DOCSLIB.ORG

Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy May 2001 1St Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy May 2001 1St Review Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy May 2001 1st Review - Summer 2007 The original report was prepared by Casella Science and Environment Ltd in association with Eden District Council. This review was undertaken by Eden District Council Executive Summary This is the first review of the Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy (referred to as ‘the strategy’) since its initial publication in 2001. The rationale behind the strategy remains constant, however it has been updated to include: • Amendments in legislation and guidance • Updated datasets • Revised assessment process used for sites prioritisation • Progress to date • Timetable of work for 2007-2008 Under new regulations that came into force on 1 April 2000 (Part IIA of Environmental Protection Act 1990) Eden District Council (EDC) was required to inspect land in its district for the purpose of identifying contaminated land. A strategy was submitted to the Department of the Environment Transport and Regions by July 2001. This strategy details how, in light of the characteristics of the area, the authority will take a rational, ordered and efficient approach to this inspection. It should be noted when considering whether land is contaminated or not, the fact that a harmful substance is (in terms of ‘harm’ to human health, to eco-systems or to property or pollution of controlled waters) in, on, or under a piece of land does not itself mean that land is ‘contaminated land’. The source of harm may be present, but unless a possible route (‘plausible pollutant linkage’) exists through which it is likely to cause harm to health, eco-systems, property or cause pollution of controlled waters, the land is not contaminated within the meaning of the Act. In any workable land assessment strategy it is necessary for a system of risk prioritisation to be established. The former uses of a site need to be taken into account as does the local geological and hydrogeological conditions. It is however, the identification of vulnerable receptors and plausible pollutant linkages, which ultimately drives the process. The principal objectives of the strategy are to: • Meet the statutory requirements to produce a strategy; • Use the contaminant-pathway-receptor model as an indication of plausible pollutant linkages. Prioritise and review the condition of the receptors and potential contaminants, identifying immediate concerns and those which may need action in the future; • Inform stakeholders of the Council’s intentions; and • Provide information to the Environment Agency for its report on contaminated land. Eden District Council Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy The Council’s priorities in dealing with contaminated land are to: 1) Protect human health. 2) Protect controlled waters. 3) Protect designated ecosystems. 4) Prevent damage to property. 5) Prevent further contamination of land. 6) Encourage voluntary remediation. 7) Encourage re-use of brownfield land. A map - based land categorisation and prioritisation method is being developed to enable the identification of minimum information requirements and the prioritisation of sites to be inspected in more detail. A programme of assessment over the period 2001 to 2003 was initially undertaken and procedures identified which have taken into account information supplied by the public, business and other organisations; dealing with urgent sites as they arise. The programme also addresses land owned by the Council and land scheduled for development in the Council’s Local Development Framework. The District Council is the lead regulator on contaminated land but, wherever necessary, the Council works in partnership with other organisations, in particular the Environment Agency. The regulations set clear criteria that must be met before land can be formally designated as contaminated land. The Council also maintains a public register in the prescribed form. The strategy is subject to regular review and not a static document. Following on from this initial review, it is proposed that an annual progress report will be published and a full review of the strategy published every five years. Eden District Council Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy Page 1. Introduction 1 1.1 General Policy of Eden District Council 1 1.2 Regulatory Context 2 1.2.1 Regulatory Role of Local Authorities under Part IIA 3 1.2.2 Regulatory Role of the Environment Agency 4 1.2.3 Definition of Contaminated Land under Part IIA 5 1.2.4 Risk-Based Approach 6 1.2.5 Requirements for Strategic Approach 8 1.3 Development of the Strategy 8 1.3.1 2007 Review of the Strategy 9 1.4 Objectives of the Strategy 9 2 Characteristics of Eden District 11 2.1 Geographical Location 11 2.2 Brief Description 11 2.3 Historical Development 11 2.4 Size 14 2.5 Population Distribution 14 2.6 Roads and Railways 15 2.7 Economic Landscape of Eden 15 2.7.1 Agriculture - Land Cover 16 2.7.2 Extraction Industry 16 2.7.3 Tourism and Related Sites 18 2.7.4 Current Industrial Sites 19 2.8 Protected Locations 19 2.9 Key Property Types 20 2.9.1 English Heritage Sites 20 2.10 Key Water Resource/Protection Issues 23 2.10.1 Eden Catchment 23 2.10.2 Lune Catchment 23 2.10.3 South Tyne Catchment and Tees Catchment 23 2.11 Geographical Characteristics 25 2.11.1 Faulting 26 2.11.2 Intrusive Rocks 28 2.12 Hydrological Characteristics 28 2.13 Hydrogeology 28 2.14 Natural Contamination 31 2.14.1 Radon 31 2.14.2 Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Oil Susceptibility 31 1 2.14.3 Soil Geochemistry 32 2.15 Known Information on Contamination 33 2.16 Land Owned by Eden District Council 34 2.17 Waste Management & Landfills 34 2.18 Agricultural Disease - Carcase Disposal Sites 34 2.19 Redevelopment History and Controls 34 2.20 Action already taken to deal with Land Contamination 35 3 Eden District Council Strategy: Overall Aims 37 3.1 Aims of the Strategy 37 3.2 Achievement of Strategy Objectives 38 3.3 Achievements since Initial Strategy Production 40 3.4 Achievements of Strategy Aims 41 4 Local Authority Priority Actions and Timescales 43 4.1 Priorities 43 4.2 Timescales 43 5 Procedures 44 5.1 Internal Management Arrangements for Inspection and Identification 44 5.2 Considering Local Authority Interests in Land 45 5.3 Information Collection 45 5.4 Voluntary Information Provision and Complaints 45 5.4.1 Complaints 46 5.4.2 Confidentiality 46 5.4.3 Voluntary Provision of Information 46 5.4.4 Anonymously Supplied Information 47 5.4.5 Anecdotal Evidence 47 5.5 Information Evaluation 47 5.5.1 Soil 48 5.5.2 Soil-Gas 48 5.5.3 Controlled Waters 48 5.6 Interaction with Other Regulatory Regimes 48 5.6.1 Planning 48 5.6.2 Water Pollution 49 5.6.3 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) 49 6 Liaison and Communication 50 6.1 Statutory Consultees 50 6.2 Non-Statutory Consultees 50 6.3 Communicating with Owners, Occupiers and Other Interested Parties 50 6.4 Powers of Entry 51 6.5 Risk Communication 51 6.6 The Public Register 51 Eden District Council Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy 6.7 Provision of Information to the Environment Agency 52 7 Programme and Arrangements for Detailed Inspection of High Priority Sites 53 7.1 Site Specific Liaison and Powers of Entry 53 7.2 Formal Designation of Contaminated Land 53 8 Review Mechanisms 55 8.1 Triggers for Undertaking Inspection 55 8.2 Triggers for Reviewing Inspection Decisions 55 8.3 Reviewing the Strategy 56 9 Information Management 57 10 References 58 Stage One Priorities Receptors Stage Two Inferred Pathways Appendices Appendix 1 - Inspection Timetable Appendix 2 - Receptor Source-Proximity Relative Risk-Screening Model Appendix 3 - Environment Agency River GQA Chemistry Figures Appendix 4 - English Heritage Response Figures Figure 1 - Eden District Council Boundary and Neighbouring Districts Figure 2 - Main Towns and Road Network in Eden District Figure 3 - National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Eden District Figure 4 - Areas of Known Ecological Importance in Eden District Figure 5 - Main River Drainage Features in Eden District Figure 6 - Environment Agency Licensed Water Abstractions in Eden District Figure 7 - Schematic Solid Geology in Eden District Tables Table 1 - Receptors under Part IIA Table 2 - Main Centres of Population Table 3 - Business by Sector (2005) Table 4 - Aggregate Reserves Table 5 - Building Stone Quarries Table 6 - Hard Rock Quarries Table 7 - Location of Current Industrial Sites in Eden District Table 8 - Generalised Geological Sequence of the District Table 9 - Hydrogeological Features of the District Table 10 - Classification of Stream Sediment Geochemical Data Eden District Council Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy 1. Introduction Under new regulations that came into force on 1 April 2000 (Part IIA of Environmental Protection Act 1990) Eden District Council is required to inspect land in its district for the purpose of identifying contaminated land. The Secretary of State has issued statutory guidance to local authorities on the implementation of Part IIA in England. The Statutory Guidance requires local authorities to take a ‘strategic approach’ in inspecting their areas and to decide and publish this in a written strategy. This document details how Eden District Council will undertake this inspection. 1.1 General Policy of Eden District Council The UK has established a policy and legal framework aimed at minimizing the future incidence of contaminated land; ensuring appropriate action is taken to deal with existing contamination where it poses unacceptable risks to health and the environment; and encouraging the reclamation and recycling of ‘brown field’ land for beneficial use. In the context of sustainable development, appropriate environmental and economic policies are key considerations in developing this Inspection Strategy because they: • Ensure unacceptable risks to human health and the environment are reviewed; to promote a cleaner and healthier environment for local people and wildlife; • Encourage the prudent use of land and social resources; and • Ensure that the cost burdens of undertaking remediation are proportionate, manageable and economically sustainable.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cumbria Flood Action Plan Eamont Bridge& Brougham Better Protected
    Cumbria flood action plan Eamont Bridge& Brougham better protected 1) Do now (within next 12 months): Eamont Bridge & Brougham community action table Complete emergency plans The purpose of this action table is to highlight the flood management that is currently in place and the Register properties on Floodline Warnings Direct specific actions that are happening or proposed within the Cumbria flood action plan for this community. Publish and review flood investigation report Complete appraisals of possible actions to manage flood risk Please read this table in conjunction with the full Cumbria flood action plan and summary document, which can be found online by visiting www.gov.uk and searching Cumbria flood action plan. 2) Develop (2-5 years): Take forward recommendations in the flood investigation report and identify possible options to reduce flood risk Catchment: Eden Continue to support sharing knowledge and best practice through the network for Community Action Groups Impact of December 2015 flood: Approximately 105 homes and businesses were flooded. 3) Explore (5+ years): Description: Eamont Bridge and Brougham are small villages immediately to the south of Penrith. The Develop opportunities for natural flood risk management and engineered storage River Lowther and River Eamont run by the villages and merge before joining the River Eden further where feasible downstream. What’s already in place What we’re going to do and what this will achieve When this work will Who’s responsible for How much take place this work will it cost/ Sources of funding Strengthening There are no Environment Agency formal flood defences in Eamont Improved defences flood Bridge or Brougham.
    [Show full text]
  • Display PDF in Separate
    A REPORT ON THE 1993 STRATEGIC STOCK ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE EAMONT CATCHMENT WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SALMONID FISH Amanda Cruddas and Jane Atkins May 1996 Environment Agency Chertsey Hill London Road Carlisle CA1 2QX NRA/NW/FTR96/3 -V CONTENTS L Summary 1 Map of Survey Area and Sites 3 Acknowledgements 4 2 Introduction 5 5 Materials and Methods 6 3.1 Catchment Description 6 3.2 ]Methodology 6 4 Results and Discussion 8 4.1 Abundance Class breakdown 8 4.2 Salmon 8 4.2.1 Overview 8 4.2.2 Stocking Success 9 4.2.3 Main River Eamont 10 4.3 Trout 10 4.3.1 Trout fry (0+) - = 10 4.3.2.OlderTrout (>0+) 10 4.4 Total Salmonid Density 12 4.4.1 Aira Beck 12 4.4.2 Pencilmill Beck 12 4.4.3 River Eamont 13 4.4.4 Goldrili Beck 13 4.5 Salmonid Production Figures 14 4.5.1 Salmon Production 14 4.5.2 Trout Production 15 4.6 Major and Minor Coarse Fish 18 4.6.1 Major Coarse Fish 18 4.6.2 Minor Coarse Fish 18 5 Conclusions 19 S Recommendations 20 7 References 22 8 Glossary 23 List of Figures List of Appendices 1. SUMMARY Thirty seven sites in the Eamont catchment were electro-fished in 1993 to assess juvenile salmon and trout (salmonid) populations. The survey was targeted at fish normally less than 2 years old by selecting sites with a shallow riffle pool structure. The deeper (>lm) waters associated with larger trout were not surveyed so it is essential to interpret the results for older brown trout with caution.
    [Show full text]
  • ON the ROCKS Newsletter of the Yorkshire Branch of the Open University Geological Society March 2018
    ON THE ROCKS Newsletter of the Yorkshire Branch of the Open University Geological Society March 2018 A view of Great Gable (899m – the 9th highest mountain in England), Cumbria, looking northeast from the end of Wast Water, where the River Irt starts its short journey to the Irish Sea. Wast Water is the deepest lake in England (76m). The mountains are all from the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. (Peter Roberts 27.3.17 Grid Ref: NY 14535 03878) Welcome to the Spring edition of your newsletter Contents I hope you enjoy reading it and feel inspired to contribute to future issues. I must 1. Editor’s piece start with an apology. Unfortunately, the minutes of the AGM are not yet available 2. Rick’s musings but will be appearing in the next issue along with a copy of the accounts. 3. - 6. Blencathra report 7. Guide to minerals Our main article this time is the first of a number of reports by Peter Vallely on last 7. Obituary autumn’s Blencathra trip, and, if the photos are anything to go by, the hardy 8. Climate change article participants enjoyed a lovely sunny, if rather chilly, day out. 9. YOUGS 2018 field trips Peter Roberts has kindly provided the above photo, and we have another “simple 10. Snippets guide to minerals”, David Cousins’ personal view on surviving climate change, an 11. 2018 Blencathra obituary to Bill Graham who was a long-time Branch member, and a full listing of this year’s field trips, including separate details of this year’s Blencathra trip.
    [Show full text]
  • New Additions to CASCAT from Carlisle Archives
    Cumbria Archive Service CATALOGUE: new additions August 2021 Carlisle Archive Centre The list below comprises additions to CASCAT from Carlisle Archives from 1 January - 31 July 2021. Ref_No Title Description Date BRA British Records Association Nicholas Whitfield of Alston Moor, yeoman to Ranald Whitfield the son and heir of John Conveyance of messuage and Whitfield of Standerholm, Alston BRA/1/2/1 tenement at Clargill, Alston 7 Feb 1579 Moor, gent. Consideration £21 for Moor a messuage and tenement at Clargill currently in the holding of Thomas Archer Thomas Archer of Alston Moor, yeoman to Nicholas Whitfield of Clargill, Alston Moor, consideration £36 13s 4d for a 20 June BRA/1/2/2 Conveyance of a lease messuage and tenement at 1580 Clargill, rent 10s, which Thomas Archer lately had of the grant of Cuthbert Baynbrigg by a deed dated 22 May 1556 Ranold Whitfield son and heir of John Whitfield of Ranaldholme, Cumberland to William Moore of Heshewell, Northumberland, yeoman. Recites obligation Conveyance of messuage and between John Whitfield and one 16 June BRA/1/2/3 tenement at Clargill, customary William Whitfield of the City of 1587 rent 10s Durham, draper unto the said William Moore dated 13 Feb 1579 for his messuage and tenement, yearly rent 10s at Clargill late in the occupation of Nicholas Whitfield Thomas Moore of Clargill, Alston Moor, yeoman to Thomas Stevenson and John Stevenson of Corby Gates, yeoman. Recites Feb 1578 Nicholas Whitfield of Alston Conveyance of messuage and BRA/1/2/4 Moor, yeoman bargained and sold 1 Jun 1616 tenement at Clargill to Raynold Whitfield son of John Whitfield of Randelholme, gent.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report for the Year Ended the 31St March, 1963
    Twelfth Annual Report for the year ended the 31st March, 1963 Item Type monograph Publisher Cumberland River Board Download date 01/10/2021 01:06:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/26916 CUMBERLAND RIVER BOARD Twelfth Annual Report for the Year ended the 31st March, 1963 CUMBERLAND RIVER BOARD Twelfth Annual Report for the Year ended the 31st March, 1963 Chairman of the Board: Major EDWIN THOMPSON, O.B.E., F.L.A.S. Vice-Chairman: Major CHARLES SPENCER RICHARD GRAHAM RIVER BOARD HOUSE, LONDON ROAD, CARLISLE, CUMBERLAND. TELEPHONE CARLISLE 25151/2 NOTE The Cumberland River Board Area was defined by the Cumberland River Board Area Order, 1950, (S.I. 1950, No. 1881) made on 26th October, 1950. The Cumberland River Board was constituted by the Cumberland River Board Constitution Order, 1951, (S.I. 1951, No. 30). The appointed day on which the Board became responsible for the exercise of the functions under the River Boards Act, 1948, was 1st April, 1951. CONTENTS Page General — Membership Statutory and Standing Committees 4 Particulars of Staff 9 Information as to Water Resources 11 Land Drainage ... 13 Fisheries ... ... ... ........................................................ 21 Prevention of River Pollution 37 General Information 40 Information about Expenditure and Income ... 43 PART I GENERAL Chairman of the Board : Major EDWIN THOMPSON, O.B.E., F.L.A.S. Vice-Chairman : Major CHARLES SPENCER RICHARD GRAHAM. Members of the Board : (a) Appointed by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and by the Minister of Housing and Local Government. Wilfrid Hubert Wace Roberts, Esq., J.P. Desoglin, West Hall, Brampton, Cumb.
    [Show full text]
  • Der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Nr
    26 . 3 . 84 Amtsblatt der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Nr . L 82 / 67 RICHTLINIE DES RATES vom 28 . Februar 1984 betreffend das Gemeinschaftsverzeichnis der benachteiligten landwirtschaftlichen Gebiete im Sinne der Richtlinie 75 /268 / EWG ( Vereinigtes Königreich ) ( 84 / 169 / EWG ) DER RAT DER EUROPAISCHEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN — Folgende Indexzahlen über schwach ertragsfähige Böden gemäß Artikel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe a ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG wurden bei der Bestimmung gestützt auf den Vertrag zur Gründung der Euro­ jeder der betreffenden Zonen zugrunde gelegt : über päischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft , 70 % liegender Anteil des Grünlandes an der landwirt­ schaftlichen Nutzfläche , Besatzdichte unter 1 Groß­ vieheinheit ( GVE ) je Hektar Futterfläche und nicht über gestützt auf die Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG des Rates vom 65 % des nationalen Durchschnitts liegende Pachten . 28 . April 1975 über die Landwirtschaft in Berggebieten und in bestimmten benachteiligten Gebieten ( J ), zuletzt geändert durch die Richtlinie 82 / 786 / EWG ( 2 ), insbe­ Die deutlich hinter dem Durchschnitt zurückbleibenden sondere auf Artikel 2 Absatz 2 , Wirtschaftsergebnisse der Betriebe im Sinne von Arti­ kel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe b ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG wurden durch die Tatsache belegt , daß das auf Vorschlag der Kommission , Arbeitseinkommen 80 % des nationalen Durchschnitts nicht übersteigt . nach Stellungnahme des Europäischen Parlaments ( 3 ), Zur Feststellung der in Artikel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe c ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG genannten geringen Bevöl­ in Erwägung nachstehender Gründe : kerungsdichte wurde die Tatsache zugrunde gelegt, daß die Bevölkerungsdichte unter Ausschluß der Bevölke­ In der Richtlinie 75 / 276 / EWG ( 4 ) werden die Gebiete rung von Städten und Industriegebieten nicht über 55 Einwohner je qkm liegt ; die entsprechenden Durch­ des Vereinigten Königreichs bezeichnet , die in dem schnittszahlen für das Vereinigte Königreich und die Gemeinschaftsverzeichnis der benachteiligten Gebiete Gemeinschaft liegen bei 229 beziehungsweise 163 .
    [Show full text]
  • Index to Gallery Geograph
    INDEX TO GALLERY GEOGRAPH IMAGES These images are taken from the Geograph website under the Creative Commons Licence. They have all been incorporated into the appropriate township entry in the Images of (this township) entry on the Right-hand side. [1343 images as at 1st March 2019] IMAGES FROM HISTORIC PUBLICATIONS From W G Collingwood, The Lake Counties 1932; paintings by A Reginald Smith, Titles 01 Windermere above Skelwith 03 The Langdales from Loughrigg 02 Grasmere Church Bridge Tarn 04 Snow-capped Wetherlam 05 Winter, near Skelwith Bridge 06 Showery Weather, Coniston 07 In the Duddon Valley 08 The Honister Pass 09 Buttermere 10 Crummock-water 11 Derwentwater 12 Borrowdale 13 Old Cottage, Stonethwaite 14 Thirlmere, 15 Ullswater, 16 Mardale (Evening), Engravings Thomas Pennant Alston Moor 1801 Appleby Castle Naworth castle Pendragon castle Margaret Countess of Kirkby Lonsdale bridge Lanercost Priory Cumberland Anne Clifford's Column Images from Hutchinson's History of Cumberland 1794 Vol 1 Title page Lanercost Priory Lanercost Priory Bewcastle Cross Walton House, Walton Naworth Castle Warwick Hall Wetheral Cells Wetheral Priory Wetheral Church Giant's Cave Brougham Giant's Cave Interior Brougham Hall Penrith Castle Blencow Hall, Greystoke Dacre Castle Millom Castle Vol 2 Carlisle Castle Whitehaven Whitehaven St Nicholas Whitehaven St James Whitehaven Castle Cockermouth Bridge Keswick Pocklington's Island Castlerigg Stone Circle Grange in Borrowdale Bowder Stone Bassenthwaite lake Roman Altars, Maryport Aqua-tints and engravings from
    [Show full text]
  • Short Walks Group
    SHORT WALKS GROUP We’ve been blessed with good weather this spring so have been able to walk each month though the March walk had to be altered as the ground was so boggy and muddy. 11th March The walk was changed to a shortish road walk from the Derby Arms at Witherslack with refreshments at the pub afterwards. A good group of walkers joined the walk including my husband Chris on his scooter. After a spell of bad weather everyone was delighted to have a pleasant day and get out and enjoy a walk. We walked the old road to Millside and then up the quiet lane to Beckhead where the stream appears from under the rocks – a wonderfully tranquil spot. We carried on a short distance to where the lane ends and stopped for coffee. We then retraced our steps past some wonderful houses at Beckhead to Millside where we deviated down a short path to see the old millwheel- now part of someone’s garden. Back to the road we wound our way along the quiet lanes back to the Derby Arms for a welcome drink. 8th April It was a cold but bright day, and nineteen intrepid walkers gathered in Gummer’s Howe Car Park. A very pleasant 5 miler on good paths across pasture and fell side with magnificent views all the way lay ahead. We were all surprised how busy the car park was, but then realised that it was half term for Cumbria. Several family groups were headed for Gummer’s Howe, but not us.
    [Show full text]
  • References Geological Society, London, Memoirs
    Geological Society, London, Memoirs References Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2002; v. 25; p. 297-319 doi:10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.025.01.23 Email alerting click here to receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article service Permission click here to seek permission to re-use all or part of this article request Subscribe click here to subscribe to Geological Society, London, Memoirs or the Lyell Collection Notes Downloaded by on 3 November 2010 © 2002 Geological Society of London References ABBATE, E., BORTOLOTTI, V. & PASSERINI, P. 1970. Olistostromes and olis- ARCHER, J. B, 1980. Patrick Ganly: geologist. Irish Naturalists' Journal, 20, toliths. Sedimentary Geology, 4, 521-557. 142-148. ADAMS, J. 1995. Mines of the Lake District Fells. Dalesman, Skipton (lst ARTER. G. & FAGIN, S. W. 1993. The Fieetwood Dyke and the Tynwald edn, 1988). fault zone, Block 113/27, East Irish Sea Basin. In: PARKER, J. R. (ed.), AGASSIZ, L. 1840. Etudes sur les Glaciers. Jent & Gassmann, Neuch~tel. Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Con- AGASSIZ, L. 1840-1841. On glaciers, and the evidence of their once having ference held at the Barbican Centre, London 29 March-1 April 1992. existed in Scotland, Ireland and England. Proceedings of the Geo- Geological Society, London, 2, 835--843. logical Society, 3(2), 327-332. ARTHURTON, R. S. & WADGE A. J. 1981. Geology of the Country Around AKHURST, M. C., BARNES, R. P., CHADWICK, R. A., MILLWARD, D., Penrith: Memoir for 1:50 000 Geological Sheet 24. Institute of Geo- NORTON, M. G., MADDOCK, R.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Christian' Archaeology of Cumbria
    Durham E-Theses A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. How to cite: O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. (1980) A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7869/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Deirdre M. O'Sullivan A reassessment of the Early Christian.' Archaeology of Cumbria ABSTRACT This thesis consists of a survey of events and materia culture in Cumbria for the period-between the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain circa AD ^10, and the Viking settlement in Cumbria in the tenth century. An attempt has been made to view the archaeological data within the broad framework provided by environmental, historical and onomastic studies. Chapters 1-3 assess the current state of knowledge in these fields in Cumbria, and provide an introduction to the archaeological evidence, presented and discussed in Chapters ^--8, and set out in Appendices 5-10.
    [Show full text]
  • Display PDF in Separate
    V nvironment agency plan EDEN, ESK & SOLWAY ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW SEPTEMBER 1999 ▼ ▼ E n v ir o n m e n t A g e n c y ▼ DATE DUE - / a n o | E n v ir o n m e n t A g e n c y / iZ /D l/O 'if NATIONAL LIBRARY & INFORMATION/SERVICE HEAD 0 FFICE Rio House,/Waterside Drive, Aztec We«. Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4UD GAYLORD PRNTED IN USX Contents Summary.............................................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Air Quality........................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Water Quality....................................................................................................................................... 9 4. Sewage Effluent Disposal................................................................................................................ 21 5. Industrial Discharges to Air and Water..........................................................................................25 6. Storage Use and Disposal of Radioactive Substances..................................................................28 7. Waste Management.......................................................................................................................... 30 8. Contaminated Land..........................................................................................................................36
    [Show full text]
  • Northern England Regional Geology RWM | Northern England Regional Geology
    Northern England regional geology RWM | Northern England Regional Geology Contents 1 Introduction Subregions Northern England: summary of the regional geology Available information for this region 2 Rock type Younger sedimentary rocks 3 Older sedimentary rocks Basement rocks 4 Rock structure 5 Groundwater 6 Resources 7 Natural processes Further information 8 - 21 Figures 22 - 24 Glossary Clicking on words in green, such as sedimentary or lava will take the reader to a brief non-technical explanation of that word in the Glossary section. By clicking on the highlighted word in the Glossary, the reader will be taken back to the page they were on. Clicking on words in blue, such as Higher Strength Rock or groundwater will take the reader to a brief talking head video or animation providing a non-technical explanation. For the purposes of this work the BGS only used data which was publicly available at the end of February 2016. The one exception to this was the extent of Oil and Gas Authority licensing which was updated to include data to the end of June 2018. 1 RWM | Northern England Regional Geology Introduction This region comprises Cumbria, Northumberland, Durham and Tyne and Wear and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire. The region includes the adjacent inshore areas which extend to 20km from the coast in the east and west and the Scottish border defines the northern boundary. Subregions To present the conclusions of our work in a concise and accessible way, we have divided the region into 5 subregions (see Figure 1 below). We have selected subregions with broadly similar geological attributes relevant to the safety of a GDF, although there is still considerable variability in each subregion.
    [Show full text]