Le Cas De Broken Arrow (La Flèche Brisée, 1950) De Delmer Daves

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Le Cas De Broken Arrow (La Flèche Brisée, 1950) De Delmer Daves Mémoire de master 1 / juin 2018 Parcours - Cultures de l’ Mention – Histoire, Civilisations, Patrimoine Domaine - Sciences humaines et sociales Diplôme national de master Maître de conférence – ENSSIB Et de Fabienne Henryot Professeur d'histoire et d'anthropologie culturelles Sousd'direction la (XX IglesiasLauriane Delmer Daves Arrow américain en France La patrimonialisation d'un western ( La Flèche brisée É velyneCohen É crit et de l’Image : le cas de , 1950) de e siècle) – ENSSIB Broken Remerciements Mes remerciements vont tout d'abord à mes directrices de mémoire. Je remercie ainsi Mme Cohen qui m'a décidée à choisir ce sujet et m'a accordé sa confiance pour corriger mes erreurs d'orientation. Je remercie aussi Mme Henryot pour l'attention particulière qu'elle a accordée à mon travail, pour ces remarques et conseils qui m'ont aidée, rassurée et encouragée. Je tiens également à remercier Mmes Hammerli et Oolingen d'avoir répondu avec enthousiasme à mes questions et, au-delà, je remercie tous mes autres professeurs de classe préparatoire, particulièrement ceux de ma « prépa de cœur » du lycée Mistral à Avignon. Sans eux et tout ce qu'ils m'ont appris et fait découvrir, ce mémoire n'aurait jamais vu le jour. Enfin, je remercie ma famille qui a bien voulu m'écouter patiemment déblatérer sur ce projet et m'a assuré un soutien inconditionnel. IGLESIAS Lauriane | MASTER 1 HCP parcours CEI | Mémoire | Juin 2018 - 3 - Droits d’auteur réservés. Résumé : De prime abord, patrimonialiser en France un western américain comme Broken Arrow (La Flèche brisée) de Delmer Daves paraît aberrant. En effet, ce film au succès critique et populaire à sa sortie en 1951, aujourd'hui tombé dans l'oubli, appartient à un genre non seulement largement méprisé mais surtout non français. Néanmoins, la continuité de la reconnaissance critique et la multiplication récente des actions de valorisation à son égard montrent que le processus de patrimonia- -lisation est déjà en cours. L'intérêt, parfois vif, des élites pour ce western particulier laisse augurer un consensus patrimonial, d'autant plus que, de par les thèmes qu'il aborde et son esthétique, ce western américain est susceptible de faire écho à des valeurs artistiques, culturelles et politiques proprement françaises ainsi qu'à des pans de l'histoire de France, loin de préoccupations strictement américaines. Descripteurs : Broken Arrow – La Flèche brisée – Delmer Daves – Elliott Arnold – Cochise – Jeffords – Indiens d'Amérique – Western américain – Réception d'une œuvre – Transfert culturel – Artification – Patrimonialisation – Cinéphilie – Politique culturelle – Transmission – Patrick Brion – Bertrand Tavernier Abstract : At first sight, making an american western such as Delmer Daves Broken Arrow part of cultural heritage in France sounds like nonsense. Indeed, this film, which got critical success and public support when it was released in 1951 and is nowadays left in oblivion, belongs to a movie genre that is not only widely denigrated but, above all, not french. However, the continued critical acclaim and the recent amount of promoting actions shows that its patrimonialization is already a work-in-progress.The elites' interest, which is sometimes a lively one, for this particular western shows signs of a public consensus for this cinematographic heritage, especially since this american western's themes and esthetic are likely to echo some specifically french artistic, cultural and political values as well as some French history events, far from any purely american concerns. Keywords : Broken Arrow – La Flèche brisée – Delmer Daves – Elliott Arnold – Cochise – Jeffords – Native Americans – American Western – Reception of artwork – Cultural transfer – Artification – Cultural heritage – Patrimonialization – Love of cinema – Cultural policy – Transmission – Patrick Brion – Bertrand Tavernier Droits d’auteurs Droits d’auteur réservés. Toute reproduction sans accord exprès de l’auteur à des fins autres que strictement personnelles est prohibée. IGLESIAS Lauriane | MASTER 1 HCP parcours CEI | Mémoire | Juin 2018 - 4 - Droits d’auteur réservés. Sommaire SIGLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS....................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................9 Le western américain en France, un genre de paradoxes..................................9 Patrimoine et patrimonialisation : concepts et réalités...................................11 Étude de cas : De La Flèche brisée en France , ou une patrimonialisation « à la française » ?...................................................................................................13 PARTIE I : LA FLÈCHE BRISÉE, LE WESTERN PRO-INDIEN PROPRE À PARLER AUX FRANÇAIS.......................................................................................17 A- Avant l’œuvre, l'Histoire : où l'on retrouve le « sérieux » traditionnel français......................................................................................................................17 1) Histoire et récit : des œuvres historiques.......................................................17 2) L'adaptation cinématographique d'un roman................................................20 B- Une œuvre signée par un auteur : la démarche davesienne vue depuis la France........................................................................................................................23 1) Delmer Daves et les Indiens............................................................................24 2) L'esthétique de La Flèche brisée.....................................................................27 C- Avant l'œuvre, l'Indien : l'Autre apprécié des Français............................31 1- Les Français et les Indiens : une fascination antérieure au western..........31 2- Le western et les Indiens avant La Flèche brisée : la fascination pour une figure ambivalente.................................................................................................34 PARTIE II : LES PRÉJUGÉS AUTOUR DU WESTERN, UN FREIN À LA PATRIMONIALISATION.........................................................................................39 A- Une identité de divertissement........................................................................39 1) Un genre populaire lié à l'enfance..................................................................39 2) Un film ayant pour étiquette commerciale : « western »..............................43 B- Un film oublié au sein d'un genre « mort »...................................................50 1) Un film dépassé par ses successeurs : le western pro-Indiens après La Flèche brisée..........................................................................................................50 2) Un oubli pris dans le déclin général du western...........................................54 C- Une identité américaine, loin des canons français.......................................57 1) Les réticences à l'artification..........................................................................57 2) Les réticences à la patrimonialisation............................................................60 PARTIE III : L'INTÉRÊT DES ÉLITES OU LA LÉGITIMATION DE SA PATRIMONIALISATION.........................................................................................65 A- Un genre reconnu comme un obJet à patrimonialiser en France.............65 1) Le genre valorisé : vers l'artification.............................................................65 2) Un genre pris dans la reconnaissance du cinéma : vers la patrimonialisation.................................................................................................69 B- Un western pas comme les autres : les spécificités de l'appropriation française....................................................................................................................72 1) Un film fondateur qui se démarque au sein d'un genre stéréotypé :...........72 2) Un film américain correspondant aux idéaux français.................................76 C- Sauver de l'oubli un film fondateur : les actions et discours en faveur de sa préservation.........................................................................................................80 1) Des discours qui restent positifs.....................................................................80 2) Les actions à long et court terme....................................................................84 IGLESIAS Lauriane | MASTER 1 HCP parcours CEI | Mémoire | Juin 2018 - 5 - Droits d’auteur réservés. PARTIE IV : UN WESTERN EN COURS DE PATRIMONIALISATION : LES ACTIONS DE VALORISATION.....................................................................89 A- La transmission scolaire :................................................................................89 1) Des perspectives variées..................................................................................89 2) Les arguments d'étude : l'Histoire, la paix, l'Indien.....................................92 B- Sur le marché de la culture :...........................................................................97 1) La diffusion dans un cadre culturel :..............................................................97 2) La diffusion dans un cadre commercial.......................................................101 C- Aux frontières de la patrimonialisation : le processus à l'échelle individuelle.............................................................................................................107
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