), J. W. Howe, (Shen. Dist.), J. W. Hicks, (South Branch Dist.). Appointed: Boonsboro, C. M. Hott; Keedysville station, J. K. Nelson; Hagerstown, S. H. Snell; Hagerstown station, C. I. B. Brane; Myersville, T. M. Underwood; Mechanicstown, G. J. Rouda- bush; Frederick, W. L. Martin; Frederick station, W. 0. Fries; Potornac, H. H. Fout; Martinsburg station, J. R. Ridenour; Berke- ley, J. D. Freed; Vancleavesville, to be supplied; Churchville, S. K. Wine; Augusta, C. P. Dyche; Rockbridge, R. Byrd; Dayton, H. Jones; Dayton station, A. P. Funkhouser; Lacey Spring station, .J. D. Donovan; Elkton, J. M. Hott; Madison, W. S. Rau; Cross, W. H. Sampsell; Edinburg, C. H. Crowell, and one to be supplied; Winchester, J. E. Hott; Winchester station, G. P. Hott; Front Royal mission, J. A. Negley; Singers Glen, J. E. B. Rice; Freedmen's mission, T. K. Clifford; Bloomery, G. B. Fadeley; Franklin, Y. F. A. Cupp; North Fork mission, S. Scott; Westernport station, J. M. Bolton; Lost River mission, N. A. Kiracofe; South Branch, P. J. Lawrence; New Creek, W. H. Clary; Lonaconing, N. H. Meese; Deer Park mission, A. Day; Elk Garden, S. A. Castle; Garrett, E. A. Pugh; Berkeley Springs 'W. R. Berry; bishop emeritus, J. J. Gloss- brenner; editor Telescopt', J. W. Hott; Principal Shenandoah Insti- tute, J. Tu'. Fries; missionary in Africa, J. A. Evans. Conference at Keedysville, Md., Jlarch 2. Jonathan Weaver, bishop; G. P. Hott, W. L. Martin, secretaries. Visiting ministers: L. W. Stahl, W. McKee, D. R. Miller, J. P. Miller, -Burkholder, J. I,. Grim, C. W. Stinespring, R. Cow- den, J. X. Quigley, H. C. Deaner, T. F. Bushong, H. A. Schlicter. Licentiates: \V. F. Gruver, (ieorge M. Gruber, T. I<. Clifford. In treasury, $1,763.01. Conference Educational Fund, $469.78. Of the Maryland District, cig'it out of nine quarterly conferences voted for the establishing of the llnryland Conferencr, which was accortlingly forrned. Ordained: N. F. A. Cupp, S. D. Skelton, J. E. B. Rice, 11. H. Foul, M. L. Mayselles, R. Byrd. Preachers' Aid Fund, $2,009.22. Mission opened in Staunton and pastor appointed. Died : J. J. Glossbrenner. Conference funds divided, except Albin will fund, so as to give seven-tenths to Virginia, three- tenths to Maryland. Appointments, 213; organized chiirches, 190; rnembers received, 1,126; at end of year, 9,663; Telescopes, 536; meeting houses, 126, value, $146,616; parsonages, 12, value, $13,138; collected for rriis- sions, $1,095.56; for all purposes, $24,639.31; ministers' salaries, $11,018.39. The following niembers went to the Maryland Conference: J. M. Rolton, C. J. B. Brane, A. S. Castle, B. F. Cronise, A. M. Evers, H. H. Fout, W. 0. Fries, J. S. Gri~n,G. M. Gruber, J. Harp, J. W. Hicks, A. N. Horn, C. M. Hott, D. D. Keedy, N. A. Kiracofe, .J. W. Kiracofe, W. L. Martin, J. I<. Nelson, G. J. Roudabush, S. H. Snell, S. K. Wine-21. The following went to the Virginia Conference: W. R. Berry, W. H. Burtner, L. 0. Burtner, R. syrd, W. H. Clary, T. K. Clifford, C. H. Crowell, N. F. A. Cupp, J. D. Donovan, C. P. Dyche, J. A. Evans, G. B. Fadeley, J. N. Fries, A. P. Funkhouser, W. F. Gruver, A. S. Hamrnack, George Harman, George Hoffman, A. Hoover, A. M. Horn, J. M. Hott, G. P. Hott, J. W. Howe, G. W. Howe, H. Jones, M. F. Keiter, P. J. Lawrence, William Lutz, M. L. Mayselles, W. J. Miller, Charles Miller, J. A. Negley, J. W. Nihiser, I. T. Par- lett, J. H. Parlett, G. W. Rexrode, J. E. B. Rice, J. H. Ridenour, J. M. Roderick, W. H. Sampsell, S. Scott, S. D. Skelton, P. H. Thomas, I. M. Underwood-46. Presiding elders: C. P. Dyche, (Shen. Dist.), C. H. Crowell, (Winchester Dist.), A. M. Evers, (Md. Conf.), Appointed (Va.) : Edinburg, I. M. Underwood; Lacey Spring, J. D. Donovan; Dayton, R. Byrd; Dayton station, A. P. Funkhouser; Skelton; Luray niission, to be suppjied; Madison, G. H. Snapp; Cross Keys, W. H. Sannpsell; Front Royal, -Walters; Singers Glen, W. F. Gruver; Elkton, G. B. Fadeley; Freedmen's mission, T. K. Clifford; Winchester station, G. P. Hott; Rloomery, J. M. Roderick; Franklin, N. F. A. Cupp; NorYh Fork, G. W. Rexroad; Lost River mission, J. A. Negley; South Branch, W. D. Barger; New Creek, W. H. Clary; Berkeley Springs, W. R. Berry; Van- cleavesville, W. B. Eviers; Martinsburg station, J. R. Ridenour; Berkeley, J. D. Freed; Winchester, J. E. Hott; Hartmansville mission, to be supplied; editor Telescope, J. W. Hott; principal Shen- andoah Institute, J. N. Fries; missionary in Africa, J. A. Evans. Appointed (Md.): Alleghany, A. M. Horn; Locaconing, M. H. Meese; Westernport station, P. J. Lamrence; Keedysville station, S. H. Snell; Boonsboro, C. M. Hott; Hagerstown, J. K. Nelson; Hagerstown station, C. I. B. Brane; Potomac, N. A. Kiracofe; Myersville, J. W. Hicks; Mechanicsville, G. J. Roudabush; Fred- erick, W. L. Martin; Frederick station, S. K. Wine; principal West Virginia Academy, W. 0. Fries. 1888 Conference at Dayton, Va., March 4. E. B. Kephart, bishop; G. P. Hott, A. P. Funkhouser, secretaries. Visiting ministers: M. 0. Lane, J. M. Lesher, D. D. Keedy, E. S. Lorenz, G. H. Snapp, C. hf. Hott, S. K. Wine, C. P. Doyle, Mrs. I,. R. Keister. Licentiates: George W. Stover, W. P. Bazzle. Died: J. M. Rodruck, aged 73. In treasury, $1,842.38. Ministerial Benefit Fund, $1,465.65. Educational Aid Fund, $381.10. Appointments, 159; orgariized churches, 138; members received, 793; at end of year, 7,818; Telescopes, 280; meeting houses, 100, value, $82,305; parsonages, 9, value, $7,203; Sunday Schools, 128; teachers and officers, 973; scholars, 6,972; collected for missions, $682.11; for all purposes, $17,324.69; preachers' salaries, $6,870. Presiding elders: C. H. Crowell, (Winchester Dist.), C. P. Dyche, (Shen. Dist.). Appointed: Hartmainsville mission, W. P. Bazzle; Berkeley, A. M. Horn; Winchester station, to be supplied; Frederick, W. H. Sanipsell; Berkeley Springs, W. R. Berry, South Branch, N. F. A. Cupp; Martinsburg station, J. R. Ridenour; Vancleavesville, to be supplied; New Creek, W. H. Clary; North Fork, G. W. Rexroad; Lost River, J. A. Negley; Franklin, to be supplied; Bloomery, E. A. Pugh; Front Royal, L. C. Frederick; Churchville, J. E. B. Ricc; Lacey Spring, J. D. Donlovan; Edinburg, I. M. Underwood; Dayton 290 UNITED RRETHREN station, R. Byrd; Augusta, J. M. Hott; Staunton station, J. W. Howc; Elkton, G. B. Fadeley; Rockbridge, S. D. Skelton; Cross Keys, J. E. Hott; Madison mission, G. H. Snapp; Fauquier mission, to be supplied; Freedmen's mission, T. K. Clifford.

Conference at Martinsburg, W. Va., March 6. Nicholas Castle, bishop; G. P. Hott, A. P. Funkhouser, secretaries. Visiting ministers: B. F. Booth, G. H. Snapp, A. M. Evers, M. 0. Lane, C. I. B. Brane, C. M. Hott. Licentiates: J. C. S. Myers, J. B. Chamberlain, W. 0. Ewing, S. L. Rice, E. A. Pugh. In treasury, $1,717.40. Died: George Huffman, Oct. 22, 1888, aged 82; P. H. Thomas, Feb. 13, 1889, aged 72. I,. 0. surtner transferred to Maryland Conference. Appointments, 159; organized churches, 142; members received, 515; at end of year, 7,159; Telescopes, 301; meeting houses, 101, value, $84,740; parsonages, 8, value, $6,839.50; Sunday School, 112; teachers anti officers, 840; scholars, 6,488; collected for missions, $647.66; for all purposes, $16,207.34; preachers' salaries, $6,248,29. Presiding elders: C. H. Crowell, (Winchester Dist.), C. P. Dyche, (Shen. Dist.),. Appointed: Hartmansville mission, E. A. Pugh; Berkeley, A. M. Horn; Berkeley Springs, W. R. Berry; Winchester station, J. U. Chamberlain; Frederick, W. H. Sampsell; South Branch, N. F. A. Cupp; Martinsburg station, J. R. Ridenour; Vancleavesville, W. 0. Ewing; New Creek, W. H. Clary; Lost River, J. A. Negley; Frank- lin, W. P. Bazzle; Bloomery, P. J. Lawrence; Front Royal, J. W. Walter; Churchville, J. E. B. Rice; Lacey Spring, W. F. Gruver; Edinburg, R .Ryrd; Dayton, I. M. Underwood; Singers Glen, J. D. Donovan; Augusta, S. D. Skelton; Staunton station, J. W. Howe; Elkton, G. B. Fadeley; Rockbridge, J. M. Hott; Cross Keys, S. I,. Rice; Madison rnission, J. W. Maiden; Fauquier mission, to be supplied; Freedmen's mission, T. K. Clifford.

Conference at Winchester, Va., March 5. Jonathan Weaver, bishop; G. P. Hott, W. R. Berry, secretaries. Delegates present: P. C. Tutwiler, Byrd Clapsaddle, D. W. Breneman, R. E. Donovan, H. H. Hanger, C. W. Jones, Thomas Hancher, J. G. Kitchen, B. F. Long, J. Taylor, D. 0. Fout-11. Visiting ministers: John Hill, J. W. Kiracofe, J. K. Nelson, L. 0. Burtner, G. W. Statton, S. H. Snell, C. W. Stinespring, D. D. Keedy. In treasury, $1,702.92. CHIJRCH HISTORY 291

Preachers' Aid Fund, $1,363.46. Educational Aid Fund, $345.73. Licentiates: J. F. Snvder, R. I,. I)orsev, J. E. Fout. Ordained: A. S. Hammack, T. K. Clifford. Died: Henry Jones, Auq. 23, 1889, aged 52; George W. Howe, Mor. 19, 1889, aged 57. Appointments, 149; organized churches, 136; members received, 595; at end of year, 7,309; Sunday Schools, 129; teachers and officers, 993; scholars, 7,516; churches, 101; value, $81,866; parsonages, 8, value, $5,691; collected for niissions, $579.52; for all purpcses, $13,131.63; preac!ie:-s' salaries, $7,668.32. Presiding elders: C. P. Dyche, (Slien. Dist.), C. H. Crowell, (Winchester Dist.). Appointed: Rockbridge, J. AI. Ilott; Staunton rnission station, J. D. Donavan; Augusta, S. D. Skelton; North Fork, N. A. Kiracofe; Franklin, J. E. Fout; Singers Glen, J. E. Hott; Churchville, G. W. Statton; Lacey Spring, G. B. FadeEey; Edinburg, W. R. Berry; Dayton, I. M. IJnderwood; Ellkton, W. F. Gruver; Madison mission, J. \T1. Maiden; Cross Keys, S. L. Kice; Freedmen's mission, T. K. Clifford; Toms srook, H. Byrd; Front Royal, J. W. Walter; Hart- mansville mission, E. A. I'ugh; Winchester, J. B. Chamberlain; Frederick, W. H. Sampsell; Rerkeley Springs, J. E. B. Rice; South Branch, N. F. A. Cupp; Martinsburg station, J. K. Ridenour; Van- eealvesville, W. 0. Ewing; Lost Kiver, J. F. Snyder; New Creek, W. J. Miller; sloomery, P. J. Lawrence; Moorefield, W. P. Bazzle. 1891 Conference at Churchville, Va., March 4. John Dickson, bishop; G. P. Hott, W. R. Berry, secretaries. Visiting ministers: G. W. Statton, G. H. Snapp, J. W. Ingle, B. F. Booth, C. I. B. srane, W. J. Shuey, A. M. Horn, N. A. Kiracofe. Open transfer to W. J. Miller. Licentiates: E. W. McM~illen,B. P. S. Busey. M. F. Reiter, I. T. Pardett, J. H. Parlett marked "irregularly withdrawn," having joined the radical wing. Ordained: J. B. Chamberlain. In treasury, $1,750.87. Preachers' Aid Fund, $1,531.73. Educational Aid Fund, .(j345.73. Special collection ordered taken in all the Sunday schools for the benefit of the church now building in Washington, D. C. Appointments, 161; organized churches, 148; members received, 800; at end of year, 7,61; Telescopes, 213; meeting houses, 102, value, $86,955; parsonages, 9, value, $7,381; Sunday Schools, 126; teachers and officers, 1,002; scholars, 7,646; collected for missions, $704.31; for all purposes, $17,042.48; preachers' salaries, $7,737.55. 292 UNITED BRETHREN

Conference at Berkeley Springs, W. Va., March 2. E. B. Kephart, bishop; G. P. Hott, J. B. Chainberlain, secretaries. Visiting ministers: William RZcKee, M. L. Mayselles, N. A. Kiracofe. Licentiate: J. W. Maiden. Mission work begun in Shenandoah in June, 1891, by S. K. Wine. Mission opened in Roanoke, May, 1891, by J. E. Fout, a student, A. P. Funkhouser guaranteeing him $100 for his work in sumnier vacation. J. W. Howe serveci the mission after Mr. Fout returned to the serninary. Special collcction ordered by vote of Conference for this mission, and $255 subscribed on the floor. Ordained: S. L. Rice, W. O. Ewing, J. F. Snyder. In treasury, $1,669.67. Educational Aid Fund, $345.73. Ministerial Benefit fund, $1,597.72. Appointments, 161; organized churches, 147; Sunday Schools, 137; teachers and offkers, 1,003; scholars, 7,819; members received, 832; at end of year, 7,819; Telescopes, 251; meeting houses, 104, value, $89,150; parsonages, 12, value, $7,640; collected for missions, $841.90; for all purposes, $16,046.71; preachers' salaries, $8,889.24.

Conference at Hawkinstown, Va., March 1. Nicliolas Castle, bishop; G. P. Hott, J. B. Chamberlain, secretaries. Visiting ministers: I. L. Kephart, A. M. Evers, W. 0. Fries, Pres. E. B. Bierman. Licentiate : J. W. Walter. Transferred : I. M. Underwood. Died: Charles Miller, Mar. 9, 1892, aged 67; J. W. Nihiser, Feb. 1893, aged 66. Virginia Conference, Young People's Christian Union, organized. In treasury, $1,950.03. Appointrnents, 161; organized churches, 138; members received, 897; at end of year, 8,076; Telescopes, 263; Sunday Schools, 122; teachers and oficers, 931; scholars, 7,153; meeting houses, 104, value, $90,707; parsonages, 14, value, $10,049; collected for missions, $787; for all purposes, $21,589.08; preachers' salaries, $9,340.15.

Conference at Staunton, Va., February 28. E. P. Kephart, bishop; G. P. Hott, W. R. Berry, secretaries. Anthony, 1,. Kexroad. Licentiates: S. R. Ludwig, 0. W. Burtncr, G. W. Stover, S. D. Dawson, J. W. Brill. Reccived as elder froni Methodist Protestant Church, W. 1,. Childi ess. H. L. Dorsey dismissed and name stricken from roll. Transferred: J. E. Fout. J. W. Howe presented a life-sized portrait of hiinself by nienibers of the Conference and friends. Presentation by bishop. I In treasury, $2,859.87, of wtiich $1,500 is for benefit of Lacey Spring. I'reachers' Aid Fund, $1,644.98, to which is added in per- inanency, $100 donated by J. W. Howe. Appointments, 156; organized churches, 146, niembers rcceived, 1 1,572; at end of year, 8,597; Sunday Schools, 132; teachers and officers, 1,039; scholars, 7,426; nieeting houses, 107, value, $101,960; parsonages, 16, value, $12,697; Telescopes, 377; collected for niissions, $878.81; for all purPose\, $22,451.33; \alariei of preaclien, $9,7330.65. 1895 Conference at Martinsburg, W. Va., March 20. J. S. Mills, bishop; G. I'. Hott, W. R. Berry, secretaries . Visiting niinisters: W. M. Bell, A. M. Evers, M'. L. Mayselles, G. H. Snapp, J. W. Kiracofe, G. W. Kiracofe, C. W. Stinespring, A. N. Horn, J. Dickson, G. J. Koudabush, I. L. Kephart, J. T. Spangler. Liccntiates: S. A. Crabill, W. 0. Jones, W. H. sruce, C. D. Ren- nett, H E. Hichardson, A. J. Secrist. In treasury, $3,136. Educational Fund, $412.80. h Preachers' Aid Fund, $1,938.45. Ordained: B. P. S. Busey, P,'. I'. Bazzle. Resolution adopted inviting Maryland Conference to reunite with the Virginia Conference. i Appointments, 181; organized churches, 164; niembers received, I 1,351; at end of year, 9,282; Sunday Schools, 137; teachers and officers, 1,046; scholars, 8,014; ineeting houses, 109, value, $100,765: parsonages, 16, value, $12,791; Telescopes, 460; collected for missions, $1,127.21; for all purposes, $23,106.32; preachers salaries, $10,202.91. I I 1896 I Conference at Broadway, Va., March 18. Nicholas Castle, bishop; G. 'P. Hott, W. R. Berry, secretaries. Visiting ministers: M. R. Drury, W. M. Weekley, G. H. Snapp, 294 UNITED BRETHREN

W. L. Martin, G. J. Roudabush, J. B. Chaniberlain, H. H. Fout, S. H. Snell, H. B. Dohirier. Received: S. K. Wine. Ordained: G. W. Stover, J. W. Maiden. E. S. Tabler, B. F. Gruver, E. M. Baker, J. W. Keiter, C. M. Strickler, J. A. Noon nominated as candidates to be voted for as lay delegates to next General Conference. In treasury, $3,233.86. Mutual Benefit Fund, $1,848.54. Educational Aid Fund, $419.544. Appointments, 184; organized churches, 168; members received, 1,270; at end of year, 9,652; Sunday Schools, 145; scholars, 8,180; meeting houses, 118, value, $111,471; parsonages, 14, value, $11,706; Telescopes, 485; collected for missions, $1,099.55; for all purposes, $24,593.52; preachers' salaries, $10,563.47. 1897 Conference at Roanoke, Va., March 17. J. W. Hott, bishop; G. P. Hott, W. R. Berry, W. 0. Ewing, secretaries. Visiting ministers: W. M. Bell, S. W. Paul, H. B. Dohrner, E. IJ. Hoenshel. Licentiates: L. A. Racey, J. H. Brunk, J. W. Stearn, George M. Jones, W. A. Black, Lau Seng Narn (of Canton, China). Transferred: J. E. B. Rice. Raised on Conference floor for church just built in Johnson City, Tenn., $80. In treasury, $3,250. Ministerial Benefit Fund, $1,820.20. Educational Aid Fund, $433.69. Appointments, 185; organized churches, 165; members received, 1,089; at end of year, 9,859; Sunday Schools, 150; teachers and officers, 1,099; scholars, 8,859; Telescopes, 446; meeting houses, 118; value, $108,490; parsonages, 17, value, $12,300; collected for missions, $1,163.18; for all purposes, $25,890.12; salaries of preachers, $11,100.80. 1898 Conference at Toms Brook, Va., March 16. E. B. Kephart, bishop; G. P. Hott, W. F. Gruver, W. R. Berry, secretaries. Visiting ministers: G. H. Snapp, L. Walter Lutz, W. R. Funk, H. B. Dohriier, S. W. Paul, A. B. Statton, R. Byrd, C. W. Brewbaker, 11. H. Fout, Pu'. W. Burtner, J. E. Fout, H. U. Roop, Dr. T. C. Carter. Licentiates: L. 0. Bricker, A. P. Walton, T. J. Feaster, A. R. Hendrickson. CHURCH HISTORY 295

Orclained: A. J. Secrist, C. D. Rennett, H. E. Richarilson, S. A. Crabill. Ordination of G. K. Little, evangelist, was by request of Pennsyl- vania Conference arranged to ociuur in August at Assernbly Park. Recommended that every charge in the Conference raise a permanent fund of one dollar per niember, on an average, for Shen- andoah Institute. In treasury, $3,274.55. Educational Aid Fund, $433.691. Preachers' Aid Fund, $1,945.18. Appointirients, 180; organized churches, 154; ineinbers received, 1,430; at end of gear. 10,978; Sunday Schools, 134; scholars, 8,343; Telescopes, 587; meeting houses, 116, value, $113,404; parsoriages, 17, value, $14,067; collected for missions, $1,143.41; for all purposes, $27,568.83; preachers' salaries, $14 277.20. l8!)9 Conference at Winchester, Va., March 15. E. B. Kephart, bishop; G. P. Hott, W. K. Berry, A. S. Hariimack, secretaries. Visiting ininisters: W. M. Weekley, T. C. Carter, M. 1,. May- selles, A. N. Horn, W. R. Funk, J. C. Gardner, L. 0. Rurtner, J. B. Chamberlain, E. U. Hoenshel, E. G. Spessard, A. M. Evers, H. Ti. Koop, J. E. B. Rice. Received: I,. W.Lutz. Transferred: E. A. Pugh. Ordained: A. P. Walton. Died: W. 0. Ewing, Oct. 18, 1898, aged 32; George W. Rexroad, Mar. 25, 1898, aged 77. G. P. Hott and A. P. Funkhouser a coiiirnittee to visit Newport News "and exarnine the outlook for establishing a church in that vity in the near future." Appointments, 185; organized churches, 158; mrmbers received, 1,285; at end of year, 10,383; Sunday schools, 137; teachers and officers, 1,210; scholars, 8,680; Telescopes, 558; meeting houses, 124, value, $121,186; parsonage, 19, value, $16,396; collected for missions, $1,013.51; for all purposes, $28,268.23; salaries of preachers, $13,545.76; active itinerants, 33; supernurnerary, 3; superannuated, 2; einployed local preachers, 6; unemployed local preachers, 8. I900 Conference at Harrisonburg, Va., March 21-26. J. W. Hott, bishop; G. P. Hott, secrctary. Present, 48 ministers; absent, 10; delegates present, 24. Visiting ministers: J. B. Chamberlain, J. C. Gardner, A. N. 296 UNITED BRETHREN

Horn, C. W. Hutsler, W. M. Bell, A. W. Lane, J. E. Hott, A. M Evers, L. 0. Burtner, C. W. Stinespring, J. L. Grimm, G. H. Snapp, W. M. Weekley, E. U. Hoenshel. Ordained: J. C. S. hfyers, L. 0. sricker, J. W. Walter, J. H. Brunk, W. A. slack, L. W. Lutz, I,. A. Racey. B. P. S. Busey transferred to Rock River Conference. T. C. Carter received from East Tennessee Conference. Henry Tallheini chosen elder. Presiding elders: G. P. Hott, J. D. Do~iovan. Elected to itinerancy: L. 0. sricker, A. I'. Walton. A. P. Walton elected Sunday School Secretary and Treasurer. Died: E. A. Pugh. Licentiates: (1st year) M'. 0. Tones, George M. Jones, 0. W. Burtner, A. R. Hendrickson. C. 11. Good, Ida AI. Judy, T. C. Harper, E. A. Stanton, W. S. Hau; (2d year) J. W. Stearn, G. A. Newrnan; (3rd year) J. C. S. Myers, J. W. srill, W. A. slack, E. W. McMullen, J. W. Walter, T. .T. Feaster. The report on boiindaries recoininended that there be two presiding elder districts; that Rerkeley circuit be called Jones Spring circuit; that Galena and Arbor Will be added to Rockhridge circuit; that Cross Keys circuit be re-named Pleasant Valley circuit; that Edinburg circuit be attached to Winchester district. A resolution adopted condenining the liquor trade in new pos- sessions of the United States. Interesting reports on niissions, education, and the publishing interests of the church.

Conference at Churchville, Va., March 13-17. E. B. Kephart, bishop; G. P. Hott, secretary. Advisory seats given to W. B. Keeley, W. S. Cairipbell, I)r. W. R. Funk. Reporter : A. P. Funkhouser. Next General Conference asked to define the boundary of this Conference so as to include in it all of Alleghany county (Md.), and all of Garrett east of the Alleghany Divide. W. F. Gruver, A. P. Funkhouser appointed delegates to the Anti-Saloon League rneeting at Washington. D. C. in Deceniber. Ordered that Mt. Pleasant be detached from Wiiichester circuit and added to Inwood circuit; that Red Bud be detached froni Inwood and added to Winchester; that Claysville be attached to New Creek circuit; that Virginia Mission district he divicled into Staunton and Linville circuits. W, I,. Childress. H. E. Richardson transferred to Maryland Conference; Dr. T. C. Carter granted an Open transfer. Itinerants: T. J. Feaster, E. A. Stanton. CHURCH HISTORY 297

Presiding elders: G. P. Hott, J. D. Donovan. To Open a mission at Ponce, Porto Rico, $150 secured. Died: A. Hoover. Ordained: J. W. Brill, T. J. Feaster, Ida M. Judy. Constitutional Convention petitioned to allow a vote on the liquor i~uestion as an addenilurn to the State Constitution of Virginia. Licentiates: (Ist year) W. 0. Jones, G. M. Jones, 0. W. Burtner, A. R. Hendrickson, C. M. Good, T. C. Harper, W. S. Rau, J. B. Ferguson, J. W. Stearn; (2d year) G. A. Newnian, Ida M. Judy, E. A. Stanton; (3d year) J. C. S. Myers, J. W. Brill, E. W. McMullen, J. W. Walter, L. 0. sricker. Sunday School Secretary and Treasurer, A. P. Walton. Secretary Historical Society, N. F. A. Cupp. Trustees Lebanon Vallcy College: S. D. Skelton, S. K. Wine, H. s. Miller. TI-iistecs Shenandoah Institute: J. C. S. Myers, G. B. Fadeley, A. P. Funkhouser. Conference Mission Secretary: W. R. Rerry. Minister present, 43; abent, 18; tlelegates, 19. Leading reports: Teiiiperance, rnissions, education, Sunday Sclicls, young people's societies.

Conference rnet at Lacey Spring, March 12-16. J. S. Mills, bishop; G. P. Hott, secretary. Reporters: A. P. Funkhouscr, J. 0. Long. Advisory seats given ito H. H. Fout, E. U. Hoenshel, J. G. Ro~tlabush. 0. W. Burtner transferrcd to Pcnnsylvania Conference. Oidained: W. 0. Joiies, A. R. Hendrickson. Ordered that Shendun and selvidere be detached froni Augusta circuit to form Basic City circuit; that Camp Hill be detached from Capon circuit to form nucleus of a new charge; that a mission be established in Cu~nberland,Md. S. E. soyd, of Methodist Episcopal Church, South, received as oriiained elder. Missionary Treasurer: W. R. Berry. Treasurer Conference Educational Society: J. N. Fries. Sunday School Secretai-y and Treasurer: J. H. Brunk. Presiding elders: J. D. Donovan, A. S. Hammack. Died: Snowdon Scott. Licentiates: (1st year) C. M. Good, T. C. Harper, J. W. Stearn, W. D. Good, George Burgess; (2d year) G. A. Newman, W. S. Rau, J. B. Ferguson, G. M. Jenes; (3d year) J. C. S. Myers, J. W. Brill, 298 UNITED BRETHREN

E. \V, McJlullen, J. W. Walter, I,. 0. Rricker, J. W. Stearn, E. A. Stanton. Ministers present, 39; absent, 18; delegates, 18. Leading report was on Lebanon Valley College.

Conference at Staunton, Va., March 26-30. J. S. Mills, bishop; G. P. Hott, secretary. Advisory seats given to J. L. Grim, S. H. Snell, J. P. Anthony, A. N. Horn, F. M. Glenn, Dr. W. H. Funk. Reporters: A. P. Funkhouser, W. A. Black. S. G. Wells received from the Methodist Episcopal Church. Ordered that Clay Hill be detached from Rockbridge and added to ChurchviIle; that Marion Chapel be detached frorn So~ith Wranch and added to Franklin: that Christiansburg circuit be authorized. Presiding elders: A. S. Haimnack arid M'. F. Gruver. Itinerants: Lau Seng Nam, J. B. Fcrguson, George surgess, S. E. Boyd. Died: H. Tallhelm. Ordained: E. A. Stanton. Licentiates: (Ist year) C. M. Good, J. I,. Argabright, E. E. Nef, George Burgess; (2d year) W. S. Rau, G. M. Jones; (3d year) .T. B. Ferguson, J. W. Brill, T. C. Harper, E. W. McMullen, J. W. MTalton, I,. 0. Bricker, J. W. Stearn. Delegates, 29. Ministers present, 40; absent, 18; local, 16; superannuated, 2. Leading report were on education and Lebaiion Valley College. 1904 Conference at Martinsburg, MT. Va., March 16-21. J. S. Mills, bishop; G. P. Hott, secretary, S. D. Skelton, reporter. Advisory seats given to J. B. Chamberlain, A. V. Vondersrriith, W. R. Funk, W. A. Dickson, H. U. Roop, A. B. Statton, R. Ryrd, C. C. Golin, A. N. Horn, D. R. Wagner, W. H. W4shinger, H. B, Spayd, A. M. Eveis, G. K. Hartnian, E. U. Hoenshel, A. 11. Rrook, M. L. Mayselles, C. W. Stinespring. L. W. Lutz transferred to Pennsylvania Conference. Open transfers to A. H. Hendrickson, J. F. Snyder, S. A. Crabill, L. 0. Bricker. Qrtlered that Judy and Smith Creek be detached from Pendle- ton and added to Franklin; that Circleville, Riverton, and High Rock be detached from Pendleton and added to Franklin; thah Thoroughfare be detached from Elkton and added to Shenandoah City; that Shendun be attached to Pleasant Valley circuit: that Mt. Bethel be added to Augusta circuit; that Broadway be detxhrd from Broadway circuit and added to Lacey Spring; that Harrison- CHURCH HISTORY 299

burg (colored) be made a station; that the rest of Staunton and Linville circuits be called Linville and Staunton Mission; that Laure1 Dale be detached froni Bayard and added to New Creek; that Midland be added to Westernport station; that Horseshoe on New Creek circuit be discontinued. Presiding elders: W. F. Gruver, A. S. Hammack. Leading report was on Lebanon Valley College. Died: J. W. Howe. Licentiates: (Ist year) C. M. Good, J. I,. Argenbright, George Burgess; (2d year) W. D. Good, W. M. Maiden; (3d year) J. W. Hrill, E. W. McMullen, J. W. Walter, W. S. Rau, E. E. Neff: (4th year) T. C. Harper, J. B. Ferg~ison,G. A. Newman. Ministers present, 39; absent, 12; local, 16; superannuate, 2; delegates, 26; unemployed, 19. Ordained : J. W. Stearn. 1905 Conference at Dayton, Va., March 22-27. J. S. Milk, bishop; G. P. Hott, secretary. The name of A. G. Wells semoved from the roll, he having joined anothcr church. A. B. Wilson received from Alleghany Conference. Advisory seats to W. 0. Jonles, W. M. Weekley, E. U. Hoenshel, A. V. Vondersmith, C. W. Hutsler, S. A. Crabill, W. R. Funk, A. N. Horn, S. L. Rice, Dr. Roop. Reporters: A. P. Funkhouser, E. A. Stanton. Presiding elders: W. F. Gruver, A. S. Hammack. Ministerial salaries (minimum) fixed at $400 for rnarried preachers and $300 for single preachers. The marrying of persons whio have been divorced, by ministers of this church, denounced in a strong resolution. Ordained: S. A. Newman. Boards all re-elected. Ordered that Paw Paw be added to Cacapon circuit; that Excelsior be added to South Branch circuit; that Limestone be added to Keyser; &hat Clay Hill be taken from Churchville and added to Rockbridge; that Stokes be added to Churchville; that Smith's Chapel be added to Rockbridge circuit; that Christians- burg be dropped; that the two Roanoke churches be consolidated; that Roanoke circuit be constiiiuted. Licentiates: (Ist year) C. M. Good, J. L. Argenbright, E. U. Sypolt, C. J. Racey, J. R. Geil, W. M. Maiden; 2d year) W. D. Good; (3d year) E. W. McMullen, J. W. Walter, W. S. Rau, George Bur- gess; (4th year) T. C. Harper, J. B. Ferguson, E. E. Neff, J. W. Brill. Ministers present, 40; coloretl, 2; delegates, 30. J. S. Mills, bishop; G. P. Gott, secretary. Reporters: E. A. Stanton, C. D. Bennett. Advisory seats given to S. A. Crabill, J. F. Snyder, A. N. Horn, W. G. Wagner, J. E. B. Rice, J. F. Smitli, Dr. W. R. Funk, H. H. Fout, C. I. B. Brane, C. W. Snyder, E. B. Plumnier, S. S. Ilough, M. L. Marcelles, C. W. Brewbaker, S. H. Snell. Died: J D. Donovan. Ordained: W. D. Good. Itinerants: J. L, Argenbright, E. E. Neff, W. M. Maiden, C. J. Racey, L. A. Racey, H. R. Geil, B. N. Sypolt. Presiding elder (one district only) : W. F. Griiver. The constitution reported by the Sustentation Board was adopted. The name, Young People's Christian Union was changed to Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor. W. B. Keeley was transferred to Pennsylvania Conference. Assessments for ministerial aid doubled. Ordered that a mission be opened in South Cumberland; that Broadway be taken from Lacey Springs and added to Singers Glen; that Mt. Carmel, Pleasant View, and Cherry Grove be added to Singers Glen; that Mt. Clinton be taken from Singers Glen and given to Dayton; that Dayton and Harrisonburg circuit be united; that the new towns between Blaine and Bayard on the W. V. C. Railroad be added to Bayard circuit; that the presiding elder be paid $1,000 and parsonage rent. Jicentiates: (Ist year) J. L. Argenbright, B. N. Sypolt, C. J. Racey, H. R. Geil, W. E. Smith; (2d year) W. D. Good; (3d year) J. W. Walter, George Burgess; (4th year) J. B. Ferguson, J. W. Brill. Ministers present, 39; absent, 16; local, 12; superannuate, 3; unemployed, 17; delegates, 24. Leading reports on missions, evangelism, church publishing interests. 1907 Conference at Edinburg, Va., March 13-18. J. S. Mills, bishop; G. P. Hott, secretary. Reporter: G. W. Stover. Visiting ministers: S. S. Hough, W. D. Mitchell, Dr. Whitney, W. R. Funk, J. W. Karicofe, C. W. Stinespring. "Virginia Conference News" to be bi-monthly; A. S. Hammack, editor. The name of H. R. Geil dropped from roll, he having joined the Evangelical Association. CHURCH HISTORY 301

W. A. Black given local relation. Presiding elder : W. F. Gruver. Dietl: W. R. Berry, T. J. Feaster. Ordered that Pleasant View be added to Franklin; that Circle- ville be taken from Franklin and added to Pendleton circuit; that Belrrlont be taken frorn Stnunton charge arid added to Augusta circuit; that Mt. Hebron be taken from Albernarle circuit and added to Elkton; that Dodson, Blaine, Chaffee, and Oakmont be added to Bayard mission; that tlie rcst of Ruyard circuit be known as Elk Garden circiiit; that Linville nnd Long's Chapel be taken from Harrisonburg (colored) and added lo Augusta and Rockingharn circiiit; that Mt. BetheY be taken from Augusta and added to Albernarle. Leading reports were those on horne, education, church erec- tim. Ministers present, 41; absent, 15; local, 16; superannuate, 3; delegates, 21. Licentiates: (1st year) W. D. Mitchell, A. L. Maiden, L. E. Brill, W. R. Chapinan, J. L. Argenbright; (2d year) C. M. Good, C. J. Racey, B. N. Sypolt; (3d year) W. M. Maiden, J. W. Walter; (4th year) G. Burgess, J. B. Ferguson. 1908 Conference at Keyser, W. Va, March 18-23. T. C. Carter, bishop; G. P. Hott, secretary; W. D. Mitchell, reporter. Visiting ministers: H. B. Ritter, F. B. Chubb, G. A. McQuire, Dr. Herndon, E. U. Hoerishel. S. S. Hou7h. W. R. Funk, H. H. Fout, E. B. Keese, M. L. Weekley, 11. I,. Mayselles. Died: J. D. Scott, T. K. Clifford. Ordained: J. B. Ferguson, George Burgess. S. K. Wine given Open transfer. Itinerants: W. D. Good, W. D. Mitchell. Licentiates: (Ist yeair) 1,. E. Brill, W. D. Mitchell, A. L. Maiden; (2d year) C. J. Racey; (3d year) B. N. Sypolt, W. M. Maiden, J. W. Walters; (4th year) J. B. Ferguson. Ordered that the presiding elder's salary be $1,200; that Day- ton be taken from Daytoil circuit; that Mt. Hebron and Swift Run be taken from Elkton; that Thoroughfare be detached from Shen- andoah City, and with Llt. Hebron and Swift Run be constituted East Rockingham circuit; that Hoanoke circuit be discontinued; that Winchester and Red Bud be made a station; that Sunrise be taken from Frederick anid added to Tom's Brook; that Mt. Zion be taken from Fredesick and added to Winchester circuit; that Bethel he taken froni Tom's Firook and added to Frederick; that Mt. Olive Leading reports were those on education, home, tcmperance, and the Young People Christian Union. Ministers present, 36; absent, 16; locai, 13; superannuate, 4; delegates, 29. 1909 Conference at Shenandoah, Va., March 24-29. G. P. Hott and A. P. Funkhouser, bishops, pro tem; G. P. Hott, secretary; J. C. S. Myers, E. E. Neff, R. G. Hammond, rcporters. R. G. Hammond received from St. Joseph Conference, T. M. Sharp from Alleghany Conference, H. E. Richardson from Iowa Conference. Visitiiig ministers: L. Keister, A. N. Horn, R. G. Hamn~ond,C. Whitney, H. S. Gable, W. 0. Fries, C. W. Stinespring, A. P. Sallaz. Ordered that Belmont be taken from Augusta circuit and added to Staunten; that Mt. Zion be taken from Winchester circuit and added to Tom's srook; that Lost River circuit he called Hardy circuit; that Mt. Bethel and Shendun be taken from East Rock- ingham and added to Elkton. Leading reports were those on the Bible, Sunday Schools, and temperance. Licentiates: (Ist year) L. E. Brill, W. D. Mitchell, A. I,. Maiden; (3d year) B. N. Sypolt, W. M. Maiden, C. J. Racey. Ministers present, 35; absent, 18; local, 12; superannuate, 5; delegates, 20. 1910 Conference at Cumberland, Md., March 23-26. W. M. Weekley, bishop; G. P. Hott, secretary; G. S. HanIeiter, reporter. Visiting ministers: C. I. B. Braine, C. C. Whitney, J. E. Fout, Miss McGinnis, G. S. Hanleiter, J. Ford, E. W. Webster, E. U. Hoen- shel, B. F. Dobson, Dr. Kendall, S. J. Ludwig, W. J. Houk, G. S, Gabel, A. B. Statton, F. M. Glenn. Died: T. T. Tabb. Free will offering of $500 raised for Conference home mission work. Presiding elder: A. S. Hammack. Withdrawn: W. D. Mitchell. Granted leave of absence: K. C. Hammond, J. W. Stearn, G. B. Fadeley. Ordained: W. M. Maiden. Platform adopted for missionary work. CHURCH HISTORY 303

Leading reports: Temperance, missions, education, church literature, the home, Christian stewardship, Bible study. Ordered that Mt. Hebron, Thoroughfare, and Swift Run be taken from East Rockingham( urhich is dissolved) and added to Elkton; that the appointments east of the Blue Ridge-Bluffdale, Otterbein, Shady Grove, Prize Hill-constitute Charlottesville circuit. Ministers present, 34; absent, 16; local, 11; sirperannuate, 5.

Conference at Staunton, March 22-25. T. C. Carter, bishop; G. P. Hott, secretary; G. S. Hanleiter, reporter. Advisory seats given to J. G. Huber, C. W. Stinespring, G. S. Hanleiter, J. E. Croft, K. Moyer, C. Whitney, S. S. Hough. W. M. Merrit, a pioneer rnember of the conference was introduced. Itinerants: B. F. Dotson, E. W. Webster, T. C. Harper, John Ford. An offering of $720 for Conference church extension. Leading reports: missions, education, teniperance, the Christian horne, Christian stewardship. Presiding elder: A. S. Hammack. The "Conference News'' discontinued. Resolutions by the layman's rrieeting adopted. Died: J. W. Walters. Ordered that Bayard be made a station; that Frankford be added to Cumberland; that Mt. Zion and Sunrise be taken frorn Tom's Brook and added to Winchester; that a church be established at Petersburg, W. Va., in connection with South Branch circuit; that the salary of presiding elder be $1,500, including parsonage; that $3,000 be assessed for administration (15 per cent for bishop's salary, 70 for prcsiding elder, 10 for General Conference expenses, 5 for contingent fund). Licentiates: (Ist year) L. E. Brill, J. Ford, L. C. Messick, A. B. Mann; (2d year) W. M. Vansickle, A. L. Maiden, B. F. Dotson; (3d year) B. N. Sypolt; (4th ye:ar) C. J. Racey. Ministers present, 40; absent, 16; local, 14; supperannuate, 4.

Conference at Martinsburg, W. Va., October 2-8. T. C. Carter, bishop; G. P. Kott, secretary; A. P. Funkhouser, W. D. Mitchell, reporters. Visiting ministers: C. W. Stinespring, S. S. Hough. Died: S. E. Boyd. The naine of Lan Sang Nairi tlropped from roll, he having be- corne a mernber of the Chinese Conference. Itinerants: L. C. Messick, A. H. Mann, G. A. McGuire, F. B. Chubb. Resolutions by tlie. layiiien of the Conference entered on minutes. Leading reports: Foreign inissions, cducation, 'tlie home, cliurch publisliing interests, 1-ebanon Valley College, the Y. P. S. C. E. Presiding elder : A. S. Hainrnack. Ordered that Bethel be takeii f~oiiiCliarlottesvillc and addcd; to Augusta; that Mt. Vernon be ta!:ei: f:oi:i Charlotterville nnd added to Pleasant Valley; tliat the appointmentr east of the Rlue Ridge be constituted a charge; that Circleville be taken from Pendleton, and with Riverton, High Rock, Mt. Pleasant and Seneca (taken from Franklin) be known as Hiverton circuit; that Oak Hill be added to Churchvillc; that Big Pool and Buck Hill be added to Jones Springs; that Iiockbridge circuit he known as Swoope circuit; tliat Dayton circuit be known as l17est Rockingham circuit. Licentiates: (1st year) L. E. srill, I,. C. Messick, A. B. Mann, G. A. McGuire, F. B. Chubb, I. Suiiiniers, W. D. Pllitcliell; (2d year) s. F. Dotson; (4th year) D. G. srimlow. Ministers present, 43; absent, 8; local, 6; superanriuate, 4: delegates, 28.

Conference at Roanoke, September 24-28. 137. M. Weekley, bisliop; G. I'. Hott, sccretai-Y; Ai P. Funkhouser, W. D. Mitchell, reporters. Advisory seats given to I,. 0. Miller, W. 0. Fries, S. S. Hough, J. P. Landis, R. Rock. Chairman of laymen's aieeting: I,. A. Armentrout., Presiding elder : A. S. Hanirnack. Vote for union with the Xetliodist Protestant Cliurcli: 32 for, 20 against. Itinerants: I. Sumriiers, W. D. Mitchell. Ordered that Salem and Park Side be taken from Inwood and added to Martinsburg, Second Church; that Mt. Carmel, Central, and Buck Hill be taken frorn Jones Springs and added to West Frederick; that Ridgely be attached to Cumberland mission; that Frederick circuit be called Reliance; that Mt. Hebron and Thor- oughfare be taken from Elkton and added to Charlottesville. Leading reports: Horne, education, missions, puhlishing interests, Y. P. S. C. F. B. Chubb, I. ~umiers,W. D. Mitchell, A. Bamford, R. N. Young; (2d year) B. F. Dotson, A. B. Mann; (4th year') D. G. Brimlow. Ministers present, 41; absent, 14; local, 16; superannuate, 5; unemployed, 15; delegates, 25.

Conference at Westernport, Md., September 22-28. W. M. Weekley, bishop; J. H. Brunk, secretary. Visiting ministers: G. A. Funkhouser, R. Rock, W. D. Barger, C. W. Stinespring, Dr. H. F. Shupe, Dr. C. W. Brewbaker, S. E. Bowman, S. R. Ludwig. Ordained: W. D. Mitchel, D. G. Brimlow. Presiding elder: A. ,C. Hammack. Died: William H. Clary. Itinerants: A. L. Maiden, D. G. Brimlow, R. N. Young, I. Sum- mers, W. D. Mitcliel. Ordered that Pleasant Grove be taken from Augusta circuit and added to Dayton station; that Belmont be taken from Staunton and added to Augusta; that Cherry Run circuit be constituted from Slater's, Sleepy Creek, and Bis Pool (taken from Jones Spring) and Cherry Run and Pleasant Hill (new appointments); that Mt. Carmel, Buck Hill, and Central be taken from West Frederick and attached to Jones Springs, that Cross and Hampshire be taken from Westernport and added to Elk Garden; that Blaine and Chaffee be taken froni Elk Garden and added to Bayard; that Fountain circuit be constituted from Fountain, Mt. Zion, and Eureka (taken from New Creek circuit) and Alaska and Horse- shoe (new appointmerits); that Swift Run be taken from Elkton circuit and added to Charlottesville, and the name changed to Swift Run circuit. Leading reports: Foreign mission, Christian stewardship, publishing interests, Sunday Schools, education. Licentiates: (Ist year) L. E. Drill, G. A. McGuire, F. B. Chubb, I. Surnmers, R. N. Yo~mg:(2d year) A. Bamford, L. C. Messick, J. W. Wright; (3d year) A. B. Mann. Ministers present, 44; absent, 12; local, 9; superannuate, 4; delegates, 32. 1915 Conference at Singers Glen, Va., September 15-20. W. M. Weekley, bishop; J. H. Brunk, secretary; A. P. Funk- houser, reporter. Advisory seats gj..iren to Dr. John Owen, Dr. J. H. Kendall, W. A. Wilt, G. K. Little, C. W. Hutzler. 306 UNITED RRETHKEN

Mrs. Ha1 Sinith, returned inissionary from Africa, given honor- ary seat. Died: G. P. Hott, J. D. Donovan. Leading reports: Publishing interests, education, the Christian home, Christian stewardship, the Virginia Conference. Ordered that Potomac circuit be constituted from Sir John's Run and Fairview (taken from Berkeley Spring station) and Alpine and Friendship (taken from Berkeley Springs circuit) ; that Saleni be taken from Martinsburg, Secoud Church and added to Inwood. Licentiates: (1st year) L. E. Brill, G. A. McGuire, F. B. Chubb, I. Siminers, R. N. Young, D. T. Gregory, J. H. Schmitt, H. M. Crim, J. R. Collis, F. A. Tinney; (2d year) L. C. Messick; (3d year) A. B. Mann; (4th year) W. G. McNeil, J. W. Wright, A. Bamford. Ministers present, 48; absent, 10; local, 16; superannuate, 3; delegates, 31.

Conference at Shenandoah, Va., September 13-18. W. M. Weekley, bishop; J. H. Brunk, secretary; H. E. Richard- son, I. I<. Roby, N. F. A. Cupp, W. F. Gruver, W. D. Mitchell, G. W. Stover, reporters. Advisory seats given to W. J. Houcli, W. A. Wilt, E. IJ. Hoenshel, W. I,. Childress, C. W. Cooper. Superintendent: A. S. Hammack. The name of R. G. Hammond dropped frorn the roll, he having joined another church. Bishop Weekley delivered an address on "Otterbein, the Model Preacher." Itinerants: T. E. Gruver, S. L. Raugher, W. G. McNeil. Ordered that Strasburg be added to Tom's Brook; that the Cumberland work be designated Cumberland and Ridgely. Ordained: J. W. Wright, A. Bamford. Leading reports: Prohibition, foreign missions, Christian stewardship, the Christian Endeavor. Ministers present, 52; absent, 12; local, 20; superannuate, 3; delegates, 31.

Conference at Petersburg, W. Va., September 26- October 1. \V. M. Bell, bishop; J. H. Brunk, secretary; N. F. A. Cupp, H. E. Richardson, reporters. Died: A. P. Funkhouser. J. M. Hott, J. G. Roudabush. Superintendent: A. S. Hammack. The name of W. L. Hamrick was dropped from the roll because of irregular withdrawal. CHURCH HISTOKY 307

Advisory seats given to Dr. A. S. Siddell, W. 0. Fries, Miss Dora Housekeeper, J. E. Fout, J. B. Chamberlain, Prof. J. H. Ruebush. Report of committee of Course of study. Entered on minutes certificate of agreement between the Church Erection Society and the Conference Board. Leading reports: Christian :rtewardship, the Christian home, home missions, education, temperance. Licentiates: (1st year) L. E. Brill, F. B. Chubb, R. N. Young, D. T. Gregory, J. H. Schmitt, 13. M. Crimm, J. R. Collis, F. A. Tinney, W. B. Obaugh, \V. R. Swank, D. F. Glovier, M. W. Nelson, V. L. I'hillips, W. H. Smith, W. R. McKinney, L. G. Bridges, J. 1,. Oliver, C. W. Hiser, W. M. Courtney, W. P. Hollar; (2d year) 1. Summers, L. C. Messick; (3d jiear) C. A. McGuire; (4th year) A. B. Mann. Ministers present, 48; absent, 18; local, 27; superannuate, 1; delegates, 16. 1918 Conference at Harrisonburg, Va., September 25-30. W. M. Bell, bishop; J. H. Brunk, secretary. 11. L. Weekley received from West Virginia Conference. Advisory seats given to W. R. Funk. E. U. Hoenshel, J. E. Fout, A. C. Siddall, Prof. J. E. Weidler of Free Town, Africa. Died: E. W. McMullen. Ordained: A. B. Mann. Superintendent: A. S. Hammack. Ministers who had served two full years within the bounds of the Conference placed on the itinerant list. Charter of Conference Church Erection Society presented. Assignments for Seminary Extension Study. keading reports: Educatiori, temperance, home missions, and a particularly excellent one on "the Christian Home" by L. A. Racey. Bible Conference ordered for the next sumnier. Plan adopted for raising an endowment fund for the Shen- andoah Collegiate Institute and School of Music. Eicentiates: (Ist year) L. I;. Brill, F. B. Chubb, D. T. Gregory, H. M. Crimm, F. A. Tinney, J. A. Arnold, M. W. Nelson, V. I,. Phillips, W. H. Smith, J. L. Oliver, C. W. Hiser, W. M. Courtnty, W. P. Holler; (2d year) I. Summers, W. R. McKinney, L. G. Bridgers, D. F. Glovier, R. N. Young, J. R. Collis; (3d year) G. A. McGuire, W. B. Obaugh, L. C. Messick. Ministers present, 49; absent, 16; local, 26; superannuate, 1; delegates, 28. \V. M. Bell bishop; J. H. Rrunk and A. L. Maiden, secretaries; \V. D. Mitchell, reporter; A. J. Secrist, treasurer; A. S. Hammack, superintendent. Resigned: B. F. Chubb, George Burgess, W. D. Good. Ilicd: L. E. Brill, aged 47. 1,icentiates: D. T. Gregory, H. M. Criinm, J. H. Arnold, W. 11. Smith, J. E. Oliver, Jr., C. W. Hiser, W. I'. Hollar, M. W. Nelson, W. M. Courtney, F. A. Tinny; first year. D. F. Glovier, L. G. Rridgers, J. R. Collis; second year. R. N. Young, W. L. Phillip?, G. A. McGaire, L. C. Messick, W. B. Obaugh; third year. Increase of 18 per cent in salaries. W. F. Gruver and A. S. Hamrnack, trustees for Lebanon Valley College. J. S. and B. 11. Gruver contribute $1,000 to Conference Minis- cri;il Hrlicf Fund, a meiiiorial to Jacoh I. Gruver and wife. Papers reatl on "The Importance of the Suntlay School," "She Rights of the Cliild," "Christian Education," and "Church Exten- sion." Active itinerauts, 38; superannuate, 1; local preachers 26 (18 unemployed) . 1920 Conference at Berkeley Springs, September 15-20. W. M. Bell, hisl-iop; A. S. Hammack, superintendent; J. H. Brunk and A. I,. Maiden, secretaries; A. J. Secrist, treasurer. Licentiates: (First year), J. E. Oliver, Jr., C. W. Hiser, J. H. Arnolcl, W.H. Smith, W. M. Courtney, hI. MT.Nelson, H. P. R~ippen- thal, E. E. Miller; (third year), R. X. Young, G. W. McGuirc, \V. R. Obaugh, I,. C. Messick, I). F. Glovier, I,. G. Bridgers, J. R. Collis. Licensed to preach: M. RI. Collins, Herman Grove, D. A. Frazier. Lay delegates, 35. Certificatcs given H. E. Richardson, A. B. Mann, D. F. Glovier, L. C. Messick, H. N. Young on Seminary Extension. Papers read on "Tlie Christian Hoine," "Publishing Interests," "Home Missions,'' "Foreign Missions." Membership, 17,818. Value of cliurches and parsonages, $575,872.88. Active itinerants, 38; superannuate, 1; local preachers, 26 (18 uncmployed). 1921 Conference at Dayton, September 14-19. W. M. Bell, bishop; A. S. Hammack, superintendent; J. H. Rrunk and A. L. Maiden, secretaries; A. J. Secrist, treasurer; W. S. Crick, reporter. CHUKCH HISTORY ,709

Liccntiate5: (First ) ear), J. E. Oliver, Sr., C. \IT.Hiwr, J. H. Arnoltf, 1%'.H. Siriitli, 11'. M. (:ourtney, H. I'. Riippenth:\l, E. E. bliller, M. W. Nelsoii; (third ycai), \TT. B. Ol)au~h,1, C. Jlesiirk, 1). I:. (;lovier, I,. G. BridgeL5, J li. Collis. 1,icensetl to preacli : Glatlstonc Coole\, I\'. C. Mund), .T. t'aul Gruver, 1). I'. Bell, 13. F. Spitier, G. 11. lieezlz, .T. H. Sislcr, Ar~iolrl Hotlciick, George Knopp, \Yilliarri IMTc Applicants foi anniial conferencc I ceii5e: Clnuctr I:y:in, Hei- inan C; .ove, I,. $1. Lenc'i, C. W. Tinsrnan E. 13. C~plinger.11. 1'. Hoverniale, C. I<. Welch. Atltletl to itirieraiit lisi: \Y. \Y. Skcllctt. CIinrlc\ Scliadtl, \T. 1.. Childress. Hesignetl: C. G. Stariihnch, Ilewey Ritter, G. \V. Butler, Tl. 1). Brant. I>ietl: G. A. McGuire. Value, Slieriandoali Collegiate Iiistitute property, $73,835. Heceived during year, $28,408.01. Disbursed, $28,580.82. Average salary, $1,038 and parsmage.

* * * X * * * * * * CHARGES, 1921 Augusta Ptlartinsburg, Second Berkcley Springs Station Manassas Rerkeley Spring Circuit Creek Bnynrd Plea5ant ValIey Broadway t'endleton Big Pool I>eteriburg Cliurchville Reliance Ciirnberland, First Riverton Curnberland, Second Ridgeley 67 Dayton Roanoke Edinburg Sv ift Run Elk Garden Swoope Elkton Staunton Franklin Soiith Branch Fountain Shenandoah Great Cacapon Siilgers GIen Greeiisburg Sleepy Creek Harrisonburg Tomi Brooli Hardy Westernport Inwood Winchester Station Jones Springs Winchester Circuit Keyser West Frederick Tarey Springs West Rockingham Martinsbiirg, First rne page. Arnold, J. H ...... 1918...... Annvie Pa. (student Lebanon Valley College). Baugher, S. L.*...... 1914...... Edinur, Va. Beale, J. R.* ...... 1916...Dyton Va., (teacher S. C. 1.) Black, W. A...... 1897....Roanoke Va. Bridgers, L. G.* ...... 1917...... Ridgeley, W. Va. Brill, J. W.:%...... 1894...... Bayard. W. Va. Brinilow, D. G...... 1911...... Martinsburg, W. Va. Brunk, J. H.*...... 1897...... serkeey Springs, W. Va. surgess, George ...... 1902...... Laure1 Dale, W. Va.

Caplinger, E. B." ...... 1921...... Dayton, Va. (student S. C. 1.) Chaniberlain, J. B...... 1918...... Martinsburg, W. Va. Childress, W. L.*.: ...... 1921...... Cuinberland, Md. Coffrnan, T. J."...... 1917...... Hagerstown, Md. Collis, J. R."...... 1915...... Broadway, Va. Courtney, W. M.*...... 1917...... Sleepy Creek, W. Va. Crirnm, H. M...... 1915...... Ta Africa (missionary). Crowell, C. H.*...... 187888888888Great Cacapon, W. Va. Cupp, N. F. A.*...... 1885...... Martinsburg, W. Va., R. F. D. 5.

Rawson, S. D...... 189444444444Ridgeley.W. Va. Rgche, C. P.*...... 1881.....Ekton Va., R. F. D.

Fadeleg, G. B."...... 1886...... Harrisonb~rg,Va. Ford, J. H.*...... 1910...... Roai~oke,Va. Ferguson, J. s ...... 1901...... Roanoke, Va. Fries, J. N." ...... 1874...serele Springs, W. Va. (teacher in high school).

Glovier, D. F.*...... 1916...... Rolla, Va. Gregory, D. T."...... 1915...... non,0. (assistant secretary Board of Administration). Grove, Hermon*...... 1921...... Antioch, W. Va. Giuvcr, W. F."...... 1887...... Harrionbur Va.

I!arninack, A. S.* ...... 1886...... hyn,Va. Hiser, C. W.*...... 1917...... Annville, Pa. (student I,. V. C.) Horn, A. M...... 1880...Mt. Solon, Va. Hovermale, U. P ...... 1921...... Dayton, 0. (Ronebrake Semi- nary) . Judy, Ida M." ...... 1900.....ayton Va. (teacher S. C. 1.) Maiden, A. L.*...... 1907...... Daytn 0. (Bonebrake Semi- nary). Maiden, J. W.*...... 1892~~~~~~~~Bridge~ater. Va. Maiden, W. M.* ...... 1904...... Maysville, W. Va. Mann, A. B.*...... 1911...Staunton, Va. Messick, L. C.* ...... 1910 Jones Springs, W. Va. Miller, E. E...... 1920....Annvile Va. (student L. V. C.) Mitchell, W. D.* ...... 1912...... Akron, Ohio. Myers, J. C. S.*...... 1889...... I cSprings, Va.

Nelson, M. W...... 193!6...... Circevile, W. Va.

Obaugh, W. B...... 1916...... tonO., (student in Bone- brake Serninary). Oliver, J. E., Jr...... 1917...... Dayton, 0. (Bonebrake Semi- nary). Phillips, V. L...... 19K...... Weservile 0. (Field Secre- tary, Otterbein College). Racey, C. J.* ...... 1905....Weternpot, Md. Racey, L. A.* ...... 1897...nwooW. Va. Rau, W. S.*...... 1900...... Shenndoah, Va. Richardson, H. E.*...... 1909...... Martinsbrg W. Va. Ridenour, J. R...... 1875...... Middletown Md. Ruppenthal, H. P.*...... 1920...... Shenandoah, Va. Ryan, C. A.* ...... 1921...... Keyser, W. Va., R. F. D.

Sampsell, W. H.*...... 1881...... Winchester, Va. Schadd, C. H."...... 1921...... eepyCreek, W. Va. Secrist, A. J.* ...... 1895..... Mrtinsbrg W. Va. Skelton, S. D.* ...... 1885...... Dayton, Va. Smith, W. H." ...... 1917...... Dayton, Va. Stover, G. W.*...... 1894...... Winchester, Va. Stearn, J. W.*...... 1897...... Mt. Clinton, Va. Swank, W. R.* ...... I916...... Westervile 0. (student Otter- bein College). Tinsman, C. W.* ...... I921...... Dayo, Va. (student S. C. T.) Welch, C. K.* ...... 1921...... Wnchester Va. Wilt, W. A.* ...... 1917...... Keyer W. Va. Wright, J. W...... 1914...... Wetervlle Ohio. Young, R. N.*...... 1912~~.~~~~~Ch~rchvi~1e, Va.

Local: J. H. Arnold, J. R. Beale, W. A. Black, L. G. Bridgers, George Burgess, T. J. CotTman, W. M. Courtney, S. D. Dawson, J. N. Fries, J. B. Ferguson. llerrnan Grove, C. W. Hiser, A. M. Horn, U. P. Hovermale, Ida M. .Iudy, E. B. Caplinger, E. E. MilIer, M. W. Nelson, W. B. Obaugh, J. E. Oliver, .Tr., V. L. Phillips, H. P. Ruppen- Ihal, C. A. Ryan, W. R. Swank, C. W. Tinsrnan, C. K. Welch, J. W. Wright. Licengates: J. H. Arnolcl, I,. G. Bridgers, J. R. Collis, W. M. Courtney, D. F. Glovier, Herrrian Grove, C. W. Hiser, U. P. Hover- male, E. B. Caplinger, E. E. Miller, M. W. Nelson, W. B. Obaugh, J. E. Oliver, Jr., V. I,. Phillips, H. P. Ruppenthal, C. A. Ryan, C. H. Schadd, W. H. Smith, W. B. Swank, C. W.Tinsrnan, C. K. Welch, W. A. Wilt. CHUKCH HISTORY

GENERAL INDE.X

Page Crowell. C . H...... 1G1 Cupp. N. F. A...... 162 Hachbel. J...... 72 saugher. S . I...... 155 Dawson. S . D...... 162 BeaEe. J . R...... 155 Day. h...... 162 Berry. \V . R...... 156 Dayton ...... 220 Boehm. M...... 17 Deneal. G. E...... 89 sovey. H. A...... 156 Division in Church...... 103 Bovey. J . A...... 190 Donovan., J. D...... 162 Brane. C . I. B...... 156 srashear. T. F...... 157 Esrly Brethren in Virginia ...... 44 Bridgers. L. C...... 157 Education ...... 214 Brill. J. W...... 157 Evangelical Movement ...... 32 Brunk. J...... 158 Evangelical Reformed Church 36 Brunk. J . H...... 158 Evers. A. M...... 163 Burgess. G...... 158 Evers. S...... 191 Biirtner. H...... '71. 158 Ewing. W. 0...... 163. 191 Burtner. L. 0...... 159 Burtner. 0. W...... 159 Fadeley. G. •’3 ...... 163 Burtner. W . H...... 159 Feaster. T . J ...... 163 Byrd. R...... 159 Ford. J . H...... 164 Foiit. Henry H...... 151 Charges. 1921 List...... 309 Fout. Julius E...... 152 Childress. W. L...... 1UO Freed. A. D...... 164 Church. Apostolic...... 1. 6 Fries. W. 0...... 164 Churcli 1)edications ...... 193-202 Fries. Jav N...... 222 Chureh Papers...... 100 Fulkerson. J . W...... 81. 153 Churcli Union ...... 109. 209 Funk. Kingsley ...... 192 Civil War ...... 94 Funkhouser. A . P ...... 203 Circuits. 1848...... 80 Clary. W. H...... 160 Geeting. G. A...... 43 Clifford. T. K ...... 160 Gerinan. In~migration...... 21 ColEis. J . R...... 161 Gerrrian I. anguage...... 90. 107 Confei-ence Divisions ...... 42. 45 Gerrnan Reforined Chiirch...... 8 Conf . hiinutes Digest...... 224-309 Gihhons. J ...... 190 Conferences. First...... 38. 41 Glossbrenner. J. J...... 72. 96. 147 Conference Roll. 1921...... 310 Glovier. D . F...... 165 Corbin. A...... 153 Great Meeting. The...... 66 Coursey. W. R...... 73. 86. 161 Gregory. D. T...... 1% Crabill. S. A...... 161 Grirtirti. J . L ...... 165 314 UNITED BRETHREN

Page Page Grimm. J. W...... 165 Maiden. A. L...... 175

Grove. H . J...... 166 Maiden. J. W...... ~ ....175 Gruver. W. F...... 166 Mann. A. B...... 175 Markwood. J...... 71. 96. 150 Hamrnack. A. S...... 166 Martin. W. L...... 175 Harman. G...... 166 Mennonites...... 17. 29 Haney. J ...... 87. 167 Messick. L. H...... 178 Harp. J...... 167 Methodists ...... 106 Hensley. J. I...... 167 Miles. J. W...... 176 Hershey. J. M...... 86 3liller. C...... 176 Hicks. J. W...... 168 Mitchell. \V . D ...... l'iij Hiestand. S...... 152 Missions. Foreign ...... -102 Hiser. C. W...... 168 Moravians...... 5. 10.5 Hisey. F ...... 87 Music ...... 102 Hoenshel. E . U...... 222 Hoover. A...... 168 Negley. J. A...... 177 Hott. C. M...... 191 Newcomer. C...... 49. 52 Hott. G. P...... 169 Newcomer's Journal...... 45-65 Hott. J. F...... 168 Nihiser. J. W...... 177 Hott. J. H...... 169 Nihiser. R ...... 190 Hott. J . W...... 150 Howe. G. W...... 170 Obaugh. W. R...... 177 Howe. J. W...... 170 Otterbein. W...... 9.16. 107. 215 Huffman. G...... 76. 172 Huffman. S. J...... I 73 Paid Ministry. The...... 99 Hussites ...... 3 Perry. J. E...... 77 Hutzler. C. W...... 173 Perry. J . W...... 178 Preachers. Alphabetical List ...1.73 Intoxicants ...... 115 Preachers. Chronological List 124 Preachers. Early...... '68. 70. 85. 87 Jones. H...... 173 Jones. W. 0...... 173 Racey. C. J...... 178 Judy. I. M...... 173 Racey. L. A...... -178 Rau. W. S...... 178 Ketterman. J. G...... 173 Religion in Early America ...... 33 Kiracofe. J. W...... 174 Rexroad. G. W...... 178 Kiracofe. N. A...... 174 Rhinehart. U'. R...... 85 Richardson. H. E...... 179 Ridenour. J. R...... 179 Rimel. G. B...... 78. 86 Roderick. L...... 179 Roudabush. G. J...... 180 Ruebush. J...... 73. 180 Ruebush. J. H...... "22 Ruppenthal. H. P...... 182 CHURCH HISTORY 31 .P

Page Poge Salt. M. C...... 182 TalIheIrn H...... 187 SarnpseIl, W . H...... 182 Thomas, P. H...... 187 Scfilatter, Michael ...... 11 Tobacco ...... 117 Scott, J. D...... 183 Scott, S...... 182 Umstott. Z...... 187 Secret Societies...... 119 Underwood. I . M...... 187 Secrist, A. J...... 183 Uriited Ministers. The...... 35 SeIIars, A. S...... 154 Senseny, P...... 183 Waldensees ...... 2 Shen. ColIegiate Institute ...... 220 WaIters, J. W...... 188 Shuey, Christian...... 115, 148 Walton, A. P...... 188 Shuey, G. A ...... 184 Warner, Z ...... 152 Skelton, S. D...... 184 "'We Are Brethren" ...... 34 Slavery ...... 113 Weller, P. W...... 188, 191 Smith, W . C...... 154 WhiteseI, P...... 190 SmitIn, W. H...... 184 WliiteseI, J . E...... I91 Snyder, J. F...... 184 Widmyer, J . E...... 188, 191 Spener, P. J...... 9 Wilt, W . A...... 189 Statton, J. F...... 83 Wine, S. K ...... 189 Statton, G. W...... 77 Statton, P. I<...... 185 Stickley, B...... 74, 84 Stover, G. W...... 186 Zahn. J...... 84, 189 Zehrung, S...... 184 Tabb. T . B...... 186 Zinzendorf, Count ...... 5