The Water-Supply of Peterborough.” by JOHN ADDY,M

146 ADDY ON THE WATER-SUPPLP OF PETERBOROUGH. Winutes of

(Pap@ No. 1895.)

(( The Water-Supply of Peterborough.” By JOHN ADDY,M. Inst. C.E. PETERBOROUGH,on the Nene, and in the water-shed areas of that river and the Welland, was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1874. Previously to the incorporation, the Improvement Com- missioners, asthe urban authority, urged byfrequent zymotic invasions, by the tooobvious presence of organic impurities in the water, derived from shallow wells, public and private, as the sole source of supply,2 and frequently by long periodsof absolute water-dearth, had been compelled to consider the advisability of providing water from some extraneous and abundant source ; but no active initiatory steps hadbeen taken. The Corporation,however, on its establishment determined to introduce an abundantwater-supply and a new system of drainage simultaneously ; and accordingly, in August of the same year, the Author was instructed to prepare schemes for both purposes. The.

The discussion uponthis Paper was taken together with that upon the two pl-eceding ones. As an example of Peterborough waters at thistime, take the following:-

ANALYSISof WATERfrom TOWNP-, PETEBBOROUGH.JUNEllth, 1873. Expressed in parts per100,000. (FrmSixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission, p. SS.) Total solid impurity ...... 213.800 Organiccarbon ...... 0.321 Organicnitrogen...... 0.113 Ammonia...... 0.000. Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ...... 7.768 Tital combinednitrogen ...... 7.881 Previoussewage or animalcontamination ... 77,360.000, Chlorine ...... 22.100 Hnrdness,Temporary ...... ’ 27.300 ,, Permanent ...... 64.300 ,, Total ...... 91.600 REMAEKs.-c!ear. Slight saline taste.

p Mile

PETERBOROUGH WATER WORKS, SECTtDN COMBINED WITH PLAN,SHDWING COURSE OF MAIN CONDUIT.

RESERVOtR, SECTION ON LINE. kf!.(' 1l.F.. ( OBLIQUE -ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ) FLAN OF THE RESERVOIR,CAPACITY 1,000,000 GALLONS

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD] on [12/09/16]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. Prooeedings.] ADDP ON THE WATER-SUPPLY OF PETERBOROUGH. 147 water scheme described inthis Paper is theresult of these instructions. An exhaustive examination of all the sources available in the neighbourhood of the city revealed but two, the river Nene and the Marlstone rock of the Lias formation, that promised to yield a supply adequate in quantity,while, even of these, the former failed to meet the requirements in point of quality. Thelatter, the Marlstone rock, underlying the sands of the middle Lias, would be reached, it was expected, at a depth of about 150 feet in theneigh- bourhoodof Castor, a village about 5 miles from Peterborough. At Northampton, a well sunk into this bed was supplying 864,000 gallons a day, and geologists expressed the opinion that a similar supply could be acquired near this village by boring. This was, therefore, mentioned in the report tothe council as a possible source; butthe Authorfelt it necessary to seek for a larger supply, and one that could be confidently relied on to produce an equivalent to the maximum prospective requirements of the borough. Such a supply existed at Braceborough, and was adopted by the Author, although lying at a distance of 104 miles beyond the municipalboundary. The Corporation accepted the report, but determined to make a trial boring at Castor. This was commenced in January 1875, and proceeded at an average rate of 1-936 foot per diem, until on June 7th a depth of 286 feet 6 inches had been reached, at a cost of 5338 16s. 6d., when no large quantity of water having been found, the boring was abandoned, andattention given solely to Braceborough asthe source of supply.

THEWATER AND ITS SOURCE.

The water is found in theOolite formation, in the bed between the Estuarine Clays and the Lincolnshire Oolite Limestone (called locally ‘‘ the water rock ”), the former being the lowest stratum of the Great Oolite, while the latter is the uppermost member of the Inferior Oolite.One of the main branches ortributaries of the River Glen has cut its channel partially through the Estuarine Clays for some miles above Braceborough Spa. This channel may be said to be a groove cutting more and more deeply into theclays, as the river falls in its course, and thus continually approaching the limestone under it, which bears the subterranean waters, until a point is reached where the stratumof Estuarine Clays under the L2

groove, owing to its thinness, or perhaps faulty ” nature, can no longer form an impervious division, or resist the upward force of the imprisoned waters. Thispoint occurs inthe riverabout 2 miles, measured upits course,above Braceborough Spa, and from it tothe latter place theriver is studded withsprings, throwing up water with suchforce as to show distinctly above the surface of the rapidly-flowing stream. These eruptions, appearing at firstsingly, and at widedista.nces apart,gradually reach a climax lowerdown at the Caudles,” and again at Braceborough Spa, at both which spots the beds of the river, and of streams and pools adjacent, seem to some extent riddled bythe number of vents for these waters. Below the latter outpouring there appear to be no springs of note, and shortly afterwards this tributary joins the Glen, which then enters the alluvial formations of the Fens. The same vein of. water is reached at Bourne by boring to a depth varying from 85 feet to 102 feet, the water at times rising to a height of 40 feet above the average level of the town, and by itsnatural pressuresupplying even theupper stories of most houses there ; but this pressure is subject to considerable fluctuations, and at other times fails to supply above the level of the ground floors. Fromthe same townand source, Spalding also takes its supply from a boring 91 feet deep, and thereare, besides, twelveother borings for private uses. In thedistrict directly north from Bourne, and especially in that portion of it immediately skirting the Fen formation, the same vein has been tapped and rendered available by a number of borings, some particulars of which are given in the Appendix. Mention ought also to be made of the noted Well Head ” at Bourne, as a display of this water in the form of natural springs, yielding, when gauged in 1874, at the rate of 4,600,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. At Horbling, too, there is a natural springof some note. The area of this water-bed has not been in any way defined, but it is most probablyconterminous withthe particular strata to which it is confined, so far as those strata are continuous. The water, whereverthrown up from this source, is clear, sparkling, palatable, highly charged with carbonic acid gas, and, at times, giving distinct evidence of sulphuretted hydrogen, but thisrapidly passes off. Analyses of the water from this vein, collected from four different points of outflow, natural or artificial, are given below, and, as a series, they present features of some interest.

AXALYSESof OOLITICWATER as SUPPLIED by RIVER,SPRINQS and BORINGS. Expressed in parts per 100,000.

11. l 111. IV. River Glen nfte hrine near Wnter collected from . . bpring water. --Date ...... April 21,1876. TOT. 22,1813. INov. 22,1813 'ebruary 26, 1876. Temperature, Fahrenheit 42O 51O 490 52' Total solidimpurity . 39.100 42.920 42.760 40.500 Organiccarbon . . . .. 0.104 0.217 0.089 ,, nitrogen . . .. 0.020 0.047 0.025 Ammonia . . . . 0.000 0.000 Free ammonia . . . 6010 .. .. o.*boo Albnmenoid ammonia . 0.042 .. .. 0.002 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites . . . . 0.000 0'000 0.000 Oxidized nitrogen . . 0.340 .. Total combined nitrogen .. 0 'b20 0 '047 .. Previous sewage or ani- mal contamination . .. 0.000 0.000 .. Chlorine . . . . .'l 1-350 2.100 3.1001.950 Hardness-Temporary . 17.700 23-400 23.400 21 -500 ,, Permanent. , 5.300 11.800 11.800 6.700 ,, Total . . 23.000 35.200 35.200 28.200 Remarks . . . . Very turbid Clear and Clear and) .. . palaiable palatable Analysedby 3ivers Pollution Com- Dr. Odling. . . . Dr. Odling { mission (6th Report)

The fluctuations of pressure, under which this water appears, have been referred to in the case of the Bourne supply. At the well now supplying Peterborough, when there hasbeen no draught from it, the water-level has varied from 9 feet above the ground- surface, to 8 feet below it, giving a range of 17 feet; while the normalheight may be said to be 4 feet above the surface, or 56 feet above Ordnance Datum. The groundlevels at Peterborough, referred to in the same datum, vary from 15 feet as the lowest, to 50 feet as the highest point, and the mean level of the populated area is 37 * 19 feet ap- proximately. Thus from the minimum water-level, given above, to the lowest level of the city, there is a fall of 29 feet, while to the highest point there is a rise of 6 feet, and to the mean level again a fall of 6 - 8 feet. It should be remarked, however, that the water-levels given above are approximate only,-the results of but limited observation, and it is extremely probable that the level 44, stated as a minimum, will be found, after some years' further registra- tion, to be considerably above the actual minimum.

GENERALDESCRIPTION OF SCHEME.

The works consist of :- l. A well. 2. Two pumping-engines, boilers, and the buildings for their recepti0n.l 3. A rising main from the engines to a reservoir. 4. A reservoir on Obthorpe Hill, distant from the engine-house in a north-easterly direction about 7 furlongs. 5. A supply main from the reservoir to Peterborough. G. Distributing mains and services in Peterborough. The relative positions of these several works will be seen on Plate 6, Fig. l, and their actual connection can be gleaned from the following outline :- The water, supplied bythe well, is raised from it,and dis- charged into the town by the engines, any excess over the con- sumptionbeing further raised and passed intothe reservoir, giving the necessary working head, and forming a stored supply for use when the engines are not at work.

THEWELL AND BORIXGS. The first boring at Braceborough was made at a point about 30 yards from the stream, a branch of the Glen, and at about 110 yards in its course below the Spa. After passing through the surface soil and alluvial gravel and clay, the Estuarine bed was reached at a depth of l6 feet, and was cut through to a further depth of 12 feet, when the water rushed up in large volumes, to 15 feet above the surface on September 6th, 1875. The yield on the 21st of September from the 4-inch bore was at the rate of 420 gallons per minute, giving a velocity of 770 feet per minute at 3 feet above the surface. Thesite being found unsuitable for permanent erections, a second boring was made about 30 feet from the present well, 600 yards north-east of the first boring. This wassunk to the “water rock,” and an abundantsupply proved to exist, whilo a good foundation for buildings was also passed through. The Corporation therefore bought 2 acres 1 rood 7 poles of land at this point, between the river and the Bourne

I and 2 are situate on a plot of land purchased by the Corporation, and distant in a north-eastelly direction about 3 furlongs from Braceborough Spa.

andEssendine Railway, withright of way to a neighbouring public road. Well-sinking was commenced in February 1877. Owing to the large quantity of watermet with, cast-iron cylinders of 5 feet 6 inches internal diameter, and in lengths of 7 feet, weresub- stituted for thebrick steining originally proposed, andwere sunk to the surface of the water-rock’’ at adepth of 50feet. The upper portion of the well is constructed of cylinders 7 feet in diameter, in 5-feet lengths,which are continued above the surface, and completed by a domed iron covering, furnished with a manhole affording admission tothe interior. The two sets of cylinders, whichare connected by an angle-iron ring, and a concrete packing, are of l-inch metal, and their joints are formed, in the usual way, by means of internal flanges bolted together. Borings were then made through the flaky surface (called locally “ kale ”) of the rock, when the water rapidly filled the shaft, and the well was thus practically completed, having been eight months in course of construction. The total cost was S955 5s., or at the rate of 538 18s. 3.8d. per foot of depth, the extra works having added to the amount of the original contract at the rate of 12.38 per cent. Mr. Thomas Hinson, of Bourne, was the contractor for the well-work, and also for thebrings at Braceborough and Castor. PUMPIXG-STATIOX. One block of buildings contains the engine-house, boiler-house, and stores department. Its extreme length is 114 feet 9 inches, and breadth, excluding chimney shaft, 44 feet. The buildings are substantially erected of brick, with stone facings, and are covered in with iron-trussed roofs close-boarded and slated. A siding from the Bourne and Essendine branch railway serves to connect the site with the Great Northern railway system. The contractor for these works, and at the mme time for the reservoir, afterwards described, was Mr. John Coker, of Ryde, Isle of Wight.

ENGINESAND BOILERS. Twobeam-engines are provided for raising, supplying,and storing the water, each driving two pumps, and capable of delivering 750,000 gallons in twelve hours, whenworking at a speed of eighteen revolutions perminute, that quantity being the daily supply required for an assumed population of 25,000, receiving 30 gallons per head.

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD] on [12/09/16]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. 152 ADDY ON THE WATER-SUPPLY OF PETERBOROdGH. [Minutes Of. The pressure in the air-vessel, againstwhich this volume of water was to be raised, was specified to be 108 lbs. to the square. inch, a large allowance of surplus power being provided to cope with theextended rangeof mains and works, which it was assumed wouldbe called for when the extra urban districts should take the supply, whichmay be said to bereserved for them. The effective pressure, for the town supply alone, when pumping over the stand-pipe, is 52 Ibs. to the square inch, and 34 lbs. when simplythrowing water to the reservoir-level. The cylinders of the engines are 32 inches in diameter, and the stroke is 6 feet. The pumps, of the bucket-and-plunger type, are each 173 inches in diameter, the plunger diameters being 123 inches, with a stroke of 3 feet. The two boilers, of the Galloway ” type, are each 26 feet long,. with a diameter of 7 feet. All the arrangements, both of engines and boilers, as well as. of the buildings, have been made with a view to the necessity for enlarging and extending the works at some future time, and for doing so with the minimum interference with the existing works. Messrs. W. and J. Galloway and Sons, of the Knott Mill Iron- works, supplied and erected the engines and boilers at a total cost. of S9,OOO. For the main features of the design of these particular works the Author was indebted to Mr. A. Kinder, whose valuable assistance, also, in working out the details of the whole scheme he may perhaps be permitted,at thesame time, to acknowledge.

DELIVERY-MAINAND MAIN SUPPLY-PIPE. The pumps discharge into an 18-inch cast-iron delivery-main, which conveys the water to the main supply-pipe, also 18 inches. in diameter, at a distance of 1,563 yards from the pumping station. By the main supply-pipe, from the point of junctionwith .the delivery main, the water is sent either southwards to the city for immediate use, or, as a surplus and reserve, is passed nort,hwards to the reservoir, at a distance of 630 yards. The total length of the 18-inch main supply-pipe is 20,532 yards, and this extends a distance of 958 yards within the borough boundary. To carry the bulk of the water to Westgate, which may be taken as approxi- mately the centre of the inhabited area, and as the actual centre of distribution,a 16-inch main, 2,449 yards in length, is laid, forming an extension of the 18-inch main. There is thus a total stretch of 24,544 yards, or 13.95 miles, aerving to connect the

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD] on [12/09/16]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. Pmedings.] ADDY ON THE WATER-SUPPLY OF PETERBOROUGH. 153 source of su;ply and the elevated storage with the principalpoint of distribution. It may be of interest to state, thatof that length 4,590 yards have been laid in private property, and the amount of compensation paid, or about to be paid, tothe owners and occupiers, increased the cost of the works in those lands by above 11 per cent. The main, for the remainder of its length, follows the high road (the Lincoln Road) to Peterborough, on its way passing through, or in the immediate neighbourhood of, the town of Market Deeping, and the following villages, possessing in the aggregate a populationof between six thousand and seven thousand inhabitants :-viz., Baston, Langtoft, Deeping Gate, Deeping St. James,Northborough, Glinton, Werrington,and Walton. The Corporation has the power of supplying water to these districts, and has made provision for so doing in allcases. Up to thepresent date, however, the dread of additional rates has been sufficiently strong to counteract the efforts of those desiring wholesome water, and no request for a supply has been made by any local authority acting on behalf of these populations. The mains were laid, in the straightsections, with pipes 12feet long, with bored and turned joints, the jointing medium being anti-corrosive paint ; in other lengths the ordinary lead-joint was used. Theaverage relative weights,and costs for thetwo methods of main-laying, are stated in the following Table:-

COXPARATIVE COST, from ACTUAL WORK, Of 18-INCH and 16-INCH MAINS LAID (1) with LEADJOINTS and (2) with TORNED and BORED JOINTS. Per lineal yard.

d.'€. S. d. Is. d. Is. d. l€. 8. d. IS-inch main- 01 3 9 0.36 (2) with 01 4 7 8-69 joints . - ,- - 16-inch main- j Oil 0 4 5.9 (2) with Oil 1 4 6.30 joints .

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD] on [12/09/16]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. 154 ADDY ON TEE WATER-SUPPLY OF PETERBOROUGH. pinutes of An analytical statement of the entire cost of these mains, it is believed, will also be of some interest, and is givenbelow :-

DETAILED andPROPORTIONAL SUMMA~~ of COST of IS-inch and 16-inch MAINS.

18-inch mains.

- Total Cost. Cost per Yard. 1 Parts per 1,000. 1 1 l . - ~ 1. Pipe-laying. . . . . 2. Work in connection with 5.83 valves andfittings . . 3. Special work . . . . 4. Pipes ...... 5. ,, special . . . . 6. Valves andfittings . . 7. Compensation . . . .

Tots1 cost . . . ~ 33,233 12 G .. 1 1,000~00 Total cost perlineal yard . . . S1 10 0.99

~ .~ ____ . .______~. ~ 16-inch mains.

1. Pipe-laying. . . . . 434 9 0 0 3 6.58 134'79 .$ g 2. Work in connection with 48 13 6 0 0 4.77 15.10 W valvesfittingsand . .'4 l! ez 3. Special work . . . . 11 13 2 0 0 1.14 S .62 4. Pipes ...... 2,553 19 6 1 0 10.29 792.41 5. ,, special . . . . 118 14 8 0 0 11.63 36.84 6. Valves and fittiugs . . 55 11 0 0 0 3.44 . 17.24 7. Compensation . . . . Total cost . . . Total cost pcr liced yard . . . 21 6 3.85

The positions of the valvesand other fittings are shownon Fig. 2, as are also the various obstructions in, the form of rail- ways, rivers,drains, &C., on the direct line of route. Atthe first river crossing, that of the Glen, the pipes, in duplicate, were laid under the river bed, encased in concrete. In the other cases simple expedients were adopted; but, it is perhaps necessary to explain that,in these low-lying landsbordering on the Fens, the water-courses, drains, and culverts cannot be interfered with, and the pipes must therefore be carried under their beds, in the greater number of cases ; many and comparatively abrupt changes uf gradient were thus caused. Mr. &files Barber, of Barlborough, Derbyshire, was the contractor for pipe-laying, as well for these mains as for the smaller

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD] on [12/09/16]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. Proceedings.] ADDY ON THEWATER-SUPPLY OF PETERBOROUGH. 155 distributing mainsin theborough; Messrs. Cochrane, Groveand Co., of Middlesbrough-on-Tees, supplying allpipes and special castings required, and Messrs. Alley and Mac Lellan, of Glasgow, the valves and fittings.

Trrz RESERVOIR. The reservoir is constructed on the summit of an eminence called ,Obthorpe Hill, a rounded, denuded, mass of Oxford clay, capped with boulder or drift clay,about 7 furlongs in a north-easterly directionfrom thO well, and at a distance, measured along the mains, of 2,193 yards from the main inward pumpsof the engines. The site is at a greater elevation than any ground in the immediate neighbourhood, the summit level being 160.2 feet above Ordnance Datum. The reservoir is constructed in part above ground, the floor having a level of 147.7, and the top-water a level of 163.7 feet, the depth of water stored to overflow-level being 16 feet. It is rectangular in plan, with an interior length of 120 feet, a breadth of89 feet 6 inches, and a storage capacity of 1,000,000 gallons, nearly;and it may be conciselydescribed as consisting of an inner shell of brickwork, encased in concrete, and made water- proof by an outer shell of puddle. The central roofing is formed of segmental brick arches, springing from 18-inch transversewalls, built with arched-over openings, leaving piers of 2 feet 3 inches by l foot 6 inches. At the ends the covering arches run longi- tudinally,springing from flange or wing walls, built atright angles to theend walls. The floor is of concrete, with a top dressing ofcement. A centrallongitudinal wall, carried up to a height one-fourth of the maximum water-depth, enables one-eighth of the total capacity of the reservoir to be in use for storage, while the other section can be cleansed or repaired, and, to secure the same object, the terminal fittings of the delivery- and supply- mains are provided in duplicate. A standpipe, carried to a height of 53 feet above the floor, secures additional head. Theheight of water inthe reservoir is telegraphed tothe engine-house, and there shown, by a water-level indicator, supplied and fitted by the India Rubber, Gutta Percha, and Telegraph Works Com- pany, of Silvertown. The cost of this section of the work was 27,356 12s. 9d. Figs. 3 and 4 show the reservoir in planand sectional elevation.

MEANSOF DISTRIBUTION. Within the borough the water is distributed by a system of mains, so laid out as to meet, so far as is practicable, the following principles :- l. A sufficient constantsupply, delivered undera sufficient and practically constant head, throughout the whole area to be supplied. 2. Ample provision to meet extended requirements and supply, under the same conditions as in the first essential : (U) within the areaoriginally supplied; (a) outside that area, butwithin the urban limits ; and (c) outside or beyond those limits. 3. An arrangement of the mains and valves, within the area to be supplied, that shall permit of the whole scheme being worked, and the normal supply given, independently of any one principal main, or length of principal main. 4. A continuous circulation of water in themains. 5. Ample provision of means for renderingthe water easily available for the extinction of fires, for sanitary, and for all other purposes. 6. Moderate first cost. 7. Economy in theultimate working of the whole scheme. In accordance with these principles, the trunk-mains, by their comparatively large size and extent of ramification, are rendered capable of delivering the maximum supply demanded by present and probable future requirements, and at a practically constant head, while in case of the disuse of one of the principal northern mains,another can be worked as asubstitute. Rider-mains are attached to all these largermains, and provide for the strictly local supply of houses and hydrants. Thebranch-mains between the trunk-mains, as well as those and the service-mains feedingfrom them, but lying outwards and towards the extreme bounds of the area at present taking water, have in like manner been suited in their carrying capacities, not only to the existing demands upon them, but also to the requirements of the scheme as a whole, and further to the probability of an extended supply. The inter-connection of the entire system of mains has been made as thorough as practicable, andconsequently the whole central scheme, under proper management, admits of, and assists in, a constant circulation. In the south and north-east districts a circulatory system has not beenso thoroughly obtained, owing to

the partial severance from populated areas ; but in each case this, at presentnecessary defect, will beremedied as the population increases, and the mains are extended and inter-connected with those of neighbouring areas. The water, thus conveyed into all parts of the district, is made available, for sanitary purposes and fire-extinction, by three hundred and fifty-four Bateman and Moore's patent ball-hydrants, placed, on the average of the whole area dealt with, in the pro- portion of one hydrant to every 103.32 yards of main. Of the laying and fittingof the mains, it need only be said that the bored and turned joint, with anti-corrosive paint as a medium, was employed for all pipes (except the 4-inch, which were jointed throughoutwith lead) in thestraight sections, toas great an extent, and in as extended lengths as could be conveniently done, the lead joint being used in curves, and with special pipes where required, but at the same time as sparingly as possible. Work of a special nature, however, was involved at the river-crossing, and at two of the railway-crossings. The total length of mains within the borough, and exclusive of the 18-inch and 16-inch main supply-pipes, is 43,393 yards, and it is made up of four sections, as shown inthe following Table, which gives the lengthsand sizes pertaining to each section :-

Description of Mains. row Length Size of Mains. of each Size 'runk Mains.] Rider Mains. ranch Mains ervice Mainr --of Main. Yard% Yards. Yards. YardE. Yards. 12-inch. ... 1,234 .. 402 .. 1,636 lO,, .... 835 ...... S35 g,, .... 2 ,S27 .. .. 2, S27 S,, ...... 2,680 c,, .... 2:px0 1 .. 3,209 265 3,474 5,, .. 8,631 75s 9,419 .... l 4,, ....--- ..*' ~ 9,940 -_S, 663 3,919 l --22,522 Total length of each 4,972 43,393 description of main -1

Theentire cost of these 43,393 yards of mains withinthe borough was $16,654 IS. Id., sum which was expended in three contracts (undertaken by the contractors, mentioned in describing the construction of the main supply-pipe as doing work of the same description) in the following proportions ;-

E. S. d. Parts per 1000. 1. Main-ltlying andfitting . 4,949 8 4 equivalent to 297.19 2. Providing pipes and special 10,867 11 8 ,, ,, 652.55 castings . . . . . ) 3. Providing valves, hydrants,} 837 ,, ,, 50.26 andall fittings . . . -- Total cost . . E16,654-- 1 1 ,, ,, 1,000.00-- parts.

HOUSE-SERVICES. The Corporation undertookthe work of laying and fitting these services, between the mains and the property of consumers; the work upon the premises being executed by tradesmen, who must have qualified by signing an agreement to work in accordance withregulations issued by the Corporation, and who, after so doing, wereauthorised ” tocarry out suchwork for the consumers. CONCLUDIXGREJIARKS. The cost of the works in their entirety, and the expenditure upon each branch, with its proportional relations to the sectional, as well as the total outlays, are given in Appendix 11. From this Table it will be seen, that the total expenditureupon the scheme amounted to %87,568 48., or about $4.127 per head, within the municipal boundary ; but as the works have been, in their design and capacity, prepared to afford a supply to several districts lying outside that boundary, this capitation will be considerably reduced when their populations participate in thewater. The Table also shows to what an extent a capital outlay may be influenced, by a source at a considerable distance from the area to be supplied, that outlay in this case being represented by the cost of the 18-inch mains (item No. 17, viz.), 532,489 168. 6d. or more than one-third (0 371) of the total cost. There can be no doubt that water from the particular Oolitic vein by which this scheme is actuated is destined, in the near future, to play a very important part in the supply of the Fen districtsand their immediatesurroundings. Already Bourne, Spalding,and Peterborough makeuse of this source for their public service, andthe Peterboroughworks can, and probably will, supply several districts, lying either adjacentto their 18-inch main, or within moderate distances of it, or the borough limits. A scheme prepared bythe Author in conjunction with Mr. RichardHassard, M. Inst. C.E., and for which Parliamentary sanction has been obtained, will provide, by its main, extending

Downloaded by [ UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD] on [12/09/16]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. Prooeedings.1 ADDY ON THEWATER-SUPPLY OF PETERBOROUGH. 159 from the source of supply at Braceborough to Sutton Bridge, a distance of 322 miles, for the supply of the numerous and important districtson, or adjacent to, its line of route, as well as for the centres of population represented by Sutton Bridge, Long Sutton, Gedney, Holbeach, Whaplode, Moulton, Moulton Chapel, Cowbit, Littleworth, and several others lying off its actual course. Quite recently, a boring has been made in Dunsby Fen, about 5 miles north-west of Spalding, and water, which rises above the surface, found at a depth of 170 feet. From the natureof the stratapassed through,and from the circumstancesunder which thewater was found, there can be scarcely adoubt that it springs from the same vein as that so generally reached in the higher districts; the peculiar interest attachingto this particularboring being, that it is the first, so far as can be ascertained, that has beenmade (atleast successfully) inthe Fens,and the fact that it may point to a partial, or general extension of this vein of wholesome and easily obtained water beneath Fen districts hithertosupposed to be cut off, by long distances, from any safe or constant supply. The Author is indebted to Mr. John Wadsley, Contractor, Horb- ling, for much valuable informationin relation to numerous borings made by him ; and in Appendix I. this has been tabulated with additional particulars obtainedfrom other sources. Mr. R. M. Mills, Chairman of the Bourne Waterworks Company, &C.,Bourne, who, as a manufacturer of aerated water, distributes theBourne water over the country, has furnished useful and interesting facta and figures in connection with the local supply,which the Author wishes here to acknowledge. Water was first given to the inhabitants of Peterborough on the 1st of December, 1879, a constant supply havingbeen provided since that date; andon the 1stof January, 1881, the management of the entire system was undertaken by the Corporation. The Resident Engineers during the construction of the works were Mr. Alfred Bard and Mr. J. S. Moloney, B.A.

ThePaper is accompanied by several drawings fromwhich Plate 6 has been prepared.

[APPENDICES.

APPENDIX PARTICULARS of BORINGBBIADE in SOUTH

NO . Locality(working from Bourne northwards). /Size of Bore . IDepthof Bore l Inches. Feet . Inches. 1 Bourne waterworks ...... 4 93 6

~ 2 .. .. Star Lane .... 5) and 3 S9 6 3 .. Great Northern railway station . . 4 4 .. supplyingSpalding ..... 6 5 to 15 .. private supplies ..... Feet . Inches. 16 Cawthorpe. private ...... 4 110 17 2 78 18 Dyke ...... I 78 19 y) 20 IMorton ...... 7 4 93 . 21 ...... 93 22 Hanthorpe ...... ? 168 23 Dunsby ...... 4 105 24 ...... 4 120 25 .. Hall ...... 4 112 6

26 .. Fen (about 5 miles N.W. of Spalding) 4 170 6

27 Rippingale ...... 4 130 0 28 Graby ...... 4 (1) 150 0 29 Pointon ...... 3 87 0 (?) 30 Folkingham ...... 4 300 0

31 Billingborough ...... 3 87 0

32 ...... 3 87 0

33 ...... 3 95 0

34 ...... 87 0 35 Horbling ...... 87 0 36 ...... 87 0 37 Swaton ...... 200 0 38 Sleaford ...... 120 0 39 ...... 120 O(7)

LINC~LNSXIFCEfor WATEB from the OOLITEFOFCHATIOX.

Results. Strata, %G. - Water rose about 39 feet { above surface. Zhamber. 4’ 6”; clay, 11‘; blue rock, 6’; black clay, 4’; yellow, clay, 3‘; rock, 4”; dark clay, Water rose to 41 feet above 8’ 8”; rock, 11 : chalky clay, 9’; hard rock, { surface, May 17th, 1880 9‘; clay, 4‘; soft rock, 3‘ ; hard, close, tough, Water rose nearly 30 feet dark clay, 13 ft. ; water rock, 3’. ( above surface. Water rose about 40 feet ( above surface. Water in all cases would ( rise above surface. [surface. Water rose 12 feet above Water deliveredabove surface. [surface. } Water rose 20 feet above ,, 9, ,Y No water. Water rises above surface Similar to No. 25. ,, rose7ft. ,, ,, , ,, Soil and clay, 6‘ ; rock, 4’ : blue clay, 46’: rock, 7, ,, 9 ft. ,,,, 14’ 6”; blue, green and black peat(7). 35’; kale, 7 Quicksand, 21 ft. ; blue clay, 47’; rock, 10’; blue clay, 10’; rock, 11’ 6”; blue and mixed clay, Water rises above surface. 12’; rock, 18‘; green clay, 3’; light coloured (Height not ascertained) clay, 3’; kale, 4’ ; blue clay, 20’; green clay, , 5’; black peat, 3’ ; rock, 3‘. Plentifulsupply by lift ’Similar to No. 25, but top clay of much greater ( pumps . . . L depth. No water. . . Water roBe about 20 feet Similar to No. 32. { above surface . . . ’Particularsdoubtful, but one stmtum of rock Variablesupply . . was passed through, about100 ft. in thickness. ;Sunk in well bottom 10 feet deep, then followed Water rose about 20 feet quicksand, 23’; blue clay, 14’; blue rock, 14’; ( above surface . . .] ! hlue, green and black clay, 26’. 1 Mixed clay, 37‘; blue rock, 14’ ; blue clay, 4’; Water rose 2 to 3 ft. above ’ rock and kale, 4‘ (plentiful supply from this) ;

~ blue. ereen and black clav, 28’. ;Startedtrobably 10 feet below surface;then followed blue clay, 4’ : rock, 4’ ; blue clay, 19 ; 1 blue rock, 14’ ; clay, 4’ ; rock and kale,4’ (which afforded a good supply above surface); blue. green and black peaty clay aud kale,28’; kale, 8 !Similar toNo. 32. (soil, 4‘; gravel, 5’; rock, 6’; blue clay, 22‘: blue I rock, 14’;clay,blue, green and black,34’; kale,5 Similar to No. 32. Water standsbetween 3 ft. and 4 ft. below surface. Water rises above surface.

APPENDIXII.-SKIMNARY and PROPORTIONAL STATFXENT of TOTALEXPENDITURE.

NO. Items. 1 Totnl Cost. Parts per 10(1,flflB.

d. S. d. 1 Costs of provis.iona1 order ... 307 5 1 350.87 2 ,, ,, opposmg Peterborough 837.63 and Braceborough water Bills .} 7339 11 3 Trial borings at Caator and Wils- 559.41 thorpe ...... 489 17 3 4 Charges, &c. in respect of loans . 1,543 1 11 1,762.16 5 Purchase-money of two pIots of land,and costs in connection 1,271 5 7 1,451.76 with the purchase .... 6 Contractadvertisements ... 23 1 6 26.35 7 Compensation payments ... 814 8 6 930.05 8 Constructing railway siding . . 46 1 10 52.63 9 Welland fittings ..... 055 5 0 1,090.S6 10 Engine, boiler, and stores houses. 5,98516 4 6,835.61 11 Engineer's cottage, &c. ... 645 7 1 736'97 12 Roadway, fencings, &c. ... 478 6 5 546.23 13 Engines, boilers, &c. .... 9,000 0 0 10,277'70 14 Reservoir ...... 7,35612 9 8,401.04 15 ,, castingsandfittings . 495 12 10 566.01 16 Water-level indicator .... 49 0 0 55.96 17 18-inch mains (exclusive of compensation) ...... 32,489 16 6 37,102.31 18 16-inch mains ...... 3,223 0 10 3,680.61 19 Urban mains and fittings ... 16,654 1 1 19,018.38 20 Engineering charges andexpenses 5,006 13 7 5,717'46 Entire cost of Forks. . . I 87,568 4 0 100,000 .OO, parts