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872 Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(5): 872-879, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756

This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Caper ( spp.) İmportance and Medicinal Usage

Mohammad sharrif moghaddasi,

İslamic Azad university/saveh branch İran,

Mohammad sharrif moghaddasi: (Capparis spp.) İmportance and Medicinal Usage

ABSTRACT

The genus of Capparis (), self-grown in tropical and subtropical natural in all the word. The buds, the and occasionally the shoots of Capparis spinosa L. C. sicula Veill., C. Orientalis Veill., and C. aegyptia Lam., have been used as a condiment in the Mediterranean region (countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea) and neighboring countries since ancient times; those products have been greatly appreciated for their pungent and bitter flavor. Generally the pickled flower buds are the most appreciated product; those buds, when still tightly closed are harvested and then brined and packed in vinegar (). These budsare selected by size, the smaller ones being the most greatly appreciated on the market. Capers are usually commercialized in several Mediterranean countries, the most important being , , , France, Spain, and , and they are exported mainly to central European countries, the USA, and the UK as a delicatessen productThe fruits, , buds, and shoot tips used in nutrition. In addition, the plant is also used in drug industries.There are about 250 species of this genus were reported (Akgül, 1996, Anonymous 1997, Anonymous 2000).

Key words: Capparis, Caper, Capparaceae, Capparis spinosa, midicinal use,

Introduction The word occurs once in the Bible, in the book of , at verse 12:5. The berries (abiyyonot) The caper was used in as a were eaten, as appears from their liability to tithes carminative. It is represented in archaeological levels and to the restrictions of the 'Orlah. They are in the form of carbonised and rarely as flower carefully distinguished in the Mishnah and the buds and fruits from archaic and Classical antiquity from the shoots, temarot, and the floral contexts. Athenaeus in Deipnosophistae pays a lot of envelopes, apperisin; and declared to be the fruit of attention to the caper, as do Pliny (NH XIX, the alef or caper plant. But the caper of present-day XLVIII.163) and [63]. Etymologically, commerce, the flower bud, which is now eaten the caper and its relatives in several European pickled, is not mentioned in the Talmud at all. tongues can be traced back to Classical Latin capparis, “caper”, in turn borrowed from the Greek κάππαρις, kápparis, whose origin (as that of the plant) is unknown but is probably Asian. Another theory links kápparis to the name of the island of (Κύπρος, Kýpros), where capers grow abundantly [64]. In Biblical times, the caper berry was apparently supposed to have aphrodisiac properties; [65] the Hebrew word abiyyonah for caper berry is closely linked to the Hebrew root, meaning "desire" [66]. A ripe caper fruit ("caper berry")

Corresponding Author Mohammad sharrif moghaddasi, İslamic Azad university/saveh branch İran, E-mail: [email protected] Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011 873

Owing to ever growing population of the world, Spinossa and C. Ovata). There are three varieties of every day, a lot of people die from poverty and of each species. These are; C: spinosa var. Spinosa, malnourishment. Under these conditions, C. Spinosa var. İnermis tura., C. Spinosa var. approximately 800 million people face problems of Aegyptia(lam) boi, and ; C.ovata var. Palaestina Zoh., poverty, hunger and malnutrition [21] malnutrition in C ovata var. Herbacea (wild) zoh. ,C. Ovata var. developing countries. Due to this reason, every year Canescens. [43]. Usually C. batu varieties are found more than 12 million children under five years of in southern coastal regions and C. spinosa, in the age die. east and south-eastern Anatolia regions; whereas Major causes of unproductiveness include varieties C. ovata show natural distribution. [37]. climatic change, erosion, desertification, urbanization, industrialization, resulting in the loss of soil and Plant and Morphology: increase unproductiveness from fields. Given all these factors, the production pattern The caper bush (Capparis spinosa L., will change in future on regional and local basis and Capparidaceae) has been introduced as a specialized would result in diversity in crop production culture in some European countries during the last There will be multi purpose benifits from the four decades. The economic importance of caper natural flora or threatend plant species. One of these plant (young flower buds, known as capers, are is ‘ Caparis’that is known by different names greatly favored for seasoning and different parts of in various regions of our country, and often grows in the plant are used in the manufacture of medicines hot and arid climates.(capparis spp.) [16,23] A and cosmetics) led to a significant increase in both balanced diet is of major importance. It is very rich the area under cultivation and production levels in terms of minerals and . (%24) and during the late 1980s. The main production areas are contains high high percentage of in harsh environments found in Morocco, the comparable with meat. It also exhibits antioxidant southeastern , Turkey, and the properties, entering the body to prevent harmful Italian islands of and Salina. This species effects of carcinogenic substances and also contain has developed special mechanisms in order to survive cancer precursor cells. It has demonstrated a high in the Mediterranean conditions, and introduction in adaptability to unfavorable ecological conditions, as semiarid lands may help to prevent the disruption of a multi-faceted evaluation of products because of the the equilibrium of those fragile ecosystems [48]. potential of this plant appears to be promising. Capparis spinosa is highly variable in nature in This paper describes systematic, morphology, its native habitats and is found growing near the uses, the economic importance of farming and related closely related species C. sicula, C. orientalis, and C. issues. aegyptia. Scientists can use the known distributions Capparis spinosa, the caper bush, is a perennial of each species to identify the origin of commercially winter-deciduous species that bears rounded fleshy prepared capers [49,50]. leaves and big white to pinkish-white flowers. A The shrubby plant is many-branched, with caper is also the pickled bud of this plant. Caper alternate leaves, thick and shiny, round to ovate in bush is present in almost all the circum- shape. The flowers are complete, sweetly fragrant, Mediterranean countries and is included in the showy, with four sepals, and four white to pinkish- floristic composition of most of them but whether it white petals, many long violet-colored stamens, and is indigenous to this region is uncertain. Although a single stigma usually rising well above the stamens the flora of the Mediterranean region has (Watson and Dallwitz 1992). considerable endemism, the caper bush could have The plant grows in form of perenniel originated in the tropics, and later been naturalized to growing to half meters with large number of th . The plant is best known for branched semi-woody structures. For example, C. the edible bud and fruit (caper berry) which are Spinosa var. İnermis and C. Spinosa var has not got usually consumed pickled. Other species of Capparis stipüller thorn on the rupestris. [8]. It has on average are also picked along with C. spinosa for their buds 20 meters deep roots [1]. It is C3 photosynthesis or fruits. Caper plant belong to the family system with leaves, round or oval shaped leaves with capparidaceae and is known since 7800 years. Capers dark green colors, dark, straight edges and surface is known in Turkey since ancient times, and its may be hairy [1,16]. plant shrubs in the form of importance is increasing in recent years. It has multi-year and a half meters, reaching from one to a center of origin near the eastern Mediterranean and plant. The body is a large number of branched semi- contain six species namely C.spinosa L., C. Ovata woody, thorn spitüller has taken the form of some Desf, C. Leucophylla DC., C. Mucronifolia boiss., C. species [8]. For example, C. Spinosa var. İnermis Cartillagince Decne and C. Decidua (Forks) Edgew. and C. Spinosa var has not got stipüller thorn on the [43]. rupestris. [10]. It has on average 20 meters deep root Two species are found in Turkey namely (C. pile. [1] c3 photosynthesis system of the plant with Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011 874 leaves, round or oval shapes, colors, dark, straight a dark olive green and about the size of a fresh edges and surface may be hairy. [1,16] annual shoots kernel of corn. They are picked, then pickled in , in a large, showy, white or pink flowers, four leaf or a salt and vinegar solution, or drained. Intense dish, four sheets to the crown of a large number of flavor is developed, as mustard oil (glucocapparin) is male and one female organs are organs. white male released from each caper bud. This enzymatic body at the bottom thereof, the right-to-end color is reaction also leads to the formation of often light pink or dark viola. upper-stage ovarian and seen as crystallized white spots on the surfaces of single eyes. Seeds are Brown. thousand weight individual caper buds. Capers are a distinctive is 6 grams composition is 30%. [32.1]. ingredient in , especially in Sicilian and southern Italian cooking. They are commonly used in Food: , salads, pizzas, meat dishes and pasta . Examples of uses in Italian cuisine are Mostly used part of the plant is flower bud but chicken piccata and salsa puttanesca. Capers are also fruits, flowers, buds, fruit and shoot tips are also known for being one of the ingredients of tartar used in the diet but the. flower bud on an . They are also often served with cold smoked international scale is a product that has commercial or cured salmon dishes (especially lox and value. 100 g dry matter contain 67 mg calcium, 65 ). Capers are categorized and sold by mg potassium, 9 mg of and 1.24 g of protein. their size, defined as follows, with the smallest sizes [2,5] On the other hand the different organs of the being the most desirable: Non-pareil (up to 7 mm), plant contain alkaloids, volatile oils, flavonoids, surfines (7–8 mm), capucines (8–9 mm), capotes trpene glicosides, organic acid, glikozinolat, minerals (9–11 mm), fines (11–13 mm), and grusas (14+ mm). and vitamins. Flavonoids and effects of which are Unripe nasturtium seeds can be substituted for the primary components of medicinal and aromatic capers; they have a very similar texture and flavor glikozinolat. burning as a result of enzymatic when pickled. Pickled caper berries are also very hydrolysis of aromatic sulfur compounds feature popular as a snack in Menorca. If the caper bud is stems from the generally glikozinotların. The most not picked, it flowers and produces a fruit called a important feature of the product processed flavor caper berry. The fruit can be pickled and then served buds is aroma. Aroma burner feature is usually as a Greek mezzo or . In addition, the Greeks caused by sulfur compounds is due to enzymatic make good use of the caper's leaves, which are hydrolysis glikozinolatların [1]. especially desirable and hard to find outside of Greece. They are pickled or boiled and preserved in jars with brine like caper buds. Caper leaves are excellent in salads and in fish dishes. Dried caper leaves are also used as a substitute for rennet in the manufacturing of high quality cheese [60].

Nutrition information:

Capers, prepared Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 96 kJ (23 kcal) 5 g 0.4 g Its exports abroad is usually in the form of Dietary fibre 3 g brined cans, pickled salads, appetizers, pizza, on top, Fat 0.9 g and is used in the preparation of vegetarian foods, Protein 2 g C 4 mg (7%) and is eaten as a side dish alongside meat. [1,16]. Iron 1.7 mg (14%) Buds are usually smaller than 10 mm are used to 2960 mg (129%) prepare garnish, sauce and paste and large ones and semi-mature fruits and young leaves of young shoots Medicinal usages: can also be kept in salamura to make pickles and is an important source of income in animal husbandry In Greek popular medicine, a herbal tea made of as well. [30,42]. caper root and young shoots is considered to be The salted and pickled caper bud (also called beneficial against rheumatism. Dioscoride (MM caper and gabbar for Turkish Cypriots) is often used 2.204t) also provides instructions on the use of as a seasoning or garnish. Capers are a common sprouts, roots, leaves and seeds in the treatment of ingredient in , especially strangury and inflammation. Different flavonoids Cypriot, Italian and Maltese. The mature fruit of the were identified in caper bush and capers: rutin caper are also prepared similarly, and marketed ( 3-rutinoside), quercetin 7-rutinoside, as caper berries. The buds, when ready to pick, are quercetin 3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside, -3- Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011 875

rutinoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, and kaempferol-3- export varies according to years in 1990 to the rhamnorutinoside. Rutin is a powerful antioxidant present day from 2-8 thousand tons / year and are bioflavonoid in the body, and is used as a dietary exported to the varying amounts of caper buds and supplement for capillary fragility. Rutin has no 8-14 million dollars / year revenue is obtained. The known toxicity (Ruth1978). Capers contain more very small amounts of domestic consumption. quercetin per weight than any other plant [62]. economy, which is the subject caper brine with salt, Caper root bark and leaves may have some usually 10-20% of the natural flora. [19]. It is anticarcinogenic activity. In fact, the hydrolysis usually exported from Izmir, Mersin and Istanbul products of indol-3-ylmethyl have centers of GBIin form of caper buds both fresh anticarcinogenic effects [62]. Although the chilled, frozen, acid-free, acid-free temporary canned consumption of capers is low in comparison with the and frozen products. intake of other major dietary sources of According to IGEME of Turkey between the glucosinolates (white cabbage, broccoli and years 1996 -2004, the caper bud exports amounted to cauliflower) it may contribute to the daily dose of 47,703 tons intotal of nine years, with total quantity natural anticarcinogens that reduces cancer risk. of 5300 tons. Total during the period in question Glucosinolates are also known to possess goitrogenic comes from the eilen. 93.8 million U.S. dollars, the (anti-thyroid) activity. Also, rutin and quercetin may average value was U.S. $ 10.4 million, was sold for contribute to cancer prevention [17] Selenium, present U.S. $ 1.96 a kg caper. export and export patterns in in capers at high concentrations in comparison with different ways than the years of the caper buds are other vegetable products, has also been associated different. And the natural flora is found but can not with the prevention of some forms of cancer [63]. get enough money or no cultivation of plant species Flower buds of the plant contain antioxidants brought up. taht inhibit with cancer cells in the body and İnefficient due to the high adaptation capability prevents the damaging effects of carcinogenic of this caper plants, for example, be produced substances in the body at the same time. It exhibits without the need for arid and arid areas is an antitumor activity in cancer research institute of important aspect, featuring high nutrition flower buds, international studies [3]. The plant extracts from fruits and human nutrition and the treatment of plants are used in the preparation used for lowering young buds, roots used in medicine, is also a very blood pressure and has diuretic charachteristics. Its kind of erosion control, land scaping, production and seeds have active ingredients that are used to treat use of cosmetic products in areas such as animal liver, spleen and kidney functions, regulating the feed in recent years for reasons such as the treatment of asthma and the discomfort of international market has become important. [23]. hemorrhoids and also has aphrodisiac properties. The caper bush requires a semiarid climate. Although the fruit has aphrodisiac properties, it is Mean annual temperatures in areas under cultivation used in pain relief, and its shells contain various are over 14°C and rainfall varies from 200 mm/year substances to treat the inflammation. [40]. in Spain to 460 in Pantelleria and 680 in Salina. In The plant leaves, branches and roots from the Pantelleria, it rains only 35 mm from May through hardened extracts are used in cosmetics industry and August, and 84 mm in Salina. A rainy spring and a is considered mush [6,39]. C. flexuosa blume type ex hot dry summer are considered advantageous [11]. hasssk Venezuela and c. spinosa l. the type of This drought-tolerant perennial plant has favorable cosmetic products in India from the Mediterranean influence on the environment and it is utilized for countries and are used to treat hair diseases, landscaping and reducing erosion along highways, especially in older cells. It is also used in plant steep rocky slopes, sand dunes or fragile semiarid perfumes to obtain the desired odor. ecosystems.Harvest duration of at least 3 months is necessary for profitability. Intense daylight and a Economical importance: long growing period are necessary to secure high yields. The caper bush can withstand temperatures It is an important cultural plant in Italy and over 40°C in summer but it is sensitive to frost Spain [1]. The caper sauce is exported to the world during its vegetative period. The potential exposure from these countries, Morocco and Turkey. [5] Its of caper hydraulic architecture to cavitations has flower buds have a high nutritional value as recently been proposed as an explanation for its discovered during recent years. It has an essential susceptibility to freezing conditions. On the other nutrition products used in Europe and America and side, caper bush seems to be able to survive low has become an important source of income. In temperatures in the form of stump, as it happens in Turkey, it is used both as food and sometimes for the foothills of the Alps. Caper plants have been the treatment of various diseasesIt has. economic found even 1,000 m above sea-level though they are importance, but since 1990, it is being exported on usually grown at lower altitudes. Some Italian and a regular basis and has good statistical records. Its Argentine plantings can withstand strong winds Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011 876

without problems, due to caper bush decumbent four to ten-cell thick, with a lignified endotegmen architecture and the coriaceous consistency of the composed of contiguous cuboid cells, with strongly leaves in some populations. thickened radial walls. Only the mesophyll between The caper bush is a rupiculous species [53]. It is exo- and endotegmen is unlignified. Caper seed widespread on rocky areas and is grown on different germination shows a dependence on the integrity of soil associations, including alfisols, regosols and the covering structures. The viable embryos lithosols. In different Himalayan locations, C. spinosa germinate within 3 to 4 days after partial removal of tolerates both silty clay and sandy, rocky or gravelly the lignified seed coats [58]. The seed coats and the surface soils, with less than 1% organic matter. It mucilage surrounding the seeds may be ecological grows on bare rocks, crevices, cracks and sand dunes adaptations to avoid water loss and conserve seed in , in dry calcareous escarpments of the viability during the dry season. Adriatic region, in dry coastal ecosystems of , Use of stem cuttings avoids high variability in and , in transitional zones between the terms of production and quality. Nevertheless, plants littoral salt marsh and the coastal deserts of the grown from cuttings are more susceptible to drought Asian coast, in the rocky arid bottoms of during the first years after planting. Caper bush is a the Jordan valley, in calcareous sandstone cliffs at difficult-to-root woody species and successful Ramat Aviv, , and in central west and propagation requires careful consideration of biotypes northwest coastal dunes of . It grows and seasonal and environmental parameters. Rooting spontaneously in wall joints of antique Roman percentages up to 55 are possible when using one- fortresses, on the Wailing Wall, and on the ramparts year-old wood, depending on cutting harvest time of the castle of Santa Bárbara (, Spain). and substrate utilized. Propagation from stem cuttings Moreover, this bush happens to grow in the foothills is the standard method for growing ‘Mallorquina’ and of the Southern Alps (Verona, Italy) and is a ‘Italiana’ in Spain, and ‘Nocella’ in Salina. common species on city walls in Tuscany (Italy) and Hardwood cuttings vary in length from 15 to 50 cm on bastions of Mdina and Valletta (Malta).Clinging and diameter of the cuttings may range from 1 to caper plants are dominant on the medieval limestone- 2.5 cm. Another possibility is to collect stems during made ramparts of Alcudia and the bastions of Palma February through the beginning of March, treat them (Majorca, Spain). This aggressive pioneering has with captan or captafol and stratify them outdoors or brought about serious problems for the protection of in a chamber at 3–4 °C, covered with sand or monuments. plastic. Moisture content and drainage should be The caper bush has developed a series of carefully monitored and maintained until planting. mechanisms that reduce the impact of high radiation Using semi-hardwood cuttings, collected and planted levels, high daily temperature and insufficient soil during August and September, low survival rates water during its growing period [54,55]. Caper bush (under 30%) have been achieved. Softwood cuttings has a curious reaction to sudden increases in are prepared in April from 25- to 30-day shoots. humidity - it forms wart-like pock marks across the Each cutting should contain at least two nodes and leaf surface. This appears to be harmless, as the be six to ten centimeter long. Basal or sub terminal plant quickly adjusts to the new conditions and cuttings are more successful than terminal ones. produces unaffected leaves. It also shows Then, cuttings are planted in a greenhouse under a characteristics of a plant adapted to poor soils [56]. mist system with bottom heat; 150 to 200 This shrub has a high root/shoot ratio and the cuttings/m2 may be planted. presence of mycorrhizae serves to maximize the uptake of minerals in poor soils. Different nitrogen- Result and conclusion: fixing bacterial strains have been isolated from the caper bush playing a role in maintaining Today, to increase the diversity of plant high reserves of that growth-limiting element [57]. production increased efforts, but never enough to take advantage of the natural flora, or plant types of Propagation: farming brought For example, the caper plant, the high adaptation Capers can be grown easily from fresh seeds inefficient due to property, arid and arid areas gathered from ripe fruit and planted into well drained maintenance-free agriculture is an important feature seed-raising mix. Seedlings will appear in 2–4 weeks. of high nutritional flower buds, fruits and young Old, stored seeds enter a state of dormancy and shoots human nutrition and the treatment of the require cold stratification to germinate. The seed of roots, used in medicine, as well as many types of the genus Capparis is bitegmic. The testa is erosion control, landscaping, cosmetics and animal 0.2–0.3 mm thick, with all its cell walls somewhat production benefit in such areas as nutrition, such as lignified, some of them with distinct thickening; its importance in recent years due to the international tegmen consists of an outer fibrous, lignified layer market gained. At the same time, such as tissue Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 872-879, 2011 877

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